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BOHN'S    VARIOUS    LIBRARIES. 

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)les  under  Spanish  Dominion.  Trans- 
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Ts  Counter  Bevolntion  in  Eng- 
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1   (Benvennto),    Memoirs    of. 

slated  by  KoscoE.  Portrait. 

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Thoughts,  Be- 


pular  Ignorance. 

■  Fosterlana : 


flections,  and  Criticisms  of  the  late  John 
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and  Edited  by  Hknuy  Q.  Boum  (nearly 
600  pages).    6«. 

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YoL  S.  Willielm  Melster't  AppxenOoe- 
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Guizot'sBepresentative  Government 

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Bchillw's  Works.      Translated    into 
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of  the  Netherlands. 
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Edited  by  H.  G.  Bohn.  Portrait  and  8 
Engravings  on  Steel,  In  6  vols. 
Burke's  Works.     In  6  Volumes. 

VoL  1.  Vindication  of  Natural  Society, 

On  tlie  Sublime  and  Beautlfnl,  and 

Political  Miscellanies. 

Vol.  2.  French  Revolution,  &o. 

Vol.  3.  Appeal  from  the  New  to  the 

Old  Whigs ;  the  Catholic  Claims,  &c 

YoL  4.  On  the  Affairs  of  India,  and 

Charge  against  Warren  Hasthigs. 
Tol.  5.  Conclusion    of  Charge   agtdnst 

Hastings ;  on  a  Regicide  Peace,  &c. 
Yol.  6.  Miscellaneous     SpeecfaeSk     &a 
With  a  General  Index. 


Burke's  Speeches  on  Warren  Hast- 
ings; and  Letters.  With  Index.  In 
2  vols,  (forming  vols.  7  and  8  of  the 
works). 

Life.    By  Prior.    New  and 

revised  Edition.    Portrait, 

Defoe's  Works.  Edited  by  Sir  Wal- 
ter Scott.    In  7  vols. 

Gibbon's  Boman  Empire.  Complete 
and  Unabridged,  with  Notes;  inclndiug; 
in  addition  to  the  Author's  own,  those  of 
Guizot,  Wenck,  Niebuhr,  Hugo,  Neander, 
uid  other  foreign  scholars;  and  an  ela- 
borate Index.  Edited  by  an  EngUsb 
Ohurchman.    In  7  vols. 


Yin. 


Bohn's  Ecclesiastical  Library. 

UNIFOBM  WITH  THE  STANDABD  LIBBABY,   AT  5«.  PEB  VOLUME. 


Ensebins'    Ecclesiastical    History. 

With  Notes. 

Philo  JndsBns,  Works  of ;  the  con^ 
temporary  of  Josephus.  TrausUied  by 
C.  D.  Yonge.    In  4  vols. 

Socrates'  Ecclesiastical  History,  in 

continuation  of  Eusebiua.   With  the  Notes 
of  Valesins. 
6 


Sozomen's  Ecclesiastical  History, 
from  AJ>.  324-440 :  and  the  EcclesiastiGal 
History  of  Philostoigius. 

Theodoret  and  Evagrins.  Ecclesias* 
tical  Histories,  from  a.d.  332  to  AJ>,  427  ; 
and  from  aj).  431  to  aj>.  544. 


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Beda^i  EeetoriastJcal  ffigtmy,  aad 

ADglo-Saxon  Ghrooide. 

Boethins's  Ckmsolatioii  of  FhUofo- 

phy.  In  Anglo-SoxoQ,  with  the  A.  S. 
metres,  and  an  EogUah  Tniulation,  by 
the  Rer.  a  Fox. 

Brand's  Popular  AntitnitiM  of  Eng* 
land,  Scotland,  and  Ireland.  By  Sir  Ham 
ExxOw    In  3  vols. 

Browne's     (Sir   ThomaS)     Works. 
Edited  I7  SwoH  WiuuK.   InSTota. 
Vol.  1.  The  Ynlgar  Errors. 
YoL  X  Beligio  Medid,  and  Garden  of 

Qyrua. 
.  YoL  S.  Um-Baria],  Trscts,  and  Ooire- 
spondenoe. 

Ghronieles  of  tlie  Cntsaders.  Richard 
of  Devizes,  Oeoifrey  de  Vinsant  Lord  de 
JolnviUeL 

Chronioles  of  the  Tombs.  A  Colleo- 
tion  of  Bemarkable  Epitaphs.  By  T.  J. 
PraiiQBBW.  FJLS,  FJ3.A. 

Early  Travels  in  Palestine.  Willi- 
bald,  SsBwnlf.  Bei\]amin  of  Tadela,  Man- 
deville,  La  Brooquiere,  and  Maundrell; 
all  nnabridged.  £dited  by  Thomas 
Wbioht. 

Sllis's  Early  English  Metrical  Bo- 

mancea.    Revised  by  J.  0.  Haujwexx. 

Florence  of  Worcester's  Chronicle, 
with  the  Two  Continuations  :  comprising 
Annals  of  English  History  to  the  Keign  of 
Edward  I. 

Giraldns  Cambrensis'  Historical 
Worka :  Topography  of  Ireland ;  History 
of  the  Conquest  of  Ireland;  Itinerary 
through  Wales;  and  Description  of  Wales. 
With  Index.    Edited  by  Thos.  Wbioht. 

Handbook  of  Proverbs.  Comprising 
all  Ray's  English  Proverbs,  with  additions; 
hia  Foreign  Proverbs ;  and  an  Alphabetical 
Index. 

Henry  of  Huntingdon's  History  of 

the  English,  from  the  Roman  invasion  to 
Henry  11. ;  with  the  Acts  of  King  Stephen, 
be 
Ingnlph's  Chronicle  of  the  Abbey  of 
,  &oyland,  with  the  Continuations  by  Peter 
of  Bloia  and  other  Writers.    By  H.  T. 

BlLBT. 


Xfllglitl^y'sXUry  Mythology.  #Wm* 

ti^^ieM^jf  Cruikakemk. 

Lamb's  Dramatie  Poets  of  the  Tim« 
of  Ellsabetb  ^including  bis  Selections  fioiii 
the  Qariidc  Plaja. 

Lepsins's  Letters  from  Egypt,  StUft- 

pia,  and  the  Penhisnla  of  Sinai. 

Mallef  s  Horthem  Antiquities.    By 

Bishop  Pebct.  With  an  Abstract  of  the 
Eyrbiggla  Saga,  by  Sir  Waltkb  Scoxt. 
Edltedby  J.  A.  Blackwxu.. 

Maxoo  Polo's  Travels.  The  Traii». 
latlon  of  MafBden.    Edited  \fy  Thomas 

WUOHT. 

Matthew  Paxls's  ChroniolA.     In  5 

Tola 
FiBsr  Bs&noK :   Roger  of  Wendover's 

Flowers  of  English  History,  from  the 

Descent  of  the  Saxons  to  A.i>.  1235. 

Translated  by  Dr.  G11.S8.    In  2  vols. 
8100MD  SacnoN :   From  1236  to  12T3. 

Wiih  Index  to  the  entire  Work.    In 

3  vols. 

Matthew  of  Westminster's  Flowers 

of  History,  especially  such  as  relate  to  the 
alfairs  of  Britahi ;  toA.n.  1307.  Translated 
by  C.  D.  YoNGB.    In  2  vols. 

Ordericns  Vitalis'  Ecclesiastical  His- 
tory of  England  and  Normandy.  Trans- 
lated with  ^otes,  by  T.  Foiikstxb,  MJL 
In  4  vols. 

Panli's  CDr.  B.)  Life  of  Alfred  the 

Qreat    Translated  from  the  German. 

Polyglot  of  Foreign  Proverbs.   With 

English  Translations,  and  a  General  Index, 
bringing  the  whole  into  parallels,  by  H.  Q. 


Soger  De  Hoveden's  Annals  of  Eng- 

Ush  History ;  fiom  a.d.  732  to  a.d.  1201. 
Edited  by  H.  T.  Rilkt.    In  2  vols. 
Six  Old  English  Chronicles,  viz.  :— 

Asser's  Life  of  Alired,  and  the  Cbroiiicles 

of  Ethelwerd,  Qlldas,   Nennius,  Geoffrey 
•of  Monmouth,  and   Richard   of  Glren* 

oester. 
William  of  Malmesbory's  Chronicle 

of  the  Kings  of  England.    Translated  by 

Shlakfb. 
Ynle-Tide  Btories.     A  Collection  of 

Scandhiavian  Tales  and  TndiUona.  Edited 

by  B.  ToHBfB. 


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other  edition.  Translated  by  Gijuodin 
Pbachet.    120  Wood  Engrairinif9, 

Arioito's  Orlando  Fnrioio.  In  Eng- 
lish Verse.  BvW.S.Kom.  Twdvejme 
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Butler's  Hodibras.    With  Variorum 

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Edited  by  Henkt  G.  Bohn.    Thirty  beau- 

tifid  lUustrations, 
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62  Ou£Une  Portraits,    In  2  vols.    10«. 

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dotes and  Memoirs.  Revised  Edition. 
With  numerous  Portraits, 

Cruikshank's  Three  Courses  and  a 
Dessert  A  Series  of  Tales,  vnth  60  hu- 
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Dante.  Translated  by  I.  C.  Wright, 
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Portrait  and  34  JUustrations  on  Sted, 
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Didron's  History  of  Christian  Art ; 
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Um  Engravings.  VoL  I.  (Mons.Didron 
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Hunt's  (Leigh)  Book  for  a  Comer. 
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India,  Pictorial,   Descriptive,    and 

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Jiklom,  and  the  Holy  Land.    NewEditio 
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BOHN'S  ANTiaUARIAN  LIBRARY. 


THE    WORKS 

OP 

SIE     THOMAS     BEOWNE. 


VOLUME  III. 


yGoogk 


yGoogk 


THE    WORKS 


SIR    THOMAS    BROWNE. 


EDITED    BY 


SIMON    WILKIN,    F.L.S. 


VOLUME  III. 

OOKTAIMIWO 

URN-BUBIAL^    CHRISTIAN    MORALS^    MISCELLANIES^ 
CORRESPONDENCE^     ETC. 


LONDON: 
HENEY  G.  BOHN,  YORK  STREET,  COVENT  GARDEN. 

MDCCCLII. 


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CONTENTS  OF  VOL.  III. 


HYDRIOTAPHIA. 


Urn  Bnml ;  or,  a  Biaoourse  of  the  Sepulchral  Urns  lately  found  jn 

Norfolk , Page      1 


BRAMPTON  URNS. 
Particulars  of  some  Umfl  found  in  Brampton  Field,  Feb.  1667-8     .     51 


A  LETTER  TO  A  FRIEND,  ujwn  occasion  of  the  death  of  his 

intimate  fiiend  '.'.'.'.  ° .  " 61 


CHRISTIAN  MORALS,  &c. 

Editor's  Prefiice 83 

Dedication 85 

ThePre&ce    *.*.'.'.. .     86 

Piirtihefirfet  *.    '.     .     .     .     .    '..•.'.■. 87 

Partihesedond .     .  ^.     .     .  108 

ftfft the*  third*     '.    '.    '.    '.     ....     .*^.J  \    r'^.     .     .     .  121 


MtSCELLANY  TRAOtS ;'  ALSO  liIlSCELLANIES. 

Editdr's-Prft&de  *.•.•........ 147 

ThePablishertothe'Refiiddr  ;;;;::::::...  149 
Tract  1.  *  Obs^rviitidkis  iLpOn  6eV)Bral  plants  ihentioned  in  Scripture  151 
Tract  2.*  Of  gbrlloids  and  coronary  or  garland  plants  .  ....  203 
Tract  8.     Of  the  fishes  eaten  by  pur  Saviour  -with  his  disciples  after 

his  resurrection  from  the  dead 208 

Tract  4.  -  An  answer  to  certain  queries  relating  to  fishes,  birds,  and 

■  insects       . 210 

Tntct  5.  Of  hawks,and  fiblconryjanoient  and  modem  .  '.  .  .214 
Tract  6..   iOf  qymWs,  &c.     ,.,.,,......    .219. 


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VI  CONTElfTS. 

Tract  7.    Of  r6palic  or  gradual  verses,  &c Poffe  221 

Tract  8.     Of  languages,  and  particularly  of  the  Saxon  tongue   .     .  223 

Tract  9.  Of  artificial  hills,  mounts,  or  burrows,  in  many  parts  o( 
England  :  what  they  are,  to  what  end  rabed,  and  by 
what  nations 242 

Tract  10.  Of  Troas,  what  place  is  meant  by  that  name.  Also  of  the 
situations  of  Sodom,  Gk>morrah,  Admah,  Zeboim,  in 
the  Dead  Sea .     .     .  246 

Tract  11 «  Of  the  answers  of  the  Oracle  of  Apollo  at  Delphos  to 

Croesus,  king  of  Lydia 251 

Tract  12.  A  propl]^ecy  concerning  the  future  state  of  several  nations, 
in  a  letter  written  upon  occasion  of  an  old  prophecy 
sent  to  the  author  from  a  friend,  with  a  request  that 
he  would  consider  it 259 

Tract  13.  Mussum  Glausum,  or,  Bibliotheca  Abscondita :  contain- 
ing some  remarkable  books,  antiquities,  pictures,  and 
rarities,  of  several  kinds,  scarce  or  never  seen  by  any 
man  now  living 267 


REPERTORIUM. 

Some  account  of  the  tombs  and  monuments  in  the  cathedral  church 

of  Norwich 279 

Addenda 305 


MISCELLAKIES. 

Concerning  the  too  nice  curiosity  of  cekisuring  the  present,  or 

jud^;ing  into  future  dispensations 307 

Upon  reading  Hudibras 309 

An  account  of  Ishmd,  aluis  Iceland,  in  the  year  1662  ,'»,.,    tb. 

An  account  of  birds  found  in  Norfolk 311 

An  account  of  fishes,  &o.  found  in  Norfolk  and  on  the  coast      .     .  323 

On  the  ostrich 335 

Boulimia  centenaria 338 

Upon  the  dark  thick  mist  happening  on  the  27th  of  Nov.  1674     .  339 

Account  of  a  thunderstorm  at  Norwich,  1665 341 

On  dreams 342 

Observations  on  grafting 346 

Hints  and  Extracts;  to  his  son,  Dr.  Edward  Browne 349 


DOMESTIC  CORRESPONDENCE,  JOURNALS,  &c. 

Djr.  Browne's  Letters  to  his  son  Thomas,  1660-2     ...      388  to  397 
Journal  of  Mr.  E.  Browne     « 898 


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CONTENTS.  TU 

Dr.  Browne's  Letters  to  hts  son  Edward Page    412 

Dr.  Browne's  Letters  to  his  son  Thomas        415  to  418 

Mr.  Thoe.  Browne  to  his  &ther  .....     ^    ..     .      419  to  421 

Dr.  Browne  to  his  sod  Thomas 422 

Dr.  Browne's  Correspondence  with  Mr.  E.  Browne  daring  his 

travels,  1668-1669 426  to  440 

Further  Correspondence— June  1670  to  Oct.  1682     .     .    .  441  to  482 


MISCELLANEOUS  CORRESPONDENCE. 

Dr.  Browne  to  Dr.  Henry  Power 483 

Dr.  Henry  Power  to  Dr.  Browne.— Feb.  10,  1648 484 

Mr.  Merryweather  to  Dr.  Browne.— Oct.  1,  1649       486 

Dr.  Browne's  Correspondence  with  Evelyn  in  1658  .  .  487  to  492 
with  Dugdale.— Oct.  1658  to  April 

1662 498to601 

with  Dr.   Merritt.— July  1668  to 

Feb.  1669 602  to  518 

SirBobertPastontoDr.Browne.— Apr.  5, 1669 518 

"Hie  Earl  of  Yarmouth  to  Sir  Thos.  Browne.— Sept.  10, 1674    .    .  514 

Sir  Thomas  Browne  to  Elias  Ashmole.— Oct.  8, 1674 516 

Dr.  How  to  Dr.  Browne.— Sept.  20,  1655 >    ift. 

Extract  £rom  Letter  from  M.  Escaliot  to  Dr.  Browne.— Jan.  26, 

1664 518 

Dr.  E.  Browne  to  his  father.— Sept.  7,  1671 527 

Sir  Thomas  Browne  to  Mr.  Elias  Ashmole 530 

Sir  Thomas  Browne  to  Mr.  John  Aubrey. — March  14,  and  Aug. 

24,1678 581-532 


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HYDEIOTAPHIA. 

TJBN  BinilAL  ;  GRf  A  DISOOUBSB  OF  THB  SSPULOHSAL  UBVS 
LATELY  FOUin)  IN  NORFOLK. 

NINTH  EDITION. 


OBIGINALLT  FT7BLI8HSD  IN 
1658. 


TOL.IIZ.  B 

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En  sum  quod  digUis  qui  que  levcUw  onm. — ^Pbofebt. 


Digitized  byCjOOglC 


THE  EPISTLE  DEDICATORY. 

TO  MT  WOBTHT  AlO)  HONOUBED  7BIEND, 

THOMAS   LE   GEOS,  of   CEOSTWICZ,   ESQUIBE.» 

Whek  the  funeral  pyre  was  out,  and  the  last  valediction 
over,  men  took  a  lasting  adieu  of  their  interred  friends, 
little  expecting  the  curiosity  of  fiiture  ases  should  comment 
upon  their  ashes ;  and,  having  no  old  experience  of  the 
duration  of'  their  reHcks,  held  no  opinion  of  such  after- 
considerations. 

But  who  knows  the  £Eite  of  his  bones,  or  how  often  he  is 
to  be  buried  ?  Who  hath  the  oracle  of  his  ashes,  or  whither 
they  are  to  be  scattered  ?  The  relicks  of  many  lie  like  the 
ruins  of  Pompey's,*  in  all  parts  of  the  earth ;  and  when 
they  arrive  at  your  hands  these  may  seem  to  have  wandered 
£ir,  who,  in  a  direct  and  meridian  lTavel,t  have  but  few  miles 
of  known  earth  between  yourself  and  the  pole. 

That  the  bones  of  Theseus  should  be  seen  again  in  Athens^ 
was  not  bevond  conjecture  and  hopeful  expectation :  but 
that  these  should  arise  so  opportunely  to  serve  yourself  was 
an  hit  of  fate,  and  honour  beyond  prediction. 

*  P<mj)eio8  juvenes  Asia  atque  Bv/ropa,  sed  iptum  terrd  tegit  Libyot. 
f  Littie  dii^ctly  but  sea,  'between  jour  house  and  Greenland.' 

t  Bnmglit  baok  by  Cinum  Plutarch. 

'  Le  Orot,  cfep.]  Desoended  from  an  ancient  fiimily  of  the  name  (Le 
Gross,  or  Grooe),  settled  at  Sloly,  near  Grostwick,  so  early  as  the  reign 
of  Stephen,  and  who  became  possessed  of  the  manor  and  hall  of  Grost- 
wick  in  the  88th  of  Henry  YIII.  His  grand&tiier,  Sir  Thomas,  was 
knighted  by  James  I.  at  the  Gharter-house,  in  1608.  The  property 
descended  to  his  nephew,  CSiarles  Hannan,  who  took  the  name  of 
Le  Gros,  but  sold  the  estate  to  the  Walpole  iknily  in  1720. 

*  LUde  directly,  dErc]  Grostwick-hall  is  npt  twenty  miles  distant  from 
the  north  coast  of  Noitblk. 

3  2 


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4r  THE  EPISTLE  DEDIOATOBT. 

We  cannot  but  wish  these  urns  might  have  the  effect  of 
theatrical  vessels  and  great  Hippodrome  urns*  in  Bome,  to 
resound  the  acclamations  and  honour  due  unto  you.  Bat 
these  are  sad  and  sepulchral  pitcherSf  which  have  no  joyful 
voices ;  silently  expressing  old  mortality,  the  ruins  of  for- 
gotten times,  and  can  only  speak  with  lue,  how  long  in  this 
corruptible  frame  some  parfcs  may  be  uncorrupted ;  yet  able 
to  outlast  bones  long  unborn,  and  noblest  pile  among  uB.t 

We  present  not  these  as  any  strange  si^^ht  or  spectacle 
unknown  to  your  eyes,  who  have  beheld  the  best  of  urns 
and  noblest  variety  of  ashes ;  who  are  yourself  no  slender 
'  master  of  antiquities,  and  can  daily  command  the  view  of  so 
many  imperial  £su»s ;  which  raiseth  your  thoughts  unto  old 
things  and  consideration  of  times  oefore  you,  when  even 
living  men  were  antiquities ;  when  the  living  might  exceed 
the  dead,  and  to  depart  this  world  could  not  be  properly- 
said  to  go  unto  the  greater  number.];  And  so  run  up  your 
thoughts  upon  the  ancient  of  days,  the  antiquary's  truest 
object,  unto  whom  the  eldestparcels  are  young,  and  earth 
itself  an  infant,  and  without  !]^;yp1aan§  account  makes  but 
small  noise  in  thousands. 

We  were  hinted  by  the  occasion,  not  catched  the  oppor- 
tunity to  write  of  old  things,  or  intrude  upon  the  antiquary. 
We  are  coldlj  dravm  unto  discourses  of  antiquities,  who 
have  scarce  tune  before  us  to  comprehend  new  things,  or 
make  out  learned  novelties.  But  seeing  they  arose,  as  they 
lay  almost  in  silence  among  us,  at  least  in  short  account 
suddenly  passed  over,  we  were  very  unwilling  they  should 
die  again,  and  be  buried  twice  amons;  us. 

Beside,  to  preserve  the  living,  and  make  the  dead  to  Hve, 
to  keep  men  out  of  their  urns,  and  discourse  of  human 
fragments  in  them,  is  not  impertinent  unto  our  profession ; 
whose  study  is  life  and  death,  who  daily  behold  examples  of 
mortality,  and  of  all  men  least  need  artificial  fnementas^  or 
cofBns  by  our  bedside,  to  mind  us  of  our  graves. 

*  The  great  uras  in  the  Hippodrome  at  Borne,  oonoeived  to  reaofiind 
the  Toicee  of  people  at  their  ahoira. 

t  Worthily  poflflesaed  by  that  true  gentleman^  Sir  Horatio  Towiuk 
hend,  mv  honoured  friend. 

t  AhlU  adphatt.  . 

§  Which  makes  the  world  so  many  yean  old. 


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THE  EPISTLE  DEBIOATOBY.  6 

^Tis  time  to  obseire  occurrences,  and  let  nothing  remark- 
able escape  us :  the  supinily  of  elder  days  hath  left  so  much 
in  silence,  or  time  hafli  so  martyred  the  records,  that  the 
most  industrious  heads*  do  find  no  easy  work  to  erect  a  new 
Britannia. 

'Tifl  opportune  to  look  back  upon  old  times,  and  contem- 
plate our  fore£ftthers.  Great  examj^les  ^w  thin,  and  to  be 
fetched  from  the  passed  world.  Sunphcity  flies  away,  and 
iniquity  comes  at  long  strides  upon  us.  We  have  enough  to 
do  to  make  up  ourselves  from  present  and  passed  times,  and 
the  whole  stage  of  things  scarce  serveth  for  our  instruction. 
A  complete  piece  of  virtue  must  be  made  from  the  Centos 
of  all  ages,  as  all  the  beauties  of  Greece  could  make  but  one 
handsome  Yenus. 

When  the  bones  of  King  Arthur  were  digged  up,t  the  old 
race  might  think  they  beheld  therein  some  originals  of 
themselves ;  unto  these  of  our  urns  none  here  can  pretend 
rehition,  and  can  onl^  behold  the  relicks  of  those  persons 
who,  in  their  life  giving  the  laws  unto  their  predecessors, 
after  long  obscurity,  now  lie  at  their  mercies.  But,  remem- 
bering the  early  civility  they  brought  upon  these  countries, 
and  forgetting  lon^-passed  mischiefs,  we  mercifully  preserve 
their  bones,  and  piss  not  upon  their  ashes. 

In  the  offer  of  these  antiquities  we  drive  not  at  ancient 
fiunilies,  so  long  outlasted  by  them.  We  are  &r  from 
erectii^  your  worth  upon  the  pillars  of  your  fore&thers, 
whose  merits  you  illustrate.  We  honour  your  old  virtues, 
conformable  unto  times  before  you,  which  are  the  noblest 
armoury.  And,  having  long  experience  of  your  friendly 
conversation,  void  of  empty  formality,  full  of  freedom, 
constant  and  generous  honesty,  I  look  upon  you  as  a  gem 
of  the  old  rock,!  and  must  profess  myself  even  to  urn 
and  ashesy 

Tour  ever  &ithful  Friend  and  Servant, 

Thomjls  Bbowio:. 

*  Wherein  Mr.  I>agdiile  hath  excellently  well  endeavoured,  and 
worthy  to  be  oonntenanced  by  ingenuous  and  noble  persons, 
t  In  the  time  of  Henry  the  second. — Camden^. 
X  Ad4Emas  de  rtcpe  veteri prcutamtimmus. 


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yGoogk 


HYDRIOTAPHIA- 


CHAPTER  I. 

In  the  deep  discovery  of  tbe  subterranean  world,  a  shallow 
part  would  satisfy  some  enquirers ;  who,  if  two  or  three 
yards  were  open  about  the  surface,  would  not  care  to  rake 
the  bowels  of  Potosi,*  and  regions  towards  the  centre. 
Nature  hath  furnished  one  part  of  the  earth,  and  man  another. 
The  treasures  of  time  lie  nigh,  in  urns,  coins,  and  monu- 
ments, scarce  below  the  roots  of  some  vegetables.  Time 
hath  endless  rarities,  and  shows  of  all  varieties ;  which 
reveals  old  things  in  heaven,  makes  new  discoveries  in  earthy 
and  even  earth  itself  a  discovery.  That  great  antiquity 
America  lay  buried  for  thousands  of  years,  and  a  large  part 
of  the  earth  is  stUl  in  the  urn  imto  us. 

Though  if  Adam  were  made  out  of  an  extract  of  the  earth, 
all  parts  might  challenge  a  restitution,  yet  few  have  returned 
theu*  bones  far  lower  than  they  might  receive  them ;  not 
affecting  the  graves  of  giants,  under  hilly  and  heavy 
coverings,  but  content  with  less  than  their  own  depth,  have 
wished  their  bones  might  lie  sofb,  and  the  earth  be  light 
upon  them.  Even  such  as  hope  to  rise  again,  would  not 
be  content  with  central  interment,  or  so  desperately  to  place 
their  relicks  as  to  lie  beyond  discovery ;  and  in  no  way  to  be 
seen  again ;  which  happy  contrivance  hath  made  communi- 
cation with  our  forefathers,  and  left ,  unto  our  view  some 
parts,  which  they  never  beheld  themselves. 


*  The  rich  znountaiu  of  Peru. 


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8  HTDEIOTAPHIA.  [CHAP.  I. 

Though  earth  hath  engrossed  the  name,  yet  water  hath 
proved  the  smartest  grave ;  which  in  forty  days  swallowed 
almost  mankind,  and  the  living  creation ;  fishes  not  whoUj 
escaping,  except  the  salt  ocean  were  handsomely  contempered 
by  a  mixture  of  the  firesh  element. 

Many  have  taken  voluminous  pains  to  determine  the  state 
of  the  soul  upon  disunion ;  but  men  have  been  most  phan- 
tastical  in  the  singular  contrivances  of  their  corporal  disso- 
lution :  whilst  the  soberest  nations  have  rested  in  two  ways, 
of  simple  inhumation  and  burning. 

That  carnal  interment  or  burying  was  of  the  elder  date, 
the  old  examples  of  Abraham  and  the  patriarchs  are  suffi- 
cient to  illustrate;  and  were  without  competition,  if  it 
could  be  made  out  that  Adam  was  buried  near  Damascus, 
or  Mount  Calvary,  according  to  some  tradition.  God 
himself,  that  buried  but  one,  was  pleased  to  make  choice  of 
this  way,  collectible  from  Scripture  expression,  and  the  hot 
contest  between  Satan  and  the  archangel,  about  discovering 
the  body  of  Moses.  But  the  practice  of  burning  was  also 
of  great  antiquity,  and  of  no  slender  extent.  For  (not  to 
derive  the  same  from  Hercules)  noble  descriptions  there  are 
hereof  in  the  Grecian  funerals  of  Homer,  in  the  formal 
obsequies  of  Fatroclus  and  AchiUes ;  and  somewhat  elder  in 
the  Theban  war,  and  solemn  combustion  of  Meneceus,  and 
Archemorus,  contemporary  unto  Jair  the  eighth  judge  of 
Israel.  Confirmable  also  among  the  Trojans,  m)m  the 
ftineral  pyre  of  Hector,  burnt  before  the  gates  of  Troy :  and 
the  burning  of  Penthesilea  the  Amazonian  queen  :*  and 
long  continuance  of  that  practice^  in  the  inward  countries  of 
Asia ;  while  as  low  as  the  reign  of  Julian,  we  find  that  the 
king  of  Ohioniat  burnt  the  body  of  his  son,  and  interred  the 
ashes  in  a  silver  urn. 

The  same  practice  extended  also  fiEir  west ;%  and,  besides 
Herulians,  Getes,  and  Thracians,  was  in  use  with  most  of 
the  Celt»,  Sarmatians,  Germans,  Gauls,  Danes,  Swedes, 
Norwegians ;  not  to  omit  some  use  thereof  among  Cartha- 
ginians and  Americans.     Of  greater  antiquity  ^among  the 

*  d  Calaber,  m) A. 

+  Gumbrates,  king  of  Chionia,  a  countiy  near  Persia, — Ammiamis 
Marcellimts, 
t  Arnold.  MonUm,  not,  in  Cces,  CommefUar,  L,  Qyraldus,  Kirbnaimu9» 


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CHAP.  I.]  ViaS  BTJBIAL.  9 

Bomans  than  most  opinion,  or  Pliny  seems  to  allow:  for 
(beside  the  old  table  laws  of  burning  or  burying  within  the 
city,*  of  making  the  funeral  fire  with  planed  wood,  or 
quenching  the  fire  with  wine),  Manlius  the  consul  burnt 
the  body  of  his  son :  Numa,  by  special  clause  of  his  will, 
was  not  burnt  but  buried ;  and  Kemus  was  solenmly  burned, 
according  to  the  description  of  Orid.t 

ComeUus  Sylla  was  not  the  first  whose  body  was  burned 
in  Borne,  but  the  first  of  the  Cornelian  family;  which, 
being  indifierently,  not  frequently  used  before ;  finom  that 
time  spread,  and  became  the  prevident  practice.  Not  totally 
pursued  in  the  highest  run  of  cremation ;  for  when  even 
crows  were  frmerally  burnt,  Poppsea  the  wife  of  Nero  found 
a  peculiar  grave  interment.  Now  as  all  customs  were 
founded  upon  some  bottom  of  reason,  so  there  wanted  not 
grounds  for  this ;  according  to  several  apprehensions  of  the 
most  rational  dissolution.  Some  being  of  the  opinion  of 
Thales,  that  water  was  the  original  of  Si  things,  thought  it 
most  equal  ^  to  submit  unto  the  principle  of  putrefaction, 
and  conclude  in  a  moist  relentment.^  Others  conceived  it 
most  natural  to  end  in  fire,  as  due  unto  the  master  principle 
in  the  composition,  according  to  the  doctrine  of  Heraclitus ; 
and  therefore  heaped  up  large  piles,  more  actively  to  waft 
them  toward  that  element,  whereny  they  also  declined  a  visi- 
ble degeneration  into  worms,  and  left  a  lasting  parcel  of 
their  composition. 

Some  apprehended  a  purifying  virtue  in  fire,  refining  the 
grosser  commixture,  and  firmg  out  the  sethereal  particles  so 
deeply  immersed  in  it.  And  such  as  by  tradition  or  rational 
conjecture  held  any  hint  of  the  final  pvre  of  all  things ;  or 
that  this  element  at  last  must  be  too  hard  for  aU  the  rest ; 
mifi^ht  conceive  most  naturally  of  the  fiery  dissolution. 
Others  pretending  no  natural  grounds,  poHtickly  declined 

*  12  Tabul.  part  i.  dejure  aaero.  ffommeoimor^um  in  urbe  ne  Mpe< 
Uto,  neve  writo,  torn.  2.  Soffum  eueid  ne  poUto,  torn.  4.  Item  Vigeneri 
AnnoUU,  in  Limum,  et  Alex,  cum  Tiraquello.     Boecinus  cum  Dempttero. 

t  UUimo  prdata  miibdita  JUmma  rogo,  De  Fagt,  lib.  iv.  citm  Car, 
Newpd,  Anaptyxi, 

>  most  equal,']    Most  equitable. 

'  rdemtment,}    Dissolution :  not  in  Johnson. 


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10  HTDMOTAPHLl.  [CHAP.  I. 

the  malice  of  enemies  upon  their  buried  bodies.  Which 
consideration  led  Sylla  imto  this  practice ;  who  haying  thus 
served  the  body  of  Marius,  could  not  but  fear  a  retaliation 
upon  his  own ;  entertained  after  «in  the  civil  wars,  and 
revengeful  contentions  of  Eome. 

But  as  many  nations  embraced,  and  many  left  it  indif- 
ferent, so  others  too  much  affected,  or  strictly  declined  this 
practice.  The  Indian  Brachmans  seemed  too  great  friends 
unto  fire,  who  burnt  themselves  alive,  and  thought  it  the 
noblest  way  to  end  their  days  in  fire;  according  to  the 
expression  of  the  Indian,  burning  himself  at  Athens,*  in 
his  last  words  upon  the  pyre  unto  the  amazed  spectators, 
thus  I  make  myself  immortal. 

But  the  Chaldeans,  the  great  idolaters  of  fire,  abhorred 
the  burning  of  their  carcases,  as  a  pollution  of  that  deity. 
The  Persian  magi  declined  it  upon  the  like  scruple,  and 
being  only  solicitous  about  their  bones,  exposed  their  flesh 
to  the  prey  of  birds  and  dogs.  And  the  Persees  now  in 
India,  which  expose  their  bodies  unto  vultures,  and  endure 
not  so  much  as  feretra  or  biers  of  wood,  the  proper  fuel  of 
fire,  are  led  on  with  such  niceties.  But  whether  the  ancient 
Germans,  who  burned  their  dead,  held  any  such  fear  to 
pollute  their  deity  of  Herthus,  or  the  earth,  we  have  no 
authentic  conjectiure. 

The  Egyptians  were  afraid  of  fire,  not  as  a  deity,  but 
a  devouring  element,  mercilessly  consuming  their  Dodies, 
and  leaving  too  little  of  them ;  and  therefore  by  precious 
embalments,  depositure  in  dry  earths,  or  handsome  inclosure 
in  glasses,  contrived  the  notablest  ways  of  integral  con- 
servation. And  from  such  Egyptian  scruples,  imbibed  by 
Pythagoras,  it  may  be  conjectured  that  Numa  and  the 
I^hagorical  sect  first  waved  the  fieir  solution. 

The  Scythians,  who  swore  by  wind  and  sword,  that  is,  by 
life  and  death,  were  so  far  from  burning  their  bodies,  that 
they  declined  all  interment,  and  made  their  graves  in  the 
air:  and  the  Ichthyophagi,  or  fish-eating  nations  about 
Egypt,  affected  the  sea  for  their  grave ;  thereby  declining 
visible  .corruption,  and  restoring  the  debt  of  their  bodies. 

*  And  therefore  the  inscription  of  his  tomb  was  made  accordingly. — 
Nic,  Bamasc. 


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CHAP.  I.]  TTEir  BrBIAL.  11 

Whereas  the  old  heroes,  in  Homer,  dreaded  nothing  more 
than  water  or  drowning ;  probably  upon  the  old  opinion  of 
the  fiery  substance  of  the  soul,  only  extinguishable  by  that 
elem^it ;  and  therefore  the  poet  emphatically  implieth  the 
total  destruction  in  this  kind  of  death,  which  happened  to 
Ajax  Oileus.* 

The  old  Balearianst  had  a  peculiar  mode,  for  they  used 
gr^t  urns  and  much  wood,  but  no  fire  in  their  burials, 
while  they  bruised  the  flesh  and  bones  of  the  dead,  crowded 
them  into  urns,  and  laid  heaps  of  wood  upon  them. 
And  the  Chinese];  without  cremation  or  umaL  interment  of 
their  bodies,  make  use  of  trees  and  much  burning,  while 
they  plant  a  pine-tree  by  their  grave,  and  bum  great  num« 
bers  of  printed  draughts  of  slaves  and  horses  over  it,  civilly 
content  with  their  companies  in  effigy^  which  barbarous 
nations  exact  unto  reality. 

Christians  abhorred  this  way  of  obsequies,  and  though 
they  sticked  not  to  give  their  bodies  to  be  burnt  in  their 
lives,  detested  that  mode  after  death ;  afiecting  rather  a 
depositure  than  absumption,  and  properly  submitting  unto 
the  sentence  of  Gk)d,  to  return  not  imto  ashes  but  unto  dust 
again,  conformable  unto  the  practice  of  the  patriarchs,  the 
interment  of  our  Saviour,  of  Peter,  Paul,  and  the  ancient 
martyrs.  And  so  far  at  last'  declining  promiscuous  inter- 
ment with  Pagans,  that  some  have  suffered  ecclesiastical 
cen8ures,§  for  making  no  scruple  thereof. 

The  Musselman  believers  will  never  admit  this  fiery  reso- 
lution. For  they  hold  a  present  trial  &om  their  black  and 
white  angels  in  the  grave ;  which  they  must  have  made  so 
hollow,  that  they  may  rise  upon  their  knees. 

The  Jewish  nation,  though  they  entertained  the  old  way 
of  inhumation,  yet  sometimes  admitted  this  practice. 
For  the  men  of  /abesh  burnt  the  body  of  Saul ;  and  by  no 
prohibited  practice,  to  avoid  contagion  or  pollution,  in  time 
of  pestilence,  burnt  the  bodies  of  their  friends.  ||  Aiid  when 
they  burnt  not  thqir  dead  bodies,  yet  sometimes  used  great 
burnings  near  and  about  them,  deducible  from  the  expres- 
sions concerning  Jehoram,  Zedechias,  and  the  sumptuous 

*  Which  Magius  reads  klairokiaXi,  +  Diodonu  Siciilus. 

X  Jtamtmus  in  Navigat,  §  Mariialis  the  Bishop.  C^prkm, 

II  Amos  vi.  10. 


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12  HTDBIOTAFHIA.  [CHAF.  I. 

pyre  of  Asa.  And  were  so  little  arerse  from  Pagan  bum- 
mg,  that  the  Jews  lamenting  tbe  death  of  Csssar  their  friend, 
and  revenger  on  Pompey,  frequented  the  place  where  his 
body  was  burnt  for  many  nights  together.*  And  as  thej 
raised  noble  monuments  and  mausoleums  for  their  own 
nation,t  so  they  were  not  scrupulous  in  erecting  some  for 
others,  according  to  the  practice  of  Daniel,  who  left  that 
lasting  sepulchral  pile  in  Ecbatana,  for  the  Median  and 
Persian  kmgs.]: 

But  even  in  times  of  subjection  and  hottest  use,  they 
conformed  not  unto  the  Koman  practice  of  burning; 
whereby  the  prophecy  was  secured  concerning  the  body  of 
Christ,  that  it  should  not  see  corruption,  or  a  bone  should 
not  be  broken;  which  we  believe  was  also  providentially 
prevented,  from  the  soldier's  spear  aud  nails  that  passed  by 
the  little  bones  both  in  his  hands  and  feet ;  not  oi  ordinary 
contrivance,  that  it  should  not  corrupt  on  the  cross,  accord- 
ing to  the  laws  of  Boman  srucifixion,  or  an  hair  of  his 
head  perish,  though  observable  in  Jewish  customs,  to  cut 
the  hairs  of  malefactors. 

Nor  in  their  long  cohabitation  with  Eg^fptians,  crept  into 
a  custom  of  their  exact  embalming,  wherein  deeply  slashing 
the  muscles,  and  taking  out  the  brains  and  entouls,  they 
had  broken  the  subject  of  so  entire  a  resurrection,  nor  fully 
answered  the  types  of  Enoch,  Elijah,  or  Jonah,  which  yet 
to  prevent  or  restore,  was  of  equal  fa^^ility  unto  that  rismg 
power,  able  to  break  the  fasciations  and  bands  of  death,  to 
get  clear  out  of  the  cerecloth,  and  an  hundred  pounds  of 
ointment,  and  out  of  the  sepulchre  before  the  stone  was 
rolled  from  it. 

But  though  they  embraced  not  this  practice  of  burning, 
yet  entertained  they  many  ceremonies  agreeable  unto  Greek 
and  Eoman  obsequies.  And  he  that  observeth  their  funeral 
feasts,  their  lamentations  at  the  grave,  their  music,  and 
weeping  mourners ;  how  they  closed  the  eyes  of  their  friends, 
how  they  washed,  anointed,  and  kissed  the  dead ;  may  easily 

*  SueUm.  in  vitaJuL,  Ccu, 

t  As  that  magnificent  sepnlchral  monument  erected  by  Simon, 
1  Maoo.  xiii. 

t  ILaraeKtitattjia  dav/iatrmc  Trtwoififikvov,  whereof  a  Jewish  priest 
had  always  the  custody,  unto  Josephtis  his  days. — Jo9.  Antiq.  lib.  x. 


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OHAF.n.]  ITBH  BTTBIAL*  18 

conclude  tliese  were  not  mere  Pagan  ciyilities.  But  whe- 
ther that  mournful  burthen,  and  treble  calling  out  after 
Absalom,*  had  an^  reference  unto  the  last  conclamation, 
and  triple  valediction,  used  by  other  nations,  we  hold  but 
a  wavering  conjecture. 

Civilians  make  sepulture  but  of  the  law  of  nations,  others 
do  naturallj  found  it  and  discover  it  also  in  animals. 
They  that  are  so  thick-skinned  as  still  to  credit  the 
story  of  the  Phcenix,  may  say  something  for  animal  burning. 
More  serious  conjectures  find  some  examples  of  sepulture  in 
elephants,  cranes,  the  se^julchral  ceUs  of  pismires,  and  prac- 
tioe  of  bees, — ^which  dvU  society  carrieth  out  their  dead, 
and  hath  exequies,  if  not  interments. 


CHAPTER  n. 

The  solemnities,  ceremonies,  rites  of  their  creibation  or 
interment,  so  solemnly  delivered  by  authors,  we  shall  not 
disparage  our  reader  to  repeat.  Only  the  last  and  lasting 
part  in  their  urns,  collected  bones  and  ashes,  we  cannot 
wholly  omit  or  decline  that  subject,  which  occasion  lately 
presented,  in  some  discovered  among  us. 

In  a  field  of  Old  Walsingham,  not  many  months  past, 
were  digged  up  between  forty  and  fifty  urns,  deposited  in 
a  dry  and  sandv  soil,  not  a  yard  deep,  nor  far  from  one 
another. — ^Not  all  strictly  of  one  fiigure,  but  most  answering 
these  described :  some  containing  two  pounds  of  bones, 
distinguishable  in  skulls,  ribs,  jaws,  thigh  bones,  and  teeth, 
with  fresh  impressions  of  their  combustion;  besides  the 
extraneous  substances,  like  pieces  of  small  boxes,  or  combs 
handsomely  wrought,  handles  of  small  brass  instruments, 
brasen  nippers,  and  in  one  some  kind  of  opal.t 

Near  the  same  plot  of  ground,  for  about  six  yards  com- 
pass, were  dig^ea  up  coals  and  incinerated  substances, 
which  begat  conjecture  that  this  was  the  usirina  or  placp  of 

•  2  Shu.  zviu.  88. 

t  In  one  sent  me  by  my  worthy  friend,  Dr.  Thomas  Witherly  of 
WalriDgham. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


14  hydUiota?hia.  [chap.  n. 

burning  their  bodies,  or  some  sacrificing  place  unto  the 
manes,  which  was  properly  below  the  surface  of  the  ground, 
as  the  (gra  and  altars  unto  the  Sfods  and  heroes  above  it. 

That  these  were  the  urns  of  Bomans  from  the  common 
custom  and  phice  where  they  were  found,  is  no  obscure 
conjecture,  not  far  from  a  Soman  garrison,  and  but  five 
miles  from  Brancaster,  set  down  by  ancient  record  under 
the  name  of  Branodunum.  And  where  the  adjoining  town, 
containing  seven  parishes,  in  no  very  different  sound,  but 
Saxon  termination,  still  retains  the  name  of  Bumham, 
which  being  an  earlv  station,  it  is  not  improbable  the  neigh- 
bour parts  were  filled  with  habitations,  either  of  Eomans 
themselves,  or  Britons  Bomanized,  which  observed  the 
Boman  customs. 

Nor  is  it  improbable,  that  the  Bomans  early  possessed 
this  country.  For  though  we  meet  not  with  such  strict 
particulars  of  these  parts  before  the  new  institution  of  Con- 
stantino and  military  charge  of  the  count  of  the  Saxon 
shore,  and  that  about  the  Saxon  invasions,  the  Daknatian 
horsemen  were  in  the  garrison  of  Brancaster ;  yet  in  the 
time  of  Claudius,  Vespasian,  and  Severus,  we  find  no  less 
than  three  legions  dispersed  through  the  province  of  Britain. 
And  as  high  as  the  reign  of  Claudius  a  great  overthrow  was 
given  unto  the  Iceni,  by  the  Boman  lieutenant  Ostorius. 
Not  long  after,  the  country  was  so  molested,  that,  in  hope 
of  a  better  state,  Prasutagus  bequeathed  his  kingdom  unto 
Nero  and  his  daughters ;  and  Boadicea,  his  queen,  fought 
the  last  decisive  battle  with  Paulinus.  After  which  time, 
and  conquest  of  Agricola,  the  lieutenant  of  Vespasian,  pro- 
bable it  is,  they  wholly  possessed  this  coimtry ;  ordering  it 
into  garrisons  or  habitations  best  suitable  with  their  secu- 
rities. And  so  some  Boman  habitations  not  improbable  in 
these  parts,  as  high  as  the  time  of  Vespasian,  where  the 
Saxons  after  seated,  in  whose  thin-filled  maps  we  yet  find 
the  name  of  Walsingham.  Now  if  the  Iceni  were  but 
G-ammadims,  Anconians,  or  men  that  lived  in  an  angle, 
we^ge,  or  elbow  of  Britain,  according  to  the  original  etymo- 
logy, this  country  will  challenge  the  emphatical  appellation, 
as  most  properly  making  the  elbow  or  iken  of  Icenia.' 

'  Now  if  the,  d:c,]    That  is  to  say,  if  "iken  (as  well  ayxutv)  signified 

Digitized  by  CjOOQIC 


CHAP,  n.]  UEK  BTJEliX.  15 

That  Britain  was  notably  populous  is  undeniable,  &om 
that  expression  of  CsBsar.*  Tbat  the  Bomans  themselyes 
were  early  in  no  small  numbers  (seventy  thousand,  with 
their  associates),  slain  by  Boadicea,  affbrtls  a  sure  account. 
And  though  many  Soman  habitations  are  now  unknown,  yet 
some,  by  old  works,  rampiers,  coins,  and  urns,  do  testify 
their  possessions.  Some  urns  hare  been  found  at  Castor, 
some  also  about  Southcreak,  and,  not  many  years  past,  no 
less  than  ten  in  a  field  at  Buxton,  f  not  near  any  recorded 
garrison.  Nor  is  it  strange  to  find  Boman  coins  of  c<^per 
and  silver  among  us ;  of  Vespasian,  Tnyan,  Adrian,  Com- 
modus,  Antoninus,  Severus,  &e. ;  but  the  greater  nimiber 
of  Dioclesian,  Constantine,  Constans,  Yalens,  with  many  of 
Yictorinus  Fosthumius,  Tetricus,  and  the  thirty  tyrants  in 
the  reign  of  Gallienus  ;  and  some  as  high  as  Acfrianus  have 
been  found  about  Thetford,  or  Sitomagus,  mentioned  in  the 
Itmera/ry  of  Aatoninus,  as  the  way  from  Yenta  or  Castor  unto 
London.^  But  the  most  firequent  discovery  is  made  at  the 
two  Castors  by  Norwich  and  Yarmouth,§  at  Burghcastle, 
and  Brancaster.jl 

*  Homirmm,  infinita  m/aUitudo  eat,  cr^>errinuique  ;  cedificiafer^  OdUicis 
amsimiUa. — Ccea.  de  BeUo  Gal,  1.  v. 

t  In  the  ground  of  my  worthy  friend  Robert  Jegon,  Esq. ;  wherein 
some  things  contained  were  preserved  by  the  most  worthy  Sir  William 
Fasten,  Bart. 

t  From  Castor  to  Thetford  the  Bomans  accounted  thirty-two  miles, 
and  from  thence  observed  not  our  common  road  to  London,  but  passed 
by  Combretonium  ad  Anaam,  CwMmium^  CcBaaromagia,  <Ssc.  by  Bretenham, 
doggeshall,  Chelmsford,  Brentwood,  &;c. 

§  Most  at  Castor  by  Yarmouth,  found  in  a  place  called  East-bloudy- 
buigh  Furlong,  belonging  to  Mr.  Thomas  Wood«  a  person  of  civility, 
industry,  and  knowledge  in  this  way,  who  hath  made  observation  of 
remarkable  things  about  him,  and  from  whom  we  have  received  divers 
silver  and  copper  coins. 

11  Belon^ng  to  that  noble  gentleman,  and  true  example  of  worth. 
Sir  Balph  Hare,  Bart.,  my  honoured  friend. 


att  elbow — ^and  thus,  the  Icenians  were  but  "  mentiiat  lived  in  an  angle 
or  elbow,"  then  would  the  inhabitants  of  Norfolk  have  the  best  daim 
to  the  appellation,  that  county  being  most  emphatically  the  elhow  of 
Ibeaia.  But,  unfortunately,  %ken  does  not  signify  an  elbow  ;  and  it 
appears  that  the  Iceni  derived  their  name  from  the  river  Ouse,  on  whose 
banks  they  resided, — anciently  called  Iken,  Tken,  or  Ycin.  Whence, 
also,  Ikenild-street,  Ikenthorpe,  Ikenworth. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


16  HTBBIOTAPHIji.  [OHAP.  n. 

Besides  the  Norman,  Saxon^  and  Danish  pieces  of  Cuthred, 
Canutus,  William,  Matilda,*  and  others,  some  British  coins 
of  gold  have  been  dispersedlj  found,  and  no  small  number 
of  silver  pieces  near  N orwich,t  with  a  rude  head  upon  the 
obverse,  and  an  ill-formed  horse  on  the  reverse,  with  inscrip- 
tions le.  Duro,  T,;  whether  implying  Iceni,  Durotriges, 
Tascia,  or  Trinobantes,  we  leave  to  higher  conjecture. 
Vulgar  chronology  will  have  Norwich  Castle  as  old  as  Julius 
Csdsar ;  but  his  distance  from  these  parts,  and  its  gothick 
form  of  structure,  abridgeth  such  antiquiiy.  The  British 
coins  afford  conjecture  of  early  habitation  in  theseparts, 
though  the  city  of  Norwich  arose  £rom  the  ruins  of  Tenta ; 
and  Plough,  perhaps,  not  without  some  habitation  before, 
was  enlarged,  builded,  and  nominated  by  the  Saxons.  In 
what  bulk  or  populositv  it  stood  in  the  old  East-Angle 
monarchy  tradition  and  nistory  are  silent.  Considerable  it 
was  in  the  Danish  eruptions,  when  Sueno  burnt  Thetford 
and  Norwich,^  and  Ulfketel,  the  governor  thereof  was  able 
to  make  some  resistance,  and  after  endeavoured  to  bum  the 
Danish  navy. 

How  the  Bomans  left  so  many  coins  in  countries  of  their 
conquests  seems  of  hard  resolution ;  except  we  consider  how 
they  buried  them  under  ground  when,  upon  barbarous  invar 
sions,  they  were  &in  to  desert  their  habitations  in  most  part 
of  their  empire,  and  the  strictness  of  their  laws  forbidoing 
to  transfer  them  to  any  other  uses :  wherein  the  Spartans  § 
were  singular,  who,  to  make  their  copper  money  uselesSy 
contempered  it  with  vinegar.  That  the  Britons  left  any, 
some  wonder,  since  their  money  was  iron  and  iron  rings 
before  CsBsar ;  and  those  of  after-stamp  by  permission,  and 
but  small  in  bulk  and  bigness.  That  so  iew  of  the  Saxons 
remain,  because,  overcome  by  succeeding  conquerors  upon 
the  place,  their  coins,  by  degrees,  passed  into  other  stamps 
and  the  marks  of  after-ages. 

Than  the  time  of  these  urns  deposited,  or  precise  antiquity 
of  these  relicks,  nothing  of  more  uncertainty ;  for  since  the 
lieutenant  of  Claudius  seems  to  have  made  tiie  first  progress 

*  A  piece  of  Maud,  the  empreas,  said  to  be  found  in  BaokenhAm 
Castle,  with  this  inscripUon, — ittt  n*  a  eUe, 
t  At  Thorpe.  %  Btim^pton  AUku /(mntaUeniii, 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


CHAP.  U.]  tTHIT  BtTBIAL.  17 

into  these  parts,  since  Soadicea  was  overtkrown  by  the 
forces  of  Nero,  and  Agricola  put  a  fiill  end  to  these  con- 
quests, it  is  not  probable  the  country  was  fully  garrisoned  or 
planted  before;  and,  therefore,  however  these  urns  might 
be  of  later  date,  not  likely  of  higher  antiquity. 

And  the  succeeding  emperors  desisted  not  ^m  their  con- 
quests in  these  and  other  parts,  as  testified  by  history  and 
medal-inscription  yet  extant :  the  proTince  of  Britain,  in  so 
divided  a  distance  from  £ome,  beholding  the  faces  of  many 
imperial  persons,  and  in  large  account ;  no  fewer  than  Cesar, 
Claudius,  Sritomiicus,  Vespasian,  Titus,  Adrian,  Severus, 
Commodus,  G«ta,  and  Caracalla. 

A  great  obscurity  herein,  because  no  medal  or  emperor's 
coin  enclosed,  which  might  denote  the  date  of  their  inter- 
ments ;  observable  in  many  urns,  and  found  in  those  of 
Spitalfields,  by  London,*  which  contained  the  coins  of 
Claudius,  Vespasian,  Commodus,  Antoninus,  attended  with 
laerymatories,  lamps,  bottles  of  liquor,  and  other  appur- 
tenances of  affectionate  superstition,  which  in  these  rural 
interments  were  wanting. 

Some  uncertainty  there  is  from  the  period  or  term  of 
burning,  or  the  cessation  of  that  practice.  Macrobius 
affirmeth  it  was  disused  in  his  days ;  but  most  agree,  though 
without  authentic  record,  that  it  ceased  with  the  Antonini, — 
most  safely  te  be  understood  after  the  reign  of  those  emperors 
which  assiuned  the  name  of  Anteninus,  extending  unto  Helio- 
gabalus.  Not  strictly  after  Marcus;  for  about  fifty  years 
kter,  we  find  the  magnificent  burning  and  consecration  of 
SeveruB ;  and,  if  we  so  fix  this  period  or  cessation,  these 
urns  will  challenge  above  thirteen  nundred  years. 

But  whether  this  practice  was  only  then  left  by  emperors 
and  great  persons,  or  generally  about  Borne,  and  not  in 
other  provinces,  we  hold  no  authentic  account;  for  alter 
Tertullian,  in  the  days  of  Minucius,  it  was  obviously  objected 
upon  Christians,  that  they  condemned  the  practice  of  bum- 
ing.f  And  we  find  a  passage  in  Sidonius,^  which  asserteth 
that  practice  in  France  luito  a  lower  account.    And,  perhaps, 


*  Stow^s  Swrvey  of  London. 

t  Execrcmtwr  rogos,  et  danmcmt  igmum  9^piiUuram, — Miv^  t»  Od. 
t  Sidon.  ApoUinaris, 
TOL.  m.  0 


Digitized  by  VjOOQ IC 


18  HTDEIOTAPHIA.  [CHAP.  H. 

not  fully  disused  till  Christianity  fully  established,  which 
-  gave  the  final  extinction  to  these  sepulchral  bonfires. 

Whether  thev  were  the  bones  of  men,  or  women,  or 
children,  no  authentic  decision  from  ancient  custom  in  dis- 
.  tinct  places  of  burial.  Although  not  improbably  conjectured, 
that  the  double  sepulture,  or  burying-place  of  Abraham,* 
had  in  it  such  intention.  But  from  exility  of  bones,  thin- 
ness of  skulls,  smallness  of  teeth,  ribs,  and  thigh  bones,  not 
improbable  that  many  thereof  were  persons  of  minor  age, 
or  women.  Confirmable  also  from  things  contained  in  them. 
In  most  were  found  substances  resembling  combs,  plates  like 
boxes,  fastened  with  iron  pins,  and  handsomely  overwrought 
like  the  necks  or  bridges  of  musical  instruments  ;  long  brass 
plates  overwrought  hke  the  handles  of  neat  implements ; 
brazen  nippers,  to  pull  away  hair ;  and  in  one  a  kind  of  opal, 
yet  maintaining  a  bluish  colour. 

Now  that  they  accustomed  to  bum  or  bury  with  them, 
things  wherein  they  excelled,  delighted,  or  which  were  dear 
unto  them,  either  as  farewells  unto  all  pleasure,  or  vain 
apprehension  that  they  might  use  them  in  th^  other  world, 
is  testified  by  all  antiquity,  observable  from  the  gem  or  beryl 
ring  upon  the  finger  of  Cynthia,  the  mistress  of  Propertiusj 
when  after  her  funeral  pyre  her  ghost  appeared  unto  him ; 
and  notably  illustrated  from  the  contents  of  that  Eoman  urn 
preserved  by  Cardinal  Pamese,t  wherein  besides  great  num- 
ber of  gems  with  heads  of  gods  and  goddesses,  were  found 
an  ape  of  agath,  a  grasshopper,  an  elephant  of  amber,  a 
crystal  ball,  three  glasses,  two  spoons,  and  six  nuts  of  crystal ; 
and  beyond  the  content  of  urns,  in  the  monument  of 
Childerick  the  first, J  and  fourth  king  from  Pharamond, 
casually  discovered  tliree  years  past  at  Toumay,  restoring 
unto  the  world  much  gold  richly  adorning  his  sword,  two 
hundred  rubies,  many  hundred  imperial  coins,  three  hundred 
golden  bees,  the  bones  and  horse-shoes  of  his  horse  interred 
with  him,  according  to  the  barbarous  magnificence  of  those 
days  in  their  sepulchral  obsequies.  Although,  if  we  steer 
by  the  conjecture  of  many  and  septuagint  expression,  some 
trace  thereof  may  be  found  even  with  the  ancient  Hebrews, 

*  Gen*  xxiii.  4.  f  Yigeneri  Annot.  in  4.  Liv, 

t  Chifflet.  in  Anast.  ChUder. 


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Googk 


CHAP.  U.]  .  TTEir  BXTEIAL.  19 

not  only  from  the  sepulcliral  treasure  of  David,  but  the 
circumcision  knives  which  Joshua  also  buried. 

Some  men,  considering  the  contents  of  these  urns,  lasting 
pieces  and  toys  included  in  them,  and  the  custom  of  burning 
vnth  many  other  nations,  might  somewhat  doubt  whether 
all  urns  found  among  us,  were  properly  Boman  relicks,  or 
some  not  belongpg  unto  our  British,  Saxon,  or  Danish 
forefathers. 

In  the  form  of  burial  among  the  ancient  Britons,  the  large 
discourses  of  CsBsar,  Tacitus,  and  Strabo  are  silent.  For  the 
-discovery  whereof,  with  other  particulars,  we  much  deplore 
the  loss  of  that  letter  which  Cicero  expected  or  received  from 
•his  brother  Quintus,  as  a  resolution  of  British  customs  ;  or 
the  account  which  might  have  been  made  by  Scribonius 
Largus,  the  physician,  accompanying  the  Emperor  Claudiusi, 
.who  might  nave  also  discovered  that  frugal  bit  of  the  old 
Britons,*  which  in  the  bigness  of  a  bean  could  satisfy  their 
thirst  and  hunger. 

But  that  the  Druids  and  ruling  priests  used  to  bum  and 
bury,  is  expressed  by  Fomponius ;  tliat  Bellinus,  the  brother 
of  Brennus,  and  king  of  tne  Britons,  was  burnt,  is  acknow- 
ledged by  Polydorus,  as  also  by  Amandus  Zierexensis  in 
Sistaria,  and  Fineda  in  his  Usiiversa  Hiatoria  (Spanish). 
That  they  held  that  practice  in  Gbllia,  Caesar  expressly 
deliveretli.  Whether  the  Britons  (probably  descended  from 
them,  of  like  religion,  language,  and  manners)  did  not  some- 
times make  use  of  burning,  or  whether  at  least  such  as  were 
after  civilized  unto  the  Eoman  life  and  manners,  conformed 
not  mito  this  practice,  we  have  no  historical  assertion  or 
denial.  But  since,  from  the  account  of  Tacitus,  the  Eomans 
early  wrought  so  much  civility  upon  the  British  stock,  that 
they  brought  them  to  build  temples,  to  wear  the  gown,  and 
study  the  Boman  laws  and  language,  that  they  -conformed 
also  unto  their  religious  rites  and  customs  in  burials,  seems 
•no  improbable  conjecture. 

That  biiming  the  dead  was  used  in  Sarmatia  is  affirmed 
by  Ghiguinus ;  that  the  Sueons  and  Gothlanders  used  to 
bum  their  princes  and  great  persons,  is  delivered  by  Saxo 
and  Olaus ;  that  this  was  the  old  German  practice,  is  also 

*  Dionis  exc^taper  Xiphilin.  in  Severo* 
c2 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


20  HTDBIOTAf  HIA.  [CHAP.  U. 

asserted  by  Tacitus.  And  thoueh  we  are  bare  in  historical 
particulars  of  such  obsequies  in  this  island,  or  that  the 
Saxons,  Jutes,  and  Angles  burnt  their  dead,  yet  came  they 
from  parts  where  'twas  of  ancient  practice ;  the  Germans 
using  it,  j&om  whom  they  were  descended.  And  even  in 
Jutland  and  Sleswick  in  Anglia  Cymbrica,  urns  with  bones 
were  found  not  many  years  before  us. 

But  the  Danish  and  northern  nations  hare  raised  aa  era 
or  poiilt  of  compute  from  their  custom  of  burning  their 
dead :  *  some  denying  it  from  XJnguinus,  some  from  Erotho 
the  great,  who  ordained  by  law,  that  princes  and  chief  com- 
manders should  be  committed  unte  the  fire,  though  the 
common  sort  had  the  common  grave  interment.  So  Stark- 
atterus,  that  old  hero,  was  burnt,  and  Eingo  royally  burnt 
the  body  of  Harold  the  king  slain  by  him. 

What  time  this  custom  generally  expired  in  that  nation, 
we  discern  no  assured  period;  whether  it  ceased  before 
Christianity,  or  upon  their  conversion,  by  Ausgurius  the 
Gaul,  in  the  time  of  Ludovicus  Pius  the  son  of  Charles  the 
Great,  according  to  good  computes ;  or  whether  it  might  not 
be  used  by  some  persons,  while  for  an  hundred  aud  eighty 
years  Paganism  and  Christianity  were  promiscuously  em- 
braced amon^  them,  there  is  no  assured  conclusion.  About 
which  times  ^e  Danes  were  busy  in  England,  and  particularly 
infested  this  county ;  where  many  castles  aud  stronghol<ui 
were  built  by  them,  or  against  them,  and  great  ntunber  of 
names  and  fieunilies  still  derived  from  them.  But  since  this 
custom  was  probably  disused  before  their  invasion  or  con- 
quest, and  the  Bomans  confessedly  practised  the  same  since 
tneir  possession  of  this  island,  the  most  assured  account  will 
&11  upon  the  Bomans,  or  Britons  Bomanized. 

However,  certain  it  is,  that  urns  conceived  of  no  Boman 
original,  are  often  digged  up  both  in  Norway  and  Denmark, 
handsomely  described,  and  graphically  represented  by  the 
learned  physician  Wormius.f  And  m  some  parts  of  Den- 
mark in  no  ordinary  number,  as  stands  deHverod  by  authors 
exactly  describing  those  countries.^    And  they  contained 

*  Xomtd,  JBrendetyde,  Hd  tyde, 

t  Olai  Wormii  M<mumenta  et  ArUiquiUat,  Dan. 

X  A  dolphiu  Cftffpriius  in  A  nmL  Sknrick,  wmu  adeo  abuMdahai  coUU,  dec 


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Googk 


me^^tmi^mmmmmm&mi 


CHAP,  m.]  rEN  BUBIAL.  21 

not  ^  only  bones,  but  many  otber  substances  in  tbem,  as 
knives,  pieces  of  iron,  brass,  and  wood,  and  one  of  Norway  a 
brass  gilded  jew' s-barp. 

Nor  were  tbey  confused  or  careless  in  disposing  tbe 
noblest  sort,  wbile  they  placed  large  stones  in  circle  about 
tbe  urns  or  bodies  which  they  interred :  somewhat  answer- 
able unto  the  monument  of  EoUrich  stones  in  England,* 
or  sepulchral  monument  probably  erected  by  Eollo,  who 
after  conquered  Normandy ;  where  'tis  not  improbable 
somewhat  might  be  discoyered.  Meanwhile  to  what  nation 
or  person  belonged  that  large  urn  found  at  Ashbury,!  con- 
taining mighty  bones,  and  a  buckler ;  what  those  large  urns 
found  at  Little  Massingham;:^  or  why  the  Anglesea  urns 
are  placed  with  their  mouths  downward,  remains  yet 
undiscovered. 


CHAPTEE  ni. 

Plaistebed  and  whited  sepulchres  were  anciently  affected 
in  cadaverous  and  corrupted  burials;  and  the  rigid  Jews 
were  wont  to  garnish  the  sepulchres  of  the  righteous.  § 
Ulysses,  in  Hecuba,  cared  not  how  meanly  he  lived,  so  he 
might  find  a  noble  tomb  after  death. ||  Great  princes 
affected  great  monuments;  and  the  fair  and  larger  urns 
contained  no  vulgar  ashes,  which  makes  that  disparity  in 
those  which  time  discovereth  among  us.  The  present  urns 
were  not  of  one  capacity,  the  largest  containmg  above  a 
gallon,  some  not  much  above  half  that  measiu^ ;  nor  all  of 
one  figure,  wherein  there  is  no  strict  conformity  in  the  same 
or  different  countries;  observable  from  those  represented 
by  CasaJius,  Bosio,  and  others,  though  all  found  in  Italy ; 
while  many  have  handles,  ears,  and  long  necks,  but  most 
imitate  a  circular  figure,  in  a  spherical  and  round  com- 
posure ;  whether  from  any  mystery,  best  duration  or  capa- 
city, were  but  a  conjecture.    But  the  common  form  with 

♦  In  Oxfordshire,  Camden. 

f  In  Cheshire,  lioimu  de  rebus  AlbionicU, 

t  In  Norfolk,  HoUmgshmd,  §  Matt,  zzili.  i|  Ewipidet. 


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22:  HTDEIOTAPHIA.  [CHAP.  1I1:> 

necks  was  a  proper  figure,  making  our  last  bed  like  bur 
first ;  nor  much  unlike  the  urns  of  our  nativity  while  we 
lay  in  the  nether  part  of  the  earth,*  and  inward  vault  of 
our  microcosm.  Many  urns  are  red,  these  but  of  a  black 
colour  somewhat  smooth,  and  dully  sounding,  which  begat 
some  doubt,  whether  they  were  burnt,  or  only  baked  in  oven 
or  sun,  according  to  the  ancient  way,  in  many  bricks,  tiles, 
pots,  and  testaceous  works  ;  and,  as  the  word  testa  is  pro- 
perly to  be  taken,  when  occurring  without  addition  and 
chiefly  intended  by  Pliny,  when  he  commendeth  bricks  and 
tiles  of  two  years  old,  and  to  make  them  in  the  spring. 
Nor  only  these  concealed  pieces,  but  the  open  magnificence 
of  antiquity,  ran  much  in  the  artifice  of  clay.  Hereof  the 
house  of  Mausolus  was  buUt,  thus  old  Jupiter  stood  in  the 
Capitol,  and  the  statua  of  Hercules,  made  in  the  reign  of 
Tarquinius  Priscus,  was  extant  in  Pliny's  days.  And  such 
as  declined  burning  or  funeral  urns,  affected  cofl&ns  of  clay, 
according  to  the  mode  of  Pythagoras,  a  way  preferred  by 
Varro.  But  the  spinit  of  great  ones  was  above  these  cir- 
cumscriptions, affecting  copper,  silver,  gold,  and  porphyry- 
urns,  wherein  Severus  ky,  after  a  serious  view  and  sentence 
on  that  which  should  contain  him.t  Some  of  these  urns 
were  thought  to  have  been  silvered  over,  from  sparkliugs  in. 
several  pots,  with  small  tinsel  parcels ;  uncertain  whether 
from  the  earth,  or  the  first  mixture  in  them. 

Among  these  urns  we  could  obtain  no  good  account  of 
their  coverings ;  only  one  seemed  arched  over  with  some  kind 
of  brick-work.  Of  those  found  at  Buxton,  some  were 
covered  with  fliats,  some,  in  other  parts,  vnth  tiles;  those  at 
Yarmouth  Caster  were  closed  with  Eoman  bricks,  and  some 
have  proper  earthen  covers  adapted  and  fitted  to  them. 
But  in  the  Homerical  urn  of  Patroclus,  whatever  was  the 
solid  tegument,  we  find  the  immediate  covering  to  be  a 
purple  piece  of  silk :  and  such  as  had  no  covers  might  have 
tbe  earth  closely  pressed  into  them,  after  which  disposure 
vere  probably  some  of  these,  wherein  we  found  the  bones 
and  a^es  half  mortared  unto  the  sand  and  sides  of  the  urn, 
and  some  long  roots  of  quich,  or  dog's-grass,  wreathed  about 
the  bones. 

*  PsU.  hriii. 

f  Xtapriffug  tov  dvBptairoVf  8v  ^  oiicov/ilvi}  ovk  ixtaprf^tv, — I}ion, 


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CHAP.  III.}  UBK  BITBIAIi.  23 

No  lamps,  included  liquors,  lacrymatories,  or  tear  bottles, 
attended  these  rural  urns,  either  as  sacred  unto  the  manesy 
or  passionate  expressions  of  their  surviving  friends.  While 
with  rich  flames,  and  hired  tears,  they  solemnized  their 
obsequies,  and  in  the  most  lamented  monuments  made  one. 
part  of  their  inscriptions.*  Some  find  sepulchral  vessels 
containing  liquors,  which  time  hath  incrassated  into  jellies. 
Tor,  besides  these  lacrymatories,  notable  lamps,  with  vessels 
of  oils,  and  aromatical  Hquors,  attended  noble  ossuaries; 
and  some  yet  retaining  a  vinosityf  and  spirit  in  them, 
which,  if  any  have  tasted,  they  have  far  exceeded  the  palates 
of  antiquity.  Liquors  not  to  be  computed  by  years  of 
annual  magistrates,  but  by  great  conjunctions  and  the  fatal 
periods  of  kingdoms.  J  The  draughts  of  consulary  date  were 
but  crude  unto  these,  and  Opimian  wine  §  but  m.  the  must 
unto  them. 

In  sundry  graves  and  sepulchres  we  meet  with  rings, 
coins,  and  chalices.  Ancient  frugality  was  so  severe,  that 
they  allowed  no  gold  to  attend  the  corpse,  but  only  that 
which  served  to  fasten  their  teeth.  ||  Whether  the  Opaline 
stone  in  this  were  burnt  upon  the  finger  of  the  dead,  or  cast 
into  the  fire  by  some  afi*ectionate  friend,  it  will  consist  vrith 
either  custom.  But  other  incinerable  substances  were  found. 
80  fresh,  that  they  could  feel  no  singe  from  fire.  These, 
upon  view,  were  judged  to  be  wood ;  but,  sinking  in  water,^ 
and  tried  by  the  fire,  we  found  them  to  be  bone  or  ivory. 
la  their  hardness  and  yellow  colour  they  most  resembled 
box,  which,  in  old  expressions,  foimd  the  epithet  of 
etemal,!^  and  perhaps  in  such  conservatories  might  have 
passed  uncorrupted. 

That  bay  leaves  were  found  green  in  the  tomb  of  S.  Hum- 
bert,** after  an  hundred  and  fifty  years,  was  looked  upon  as 
miraculous.  Eemarkable  it  was  unto  old  spectators,  that 
the  cypress  of  the  temple  of  Diana  lasted  so  many  hundred 

*  (Mm  lacrynUs  po6uire.  t  Limus, 

t  About  five  hundred  years. — PkUo, 
.  §  Vinum  Opimiaiiamm  awnorum  cerUtm. — Petron, 

I)  12  TaJM.  1.  xi.  De  Jwre  Sacro.    Neve  awrwm  adito  <ut  gmi  aurc 
denUi  vincH  escwni  im  cum  Uo  tepdire  wereve,  te  fravde  esto. 
%  Plin,  1.  xvi.     Inter  $vXa  aoairn  nvmerai  Tkeoph/raslua, 
**  <8»rtw. 


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24  HTDBIOTAPHIA.  [CHAP.  UT* 

years.  The  wood  of  the  ark,  and  olive-rod  of  Aaron,  were 
older  at  the  captivity ;  but  the  cypress  of  the  ark  of  Noah 
was  the  greatest  vegetable  of  antiquity,  if  Josephus  were 
not  deceived  by  some  fragments  of  it  in  his  days :  to  omit 
the  moor  tegs  and  fir  trees  found  under-ground  in  many- 
parts  of  England ;  the  undated  ruins  of  winds,  floods,  or 
earthquakes,  and  which  in  Flanders  still  show  from  what 
quarter  they  fell,  as  generally  lying  in  a  north-east  position.* 

But  though  we  found  not  these  pieces  to  be  wood,  ac- 
cording to  first  apprehensions,  yet  we  missed  not  altogether 
of  some  woody  substance  ;  for  the  bones  were  not  so  clearly- 
picked  but  some  coals  were  found  amongst  them ;  a  way  to 
make  wood  perpetual,  and  a  fit  associate  for  metal,  whereon 
was  laid  the  foundation  of  the  great  Ephesian  temple,  and 
which  were  made  the  lasting  tests  of  old  boundaries  and 
landmarks.  "Whilst  we  look  on  these,  we  admire  not  obser- 
vations of  coals  found  fresh  after  four  hundred  years.f  In 
a  long-deserted  habitation;];  even  egg-shells  have  been  found 
fresh,  not  tending  to  corruption. 

In  the  monument  of  King  Childerick  the  iron  relicks 
were  found  all  rusty  and  crumbling  into  pieces ;  but  our 
little  iron  pins,  which  fastened  the  ivory  works,  held  well 
together,  and  lost  not  their  magnetical  quality,  though, 
wanting  a  tenacious  moisture  for  the  firmer  union  of  parts ; 
although  it  be  hardly  drawn  into  fusion,  yet  that  metal  soon 
Bubmitteth  unto  rust  and  dissolution.  In  the^^razen  pieces 
we  admired  not  the  duration,  but  the  freedom  from  rust, 
and  ill  savour,  upon  the  hardest  attrition ;  but  now  exposed 
unto  the  piercing  atoms  of  air,  in  the  space  of  a  few  mouths, 
they  begin  to  spot  and  betray  their  green  entrails.  Wo 
conceive  not  these  urns  to  have  descended  thus  naked  as 
they  appear,  or  to  have  entered  their  graves  without  the  old 
habit  of  flowers.  The  um  of  Philopoemen  was  so  laden  with 
flowers  and  ribbons,  that  it  afforded  no  sight  of  itself.  The 
ri^d  Lycurgus  allowed  olive  and  myrtle.  The  Athenians 
might  fairly  except  against  the  practice  of  Democritus, 
to  be  buried  up  in  honey,  as  fearing  to  embezzle  a  great 
commodity  of  their  countoy,  and  the  best  of  that  kind  iu 

*  Qnftiyp,  Becamm  in  NUoscopio. 

t  Of  Betmgv/ccu)  nella  p^otechnia.  t  At  Elmham. 


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CHAP.  III.]  TJEN  BURIAL.  25 

Europe.  But  Plato  seemed  too  frugally  politick,  who 
allowed  no  larger  moniunent  tban  would  contain  four  heroick 
yerses,  and  designed  the  most  barren  ground  for  sepulture : 
thougli  we  cannot  commend  the  goodness  of  that  sepulchral 
ground  which  was  set  at  no  higher  rate  than  the  mean 
salary  of  Judas.  Though  the  earth  had  confounded  the 
ashes  of  these  ossuaries,  yet  the  bones  were  so  smartly 
burnt,  that  some  thin  plates  of  brass  were  found  half  melted 
among  them.  Whereby  we  apprehend  they  were  not  of 
the  meanest  carcases,  perfunctorily  fired,  as  sometimes  in 
military,  and  commonly  in  pestilence,  burnings  ;  or  after  the 
manner  of  abject  corpses,  huddled  forth  and  carelessly 
burnt,  without  the  Esquiline  Port  at  Eome ;  which  was  an 
affiront  continued  upon  Tiberius,  while  they  but  half  burnt 
his  body,*  and  in  the  amphitheatre,  according  to  the  custom 
in  notable  malefactors  ;  whereas  Nero  seemed  not  so  much 
to  fear  his  death  as  that  his  head  should  be  cut  off  and  his 
body  not  burnt  entire. 

Some,  finding  many  fragments  of  skulls  in  these  urns, 
suspected  a  mixture  of  bones ;  in  none  we  searched  was 
there  cause  of  such  conjecture,  though  sometimes  they  de- 
clined not  that  practice. — The  ashes  of  Domitianf  were 
mingled  with  those  of  Julia ;  of  AchiQes  with  those  of 
Patroclus.  All  urns  contained  not  single  ashes;  without 
confused  burnings^  they  affectionately  compounded  their 
bones ;  passionately  endeavouring  to  continue  their  living 
unions.  And  when  distance  of  death  denied  such  con- 
junctions, unsatisfied  affections  conceived  some  satisfaction 
to  be  neighbours  in  the  grave,  to  lie  urn  hj  urn,  and  touch 
but  in  their  manes.  And  many  were  so  curious  to  continue 
their  living  relations,  that  they  contrived  large  and  family 
urns,  wherein  the  ashes  of  their  nearest  friends  and  kindred 
might  successively  be  received,J  at  least  some  parcels 
thereof,  while  their  collateral  memorials  lay  in  minor  vessels 
about  them. 

Antiquity  held  too  light  thoughts  from  objects  of  mor- 

*  Stieton,  in  vUd  Tib,  Et  m  ampftithealro  temimttUcmdum,  not. 
Casaub. 

f  Sueton.  in  vUd  Domitian, 
•  t  See  the  most  learned  and  worthy  Mr.  M.  Casaubon  upon  Anto- 
ninus. 


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20  HTDEIOTAPHLi.  [CHAP.  III. 

talitj,  while  some  drew  provocatives  of  mirtli  from  ana^ 
tomies,*  and  jugglers  showed  tricks  with  skeletons.  When 
fiddlers  made  not  so  pleasant  mirth  as  fencers,  and  men 
could  sit  with  quiet  stomachs,  while  'hanging  was  played 
before  them.f  Old  considerations  made  few  mementos  by 
skulls  and  bones  upon  their  monuments.  In  the  Egyptian 
obelisks  and  hieroglyphical  figures  it  is  not  easy  to  meet 
with  bones.  The  sepulchral  lamps  speak  nothing  less  than 
sepulture,  and  in  their  literal  draughts  prove  often  obscene 
and  antick  pieces.  "Where  we  find  D.M.X  it  is  obvious  to 
meet  with  sacrificing  pateras  and  vessels  of  libation  upon 
old  sepulchral  monuments.  In  the  Jewish  hypogaBum§ 
and  subterranean  cell  at  Eome,  was  little  observable  beside 
the  variety  of  lamps  and  frequent  draughts  of  the  holy  candle- 
stick. In  authentick  draughts  of  Anthony  and  Jerome  we 
meet  with  thigh  bones  and  death's-heads  ;  but  the  cemeterial 
cells  of  ancient  Christians  and  martyrs  were  filled  with, 
draughts  of  Scripture  stories ;  not  declining  the  fiourishes 
of  cypress,  palms,  and  olive,  and  the  mystical  figures  of 
peacocks,  doves,  and  cocks  ;  but  iterately  affecting  the  por- 
traits of  Enoch,  Lazarus,  Jonas,  and  the  vision  of  Ezekiel, 
as  hopeful  draughts,  and  hinting  imagery  of  the  resur- 
rection, which  is  the  life  of  the  grave,  and  sweetens  our 
habitations  in  the  land  of  moles  and  pismires. 

G-entile  inscriptions  precisely  delivered  the  extent  of 
men's  lives,  seldom  the  manner  of  their  deaths,  which  history 
itself  so  often  leaves  obscure  in  the  records  of  memorable 
persons.  There  is  scarce  any  philosopher  but  dies  twice  or 
thrice  in  Laertius ;  nor  almost  any  life  without  two  or  three 
deaths  in  Plutarch  ;  which  makes  the  tragical  ends  of  noble 
persons  more  favourably  resented  by  compassionate  readers 
who  find  some  relief  in  the  election  of  such  differences. 

The  certainty  of  death  is  attended  with  uncertainties,  in 
time,  manner,  places.  The  variety  of  monuments  hath 
often  obscured  true   graves ;   and  cenotaphs  confounded 

*  Sic  erimus  cimcti,  iec.    Ergo  dum  vivitnvs  vwamus. 

.  f  *hym>ov  9rai^etv.    A  barbarous  pastime  at  feasts^  when  men  stood 

upon  a  rolling  globe,  with  their  necks  in  a  rope  and  a  knife  in  their 

hands^  ready  to  cut  it  when  the  stone  was  rollea  away  ;  wherein  if  they 

failed,  they  lost  their  lives,  to  the  laughter  of  their  spectators. — AthenoBUBm 

X  IHis  mcmibtu,  §  Bono, 


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CHAP,  m.]  TOW  BTTBIAL.  27 

sepulclires.  For  beside  their  real  tombs,  many  have  found 
honorary  and  empty  sepulchres.  The  variety  of  Homer's 
monuments  made  him  of  various  countries.  Euripides'*  had 
his  tomb  in  Africa,  but  his  sepulture  in  Macedonia.  And 
Severust  found  his  real  sepulchre  in  Eome,  but  his  empty 
grave  in  Gtdlia. 

He  that  lay  in  a  golden  urn  X  eminently  above  the  earth, 
was  not  like  to  find  the  quiet  of  his  bones.  Many  of  these 
urns  were  broke  by  a  vulgar  discoverer  in  hope  of  enclosed 
treasure.  The  ashes  of  MarcelluB§  were  lost  above  ground, 
upon  the  like  account.  Where  profit  hath  prompted,  no 
age  hath  wanted  such  miners.  For  which  the  most  barbarous 
expilators  found  the  most  civil  rhetorick.  Gold  once  out  of 
the  earth  is  no  more  due  unto  it ;  what  was  unreasonably 
committed  to  the  ground,  is  reasonably  resumed  from  it ; 
let  monuments  and  rich  fabricks,  not  riches,  adorn  men's 
ashes.  The  commerce  of  the  living  is  not  to  be  transferred 
unto  the  dead ;  it  is  not  injustice  to  take  that  which  none 
complains  to  lose,  and  no  man  is  wronged  where  no  man  is 
possessor. 

What  virtue  yet  sleeps  in  this  terra  damnata  and  aged 
cinders,  were  petty  magic  to  experiment.  These  crumbling 
relicks  and  long  fired  particles  superannuate  such  expecta- 
tions ;  bones,  hairs,  niuls,  and  teeth  of  the  dead,  were  the 
treasures  of  old  sorcerers.  In  vain  we  revive  such  practices ; 
present  superstition  too  visibly  perpetuates  the  follv  of  our 
fore&thers,  wherein  unto*  old  oDservation ||  this  island  was 
so  complete,  that  it  might  have  instructed  Persia. 

Plato's  historian  of  the  other  world  lies  twelve  days  incor- 
rupted,  while  his  soul  was  viewing  the  large  stations  of  the 
d^d.  How  to  keep  the  corpse  seven  days  from  corruption 
by  anointing  and  washing,  without  exenteration,  were  an 
hazardable  piece  of  art,  in  our  choicest  practice.  How  thev 
made  distinct  separation  of  bones  and  ashes  from  fiery  ad- 
mixture, hath  found  no  historical  solution;  though  they 

*  Pautan.  in  AtHcis.  f  Lamprid,  in  vvt.  Alexand,  Sever L 

X  Trt^amuB, — Dion, 

§  PhU.  in  viL  Mao-Mi*  The  oommiBsion  of  the  Gotbish  King  Theo* 
done  for  finding  out  aepulohral  treasure. — Camodor*  vwr.  I.  4. 

II  Britamma  hodie  earn  <xUoniU  odebrat  tamUt  ceremoniis  iU  dedisae  Per- 
9it  vidert  jpoBtit^f^Plvn,  I.  29. 


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28  HTDEIOTAPHIA.  [OHiLP.  III. 

seemed  to  make  a  distinct  collection,  and  overlooked  not 
Pyrrhus  his  toe  which  could  not  be  burnt.  Some  ppo- 
yision  they  might  make  hj  fictile  vessels,  coverings,  tiles,  or 
flat  stones,  upon  and  about  the  body  (and  in  the  same 
field,  not  far  from  these  urns,  many  stones  were  found  under 
ground),  as  also  by  careftil  separation  of  extraneous  matter, 
composing  and  raking  up  the  burnt  bones  with  forks, 
observable  in  that  notable  lamp  of  [Joan.]  Galvanus.* 
Martianus,  who  had  the  sight  of  the  vas  ustrinumf  or  vessel 
wherein  thev  burnt  the  dead,  found  in  the  Esquiline  field  at 
Some,  might  have  afforded  clearer  solution.  But  their 
insatisfaction  herein  begat  that  remarkable  invention  in  the 
funeral  pyres  of  some  princes,  by  incombustible  sheets 
made  with  a  texture  of  asbestos,  incremable  flax,  or  sala- 
mander's wool,  which  preserved  their  bones  and  ashes 
incommixed. 

How  the  bulk  of  a  man  should  sink  into  so  few  pounds  of 
bones  and  ashes,  may  seem  strange  unto  any  who  considers 
not  its  constitution,  and  how  slender  a  mass  will  remain 
upon  an  open  and  urging  flre  of  the  carnal  composition. 
Even  bones  themselves,  reduced  into  ashes,  do  abate  a 
notable  proportion.  And  consisting  much  of  a  volatile  salt, 
when  that  is  fired  out,  make  a  light  kind  of  cinders.  Al- 
though their  bulk  be  disproportionable  to  their  weight,  when 
the  heavy  principle  of  salt  is  fired  out,  and  the  earth  ahnost 
only  remaineth ;  observable  in  sallow,  which  makes  more 
ashes  than  oak,  and  discovers  the  common  fraud  of  selling 
ashes  by  measure,  and  not  by  ponderation. 

Some  bones  make  best  skeletons,^  some  bodies  quick  and 
speediest  ashes.  Who  would  expect  a  quick  flame  from 
hydropical  Heraclitus  P  The  poisoned  soldier  when  his 
belly  brake,  put  out  two  pyres  in  Plutarch.§  But  in  the 
plague  of  Athens, II  one  private  pyre  served  two  or  three 
mtruders ;  and  the  Saracens  burnt  in  large  heaps,  by  the 
king  of  Castile,^  showed  how  little  friel  suf&ceth.    Though 

*  To  be  seen  in  Licet,  de  reeonditia  veterum  lucemis  [p.  599,  fol.  1653]. 

t  Typograpk,  Roma  ex  MartUmo,  Erca  et  vcu  tutrvnum  appdlattun, 
gw>d  in  eo  cadavera  conifmrereniwr.    Cap,  de  Campo  Esqtnlino, 

X  Old  bones  aocording  to  Lyserus.  Those  of  young  persons  not  tall 
nor  fat  according  to  Columbus. 

§  In  vitd  Oracc,  \\  Thucydidea,  .  H  Laurent,  VaUa, 


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CHAP.  III.]  UBN  BTTBIAX.  29 

the  funeral  pyre  of  Patroclus  took  up  an  hundred  foot,*  a 
piece  of  an  old  hoat  burnt  Pompey ;  and  if  the  burthen  of 
Isaac  were  sufficient  for  aa  holocaust,  a  man  may  carry  his 
own  pyre. 

From  animals  are  drawn  good  burning  lights,  and  good 
medicines  against  buming.t  Though  the  seminal  humour 
seems  of  a  contraiy  nature  to  fire,  yet  the  body  completed 
proves  a  combustible  lump,  wherein  fire  finds  flame  even 
nrom  bones,  and  some  ^el  almost  from  all  parfcs ;  though 
the  metropolis  of  humidity^  seems  least  disposed  unto  it, 
which  might  render  the  skulls  of  these  urns  less  burned  > 
than  other  bones.  Eut  all  flies  or  sinks  before  fire  almost 
in  all  bodies :  when  the  common  ligament  is  dissolved,  the 
attenuable  parts  ascend,  the  rest  subside  in  coal,  calx,  or 
ashes. 

To  bum  the  bones  of  the  king  of  Edom  for  lime,§  seems 
no  irrational  ferity ;  but  to  drink  of  the  ashes  of  dead  rela- 
tions, ||  a  passionate  prodigality.  He  that  hath  the  ashes  of 
his  Mend,  hath  an  everlasting  treasure ;  where  fire  taketh 
leave,  corruption  slowly  enters.  In  bones  well  burnt,  fire 
makes  a  wdl  against  itself;  experimented  in  cupels,^  and 
tests  of  metals,  which  consist  of  such  ingredients.  What  the 
sun  compoundeth,  fire  analyzeth,  not  transmuteth.  That 
devouring  agent  leaves  almost  always  a  morsel  for  the  earth, 
whereof  all  things  are  but  a  colony ;  and  which,  if  time 
permits,  the  mother  element  will  liave  in  their  primitive 
mass  again. 

He  that  looks  for  urns  and  old  sepulchral  relicks,  must 
not  seek  them  in  the  ruins  of  temples,  where  no  religion 
anciently  placed  them.  These  were  found  in  a  field,  accord- 
ing to  ancient  custom,  in  noble  or  private  burial ;  the  old 
practice  of  the  Canaanites,  the  familv  of  Abraham,  and  the 
burying-place  of  Joshua,  in  the  borders  of  his  possessions ; 

*  *EKar6fi7riSov  Ma  4  ivBa. 

f  Alb,  Ovor,  t  The  brain.    HippocraUB. 

§  Amofi  ii.  1.  II  As  Artemifda  of  her  husband  Maosolua. 

*  evpdi.']  *'  A  chemical  yessel,  made  of  earth,  ashes,  or  burnt  bones, 
and  in  which  assay-masters  try  metals.  It  suffers  all  baser  ores,  when 
iused  wad  mixed  with  lead,  to  pass  off,  and  retains  only  gold  and 
sUver." 


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30  HTDBIOTAPHIA.  [CHAJ.  III. 

and  also  agreeable  unto  Boman  practice  to  bury  hj  high- 
ways, whereby  their  monuments  were  under  eye ; — memo- 
rials of  themselves,  and  mementos  of  mortality  unto  living 
passengers  ;  whom  the  epitaphs  of  great  ones  were  fain  to 
beg  to  stay  and  look  upon  them, — a  language  though 
sometimes  used,  not  so  proper  in  church  inscriptions.*  The 
sensible  rhetorick  of  the  dead,  to  exemplarity  of  good  life, 
first  admitted  the  bones  of  pious  men  and  martyrs  within 
church  walls,  which  in  succeeding  ages  crept  into  promis- 
cuous practice  :  while  Constantino  was  peculiarly  favoured 
to  be  admitted  into  the  church  porch,  and  the  first  thus 
buried  in  England,  was  in  the  days  of  Cuthred. 

Christians  dispute  how  their  bodies  should  lie  in  the 
grave.t  In  umal  interment  they  clearly  escaped  this  con- 
troversy. Though  we  decline  the  religious  consideration, 
yet  in  cemeterial  and  narrower  burying-places,  to  avoid  con- 
fusion and  cross-position,  a  certam  posture  were  to  be  ad- 
mitted: which  even  Pagan  civility  observed.  The  Persians 
lay  north  and  south ;  the  Megarians  and  Phcenicians  placed 
their  heads  to  the  east ;  the  Athenians,  some  think,  towards 
the  west,  which  Christians  still  retain.  And  Beda  will  have 
it  to  be  the  posture  of  our  Saviour.  That  he  was  crucified 
with  his  face  toward  the  west,  we  will  not  contend  with 
tradition  and  probable  account;  but  we  applaud  not  the 
hand  of  the  painter,  in  exalting  his  cross  so  high  above 
those  on  either  side :  since  hereof  we  find  no  authentic 
account  in  history,  and  even  the  crosses  found  by  Helena, 
pretend  no  such  distinction  from  longitude  or  dimension. 

To  be  gnawed  out  of  our  graves,  to  have  our  skulls  made 
drinking-bowls,  and  our  bones  turned  into  pipes,  to  delight 
and  sport  our  enemies,  are  tragical  abominations  escaped  in 
burning  burials. 

Umal  interments  and  burnt  relicks  lie  not  in  fear  of 
worms,  or  to  be  an  heritage  for  serpents.  In  carnal  sepul- 
ture, corruptions  seem  peculiar  unto  parts ;  and  some  speak 
of  snakes  out  of  the  spinal  marrow.  But  while  we  suppose 
•common  worms  in  graves,  *tis  not  easy  to  find  any  there ; 
few  in  churchyards  above  a  foot  deep,  fewer  ov  none  in 
churches  though  in  fresh-decayed  bodies.    Teeth^  bones, 

*  Siste  viator,  +  Kirhmannus  de  funer,    . 

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CHAP.  III.]  •      UBIT  BtTBIAL.  81 

and  bair,  give  the  most  lasting  defiance  to  corruption  .•  In 
an  hydropical  body,  ten  years  buried  in  the  churchyard,  we 
met  with  a  fat  concretion,  where  the  nitre  of  the  earth,  and 
the  salt  and  lixivious  liquor  of  the  body,  had  coagulated 
large  lumps  of  fat  into  the  consistence  of  the  hardest  Cas- 
tile soap,  whereof  part  remaineth  with  us  7  After  a  battle 
with  the  Persians,  the  Eoman  corpses  decayed  in  few  days, 
while  the  Persian  bodies  remained  drjr  and  uncorrupted. 
Bodies  in  the  same  ground  do  not  uniformly  dissolve,  nor 
bones  equally  moulder ;  whereof  in  the  opprobrious  disease, 
we  expect  no  long  duration.  The  body  of  the  Marquis  of 
Dorset  seemed  sound  and  handsomely  cereclothed,  that  after 
seventy-eight  years  was  found  uncorrupted.*  Common 
tombs  preserve  not  beyond  powder:  a  firmer  consistence 
and  compage  of  parts  might  be  expected  ftom  arefaction, 
deep  burial,  or  charcoal.  The  greatest  antiquities  of  mortal 
bodies  may  remain  in  putrefied  bones,  whereof,  though  we 
take  not  in  the  pillar  of  Lot's  wife,  or  metamorphosis  of 
Ortelius,t  ®  some  may  be  older  than  pyramids,  in  the  putre- 

*  Of  Thomas,  Marquis  of  Dorset,  whose  body  being  buried  1530,  was 
1608,  upon  the  cutting  open  of  the  cerecloth,  found  perfect  and  nothing 
corrupted,  the  flesh  not  hardened,  but  in  colour,  proportion,  and  sofb- 
lieas  like  an  ordinary  corpse  newly  to  be  interred. — Burton's  Detcript. 
of  Leicestershire. 

f  In  his  map  of  Kussia. 

*  hair^  <kc.]  This  assertion  of  the  durability  of  human  hair  has  been 
corroborated  by  modem  experiment.  M.  Pictet,  of  Greneva,  instituted 
a  comparison  between  recent  human  hair  and  that  from  a  mummy 
brought  from  Teneriffe,  with  reference  to  the  constancy  of  those  proper- 
ties which  render  hair  important  as  a  hygrometrick  substance.  For 
thife  purpose,  hygrometers,  constructed  according  to  the  principles  of 
Saussure  were  used  ;  one  with  a  fresh  hair,  the  other  from  the  mummy. 
The  results  of  the  experiments  were,  that  the  hygrometrick  quality  of 
the  Guanche  hair  is  sensibly  the  same  as  that  of  recent  hair. — Edin. 
Phil.  Jovmal,  xiii.  196. 

''  In  an  hydropical  body,  <fcc.]  This  substance  was  afterwards  found 
in  the  cemetery  of  the  Innocents  at  Paris,  by  Fourcroy,  and  became 
known  to  the  French  chenusts  under  the  name  of  adipo-dre.  Sir 
Thomas  is  admitted  to  have  been  the  first  discoverer  of  it. 

"  metamorphosis,  Ac]  His  map  of  Russia  (Theatrvm  orbis  Terrarum, 
fol.  Lond.  1606)  exhibits  but  one  "metamorphosis," — ^a  vignette  of 
some  figures  kneeling  before  a  figure  seated  in  a  tree,  who  is  sprinkling 
something  upon  his  audience.    On  other  trees  in  the  distance  hang 


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32  htdbiotaphul.  [chap.  in. 

fied  relicks  of  the  general  inundation.  When  Alexander 
opened  the  tomb  of  Cjrus,  the  remaining  bones  disooYered 
his  proportion,  whereof  umal  fragments  afford  but  a  bad 
conjecture,  and  have  this  disadvantage  of  grave  interments, 
that  they  leave  us  ignorant  of  most  personal  discoveries. 
Por  since  bones  afford  not  only  rectitude  and  stability  but 
figure  unto  the  body,  it  is  no  impossible  phvsiognomy  to 
conjecture  at  fleshy  appendencies,  and  after  what  shape  the 
muscles  and  camous  parts  might  hang  in  their  full  consis- 
tencies. A  full-spread  eariola*  shows  a  well-shaped  horse 
behind ;  handsome  formed  skulls  give  some  analogy  to  fleshy 
resemblance.  A  critical  view  of  bones  makes  a  good  dis- 
tinction of  sexes.  Even  colour  is  not  beyond  comecture, 
since  it  is  hard  to  be  deceived  in  the  distinction  of  Negroes' 
skulls.f  Dante's  X  characters  are  to  be  found  in  skulls  as 
well  as  faces.  Hercules  is  not  only  known  by  his  foot. 
Other  parts  make  out  their  comproportions  and  inferences 
upon  whole  or  parts.  And  since  the  dimensions  of  the 
head  measure  the  whole  body,  and  the  figure  thereof  gives 

*  That  part  in  the  skeleton  of  a  horse,  which  is  made  by  the  haunch- 
bones. 

t  For  their  extraordinaiy  thickness.' 

t  The  poet  Dante,  in  his  -view  of  Pui^toiy,  found  gluttons  so 
meagre,  and  extenuated,  that  he  conceited  them  to  have  been  in  the 
siege  of  Jerusalem,  and  that  it  was  easy  to  have  discoyered  JTiomo  or 
Omo  in  their  fiices :  M  being  made  by  the  two  lines  of  their  cheeks;, 
arching  over  the  eye-brows  to  the  nose,  and  their  sunk  eyes  making  O  O 
which  makes  up  Omo, 

ParSn  Vocchic^  cmeUa  tema  gemme : 
Chi,  nd  viso  degli  uommi  Ugge  oho, 
Bene  cwria  qmvi  conosciuto  Vemme. — PwrgaJt,  xziii.  81. 


several  figures.  This  is  the  legend  beneath  : — "  Kergeui  gens  catervatim 
degit,  id  est  m  h4>rdi8 :  hahetqw  ritwn  ka^usmodi.  Own  rem  divinam 
ipsorvm  sacerdos  peragit,  sanguinem,  lac  etjtmwnjwnerUarwm  ncdpU,  oc 
temz  miscet,  imqm  vas  qmddam  infimdit  eoque  arborem  scamdit,  {Uqtte 
condone  haintcL,  tn  popvium  spargit,  atque  hsec  aspersio  pro  Deo  habetur 
et  colitur.  Oum  qu/is  diem  inter  iUos  cbit,  loco  sqmUuras  aarboribus  «u»- 
pendit:* 

*  The  remark  in  the  text  is  more  correct  than  the  explanation  given 
of  it  in  the  note.  The  configuration  of  the  skull  (more  pajrticularly  with 
reference  to  the  facial  angle)  affords  a  criterion  by  which  tHe  various 
races  of  mankind  may,  with  sufficient  certainty,  be  discriminated. 


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JCHAP.  IV.]  TEK  BTJBIAL.  33 

conjecture  of  the  principal  faculties,  physiognomy  outliyes 
ourselyes,  and  ends  not  in  our  graves. 

Severe  contempktors,  observing  these  lasting  relicks,  may 
think  them  good  monuments  of  persons  past,  little  advan- 
tage to  future  beings ;  and,  considering  tnat  power  which 
subdueth  all  things  unto  itself,  that  can  resume  the  scattered 
atoms,  or  identify  out  of  any  thing,  conceive  it  superfluous 
to  expect  a  resurrection  out  of  reHcks :  but  the  soul  sub- 
sisting, other  matter,  clothed  with  due  accidents,  may  solve 
the  individuality.  Yet  the  saints,  we  observe,  arose  from 
graves  and  monuments  about  the  holy  city.  Some  think 
the  ancient  patriarchs  so  earnestly  desired  to  lay  their  bones, 
in  Canaan,  as  hoping  to  make  a  part  of  that  resurrection ; 
and,  though  thirty  miles  from  Mount  Calvary,  at  least  to  lie  in 
that  region  which  should  produce  the  first  nuits  of  the  dead. 
And  if,  according  to  learned  cozijecture,  the  bodies  of  men 
shall  rise  where  their  greatest  reucks  remain,  many  are  not 
like  to  err  in  the  topography  of  their  resurrection,  though 
their  bones  or  bodies  1^  after  translated  by  angels  into  the 
field  of  Ezekiel's  vision,  or  as  some  will  order  it,  iato  the 
vaUey  of  judgment,  or  Jehosaphat.* 


CHAFFEE  IV. 

CHSiSTiAjfTS  have  handsomely  glossed  the  deformity  of 
death  by  careful  consideration  of  the  body,  and  civil  rites 
which  take  off  brutal  terminations :  and  though  they  con- 
<^ived  all  reparable  by  a  resurrection,  cast  not  off  all  care  of 
interment.  And  since  the  ashes  of  sacrifices  burnt  upon  the 
altar  of  Gh)d  were  carefully  carried  out  by  the  priests,  and  de- 
posed in  a  clean  field ;  since  they  acknowledged  their  bodies 
to  be  the  loddng  of  Christ,  and  temples  of  the  Holy  Ghost, 
thev  devolved  not  all  upon  the  sufficiency  of  soul-existence ; 
and  therefore  with  long  services  and  fiul  solemnities,  con- 
cluded their  last  exequies,  wherein  to  all  distinctions  the 
Greek  devotion  seems  most  pathetically  ceremonious.t 

Christian  invention  hath  chiefly  driven  at  rites,  which 

*  HHrin,  in  Ezek. 

t  Jiituak  Gtvscmi,  operd  J.  Gow^  in  officio  txeqmarvm, 

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M  HT9BI0TAJPEIA.  £OHAf  •  IT. 

Speak  hopes  of  another  life,  and  hints  of  a  pesoirection. 
And  if  the  ancient  Gentiles  held  not  the  iiimnorfcality  of 
t^eir  betfc^  part,  and  some  subsistenoe  after  death,  in  several 
rites,  customs,  actions,  and  expressicxis,  they  contradicted 
their  own  <^inions :  wherein  Denocritiu  w^it  high,  even 
to  the  thought  of  a  resunoction,  as  sooffinglj  recGHrabd  hy 
Pliny.*    What  can  be  BMMPe  ex|Nre8S  tiian  the  esipression  of 
FhocylidesPf    Or  who  would  expect  from  Luctetins^  a 
sentence  of  Ecdesaastes  ?    Befcwe  Plato  could  speak,  the 
soul  had  wings  in  Hom^,  which  fell  not,  hut  flew  out  of 
the  body  into  the  mansions  o£  ihe  dead ;  who  also  observed 
that  handsome  distinction  of  Demas  and  Soma,  for  ihe  body 
conjoined  to  ihe  soul,  and  bodv  separated  from  it.    Ifucian 
spoke  much  ixnik  in  jest,  when  he  said  that  part  of  Hercules 
vnudbi  proceeded  from  Alcmena  perished,  that  from  Jupiter 
remained  immortal.    Thus  Socrates§  was  content  iJiat  his 
friends  should  bury  his  body,  so  th^  would  not  tlynk  they 
buried  Socrates;  and,  regardii^  only  his  immortal  part, 
was  indifferent  to  be  burnt  (x  buried.   fV(mi  such  consid»ar 
tions,  Diogenes  might  contemn  sepuituro,  and,  being  satis- 
fied that  the  soul  could  not  peiie^,  grow  careless  of  ooiporal 
interment.    The  Stoicks,  who  thought  the  souls  of  wise 
men  had  their  habitation  about  the  moon,  might  make  slight 
account  of  subterraneous  deposition;  whereas  the  Pytha- 
goreans and  transcorporating  philosophers,  who  were  to  be 
often  buried,  held  great  care  of  their  interment.     And  the 
Platonicks  rejected  not  a  due  care  of  the  gtaTe,  though 
they  put  their  ashes  to  unreasonahle  expeetatianB,  in  their 
tedious  term  of  return  and  l<mg  set  revolution. 

Men  have  lost  their  reason  in  nothing  so  much  as  their 
religion,  wherdn  stones  and  clouts  make  martyrs;  and, 
since  tiie  religion  c£  one  seems  madness  unto  another,  to 
afford  an  account  or  rational  of  old  rites  requires  no  rigid 
reader.    That  they  kindled  iihe  pyre  aversely,  or  turning 

*  SmiUs  ♦  •  ♦  ♦  revwitoendi  promiasa  Democrito  vcmittiB,  qui  nan, 
revixk  ijMe*  i^nue  {mcthm)  itta  demmtia  tat,  iteroori  vitam  morte  ^— -Pfio. 
1.  yii.  c.  58. 

t  Kal  rdxa  d*  U  yairic  iXvi^ofitv  kc  ^dog  HKOelv  XcTipav  ixoixo' 
^kvtav,  et  deSnoepa, 

t  Cedit  emm  retro  de  terrd  quodfuU  ante  intmtam,  dsc-^Lucret, 

§  PUxtQ  in  PhoBd. 


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€SAP.  rr.]  XTELTf  BtntlAL.  86 

tiieir  &oe  from  it,  vms  an  handsome  s jmbol  of  nnwillin^ 
ministrsiaon.  l%at  they  washed  their  bones  with  wine  and 
nilk;  that  the  mother  wrapped  them  in  linen,  and  dried 
limn  in  her  bosom,  the  first  fostering  part  and  place  of  then? 
nourishment ;  tiutt  i^ej  opened  their  eyes  towards  heavea 
before  they  kindled  <^e  fire,  as  the  place  of  their  hopes  or 
original,  w^e  no  improper  ceremonies.  Their  kst  Taledic< 
tion,*  thrice  uttered  by  the  attendants,  was  also  very  solemn, 
and  somewhat  answered  by  Christians,  who  thonght  it  too 
little,  if  they  threw  not  the  earth  thrice  upon  tliu^  inteired 
body.  That,  in  strewing  their  tombs,  the  Bomans  affected 
the  rose ;  the  Ghi^dEs  amaranthus  and  myrtle :  that  the 
funeral  pyre  consisted  of  sweet  fuel,  cypress,  fir,  larix,  yew, 
and  trees  perpetually  yerdant,  lay  silent  expressions  of  their 
Bornying  hopes.  Wherein  Christians,  who  deck  their  coffins 
with  bays,  haye  found  a  more  elegant  emblem ;  for  that  it, 
seeming  dead,  will  restore  itself  from  t^  root,  and  its  dry 
mad  exsuocons  leayes  resimie  their  yerdure  again ;  which,  if 
we  mistake  not,  we  haye  also  observed  in  furse.  Whether  the 
Ranting  of  yew  in  churchyards  hold  not  its  original  from 
and^it  frmeral  rites,  or  as  an  emblem  of  resurrection,  from 
ite  perpetual  yerdure,  may  also  admit  conjecture. 

Tbey  made  use  of  musick  to  excite  or  quiet  the  affbiHions 
of  their  friends,  according  to  different  harmonies.  But  the 
secret  and  symbolical  hmt  was  the  harmonical  nature  of 
1^  soul ;  which,  deHyered  from  the  body,  went  again  to 
enjoy  the  primitiye  harmony  of  heayen,  from  whence  it 
firat  descended;  which,  according  to  its  progress  traced 
by  antiquity,  came  down  by  Cancer,  and  ascended  by  Capri« 
eomus. 

They  burnt  not  children  before  their  teeth  appeared,  asr 
wprehending  their  bodies  too  tender  a  morsel  for  fire,  and 
toat  their  gristly  bones  would  scarce  leaye  separable  relicks 
after  the  pyral  combustion.  That  they  kindled  not  fire  in 
tiieir  houses  for  some  days  after  was  a  strict  memorial  of  the 
late  afflicting  fire.  And  mourning  without  hope,  they  had 
an  happy  fraud  against  excessive  ^mentation,  by  a  common 
opinion  that  deep  sorrows  disturb  their  ghosts. t 


♦  Vale,  vak,  not  U  ordvne  qno  natura  permUtet  seqwxmvr. 
t  Tunumctnelctdemeot. 

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36  HTDMOTAPHIiL.  [CHAP.  IT. 

That  they  buried  their  dead  on  their  backs,  or  in  a  supine 
position,  seems  agreeable  unto  profound  sleep,  and  common 
posture  of  dying ;  contrary  to  the  most  natural  way  of  birth ; 
nor  imlike  our  pendulous  posture,  in  the  doubtful  state  of 
the  womb.  Diogenes  was  singular,  who  preferred  a  prone 
situation  in  the  graye ;  and  some  Christians*  like  neither, 
who  decline  the  figure  of  rest,  and  make  choice  of  an  erect 
posture. 

That  they  carried  them  out  of  the  world  with  their  feet 
forward,  not  inconsonant  unto  reason,  as  contrary  unto  the 
native  posture  of  man,  and  his  production  first  into  it ;  and 
also  agreeable  unto  their  opinions,  while  they  bid  adieu  unto 
the  world,  not  to  look  again  upon  it ;  whereas  Mahometans 
who  think  to  return  to  a  delightful  life  again,  are  carried 
forth  with  their  heads  forwai^  and  lookmg  toward  their 
houses. 

They  closed  their  eyes,  as  parts  which  first  die,  or  first 
discover  the  sad  effects  of  death.  But  their  iterated  dama- 
tions  to  excitate  their  dying  or  dead  friends,  or  revoke  them 
unto  life  again,  was  a  vanity  of  affection ;  as  not  presumably 
ignorant  of  the  critical  tests  of  death,  by  apposition  of 
feathers,  glasses,  and  reflection  of  figures,  which  dead  eyes 
represent  not :  which,  however  not  strictly  verifiable  in  fresh 
and  warm  cadavers^  could  hardly  elude  the  test,  in  corpses  of 
four  or  five  days.f 

That  they  sucked  in  the  last  breath  of  their  expiring 
friends,  was  surelv  a  practice  of  no  medical  institution,  but 
a  loose  opinion  that  the  soul  passed  out  that  way,  and  a 
.  fondness  of  affection,  from  some  PTthagorical  foundation,;]: 
that  the  spirit  of  one  body  passed  into  another,  which  they 
wished  might  be  their  own. 

That  they  poured  oil  upon  the  pyre,  was  a  tolerable  prac- 
tice, while  the  intention  rested  in  facilitating  the  accension. 
But  to  place  good  omens  in  the  quick  and  speedy  bumingy 
to  sacrifice  unto  the  winds  for  a  dispatch  in  this  office,  was 
a  low  form  of  superstition. 

The  archimime,  or  jester,  attending  the  funeral  train,  and 
imitating  the  speeches,  gesture,  and  manners  of  the  deceased, 

*  Russians,  &c.  t  At  least  by  some  difference  from  living  eyes, 

$  Francuco  Perucci,  Pwnjpe  fimbri. 


Digitized  by 


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CHAP.  IV.]  rSV  BTTBIAL.  87 

was  too  light  for  such  solenmities,  contradicting  their  funeral 
orations  and  doleful  rites  of  the  grave. 

That  they  buried  a  piece  of  money  with  them  as  a  fee  of 
the  Elysian  ferryman,  was  a  practice  full  of  folly.  But  the 
ancient  custom  of  placing  coins  in  considerable  urns,  and 
the  present  practice  of  burying  medals  in  the  noble  founda^ 
tions  of  Europe,  are  laudaUe  ways  of  historical  discoveries, 
in  actions,  persons,  chronologies ;  and  posterity  will  applaud 
them. 

We  examine  not  the  old  laws  of  sepulture,  exempting 
certain  persons  from  burial  or  burning.  But  hereby  we 
apprehend  that  these  were  not  the  bones  of  persons  planet- 
strock  or  burnt  with  fire  from  heaven ;  no  relicks  of  traitors* 
to  their  coimtry,  self-killers,  or  sacrilegious  maLe&ctors; 
persons  in  old  apprehension  imworthy  of  the  earth ;  con- 
demned unto  the  Tartarus  of  hell,  and  bottomless  pit  of 
Pluto,  from  whence  there  was  no  redemption. 

Nor  were  only  many  customs  questionable  in  order  to 
their  obsequies,  out  also  sundry  practices,  fictions,  and  con- 
ceptions, discordant  or  obscure,  of  their  state  and  fiiture 
bemgs.  Whether  unto  eight  or  ten  bodie^of  men  to  add 
one  of  a  woman,  as  being  more  inflammable,  and  unctuously 
constitated  for  the  better  pyral  combustion,  were  any 
lafcional  practice ;  or  whether  the  complaint  of  Feriander's 
wife  be  tolerable,  that  wanting  her  funeral  burning,  she  suf- 
fered intolerable  cold  in  hell,  according  to  the  constitution 
of  the  infernal  house  of  Fluto,  wherein  cold  makes  a  great 
part  of  their  tortures ;  it  cannot  pass  without  some  question. 

Why  the  female  ghosts  appear  unto  Ulysses,  before  the 
heroes  and  masculine  spirits, — ^why  the  Psyche  or  soul  of 
Tiresias  is  of  the  mascmine  gender,*  who,  being  blind  on 
earth,  sees  more  than  all  the  rest  in  hell ;  why  the  funeral 
suppers  consisted  of  eggs,  beans,  smallage,  and  lettuce,  since 
the  dead  are  made  to  eat  asphodels  t  about  the  Elysian 
meadows, — ^why,  since  there  is  no  sacrifice  acceptable,  nor 
any  propitiation  for  the  covenant  of  the  grave,  men  set  up 
the  deity  of  Morta,  and  fruitlessly  adored  divinities  without 
ears,  it  cannot  escape  some  doubt. 

*  In  Homer : — "frvxn  6if/3atov  Teipc<rlao  vicqirrpoy  ix(^* 
f  InLuciaii. 


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86 .  HTPBIOTAPHIA.  [CHi^p.  ITo 

The  dead  seem  all  alive  in  the  hmaan  Hades  of  Hom^, 
yet  cannot  well  speak,  inrophesj,  or  know  the  living,  except  > 
they  drink  blood,  wherein  is  the  life  of  maia.  And  tha:efore 
the  souls  of  Penelope's  paramours,  eonducted  by  M^rcury^ 
chirped  like  bats,  and  those  which  followed  Hercules,  nuMle 
B^  noise  but  like  a  flocl^  of  birds. 

The  departed  spirits  know  things  past  and  to  come ;  yet 
are  ignorant  of  thingspresent.  Agamemnon foreteUa  whttb 
should  happen  unto  Ulysses ;  yet  ignorantly  enquires  what 
is  become  of  his  own  son«  The  ghosts  are  afiradd  of  swords 
in  Homer ;  yet  Sibylla  tells  MneaA  m  Virgil,  the  thin  Ihafait  • 
of  spirits  was  beyond  the  force  of  weapons.  The  spirits  pat 
off  their  maUce  with  their  bodies,  and  Ciesar  and  Pompej 
accord  in  Iiatin  hell ;  yet  Ajax,  in  Homer,  andures  not  a 
conference  with  Ulysses :  and  Deiphobns  appears  all  maogled 
in  Virgil's  ghosts,  yet  we  meet  with  perfect  shadows  mmjo^ . 
the  wounded  ghosts  of  Homer. 

Since  Charon  in  Lucian  applandis  his  condition  among  the 
dead,  whether  it  be  handsomely  said  of  Achillea,  that  living, 
contemner  of  death,  that  he  had  rather  be  a  ploughman's 
servant,  tha^n  emperor  of  the  dead  f  How  Hevcules  his  soul 
is  in  heU,  and  fet  in  heaven ;  and  Julius  his  soul  in  a  star, 
yet  se^i  by  iSn^as  in  heU  P-^-exce|>t  the  ghosts  were  but 
images  and  shadows  of  the  soul,  received  in  higb^  mansion^ 
according  to  the  ancient  division  of  body,  soul,  and  image,, 
or  9imitSuiknm  of  th^n  both.  The  particulars  of  future 
beiujgs  must  needs  be  dark  unto  ancient  theones,  which 
Christian  philosc^hy  yet  determines  but  in  a  doudof  opinions. 
A  dialogue  between  two  infants  in  the  womb  cono^nung  the 
state  of  this  world,^  might  handsomely  iUuatrate  our  igno^ 
ranoe  of  the  next,  whereof  methinks  we  yet  di&^urae  in 
JPlato's  den,  and  are  but  embryo  nhilosophers. 

Pythagocas  e^K^pes  in  the  mbulous  hell  of  Dante,*  among 
*  Dd  Infemo,  caat.  i. 

•  A  diaXogue,  Ac]  In  one  of  Sir  Thomas's  Common-pleu;e  Books 
oociurs  tliis  sentence,  apparently  as  a  memonindum  to  write  such 
a  dialogae.  And  from  ^*A  Catalogue  of  MSS.  witten  hy,  amd  im 
ike  postession  of,  Sir  Thomas  £rowm,  M.JO.,  late  of  Norinck^  tmdj 
of  his  son  Br,  Edward  Brovme,  late  President  of  the  College  of  Phpsicia/ns, 
London,**  in  the  Bodleian  Library  {MSS,  Rawlinson,  390,  zi.),  it  appears 
that  he  Mlsia%  dick  write  aodi  a  Biakgne^  I  haye  searched,  hitherto 
in  vain,  for  it,  as  I  have  elsewhere  lamented. 


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CHAP.  IT.]  TTBK  BITBIAL.  89 

tbat  swarm  of  philosopliers,  wherein,  whilst  we  meet  with 
Flato  and  Socrates,  Cato  is  to  be  found  in  no  lower  place 
than  purgatory.  Among  all  the  set,  Epicurus  is  most  con- 
siderable, whom  men  miS^e  honest  without  an  Eljsium,  who 
cantenmed  life  without  encouragement  of  immortalit;^ ,  and 
making  nothing  after  death,  yet  made  nothing  of  the  king 
of  tCTTors. 

Were  the  happiness  of  the  next  world  as  closely  appre- 
hended as  the  febdties  of  this,  it  were  a  martyrdom  to  live ; 
and  unto  sueh  as  consider  none  hereafter,  it  must  be  more 
than  death  to  die,  which  makes  us  amazed  at  those  audacities 
that  durst  be  nothing  and  return  into  their  chaos  again. 
Certainly  such  spirits  as  could  contemn  death,  when  thej 
expected  no  better  being  after,  would  have  scorned  to  lire, 
had  they  faM>wn  any.  And  th^efore  we  applaud  not  the 
judgment  of  Machiayel,  that  Christianity  makes  men  cowards, 
or  that  with  the  confidence  of  but  half-dying,  the  despised 
virtues  of  patience  and  humility  have  abased  the  spirits  of 
men,  which  Pagan  principles. exalted;  but  rather  regulated 
thewildness  of  auoacities,  in  the  attempts,  grounds,  and 
eternal  sequels  of  death ;  wherein  men  of  the  boldest  spirits 
are  oft^Q  prodigiously  temerarious.  Nor  can  we  extenuate 
the  valour  of  ancient  martyrs,  who  contemned  deathin  the 
imoomfortable  scene  of  their  lives,  and  in  their  decrepit 
martyrdoms  did  probably  lose  not  many  months  of  their  clm» 
or  parted  with  life  when  it  was  acaree  worth  the  living.  For 
(beside  that  long  time  past  holds  no  ccmsideration  unto  a 
slender  time  to  come)  they  had  no  small  disadvantage  from 
the  constitution  of  old  age,  which  naturally  makes  men  fear*, 
fid,  and  complexionally  superannuated  from  the  bold  and 
courageous  thooghts  of  youth  and  fervent  years.  But  the 
contempt  of  death  from  corporal  animosity,  promoteth  not 
our  felicity,  Thev  may  sit  in  the  orchestra,  and  noblest 
seats  of  leaven,  who  have  held  up  shaking  hands  in  the  fire, 
and  humanly  contended  for  glory. 

Meanwhile  Epicurus  lies  de^  in  Dante's  hell,  wherein 
we  meet  with  tombs  enclosing  souls  which  denied  their 
immortalities.  But  whether  the  virtuous  heathen,  who 
lived  better  than  he  spake,  or  erring  in  the  principles  of 
bimaelf^  yet  lived  above  philosophers  of  more  spedous 
tmyrimn^  Ue  SO  deep  as  he  is  placed,  at  least  so  low  as  not 


Digitized  by 


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40  HYDBIOTAPHIA.  [CHUP.  V. 

to  rise  agamst  Christians,  who  believing  or  knowing  that 
truth,  have  lastingly  denied  it  in  their  practice  andconyersa- 
tion — ^were  a  query  too  sad  to  insist  on. 

But  all  or  most  apprehensions  rested  in  opinions  of  some 
future  being,  which,  ignorantly  or  coldly  oelieved,  be^t 
those  perverted  conceptions,  ceremonies,  sajrings,  which 
Christians  pity  or  laugh  at.  Happy  are  they  which 
live  not  in  that  disadvantage  of  time,  when  men  could 
say  little  for  futurity,  but  from  reason:  whereby  the 
noblest  minds  fell  often  upon  doubtful  deaths,  and  melan- 
choly dissolutions.  With  these  hopes,  Socrates  warmed  his 
doubtful  spirits  against  that  cold  potion ;  and  Cato,  before 
he  durst  give  the  fatal  stroke,  spent  part  of  the  night  in 
reading  the  Immortahty  of  Plato,  thereby  confirming  his- 
wavering  hand  unto  the  animosity  of  that  attempt. 

It  is  the  heaviest  stone  that  melancholy  can  throw  at  a 
man,  to  tell  him  he  is  at  the  end  of  his  nature ;  or  that 
there  is  no  further  state  to  come,  unto  which  this  seems 
progressional,  and  otherwise  made  in  vain.  Without  this 
accomplishment,  the  natural  expectation  and  desire  of  such 
a  state,  were  but  a  fallacy  in  nature ;  unsatisfied  considera- 
tors  would  quarrel  the  justice  of  their  constitutions,  and 
rest  content  that  Adam  had  fallen  lower;  whereby,  by 
knowing  no  other  original,  and  deeper  ignorance  of  them- 
selves, they  might  have  enjoyed  the  happiness  of  inferior 
creatures,  who  in  tranquillity  possess  theur  constitutions,  as 
having  not  the  apprehension  to  deplore  their  own  natures, 
and,  being  framed  Delow  the  circumference  of  these  hopes, 
or  cognition  of  better  being,  the  wisdom  of  God  hath  neces- 
sitated their  contentment :  but  the  superior  ingredient  and 
obscured  part  of  ourselves,  whereto  all  present  felicities 
afford  no  resting  contentment,  will  be  able  at  last  to  tell  us, 
we  are  more  than  our  present  selves,  and  evacuate  such 
hopes  in  the  fruition  of  their  own  accomplishments. 


CHAPTEE  V. 

Now  since  these  dead  bones  have  already  out-lasted  the 
living  ones  of  Methuselah,  and  in  a  yard  under  ground,  and 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


CHAP.  T.]  VHS  BITBIAL.  41 

thin  walls  of  clay,  out-worn  all  the  strong  and  specious 
buildings  above  it ;  and  quietly  rested  under  the  drmns  and 
tramplings  of  three  conquests :  what  prince   can  promise 
I     such  diutumity  unto  his  relicks,  or  mignt  not  gladly  say, 

I  ^  Sic  ego  eomponi  verstu  in  osta  velim  f  * 

Time,  which  antiquates  antiquities,  and  hath  an  art  to 
make  dust  of  all  things,  hath  yet  spared  these  minor  monu- 
ments. 

y  In  yain  we  hope  to  be  known  by  open  and  visible  con- 
servatories, when  to  be  unknown  was  the  means  of  their 
continuation,  and  obscurity  their  protection.  If  they  died 
by  violent  hands,  and  were  thrust  into  their  urns,  these 
bones  become  considerable,  and  some  old  philosophers 
would  honour  them,t  whose  souls  they  conceived  most  pure, 
which  were  thus  snatched  &om  their  bodies,  and  to  retain 
a  stronger  propension  unto  them ;  whereas  they  weariedly 
left  a  languishing  corpse,  and  with  &int  desires  of  re-union. 
If  they  fell  by  long  and  ^ed  decay,  yet  wrapt  up  in  the 
bundle  of  time,  they  fall  into  indistinction,  and  make  but 
one  blot  with  infants.  If  we  begin  to  die  when  we  live> 
and  long  life  be  but  a  prolongation  of  death,  our  life  is  a  sad 
composition ;  we  live  with  death,  and  die  not  in  a  moment. 
How  many  pulses  made  up  the  life  of  Methuselali,  were 
work  for  Archimedes :  common  counters  sum  up  the  life  of 
Moses  his  maiLl  Our  days  become  considerable,  like  petty 
sums,  by  minute  accumulations  ^  where  numerous  fractions 
make  up  but  small  roimd  numbers ;  and  our  days  of  a  span 
long,  make  not  one  little  fi]^er.§ 

K  the  nearness  of  our  kst  necessity  brought  a  nearer 
conformity  into  it,  there  were  a  happmess  in  hoary  hairs^ 
and  no  calamity  in  half-senses.  But  the  long  habit  of  living 
indisposeth  us  for  dying ;  when  avarice  makes  us  the  sport 
of  death,   when   even  David  grew  politickly  cruel,  and 

*  TtfmOus. 

f  OrcKuUt  Chaldaica  cum  acholiia  Psdli  et  Phethonis.  Biy  XiiropTfav 
inifia  jj/vxai  KuOaputrarai,      Vi  carjpus  reUnqucTUium  anima  purissiTiKg, 

X  In  the  Psalm  of  Moses. 

§  Aooording  to  the  ancient  arithmetick  of  the  hand,  wherein  the 
litUe  finger  of  the  right  hand  contraoted,  sigmfiedan  hundred. — PieriMt 
in  Hieroglyph. 


yGoogk 


4Sl  HTDBIOTAFHIA.  [CHA3P.  T., 

Solomon  eould  hardly  be  said  to  be  the  msest  of  men. 
But  many  are  too  early  okL,  and  before  the  date  of  age. 
Adyersity  stretcheth  our  ^ys,  misery  makes  Alcmena's 
nights,*  and  time  hath  no  wings  unto  it.  But  the  most 
tedious  being  is  that  which  can  unwish  itself,  content  to  be 
nothing,  or  never  to  iarre  been,  which  was  beyond  the  mal- 
content of  Job,  who  cursed  not  the  day  of  his  life,  but  bis 
nativity ;  content  to  have  so  tar  been,  as  to  have  a  title  to 
future  being,  although  he  had  lived  here  but  in  an  hidden 
state  of  life,  and  as  it  were  an  abortion. 

What  song  the  Syrens  sang,  or  what  name  Achilies 
assumed  when  he  hid  himself  among  women,  though  puz- 
zling queBtions,t  are  not  beyond  all  conjecture.  What  time 
the  persons  of  these  ossuaries  entered  the  famous  nations 
of  the  deadj:  and  slept  with  princes  and  counsellors,  might 
admit  a  wide  solution.  But  who  were  the  proprietaries  of 
these  bones,  or  what  bodies  these  ashes  made  up,  were  a 
question  above  antiquarism ;  not  to  be  resolved  by  man,  nor 
easily  perhaps  by  spirits,  except  we  consult  the  provincial 
guardians,  or  tutelary  observators.  Had  they  made  as  good 
provision  for  their  names,  as  they  have  done  for  their 
relicks,  they  had  not  so  grossly  erred  in  the  art  of  perpe- 
tuation. But  to  subsist  in  bones,  and  be  but  pyramididly 
extant,  is  a  fallacy  in  duration.  Tain  ashes  which  in  tbie 
oblivion  of  names,  persons,  times,  and  sexes>  have  found 
unto  themselves  a  fruitless  contmuation,  and  only  arise 
unto  late  jjosteritjr,  as  emblems  of  mortal  vanities,  antidotes 
against  pride,  vain-glory,  and  madding  vices.  Pagan  vain- 
glories which  thought  the  world  might  last  for  ever,  had 
encouragement  for  ambition ;  and,  finding  no  atropos  imto 
the  immortality  of  their  names,  were  never  dampt  with  the 
necessity  of  oblivion.  Even  old  ambitions  had  the  advan- 
tage of  ours,  in  the  attempts  of  their  vain-glories,  wha 
acting  early,  and  before  the  probable  meridian  of  time,  have 
by  this  time  found  great  accomplishment  of  their  designs, 
whereby  the  ancient  heroes  have  already  out-lasted  their 

^  One  night  as  long  as  tlurae. 

t  The  puzzling  questions  of  Tiberius  unto  gramrasrians. — MwrceU 
J>9naim  iat  Snet 


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<?HA7.  v.]  .  max  wuvutXh  4a 

zaoniuD^&ts,  and  zaecliftOiioal  ikres^r^atitms.  But  in  tbkr 
latter  ^eme  of  time,  we  cannot  expect  sn^mununies  imto 
onr  memories,  when  ambition  maj  fear  the  piophec^  of 
EUas,*  and  Charles  the  !Fifth  eon  neTer  hope  to  live  within 
two  Methuselahs  of  Heetor.f 

And  therefore^  restless  inquietude  for  the  diutumitj  of 
our  memories  unto  present  considerations  seesns  a  Tanity 
absMist  out  of  date,  and  superannuated  piece  of  foDj. 
We  eannot  hope  to  Uye  so  long  in  our  names,  as  some  hate 
done  in  their  nevsons.  One  fiice  c^  Janna  holds  no  prcH 
poctioR  unto  the  other.  Tis  too  late  to  be  anhitioufl* 
The  groat  mutations  of  the  world  are  acted^  <»  time  maj  be 
toQ  ohert  for  our  designs.  To  e%.t&ai  our  m^nones  bj 
mcmumaokts,  whose  death  we  dail j  pn^y  for,  and  whose  dura- 
tion we  eannot  hope,  withouit  injuiy  te  our  expectatieaifii  in 
the  adTent  of  the  last  daj,  were  a  cantyadiotion  to  enr 
beliefe.  We  whose  generatkxns  are  ordained  in  this  setting 
pari  of  time,  are  pioridentiaitly  taken  off  firom  sueh  imagina* 
tions ;  and„  being  necessi1»ted  to  eje  the  remaining  particia 
of  futuritY>  are  naturallj  eonn^itated  unto  thoughts  of  th^ 
next  woni,  and  cannot;  eiceusa^jr  decline  the  eonsideratkm 
of  that  duration,  which  s^eth  pyramids  pillars  cf  anow,. 
and  all  that's  |«9t  a  moment. 

Circles  and  ri^t  lin«s  limit  and  c^ose  all  bodies^  and  tiMk 
mmrtal  right-lined  mrcle  %  niust  conclude  and  shut  up  all* 
There  is  no  antidote  against  the  opium  of  tiwtc,  which  tew* 
porally  consid^ieth  aU  things :  cfur  £ithera  find  their  grarea 
m  our  short  memories,  and  sadly  tell  us  how  we  maj  be 
buried  in  our  syjrriTors.  OraTe*»ka«as  tdU  truth  scarce  Sorty 
yei|FS.§  Generations  pasa  while  some  txees  otsnd,  and  old 
fiunilies  last  not  thnee  oaks.  To  be  read  bjr  bare  inflcriptioaui 
like  many  in  &rut^,||  to  hope  for  etermty  by  eninaaticalL 
^theta  or  £rst  lettera  of  our  names,  to  be  studied  by  anti- 
quaries, who  we  w^re^  and  bate  new  namea  giv^  ua  Hlce 

*  Th«t  the  watiA  may  laat  but  six  theusaad  jeara. 
f  Hector's  &me  lasting  above  two  lives  of  Methuselah^  before  that 
fyaoitf  prince  was  extant. 
t  The  character  oi  death, 
§  Old  ones  being  taken  up,  and  other  bodies  laid  under  th^a. 


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44  HTBBIOTAPHU..  [CHAP.  V.' 

many  of  tHe  mummies,*   are  cold  consolations  unto  the 
students  of  perpetuity,  even  by  everlasting  lan^fuages. 

To  be  content  that  times  to  come  should  onfy  Lzlow  there 
was  such  a  man,  not  caring  whether  they  knew  more  of  him, 
was  a  frigid  ambition  in  Cardan ;  t  disparaging  his  horoscopal 
inclination  and  judgment  of  himself.  Who  cares  to  subsist 
like  Hippocrates's  patients,  or  Achilles's  horses  in  Homer,- 
under  naked  nominations,  without  deserts  and  noble  acts, 
which  are  the  balsam  of  our  memories,  the  entelechia  and 
soul  of  our  subsistences  ?  To  be  nameless  in  worthy  deeds, 
exceeds  an  infamous  history.  The  Ganaanitish  woman  lives 
more  happily  without  a  name,  than  Herodias  with  one.  And 
who  had  not  rather  have  been  the  good  thief,  than  Pilate  ? 

But  the  iniquitv  of  oblivion  blindly  scattereth  her  l>oppy, 
and  deals  with  the  memory  of  men  without  distinction  to 
merit  of  perpetuity.  Who  can  but  pity  the  founder  of  the 
pyramids  ?  Herostratus  lives  that  burnt  the  temple  of  Diana, 
he  is  almost  lost  that  built  it.  Time  hath  spared  the  epitaph 
of  Adrian's  horse,  confounded  that  of  himself.  In  vain  we 
compute  our  felicities  by  the  advantage  of  our  good  names, 
since  bad  have  equal  durations,  and  Thersites  is  like  to  live 
as  long  as  Agamemnon.  Who  knows  whether  the  best  of 
men  be  known,  or  whether  there  be  not  more  remarkable 
persons  forgot,  than  anjr  that  stand  remembered  in  the  known 
account  of  time  P  Without  the  favour  of  the  everlasting 
register,  the  first  man  had  been  as  unknown  as  the  last,  and 
Methuselah's  long  life  had  been  his  only  chronicle. 

ObHvion  is  not  to  be  hired.  The  greater  part  must  be 
content  to  be  as  though  they  had  not  been,  to  be  found  in 
the  register  of  God,  not  in  the  record  of  man.  Twenty-seven 
names  make  up  the  first  story  before  the  flood,  and  the 
recorded  names  ever  since  contain  not  one  living  century. 
The  number  of  the  dead  long  exceedeth  all  that  shall  live. 
The  night  of  time  &r  suroasseth  the  day,  and  who  knows- 
when  was  the  equinox  ?  "EveTj  hour  adds  unto  that  current 
arithmetick,  which  scarce  stands  one  moment.    And  since 

*  Which  men  show  in  seyeral  countries,  giving  them  what  nAmeer- 
they  please  ;  and  unto  some  the  names  of  the  old  Egyptian  kings,  out  of 
Herodotus. 

t  Gv^perem  nohtm  este  quod  aim,  wm  cpto  ut  aciatvr  qualU  $im. — Card, 
in  vita  propria. 


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•CHAP.  T.]  VBN  BITBIAL.  45 

death  must  be  the  Zucina  of  life,  and  even  Pagans*  could 
doubt,  whether  thus  to  live  were  to  die ;  since  our  lon^st 
sun  sets  at  right  desoensions,  and  makes  but  winter  arches, 
and  therefore  it  cannot  be  long  before  we  lie  down  in  dark* 
nesB,  and  have  our  light  in  ashes  ;t  since  the  brother  of 
death^  dail^  haunts  us  with  dying  mementos,  and  time  that 
grows  old  m  itself,  bids  us  hope  no  long  duration; — diu- 
tumitj  is  a  dream  and  folly  of  expectation.^ 

Darkness  and  light  diviae  the  course  of  time,  and  oblivion 
shares  with  memory  a  great  part  even  of  our  living  beings ; 
we  slightly  remember  our  fehcities,  and  the  smartest  strokes 
of  affliction  leave  but  short  smart  upon  us.  Sense  endureA 
no  extremities,  and  sorrows  destroy  us  or  themselves.  To 
weep  into  stones  are  fables.  Afflictions  induce  callosities ; 
miseries  are  slippery,  or  fall  like  snow  upon  us,  which  notr 
withstanding  is  no  unhappy  stupidity.  To  be  ignorant  of 
evils  to  come,  and  forgetiin  of  evils  past,  is  a  merciful  pro- 
vision in  nature,  whereby  we  digest  tne  mixture  of  our  few 
and  evil  days,  and,  oiur  delivered  senses  not  relapsing  into 
cutting  remembrances,  our  sorrows  are  not  ke^t  raw  by  the 
edge  of  repetitions.    A  great  part  of  antiquity  contented 

♦  Euripidoi. 

t  According  to  the  custom  of  the  Jews,  who  place  a  lighted  wax- 
candle  in  a  pot  of  ashes  by  the  corpse. — Leo* 

*  the  brother  of  death.]  That  is,  sleep.  See  a  Fragment  On  Dreams, 
pdst. 

9  IHuiumUy,  <{;c.]  Here  may  properly  be  noticed  a  similar  passage 
wMeh  I  find  in  MS.  Sloan.  IU8,  fol.  194. 

**  JjSkTge  are  the  treasures  of  oblivion,  and  heaps  of  thinss  in  a  state 
next  to  nothing  almost  numberless ;  much  more  is  buriea  in  silence 
ihan  recorded,  and  the  largest  volumes  are  but  epitomes  of  what  hath 
been.  The  account  of  time  began  with  night,  and  darkness  still  attendeth 
it.  Some  things  never  come  to  light ;  many  have  been  delivered ;  but 
more  hath  been  swallowed  in  obscuritv  and  the  caverns  of  oblivion. 
How  much  is  as  it  were  in  vacuo,  and  will  never  be  cleared  up,  of  those 
long  living  times  when  men  could  scared  remember  themselves  young ; 
and  men  seem  to  us  not  ancient  but  antiquities,  when  they  [lived]  longer 
in  their  lives  than  we  can  now  hope  to  do  in  our  memories ;  when  men 
feared  not  apoplexies  and  palsies  after  seven  or  eight  hundred  yean ;  when 
living  was  so  lasting  that  homicide  mi^t  adxnit  of  distinctive  qualifi- 
cations from  the  affe  of  the  person,  and  it  might  seem  a  lesser  injury  to 
kSl  a  man  at  eight  hundred  than  at  forty,  and  when  life  was  so  well  worth 
the  living  that  few  or  none  would  kill  themselves." 


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46  HT1)EI0TA.PHIA.  [CHJJ.  Y. 

their  hopes  of  subsistoiDfC^  with  a  tntnsmignitioii  of  th^ 
aouls, — ^a  good  way  to  conlanue  their  memories,  while  having 
4^e  advantage  of  plund  successions,  ibey  could  not  but  act 
fK>meiMng  remarkable  in  such  variely  of  b^ngs,  and  enjoj- 
ing  the  fJEhme  of  their  passed  selves,  make  accumulatifcm  of 
l^orr  unto  thdr  last  durations.  Others,  rather  l^han  be  lost 
in  nie  unoomfoitable  night  of  nodiing,  were  c(Mrtent  to 
recede  into  the  common  being,  and  make  one  particle  of  tbe 
pubUc  soul  of  all  things,  which  was  no  more  than  to  return 
snto  their  unknown  and  divine  original  again.  Egyptian 
ingenuity  was  more  unsatisfied,  ccmtrivin^  their  bodies  in 
sweet  consistencies,  to  attend  the  return  of  their  souls.  But 
all  was  vanity,*  feeding  the  wind,  and  folly.  l%e  Egyptian 
mummies,  which  Oamb jses  or  time  hath  spared,  avarice  now 
consumeth.  Mummy  is  become  merchandise,  ^Geraim  cures 
wounds,  and  Pharaoh  is  sold  for  balsams. 

In  vain  do  individuals  hope  for  immortality,  or  any  patent 
from  oblivion,  in  preservations  below  the  moon ;  men  have 
been  dec^ved  even  in  their  flatteries,  above  the  sun,  and 
studied  conceits  to  perpetuate  their  names  in  heaven.  The 
various  cosmography  of  that  part  hath  tdready  varied  the 
names  of  contnved  constellations ;  Nimrod  is  lost  in  Orion, 
and  Osyris  in  the  Dog-star.  While  we  look  for  incorruption 
in  the  heavens,  we  find  thev  are  but  like  the  earth ; — durable 
in  their  main  bodies,  alterable  in  their  parts ;  whereof,  beside 
comets  and  new  stars,  perspectives  bep;ui  to  tell  tales,  and 
the  spots  that  wander  about  the  sun,  with  Phaeton's  favour, 
would  make  dear  convicdcm. 

There  is  nothing  strictly  immortal,  but  immortality. 
Whatever  hath  no  beginning,  maybe  confident  of  no  end ; — 
which  is  the  peculiar  of  that  necessary  essence  that  cannot 
deslaroy  itself; — and  &e  hi£;he8t  strain  of  omnipotency,  to 
be  so  powerfully  conslituted  as  not  to  suifer  even  from  the 
power  of  itself :  all  others  have  a  dependent  being  and  witiun 
the  reach  of  destruction.  But  the  sufficiency  of  Christian 
immortality  frustrates  all  earthly  gloiT,  and  the  quality  of 
either  state  after  deal^,  makes  a  folfy  of  posthumous  memory. 
Gk)d  who  can  only  destroy  our  souls,  and  hath  assured  our 

*  Omma  vamtas  et  pasHo  vmti,  i^>ft^  MfMv  koI  /3^cf  tic?  ^  ^^Ma 
Agmko  et  Symmachus^  v.  Drui,  Bcde$, 


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4IH1P.  T.]  XTBF  BimiiX.  47 

xeBunectioa,  either  of  our  bodies  or  naimes  hafeh  directly  pro- 
mised no  duration.  Wherein  there  is  so  much  of  chaiBoe, 
tbat  the  boldest  expectants  have  found  uslia^^y  fnistntien ; 
^Bid  to  hold  long  subsistence,  seeiiM  but  a  scape  in  obHTioin. 
But  man  is  a  noble  animal,  splendid  in  ashes,  and  pompous 
in  the  grare,  solemnising  nativities  and  dea4^  wit^  equal 
lustre,  nor  omitting  o^remonies  of  bcavecy  in  the  inHuny  of 
ins  nature.^ 

Life  is  a  pure  flame,  and  we  live  by  an  invisiUe  sim  within 
us.  A  em^  !fire  sufficeth  for  lile,  great  flaiBes  seemed  too 
httie  after  death,  while  men  vainly  affected  iiredous  pyres, 
and  to  bum  like  Sardbnapalus ;  but  the  wisoom  of  foneral 
laws  found  the  folly  of  prodigal  blazes,  and  reduced  undoinr 
fires  unto  the  rale  of  sob^  obsequies,  wherein  few  oouM 
be  so  mean  as  not  to  provide  wood,  pitch,  a  mourner,  and 
anum.* 

Eive  languages  secured  not  the  epitaph  of  Gordianus.t 
The  man  of  God  lives  l<mger  without  s  tomb  ^an  any  by 
one,  invisibly  interred  by  angels,  and  adjudged  to  obscurity, 
tiiough  not  without  some  maiks  directing  human  discovery. 
fiuoch  and  Elias,  without  ei^er  tomb  or  burial,  in  an 
anomalous  state  of  being,  are  ihe  great  eicamples  of  pep- 
petoity,  in  their  long  and  living  memory,  in  crtrict  account 
being  still  on  this  side  death,  and  having  a  laifee  part  yet  to 
act  upon  this  stage  of  eaarth.  If  in  the  AeeiKfkiry  tmn  of 
iAnB  world  we  shall  not  all  die  but  be  changed,  according  to 
leoesved  transhriion,  the  last  day  will  make  but  lew  graves ; 
at  least  quidk  resurrections  wiU  antidpate  lasting  sep^tures. 
Some  graves  will  be  opened  before  they  be  quite  cl^»d^  and 

*  AoooEdingto  the  epitaph  of  Rafus  and  BeranioM^  in  Grotams. 

nee  ex 
Eorum  bonis  plus  inventum  est,  qiuun 
Quod  sufficeret  ad  emendun  pyma 
£t  picem  quibus  corpora  oremarentur, 
Et  prsefica  conducta,  et  oUa  empta. 

f  In  Greek,  Latin,  Hebrew^  Egyptian,  Arabic ;  de&oed  bj  Idci- 
Bins  the  emperor. 

*  Mnm  u  a  noble  ammal,  ^c]  SoxsHtey  quotes  this  striking  passage 
in  Ihe  opening  of  his  OeRogmes, — ^bnt  in  a  note  he  ooijeotnres  tlukt 
Browne  wrote  infimy  instead  ol  infamy. 


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48  HTDEIOTAPHIA.  [CHAP.  T, 

Lazarus  be  no  wonder.'  When  many  that  feared  to  die^ 
shall  groan  that  they  can  die  but  once,  the  dismal  state  is 
the  second  and  living  death,  when  life  puts  despair  on  the 
damned ;  when  men  shall  wish  the  coYerinfi;s  of  mountams, 
not  of  monuments,  and  annihilations  shall  be  courted. 

While  some  have  studied  monuments,  others  haye 
studiously  declined  them,^  and  some  have  been  so  vainly 
boisterous,  that  they  durst  not  acknowledge  their  graves ; 
wherein  Alaricus*  seems  most  subtle,  who  had  a  river 
turned  to  hide  his  bones  at  the  bottom.  Even  Sylla,  that 
thought  himself  safe  in  his  urn,  could  not  prevent  reveng- 
ing tongues,  and  stones  thrown  at  his  monument.  Happy 
are  they  whom  privacy  makes  innocent,  who  deal  so  with 
men  in  this  world,  that  they  are  not  afraid  to  meet  them  in 
the  next ;  who,  when  they  die,  make  no  commotion  among 
the  dead,  and  are  not  touched  with  that  poetical  taunt  of 
Isaiah.t 

Pyramids,  arches,  obelisks,  were  but  the  irregularities  of 
vain-glory,  and  wild  enormities  of  ancient  magnanimiiy. 
But  the  most  magnanimous  resolution  rests  in  the  Christian 
religion,  which  trampleth  upon  pride,  and  sits  on  the  neck 
of  ambition,  humbly  pursumg  that  infallible  perpetuity, 
unto  which  all  others  must  diminish  their  diameters,  and  be 
poorly  seen  in  angles  of  contingency.^ 

Pious  spirits  who  passed  their  days  in  raptures  of  futurity, 
made  little  more  of  this  world,  than  the  world  that  was 
before  it,  while  they  lay  obscure  in  the  chaos  of  pre-ordinar 
tion,  and  night  of  their  fore-beings.  And  if  any  have  been 
so  happy  as  truly  to  understand  Christian  annihilation, 
ecstasies,  exolution,  liquefaction,  transformation,  the  kiss  of 
the  spouse,  gustation  of  God,  and  ingression  into  the  divine 
shadow,  they  have  already  had  an  handsome  anticipation  of 

*  JorwmdM  de  r^nu  OeUcis. 

t  Isa.  ziv.  16,  &c.  t  Angulus  c(mtmgenti<B,  the  least  of  angles. 

^  others  hone  studioudy  dedined  them.\^  In  a  work  entitled  IIEPI AMMA 
ENAHMION,  or  Vulgar  Errows  in  Practice  ceneured,  is  a  chapter  on 
Decent  Sepulture,  the  greater  part  of  which  is  devoted  to  a  oensuie 
Against  "  we  affectation  of  epitaphs,"  which,  the  author  observes,  are  of 
Pagan  origin,  and  are  not  even  once  mentioned  in  the  whole  book 
of  God. 


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<:HAP.  T.]  tJIlK  BX7EIAL.  4^ 

heaven ;  tbe  glory  of  the  world  is  surely  over,  and  the  earth 
in  ashes  unto  them. 

To  sulysist  in  lasting  monuments,  to  liye  in  their  produc- 
tions, to  exist  in  their  names  and  predicament  of  chunera«, 
was  large  satisfaction  unto  old  expectations,  and  made  one 
part  of  their  Elysiums.  But  all  this  is  nothing  in  the 
metapbysicks  of  true  belief.  To  live  indeed,  is  to  be  again 
ourselres,  which  being  not  only  an  hope,  but  an  evidence  in 
noble  believers,  'tis  all  one  to  lie  in  St.  Innocent's*  church- 
yard, as  in  the  sands  of  Egypt.  Beady  to  be  anything,  in 
the  ecstasy  of  being  ever,  and  as  content  with  six  foot  as 
the  moles  of  Adrianus.t 

tahSme  eadavera  solvat, 
Anrogus,  kavd  refert, — Lucan. 


*  In  Paris,  where  bodies  soon  consume. 

t  A  stately  mausoleum  or  sepulchral  pile,  built  by  Adrianus  in  Rome, 
Inhere  now  standeth  the  castle  of  St.  Angelo. 


END  OF  HTDBIOTAPHIA. 


TOL.  in. 


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BRAMPTON   UMS. 

PABTICULABS 
or  SOME   UBNS  FOUKO  IN  BBAMFTON  TIZLD,  TEBBUABT   1667-& 

THISD   SDITIOir. 

COBBSCTED   FBOH  THBXE  MS.  COPIES  IK  TtX  BBITISH  MUSEUM  ANP 
THE  BODUSAN  IIBBABY. 


OBiaiNAIXT  PUBUaHSD  OK 

1712. 


£  2 


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''  A  RovMm  Urn  dravm  with  a  coal  taken  out  of  it,  andfowid 

among  the  hvmt  hones,  and  is  now  in  the  possession  of  Dr.  Ham*  Sloane, 

to  whom  ifiis  plate  is  most  humbly  inscribed" — ^Fibst  Edition. 


Digitized  byCjOOglC 


BRAMPTON   URNS. 


I  THOUGHT  I  bad  taken  leave  of  urns,  when  I  had  some 
years  past  given  a  short  account  of  those  found  at  Wal<^ 
smgham  ;*  but  a  new  discovery  being  made,  I  readilj  obey 
jrour  comnumds  in  a  brief  description  thereof. 

In  a  large  arable  field,  lymg  between  Buxton  and 
Brampton,  but  belonging  to  Brampton,  and  not  much  more 
than  a  fiirlong  from  Oxnead-park,  divers  urns  were  found. 
A  part  of  the  field  being  designed  to  be  inclosed,  the  work- 
men digged  a  ditch  from  north  to  south,  and  another  from 
east  to  west,  in  both  which  they  fell  upon  divers  urns ; 
but  eamestlj  and  carelessly  diggmg,  they  broke  all  they 
met  with,  and  finding  notning  but  ashes  and  burnt  bones, 
they  scattered  what  they  found.  Upon  notice  given  unto 
iQe,  I  went  myself  to  observe  the  same,  and  to  have  obtained 
a  whole  one ;  and  though  I  met  with  two  in  the  side  of  the 
^tch,  and  used  all  care  I  could  with  the  workmen,  yet  they 
were  broken.  Some  advantage  there  was  from  the  wet 
season  alone  that  day,  the  earth  not  readily  &llin^  from 
about  them,  as  in  the  summer.  When  some  were  digging 
the  north  and  south  ditch,  and  others  at  a  good  distance  the 
east  and  weat  one,  those  at  this  latter  upon  every  stroke 
which  was  made  at  the  other  ditch,  heard  a  hollow  sound 
near  to  them,  as  though  the  ground  had  been  arched, 
vaulted,  or  hollow,  about  them.  It  is  very  probable  there 
are  very  many  urns  about  this  place,  for  they  were  found  in 
both  mtches,  which  were  one  hundred  yards  from  each 
other;  and  this  very  sounding  of  the  earth,  which  might  be 

*  See  Hpdrwtaphia,  Urn  Bwrial :  or,  a  IHscovrse  of  the  Sepnldirtd 
l^rnt  lately  fownd  in  Norfolk.  8vo.    London,  printed  1658. 


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54  BEAMPTON  UBKS. 

caused  by  hollow  vessels  in  the  earth,  might  make  the  same 
probable.  There  was  nothing  in  them  but  fragments  of 
Dumt  bones  ;  not  any  such  implements  and  extraneous  sub- 
stances as  I  found  in  the  Walsingham  urns :  some  pieces  of 
skulls  and  teeth  were  easily  discernible.  Some  were  very 
large,  some  small,  some  had  coverings,  most  none. 

Of  these  pots  none  were  found  above  three-quarters  of 
a  yard  in  the  ground ;  whereby  it  appesreth,  that  in  all  this 
time  the  earth  hath  little  varied  its  surfiace,  though  this 
ground  hath  been  ploughed  to  the  utmost  memory  of  man. 
"Whereby  it  may  be  also  conjectured,  that  this  hath  never 
been  a  wood-land,  as  some  conceive  all  this  open  part  to 
have  been ;  for  in  such  places  they  made  no  common  burjr- 
ing-places  in  old  time,  except  for  some  special  penKmsin 
groves :  and  likewise  that  there  hsth  been  aax  ancient  habi- 
tation about  these  parts ;  for  at  Euxton  also,  not  a  mile  off, 
urns  have  been  found  in  my  memory;  but  in  their mi^ni- 
tude,  figure,  colour,  posture,  &c.,  there  was  no  small  variety ; 
some  were  large  and  capacious,  able  to  contain  above  two 
gallons,  some  of  a  middle,  others  of  a  smaller  size. 
The  great  ones  probabbr  belonging  to  greater  persons,  or 
might  be  family  urns,  nt  to  receive  the  ashes  successively 
of  their  kindred  and  relations,  and  therefore,  of  these,  some 
had  coverings  of  the  same  matter,  either  fitted  to  them,  or 
^  thin  flat  stone,  like  a  grey  slate,  laid  over  them ;  and 
therefore  also  great  ones  were  but  thinly  found,  but  others 
in  good  number.  Some  were  of  large  wide  mouths,  and 
belhes  proportionable,  with  short  necks,  and  bottoms  of 
three  inches  diameter,  and  near  an  inch  thick ;  some  small, 
with  necks  like  jugs,  and  about  that  bigness ;  the  mouths 
of  some  lew  were  not  roimd,  but  after  the  figure  of  a  circle 
compressed,  not  ordinarily  to  be  imitated ;  though  some  had 
small,  yet  none  had  pointed  bottoms,  according  to  the  figures 
of  those  which  are  to  oe  seen  in  Eoma  Sotterranea,  TigiBeraa^ 
or  Mascardus. 

In  the  colours  also  there  was  great  variety ;  some  were 
whitish,  some  blackish,  and  inclining  to  a  blue,  others  yel- 
lowish, or  dark  red,  arguing  the  variety  of  their  materials.^ 


^  argui/n^  &is  variety  ef  tkeir  maHenoLa.}    More  proHbly>  peziiaps, 
their  being  more  or  kaa  thoronglily  burned* 


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BBAMPT037  17B3r8.  55 

^me  fragments,  and  especiallj  bottoms  of  vessels,  whick 
seemed  to  be  handsome  neat  pans,  were  also  found  of  a  fine 
eoral-like  red,  somewhat  like  Portugal  vessels,  as  though 
tkej  had  been  made  out  of  some  fine  Bolary  earth,  and  veiy 
smooth;  but  the  like  had  been  found  in  divers  places,  as 
Br.  Casaubon  hath  observed  about  the  pots  found  at  New- 
ington,  in  Kent,  and  as  other  pieces  do  yet  testify,  which  are 
to  be  found  at  Barrow  Castle,  an  old  Bconan  station,  not  &r 
firom  Yarmouth. 

Of  the  ums,  those  oi  the  larger  sort,  such  as  had  cover^ 
iogs,  were  found  with  theur  mouths  placed  upwards;  but 
great  numb^s  of  the  others  were,  as  they  informed  me 
{and  one  I  saw  myself),  placed  with  th^  mouths  downward, 
which  were  probably  such  as  were  not  to  be  ooened  agam, 
or  reeeive  the  ashes  of  any  other  person.  Though  some 
wondered  at  this  position,  yet  I  saw  no  ineonveniency  in  it ; 
for  the  earth  being  dosel^  pressed,  and  especiatly  in  minora 
moathed  pots^  they  stand  in  a  posture  as  like  to  continue  as 
the  other,  as  being  less  subject  to  have  the  earth  fall  in,  or 
the  rain  to  soak  into  them.  And  the  same  posture  has 
been  observed  in  some  fotmd  in  other  places,  as  Holingshead 
delivers  of  divers  found  in  An^sea. 

Some  had  insmptions,  the  greatest  part  none ;  those  with 
inscriptions,  were  df  the  largest  sort,  which  were  upon  the 
rev»ted  ver^  thereof.  The  greatest  part  of  those  which 
I  eoold  obtam  were  somewhat  obliterated :  yet  some  of  the 
letters  to  be  made  out:  the  letters  were  between  lines, 
either  single  or  double,  and  the  letters  of  some  few,  afber  a 
fur  Boman  stroke,  others  more  rudely  and  illegibty  drawn, 
wherein  there  seemed  no  great  variety;  "  NUON  "  being 
npcm  very  many  of  them ;  only  upon  the  inside  'of  the 
bottom  of  a  small  red  pan«like  vessel,  with  a  glaze,  or 
wnish,  like  pots  which  come  fiom  Portugal,  but  finer,  were 
i^bly  set  down  in  embossed  letters,  CMACITNAF.;  which 
might  imply  Oraewna  figulu9^  or  Craeuna  fecit,  the  name 
of  the  manufactor ;  for  inscriptions  commonfy  sigmfied 
the  name  of  the  person  interred,  the  names  of  servants 
oAcial  to  sueh  provisions,  or  the  name  of  the  artificer,  or 
namifiEictor  of  such  vessels;  all  which  are  particularly 
exemplified  by  the  learned  Licetus,*  where  the  same  m«> 
*  Vid,  Licet,  dt  Lucemis, 


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56  SBAHFTOK  T7BK8. 

scription  is  often  found,  it  is  probablj^  of  the  artificer,  ot 
where  the  name  also  is  in  the  genitive  case,  as  he  also 
observeth. 

Out  of  one  was  brought  unto  me  a  silver  denarius,  with 
the  head  of  Diva  Eaustina  on  the  obverse  side,  and  with 
this  inscription,  IXva  Aufftuta  JEhuHina,  and  on  the  reverse 
the  figures  of  the  emperor  and  empress  joining  their  right 
hands,  with  this  inscription,  Concordia  ;  the  same  is  to  be 
seen  in  Augustine,  and  must  be  coined  after  the  death  of 
^Faustina  (too  lived  three  years  wife  unto  Antoninus  Pius), 
from  the  title  of  Diva,  wnich  was  not  given  them  before 
their  deification.  I  also  received  from  some  men  and 
women  then  present,  coins  of  Posthumus  and  Tetricus,  two 
of  the  thirty  tyrants  in  the  reign  of  Gtdienus,  which  being 
of  much  later  date,  begat  an  imerence  that  burning  of  the 
dead  and  urn-burial  lasted  longer,  at  least  in  this  country, 
than  is  commonly  supposed.  Gk)od  authors  conceive  that 
this  custom  ended  with  the  reign  of  the  Antonini,  whereof 
the  last  was  Antoninus  Heliogabalus,  vet  these  coins 
extend  about  fourscore  years  lower;  and  since  the  head 
of  Tetricus  is  made  with  a  radiated  crown,  it  must  be 
conceived  to  have  been  made  after  his  death,  and  not  before 
his  consecration,  which,  as  the  learned  Tristan  conjectures, 
was  most  probably  in  the  reign  of  the  emperor  Tacitus,  and 
the  coin  not  made,  or  at  least  not  issued  abroad,  before  the 
time  of  the  emperor  Probus,  for  Tacitus  reigned  but  six 
months  and  a  half,  his  brother  Plorianus  but  two  months, 
unto  whom  Probus  succeeding,  reigned  five  years. 

In  the  digging  they  brake  mvers  glasses  and  finer  vessels, 
which  might  contain  such  liquors  as  they  often  buried,  in  or 
by  the  urns ;  the  pieces  of  glass  were  fine  and  clear,  though 
thick ;  and  a  piece  of  one  was  finely  streaked  "^th  smooth 
white  streaks  upon  it.  There  were  also  found  divers  pieces 
of  brass,  of  several  figures ;  and  one  piece  which  seemed  to 
be  of  bell-metal.  And  in  one  urn  was  found  a  nail  two 
inches  long ;  whether  to  declare  the  trade  or  occupation  of 
the  person  is  uncertain.  But  upon  the  nvonuments  of  smiths, 
in  (Jruter,  we  meet  with  the  figures  of  hammers,  pincers, 
and  the  like ;  and  we  find  the  figure  of  a  cobler's  awl  on  the 
tomb  of  one  of  that  trade,  which  was  in  the  custody  of  Berini, 


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BEAMPTOir  ITBirs.  57 

as  ArguluB  hath  set  it  down  in  his  notes  upon  OnuphriuSy 
of  the  ofUiquiHes  of  Verona. 

Now,  though  urns  have  been  often  discovered  in  former 
ages,  many  think  it  strange  there  should  be  many  still  found, 
yet  assuredly  there  may  be  great  numbers  still  concealed. 
For,— though  we.  should  not  reckon  upon  any  who  were  thus 
buried  before  the  time  of  the  Bomans  (although  that  the 
Druids  were  thus  buried  it  may  be  probable,  and  we  read  of 
the  um  of  Chindonactes,  a  Druid,  found  near  Dijon  in  Bur- 
gundy, largely  discoursed  by  licetus),  and  though  I  say,  we 
take  not  in  any  infant  which  was  minor  igne  rogi,  before 
seven  months,  or  appearance  of  teeth,  nor  should  account 
this  practice  of  burning  among  the  Britons  higher  than 
Yespasian,  when  it  is  said  by  Tacitus,  that  they  conformed 
unto  the  manners  and  customs  of  the  Bomans,  and  so  both 
nations  might  have  one  way  of  burial ; — ^yet  from  his  days, 
to  the  dates  of  these  urns,  were  about  two  hundred  years. 
And  therefore  if  we  fall  so  low  as  to  conceive  there  were 
buried  in  this  nation  yearly  but  twenty  thousand  persons^ 
the  account  of  the  buried  persons  would  amount  unto  four 
millions,  and  consequently  so  great  a  number  of  urns  dis- 
persed through  the  land,  as  may  stiU  satisfy  the  curiosity  of 
succeeding  tmies,  and  arise  unto  all  ages. 

The  bodies  whose  reliques  these  urns  contained  seemed 
thoroughly  burned ;  for  beside  pieces  of  teeth,  there  were 
found  few  fragments  of  bones,  but  rather  ashes  in  hard 
lumps  and  pieces  of  coals,  which  were  often  so  fresh,  that 
one  sufficed  to  make  a  good  draught  of  its  uru,  which  still 
lemameth  with  me. 

Some  persons  digging  at  a  little  distance  from  the  um 
places,  in  hopes  to  find  something  of  value,  after  they  had 
ciigged  about  three-quarters  of  a  yard  deep,  fell  upon  an 
observable  piece  of  work,  whose  description  [hereupon 
feUoweth].  The  work  was  square,  about  two  yards  and  a 
quarter  on  each  side.  The  wall,  or  outward  part,  a  foot 
toick,  in  colour  red,  and  looked  like  brick ;  but  it  was  solid, 
without  any  mortar,  or  cement,  or  figured  brick  in  it,  but 
of  an  whole  piece,  so  that  it  seemed  to  be  framed  and  burnt 
in  the  same  place  where  it  was  found.  In  this  kind  of 
brickwork  were  thirty-two  holes,  of  about  two  inches  and  a 


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58  BEAMPTON  TJRKS. 

half  diameter,  and  two  above  a  quarter  of  a  circle  in  the 
east  and  west  sides.  Upon  two  of  these  holes  on  the  east 
side,  were  placed  two  pots,  with  their  mouths  downward ; 
putting  in  their  arms  they  found  the  work  hollow  below, 
and  the  earth  being  cleared  off,  much  water  was  found  below 
them,  to  the  quantity  of  a  barrel,  which  was  coneeived  to 
have  been  the  rain-water  which  soaked  in  through  the  earth 
above  them. 

The  upper  part  of  the  work  being  broke,  and  opened, 
they  found  a  floor  about  two  foot  below,  and  theaa  digging 
onward,  three  floors  successively  under  one  another,  at  the 
distance  of  a  foot  and  half,  the  floors  being  of  a  slaty,  not 
bricky  substance ;  in  these  partitions  some  pots  were  lound, 
but  broke  by  the  workmen,  being  necessitated  to  use  hard 
blows  for  the  breaking  of  the  floors  y  and  in  the  last  partition 
but  one,  a  large  pot  was  found  of  a  very  narrow  mouth, 
short  ears,  of  the  capacity  of  fourteen  pints,  which  lay  in 
an  inclining  posture,  close  by,  and  somewhat  under  a  kind 
of  arch  in  the  solid  wall,  and  by  the  great  care  of  my  worthy 
friend,  Mr.  William  Marsham,  who  employed  the  workmen, 
was  taken  up  whole,  almost  full  of  water,  clean,  and  with- 
out smell,  and  insipid,  which  being  poured  out,  there  still 
remains  in  the  pot  a  ^at  lump  of  an  heavy  crusty  sub- 
stance. What  work  tms  was  we  must  as  yet  reserve  unto 
better  conjecture.  Meanwhile  we  find  ia  Gruter  that  some 
monuments  of  the  dead  had  divers  holes  successively  to  let 
in  the  ashes  of  their  relations ;  but  holes  in  such  a  great 
number  to  that  intent,  we  have  not  anywhere  met  with. 

About  three  months  after,  my  noble  and  honoured  friend. 
Sir  Eobert  Fasten,  had  the  curiosity  to  open  a  pieee  of 
ground  in  his  park  at  Oxnead,  which  adjoined  unto  the 
former  field,  where  fragments  of  pots  were  found,  and  upon 
one  the  figure  of  a  well-made  face ;  and  there  was  ^so  found 
an  unusual  coin  of  the  emperor  Yolusianus,  having  on  the 
obverse  the  head  of  the  emperor,  with  a  radiated  crown,  and 
this  inscription,  Jmp.  C^.  0,  Tib,  Volusiano  Auf.;  that  is, 
Impenxtori  Ctgsari  Ccdo  Tibia  Volutiimo  Augusio.  On  the 
reverse  an  human  figure,  with  the  arms  somewhat  ezten^d^ 
and  at  the  right  foot  an  altar,  with  the  inscription  Fietoi^ 
This  emperor  was    son  unto    Caius  Yibius  Tribonianus 


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BBAMPTON  XJBKS.  59 

OalliiB,  with  whom  he  jointly  reigned  after  the  Decii,  about 
the  yeax  254 ;  both  he  bimself,  and  his  father,  were  slain  by 
the  emperor  ^milianus.  By  the  ^iated  crown  this  piece 
should  be  coined  after  his  death  and  consecration,  but  in 
whose  time  it  is  not  clear  in  history.  But  probably  this 
ground  had  been  opened  and  digged  before,  though  out  of 
the  memory  of  man,  for  we  found  divers  small  pieces  of  pots, 
sheep's  bones,  sometimes  an  oyster-shell  a  yard  deep  in  the 
earth. 


£KD   OE  BBAHFTOK  XTEKS. 


yGoogk 


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LETTER  TO  A  FRIEND, 

UPON   OCCASION  OF  TH£  DEATH  OF  HIS  INTIMATE  FBIENP. 
FIFTH    EDITION. 


OBIGINALLT  PUBLISHED  IN 

1690. 


yGoogk 


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EDITOR^S    PREFACE. 


The  Letteb  to  a  Fbiei^d  was  printed,  after  the  author's 
deaths  by  his  son,  as  a  folio  pamphlet,  in  1690.  The  only 
copy  I  ever  saw  is  in  the  library  of  the  British  Museum.  It 
was  reprinted,  in  the  Posthumous  Works,  in  1712 ;  and 
the  latter  portion  of  it  (&om  page  48,  Fosthumom  Works) 
was  included  in  the  Christian  Morals,  and  for  that  reason  \a 
not  here  reprinted. 

From  a  collation  with  a  MS.  copy  in  the  British  Museum^ 
(MS.  Sloan.  1862),  several  additional  passages  are  given. 


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yGoogk 


LETTER    TO   A   FRIEND. 


&ITE  me  leave  to  wonder  that  news  of  this  nature  should 
haye  such  heavy  wings  that  you  should  hear  so  little  oon- 
oerning  your  dearest  friend,  and  that  I  must  make  that  un- 
inlling  repetition  to  tell  you,  ad  portam  rigidos  caleet  «p- 
UndU,  that  he  is  dead  and  huried,  and  by  this  time  no  pmiT 
among  the  mighty  nations  of  the  dead ;  for  though  he  left 
this  world  not  very  many  days  past,  yet  every  hour  you 
blow  largely  addeth  unto  that  darR  society ;  and  considering 
the  incessant  mortality  of  mankind,  you  cannot  conceive 
there  dieth  in  the  whole  earth  so  few  as  a  thousand  an 
hour. 

Although  at  this  distance  you  had  no  early  account  or 
particular  of  his  death,  yet  your  affection  may  cease  to 
wonder  that  vou  had  not  some  secret  sense  or  intimation 
thereof  by  dreams,  thoughtful  whisperings,  mercurisms, 
nij  nuncios  or  sympathetica!  insinuations,  which  many 
seem  to  have  had  at  the  death  of  their  dearest  friends :  for 
once  we  find  in  that  famous  story,  that  spirits  themselves 
were  &in  to  tell  their  fellows  at  a  distance  that  the  great 
Antonio  was  dead,  we  have  a  sufficient  excuse  for  our 
ignorance  in  such  particulars,  and  must  rest  content  with 
the  common  road,  and  Appian  way  of  knowledge  by  Informix 
lion.  Though  the  uncertainty  of  the  end  of  this  world 
hath  confounded  all  human  predictions ;  vet  thev  who  shall 
live  to  see  the  sun  and  moon  darkened  and  the  stars  to 
fall  from  heaven,  will  hardly  be  deceived  in  the  advent  of 
the  last  day ;  and  therefore  strange  it  is,  that  the  common 
Macy  of  consumptive  persons  who  feel  not  themselYeB 

TOL.  ni  2* 


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66  IiBTTBB  TO  ▲  7BIEKD. 

dying,  and  therefore  still  hope  to  live,  should  also  reach. 
their  friends  in  perfect  health  and  judgment ; — ^that  you 
should  be  so  little  ac(juamted  with  Plautus's  sick  complexion, 
or  that  almost  an  Hippocratical  face  should  not  alarum  yoa 
to  higher  fears,  or  rather  despair,  of  his  continuation  in 
such  an  emaciated  state,  wherein  medical  predictions  fail 
not,  as  sometimes  in  acute  diseases,  and  wherein  'tia  as 
dangerous  to  be  sentenced  by  a  physician  as  a  judge. 

Upon  my  first  visit  I  was  bold  to  tell  them  who  had  not 
let  fall  all  hopes  of  his  recovery,  that  in  my  sad  opinion  he 
was  not  like  to  behold  a  grasshopper,  much  less  to  pluck 
another  fig ;  and  in  no  long  time  after  seemed  to  discover 
that  odd  mortal  symptom  in  him  not  mentioned  by  Hippo- 
crates, that  is,  to  lose  his  own  face,  and  look  like  Bome  of 
his  near  relations ;  for  he  maintained  not  his  proper  counte* 
nance,  but  looked  like  his  uncle,  the  lines  of  whose  fiwse  lay 
deep  and  invisible  in  his  healthfiil  visage  before :  for  as  firom 
our  beginning  we  ran  through  variety  of  looks,  before  we 
come  to  consistent  and  settled  faces ;  so  before  our  end,  bj 
sick  and  languishing  alterations,  we  put  on  new  visages : 
and  in  our  retreat  to  earth,  may  fall  upon  such  looks  which 
from  community  of  seminal  onginals  were  before  latent 
in  us. 

He  was  fruitlessly  put  in  hope  of  advantage  by  change  of 
air,  and  imbibing  the  pure  aerud  nitre  of  these  parts ;  and 
therefore,  being  so  far  spent,  he  ijuickly  found  Sardinia  in 
Tivoli,^  and  the  most  healthful  air  of  little  efiect,  where 
death  had  set  his  broad  arrow  ^  for  he  Uved  not  unto  the 
middle  of  May,  and  confirmed  the  observation  of  Hippocra- 
tes^ of  that  mortal  time  of  the  year  when  the  leaves  of  the 
fig-tree  resemble  a  daw's  claw.  He  is  happily  seated  who 
lives  in  places  whose  air,  earth,  and  water,  promote  not  the 
infirmities  of  his  weaker  parts,  or  is  early  removed  into 
regions  that  correct  them.  He  that  is  tabidly  inclined, 
were  unwise  to  pass  his  days  in  Portugal :  cholical  persons 
will  find  little  comfort  in  Austria  or  Vienna :  he  that  is 
weak-legged  must  not  be  in  love  with  Bome,  nor  an  infina 

*  Tivoli,'\    Cum  mors  venerit,  in  medio  Tibure  Sardinia  est. 

^  wh^t  death,  <£rc.]  In  the  king's  forests  they  set  the  figure  of  a  broad 
arrow  upon  trees  that  are  to  be  cut  down. 
:   *  obtervation  of,  dtc,]    See  ffip,  JSpidem, 


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.xsTTis  TO  A  Tsnn.  87 

lead  with  Yenioe  or  Faris.  Death  hath  not  only  particular 
itm  in  heaven,  but  malevolent  places  on  earth,  which  sinele 
out  our  iufirmitiea,  and  strike  at  our  weaker  piurts ;  in  which 
eonoem,  passager  and  migrant  birds  have  the  great  advan- 
iages ;  who  are  naturally  constituted  for  distant  habitations, 
whom  no  seas  nor  places  limit,  but  in  their  appointed  seasons 
wiU  visit  us  from  Greenland  and  Mount  Atlas,  and  as  some 
thmk,  even  from  the  Antipodes.^ 

Though  we  could  not  have  his  life,  yet  we  missed  not  our 
desires  in  his  soft  departure,  which  was  scarce  an  expira- 
tion ;  and  his  end  not  unlike  his  beginning,  when  the  salient 
point  scarce  affords  a  sensible  motion,  and  his  departure  so 
like  unto  sleep,  that  he  scarce  needed  the  civil  ceremony  of 
dosing  his  eyes ;  contrary  unto  the  common  w^,  wherein 
death  draws  up,  sleep  lets  £Edl  the  eye-lids.  With  what 
Bbife  and  pains  we  came  into  the  world  we  know  not ;  but 
'tig  commonly  no  easy  matter  to  get  out  of  it :  yet  if  it 
could  be  made  out,  that  such  who  have  easy  nativities  have 
oomoKmly  hard  deaths,  and  contrarily ;  his  departure  was 
•0  easy,  that  we  might  justly  suspect  his  birth  was  of 
another  nature,  and  that  some  Juno  sat  cross-legged  at  his 
natinty. 

Besides  his  soft  death,  the  incurable  state  of  his  disease 
iDight  somewhat  extenuate  your  sorrow,  who  know  that 
monsters  but  seldom  happen,  mirades  more  rarely  in  physic.^ 
^^iu  Tlctorvus  gives  a  serious  account  of  a  consumptive, 
hectical,  phthisical  woman,  who  was  suddenly  cured  by  the 
nitercession  of  Ignatius.^  We  read  not  of  any  in  scripture 
^  in  this  case  applied  unto  our  Saviour,  though  some  may 
be  contained  in  that  large  expression,  that  he  went  about 
Galilee  healing  all  manner  of  sickness  and  all  manner  of 
diseases/  Amulets,  spells,  sigils,  and  incantations,  practised 
in  other  diseases,  are  seldom  pretended  in  this ;  ana  we  find 
BO  sigil  in.  the  Arehidoxis  of  Paracelsus  to  cure  an  extreme 
consumption  or  marasmus,  which,  if  other  diseases  fail,  will 

*i«<ipocia.1    Bdkmim  de  Avifm, 

'  «^  hkm  thet  momUn  hni  seldom  happen,  mircteUs,  tbe,]     Monstn 
oontingunt  in  medicina.     Ifippoc. — "  Strange  and  rare  escapes  ther» 
™fpf^  aometimes  in  physick. 
AngeU  ViOorii  O&nwUatUmes. 

'Mstt.iy.25. 

1-  2 


Digitized  by 


Googi<^ 


68  LBTTBS  TO  A  TJUXSV. 

put  a  period  unto  lon^  livers,  and  at  last  makes  dost  of  all/ 
And  therefore  the  stoics  could  not  but  think  that  the  fiery 
principle  would  wear  out  all  the  rest,  and  at  last  make  an 
end  of  the  world,  which  notwithstanding  without  such  a 
lingering  period  the  Creator  maj  effect  at  his  pleasure :  and 
to  make  an  end  of  all  thin^  on  earth,  and  our  planetical 
system  of  the  world,  he  neea  but  put  out  the  sun. 

I  was  not  so  curious  to  entitle  the  stars  unto  any  concern 
of  his  death,  yet  could  not  but  take  notice  that  he  died 
when  the  moon  was  in  motion  from  the  meridian ;  at  which 
time  an  old  Italian  lon|;  ago  would  persuade  me  that  the 
greatest  part  of  men  died:  but  herein  I  confess  I  could 
neyer  satisfy  my  curiosity ;  although  from  the  time  of  tides 
in  places  upon  or  near  the  sea,  there  may  be  considerable 
deductions ;  and  Fliny^  hath  an  odd  and  remarkable  passage 
concerning  the  death  of  men  and  animals  upon  the  recess 
or  ebb  of  the  sea.  However,  certain  it  is,  he  died  in  the 
dead  and  deep  part  of  the  night,  when  Nox  might  be  most 
apprehensibly  said  to  be  the  daughter  of  Chaos,  the  mother 
of  sleep  and  death,  according  to  old  genealogy ;  and  so  went 
out  of  this  world  about  that  hour  when  ourl)le8sed  Saviour 
entered  it,  and  about  what  time  man^  conceive  he  will  return 
again  unto  it.  Cardan  hath  a  peculiar  and  no  hard  observa- 
tion from  a  man's  hand  to  know  whether  he  was  bom  in  the 
day  or  night,  which  I  confess  holdeth  in  my  own.  And  Sca- 
liger  to  that  purpose  hath  another  from  the  tip  of  the  ear :' 
most  men  are  begotten  in  the  night,  animals  in  the  day ; 
but  whether  more  persons  have  been  bom  in  the  night  or 
the  day,  were  a  curiosity  undecidable,  though  more  have 
perished  by  violent  deaths  in  the  day ;  yet  in  natural  disso- 
lutions both  times  may  hold  an  indif^rency,  at  least  but  con- 
tingent inequality.  The  whole  course  of  time  runs  out  in  the 
nativity  and  death  of  things ;  which  whether  they  happen 
by  succession  or  coincidence,  are  best  computed  by  the 
natural  not  artificial  day. 

*  Plmy,"]  Arifltoteles  nullum  animal  nisi  nstii  reoedente  expinn 
affinnat ;  obseryatum  id  multum  in  Gallico  Oceano  et  duntaxat  in  homine 
oompertum,  lib.  2,  cap.  101. 

'  Scaliyerf  <£rc.]  Auris  pars  pendula  lobus  dicitor,  ndn  omnibus  ea 
pars  est  auribus ;  non  enim  lis  qui  nootu  nati  sunt,  sed  qui  interdiu, 
roaTJma  ex  parte. — Com,  inAritM,  de  Awimal,  lib.  1. 


Digitized  by 


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^f^f^ff^^s^ff^m 


LSTTEB  TO  A  PBIIin). 


That  Charles  the  Fifth  was  crowned  upon  the  day  of  his 
nativity,  it  being  in  his  own  power  so  to  order  it,  makes  no 
singular  animadyersion ;  but  that  he  should  also  take  TTing 
FraAcis  prisoner  upon  that  day,  was  an  unexpected  coinci- 
dence, which  made  the  same  remarkable,  ^tipater,  who 
had  an  anniversarj  feast  every  year  upon  his  birth-day, 
needed  no  astrological  revolution  to  know  what  day  he  should 
die  on.  "When  the  fixed  stars  have  made  a  revolution  unto 
the  points  from  whence  they  first  set  out,  some  of  the  an- 
cients thoi^ht  the  world  would  have  an  end ;  which  was  a 
kind  of  dying  upon  the  day  of  his  nativity.  Now  the  dis- 
ease prevailing  and  swiftly  advancing  about  the  time  of  his 
nativity,  some  were  of  opinion  that  he  would  leave  the  world 
on  the  day  he  entered  mto  it :  but  this  being  a  lingering 
disease,  and  creeping  softly  on,  nothing  critical  was  found  or 
expected,  and  he  died  not  before  fifteen  days  after.  Nothing 
is  more  common  with  infants  than  to  die  on  the  day  of  their 
nativity,  to  behold  the  worldly  hours,  and  but  the  fractions 
thereof;  and  even  to  perish  before  their  nativity  in  the 
hidden  world  of  the  womb,  and  before  their  gooa  angel  is 
conceived  to  undertake  them.  But  in  persons  who  out-live 
many  years,  and  when  there  are  no  less  than  three  hundred 
and  sixty-five  days  to  determine  their  lives  in  every  year ; 
that  the  first  day  should  make  the  last,  that  the  tail  of  the 
snake  should  return  into  its  mouth  precisely  at  that  time, 
and  they  should  wind  up  upon  the  day  of  their  nativity,^  is 
indeed  a  remarkable  comcidence,  which,  though  astrology 
hath  taken  witty  pains  to  salve,  yet  hath  it  been  very  wary 
in  making  predictions  of  it. 

In  this  consumptive  condition  and  remarkable  extenuation, 
he  came  to  be  almost  half  himself,  and  left  a  great  part  be- 
hind him,  which  he  carried  not  to  the  grave.  And  though 
that  story  of  Duke  John  Emestus  Mansfield  ^  be  not  so 
easily  swallowed,  that  at  his  death  his  heart  was  found  not 
to  be  so  big  as  a  nut ;  yet  if  the  bones  of  a  good  skeleton 
weigh  little  more  than  twenty  pounds,  his  inwards  and  flesh 
remaining  could  make  no  boufiage,^  but  a  light  bit  for  the 
grave.     I  never  more  lively  beheld  the  starved  characters  of 

*  nativity, 1    According  to  tke  Egyptian  hieroglyphic 

*  J<^n  Ernetftw  Mam^fildJ]    Turkish  history. 
'  houffageJ]    Probably  firom  Im^e,  inflation. 


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70  LiTfBB  TO  ▲  fkhitd; 

Dante^  in  any  living  face ;  an  aruspex  might  have  read  a 
lecture  upon  him  without  exenteration,  hiB  flesh  being  bo 
oonsumed,  that  he  might,  in  a  manner,  haye  discerned  his 
bowels  without  opening  of  him :  so  that  to  be  carried,  serti 
eervicef  to  the  grave,  was  but  a  civil  unnecessity ;  and  the 
complements  ofthe  cofi&n  might  outweigh  the  subject  of  it. 

Onmibonus  Ferraritu^  in  mortal  dysenteries .  of  children 
looks  for  a  spot  behind  the  ear :  in  consumptive  diseases 
some  eye  the  complexion  of  moles  *,  Cardan  eagerly  views 
the  nails,  some  the  lines  of  the  hand,  the  thenar  or  muscle 
of  the  thumb ;  some  are  so  curious  as  to  observe  the  d^h 
of  the  throat-pit,  how  the  proportion  varieth  of  the  small  of 
the  legs  unto  the  calf,  or  the  compass  of  the  neck  unto  the 
circumference  of  the  head :  but  all  these,  with  many  more, 
were  so  drowned  in  a  mortal  visage,  and  last  face  of  Hip- 
pocrates, that  a  weak  physiognomist  might  say  at  fint 
eye,  this  was  a  face  of  earth,  and  that  Mortif  had  set  her 
liard  seal  upon  his  temples,  easil^r  perceiving  what  eariea- 
turcfi  draughts  death  makes  upon  pined  faces,  and  unto  what 
an  unknown  degree  a  man  may  Hve  backward. 

Though  the  beard  be  only  made  a  distinction  of  sex,  and 
sign  of  masculine  heat  by  TJhmuf  yet  the  precocity  and 
early  growth  thereof  in  him,  was  not  to  be  liked  in  reference 
unto  long  life.  Lewis,  that  virtuous  but  imfortunate  king 
of  Hungary,  who  lost  his  life  at  the  battle  of  Mohacz,  was 
said  to  be  bom  without  a  skin,  to  have  bearded  at  fifteen, 
and  to  have  shown  some  grey  hairs  about  twenty;  from 
whence,  the  diviners  conjectured  that  he  would  be  spoiled  of 
his  kingdom,  and  have  but  a  short  life:  but  hairs  make 
iallible  predictions,  and  manytemples  early  grey  have  out- 
lived the  psalmist's  period.^  Hairs  which  have  most  amused 
me  have  not  been  in  the  &ce  or  head,  but  on  the  back,  and 
not  in  men  but  children,  as  I  long  ago  observed  in  that  en- 
demial  distemper  of  little  children  in  Languedoc,  called  the 

*  Dante.]  In  the  poet  Dante's  description. 

*  aextd  oemcej    i.e.  '*hj  six  persons." 

*  Ommb(mm  PerraHmJ]    DeAforbiaPueramm, 
7  iforta.]    Morta,  the  de%  of  death  or  &te. 

*  cariccUtwa,]  When  men's  &ces  are  drawn  with  resemblance  to 
some  other  animals,  the  Italians  call  it,  to  be  drawn  tn  cario(akmi. 

*  Ulnvu8.]    Ulmus  de  ut»  haarba  kumanat, 

^  jperiod.]    Thelileof  amanis  threenwoieandten. 


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IiET!EXS  TO  JL  TBJXWSh  71 

morgellonSy^  wherein  they  criticaJly  break  out  with  harsh 
hairs  on  their  backs,  which  takes  off  the  miquiet  symp- 
toms of  Uie  disease,  and  deliyers  them  firom  coughs  and 
eonyulsions.^ 

The  !E^yptiaa  mummies  that  I  haye  seen,  have  had  their 
mouths  open,  and  somewhat  gaping,  which  offordeth  a  good 
oppoitunity  to  view  and  observe  their  teeth,  wherein  'tis 
not  easy  ±o  find  any  wanting  or  decayed ;  and  therefore  in 
Egypt,  where  one  man  practised  but  one  operation,  or  the 
diseases  but  of  single  parts,  it  must  needs  be  a  barren  pro- 
fession to  confine  unto  that  of  drawing  of  teeth,  and  httle 
better .  than  to  have  been  tooth-drawer  unto  King  Pyrrhus,^ 
who  had  but  two  in  his  head.  How  the  baayans  of  India 
maintain  the  integrity  of  those  parts,  I  find  not  particularly 
observed ;  who  notwithstanding  have  an  advantage  of  their 
preservation  by  abstaining  &om  all  flesh,  and  employing 
their  teeth  in  such  food  unto  which  they  may  seem  at  first 
framed,  from  their  figure  and  conformation :  but  sharp  and 
corrodiDg  rheums  had  so  early  mouldered  those  rocks  and 
hardest  parts  of  his  fabric,  that  a  man  might  well  conceive 
that  his  years  were  never  like  to  double  or  twice  tell  over 
his  teeth.^  Corruption  had  dealt  more  severely  with  them 
than  sepulchral  fires  and  smart  flames  with  those  of  burnt 
bodies  of  old ;  for  in  the  burnt  fragments  of  urns  which 
I  have  enquired  into,  although  I  seem  to  find  few  inetsors 
or  shearers,  yet  the  dog  teeth  and  grinders  do  notably  resist 
those  fiies.^ 

'  morgdhm.]    See  Pieatus  de  BhmmaHtmo, 

*  etmrnUawiM,]  The  following  ocoim  in  MS,  SUxm.  1862  :— '<  Though 
kun  afford  but  &lUble  oonjectnres,  yet  we  cannot  but  take  notice  of 
then.  They  grow  not  equally  on  bodies  after  death :  women's  skuIlB 
alfoid  moss  as  well  as  mea%  and  the  bent  I  have  seen  was  upon  • 
woman's  skull,  taken  up  and  laid  in  a  room  after  twenty-five  yean' 
buriaL  Though  the  skm  be  made  the  place  of  ham,  yet  sometimes 
they  are  found  on  the  heart  and  inward  parts.  Theptic»  or  glu^  locks 
happen  unto  both  sexes,  and  being  cut  off  will  come  again :  but  they 
are  wary  of  catting  off  the  same,  for  fear  of  head-a^e  and  other  diseases^" 
^MS.  Sloam,  1862. 

*  King  Pffrrhm^J  His  ui^r  and  lower  jaw  being  woM,  and  w^houi 
distinct  rows  of  teeth. 

^  leetM    Twieetell  orer  his  teeth,  noTsr  live  to  threescore  yeara^ 

*  Jires.j    In  the  if5.  Slocm,  1862,  occurs  the  following  paragraph  :— 
''Aifoctioiihadso  bUndedsome  efhia  meaarest  relatuMS,  as  to  letaiA 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


72  LETTIB  TO  A  TBHITD. 

In  the  years  of  his  childhood  he  had  languished  under 
the  disease  of  his  country,  the  rickets ;  after  which,  not- 
withstanding, many  have  become  strong  and  active  men ; 
but  whether  any  luive  attained  unto  very  great  years,  the 
disease  is  scarce  so  old  as  to  afford  good  observation. 
Whether  the  children  of  the  English  plantations  be  subject 
imto  the  same  infirmity,  may  be  worth  the  observing. 
Whether  lameness  and  halting  do  still  increase  among  the 
inhabitants  of  Bovigno  in  Istna,  I  know  not ;  yet  scarce 
twenty  years  ago  Monsieur  du  Loyr  observed  that  a  third  part 
of  that  people  halted :  but  too  certain  it  is,  that  the  rickets 
encreaseth  among  us ;  the  small-pox  grows  more  pernicious 
than  the  great :  the  king's  purse  Knows  that  the  king's  evil 
grows  more  common.  Quartan  agues  are  become  no  stran- 
gers in  Ireland ;  more  common  and  mortal  in  England :  and 
though  the  ancients  gave  that  disease^  very  good  words,  yet 
now  that  bell  makes  no  strange  sound  which  rings  out  for 
the  effects  thereof.® 

some  hope  of  a  postliiniiiioiiB  liie,  and  that  he  might  oome  to  life  agaioy 
and  therefore  would  not  have  him  cofi&ned  before  the  third  day.  Some 
such  yirbiasses  [so  in  M.S.],  I  confess,  we  find  in  story,  and  one  or  two 
I  remember  myself,  but  they  lived  not  long  afler.  Some  contingent 
reanimations  are  to  be  hoped  in  diseases  wherein  the  lamp  of  life  is 
but  puffed  out  and  seemingly  choaked,  and  not  where  the  oil  is  quite 
spent  and  exhausted.  Though  Nonnus  will  have  it  a  fever,  yet  of  what 
diseases  Lazarus  first  died,  is  uncertain  from  the  text,  as  his  second 
death  from  good  authentic  history ;  but  since  some  persons  conceived  to 
be  dead  do  sometimes  return  again  unto  evidence  of  life,  that  miracle 
was  wisely  managed  by  our  Saviour ;  for  had  he  not  been  dead  four 
days  and  under  corruption,  there  had  not  wanted  enough  who  would 
have  cavilled  [at]  the  same,  which  the  scripture  now  puts  out  of  doubt : 
and  tradition  also  confirmeth,  that  he  lived  thirty  years  after,  and  being 
pursued  by  the  Jews,  came  by  sea  into  Provence,  by  Marseilles,  with 
Maiy  Magdalen,  Maximinus,  and  others ;  where  remarkable  places 
oarry  their  names  unto  this  day.  But  to  arise  from  the  grave  to  return 
again  into  it,  is  but  an  uncomfortable  reviction.  Few  men  would  be 
content  to  cradle  it  once  again  ;  except  a  man  can  lead  his  second  life 
better  than  the  first,  a  man  may  be  doubly  condemned  for  living  evilly 
twice,  which  were  but  to  make  the  second  death  in  scripture  the  third, 
and  to  accumulate  in  the  punishment  of  two  bad  livers  at  the  last  day. 
To  have  performed  the.duty  of  corruption  in  the  grave,  to  live  again  as 
&r  from  sin  as  death,  and  arise  like  our  Saviour  lor  ever,  are  the  only 
satisfihctions  of  well-weighed  expectations." 

^  disease.]  'Acr^aXecrraroc  ^al  ^tfiirrog,  securissima  et  fecillima.— 
Sippoe. 

*  that  hell,  4fe.]  Pro  febre  quartana  raro  sonat  campana.  The  fol- 
lowing paragraph  occurs  here  in  MS.  Sloan,  1862 : — 


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LXTTXB  TO  ▲  ntBlTD.  73 

Some  think  there  were  few  consuinptionB  in  the  old 
world,  when  men  lived  much  upon  milk;  and  that  the 
ancient  inhahitants  of  this  island  were  less  troubled  with 
coughs  when  they  went  naked  and  slept  in  caves  and  woods, 
than  men  now  in  chambers  andfeatherbeds.  Plato  will  teU 
lis,  that  there  was  no  such  disease  as  a  catarrh  in  Homer's 
time,  and  that  it  was  but  new  in  Greece  in  his  age. 
Polydore  Virgil  delivereth  that  pleurisies  were  rare  in  Eng- 
land, who  lived  but  in  the  days  of  Henry  the  Eighth. 
Some  vnll  allow  no  diseases  to  be  new,  others  think  that 
many  old  ones  are  ceased:  and  that  such  which  are 
esteemed  new,  will  have  but  their  time:  however,  the 
mercy  of  Gh>d  hath  scattered  the  great  heap  of  diseases, 
and  not  loaded  any  one  country  with  all :  some  may  be  new 
in  one  country  which  have  been  old  in  another.  New  dis- 
coveries of  the  earth  discover  new  diseases :  for  besides  the 
common  swarm,  there  are  endemial  and  local  infirmities 
proper  unto  certain  regions,  which  in  the  whole  earth  make 
no  small  nimiber :  and  if  Asia,  AMca,  and  America,  should 
bring  in  their  list.  Pandora's  box  would  swell,  and  there 
must  be  a  strange  patholo^. 

Most  men  expected  to  find  a  consumed  kell,*  empty  and 
bladder-like  guts,  livid  and  marbled  lungs,  and  a  withered 
pericardium  in  this  exsuccous  corpse :  but  some  seemed  too 
much  to  wonder  that  two  lobes  of  his  lungs  adhered  unto 
his  side ;  for  the  like  I  have  often  found  in  bodies  of  no 
suspected  consumptions  or  difficulty  of  respiration.  And  the 
same  more  often  happeneth  in  men  than  other  animals: 
and  some  think  in  women  than  in  men :  but  the  most  re- 
markable I  have  met  with,  was  in  a  man,  after  a  cough  of 
almost  fifty  years,  in  whom  all  the  lobes  adhered  unto  the 
pleura,^  and  each  lobe  unto  another ;  who  having  also  been 

"  Some  I  observed  to  wonder  how,  in  his  consumptive  state,  his  hair 
held  on  so  well,  without  that  oonfliderable  deflnvium  which  is  one  of  the 
last  symptoms  in  such  diseases ;  but  they  took  not  notice  of  a  mark  in 
liis&oe,  which  if  he  had  lived  was  a  probable  security  against  baldness 
0f  the  observation  of  Aristotle  will  hold,  that  persons  are  less  apt  to  be 
bald  who  are  double-chinned),  nor  of  the  various  and  knotted  veins  in 
his  legs,  which  they  that  have,  in  the  same  author's  assertions,  are  less 
disposed  to  baldness.  (According  as  Theodorus  Gaza  renders  it :  though 
Scfdiger  renders  the  text  otherwise.)" 

'  heU,]    The  caul,  or  omentum, 

>  j^ewra.]    So  A.  F. 

Digitized  by  VjOOQIC 


74  LBTTBB  TO  A  VJOXXD* 

mucli  troubled  with  the  gout,  brake  the  rule  oi  Cardan,^ 
aad  died  of  the  stone  in  the  bhidder.  Aristotle  makes  a 
query,  why  some  animals  cough,  as  man ;  some  not,  aa  oxen. 
If  coughing  be  taken  as  it  consisteth  of  a  natural  and  volun- 
tary motion,  including  expectoration  and  spitting  out,  it 
may  be  as  proper  unto  man  as  bleeding  at  the  nose ;  other- 
wise we  find  that  Yegetius  and  rural  writers  haye  not  lefb 
so  many  medicines  in  yain  against  the  coughs  of  cattle ; 
and  men  who  perish  by  coughs  die  the  death  of  sheep,  cats, 
and  lions :  and  though  bii^  have  no  midriff,  yet  we  meet 
with  divers  remedies  in  Arrianus  against  the  coughs  of 
hawks.  And  though  it  might  be  thought  that  all  animals 
who  have  lungs  do  cough ;  yet  in  cetaceous  fishes,  who  have 
large  and  strong  lungs,  the  same  is  not  observed ;  nor  yet 
in  oviparous  quadrupeds :  and  in  the  greatest  thereof  the 
crocodile,  although  we  read  much  of  their  tears,  we  find 
nothing  of  that  motion. 

From  the  thoughts  of  deep,  when  the  soul  was  conceived 
nearest  unto  divinity,  the  ancients  erected  an  art  of  divina- 
tion, wherein  while  they  too  widely  expatiated  in  loose  and 
inconsequent  conjectures,  Hippocrates^  wiselv  considered 
dreams  as  they  presaged  alterations  in  the  body,  and  so 
afforded  hints  toward  the  preservation  of  health,  and  pre* 
vention  of  diseases ;  and  therein  was  so  serious  as  to  advise 
alteration  of  diet,  exercise,  sweating,  bathing,  and  vomiting; 
and  abo  so  religious  as  to  order  prayers  and  supplications 
unto  respective  deities,  in  good  dreams  unto  Sot  Jupiter 
coDlestis,  Jupiter  opulentus,  Minerva,  Mercurius,  and  ApoUo ; 
in  bad  unto  TeUus  and  the  heroes. 

And  therefore  I  could  not  but  take  notice  how  his  female 
fiiends  were  irrationally  ciurious  so  strictly  to  examine  his 
dreams,  and  in  this  low  state  to  hope  for  the  phantasms  of 
health.  He  was  now  past  the  healthful  dreams  of  the 
sun,  moon,  and  stars,  in  their  clarity  and  proper  courses. 
*Twas  too  late  to  dream  of  flying,  of  limpid  fountains^ 
smooth  waters,  white  vestments,  and  fruitful  green  trees, 

'  CardomA  Cardan  in  his  Encomium  Podagra  reckoneth  this  among 
the  Ikma  Podagra,  that  they  are  delivered  thereby  from  the  phthuda 
and  stone  in  the  bladder. 

'  ffyppocraUi,']    Hippoc.  de  InBommU, 

Digitized  by  CjOOQIC 


LETTEB  TO  A  ITBIXin).  75 

whidi  are  the  yiGdcms  of  healthful  sleeps,  and  at  good  distance 
from  the  gniTe. 

And  they  were  also  too  deeply  dejected  that  he  should 
dream  of  ms  dead  friends,  inconsequentlj  diyining,  that  he 
▼odd  not  be  long  from  them ;  for  strange  it  was  not  that 
he  should  sometimes  dream  of  the  dead,  whose  thoughts 
nm  always  upon  death ;  beside,  to  dream  of  the  dead,  so 
ikefj[  appear  not  in  dark  habits,  and  take  nothing  away  from 
OS,  in  Hippocrates'  sense  was  of  good  signification :  for  we 
lire  by  the  dead,  and  every  thing  is  or  must  be  so  before  it 
becomes  our  nourishment.  And  Cardan,  who  dreamed  that 
be  discoursed  with  his  dead  father  in  the  moon,  made 
thereof  no  mortal  interpretation :  and  even  to  dream  that 
we  are  dead,  was  no  condemnable  phantasm  in  old  oneiro- 
mticism,  as  having  a  signification  of  liberty,  vacuity  from 
cares,  exemption  and  freedom  from  troubles  unknown  unto 
the  dead. 

Some  dreams  I  confess  may  admit  of  easy  and  feminine 
exposition ;  he  who  dreamed  that  he  could  not  see  his  right 
shoulder,  might  easily  fear  to  lose  the  sight  of  his  right  eye; 
he  that  before  a  journey  dreamed  that  his  feet  were  cut  off, 
had  a  plain  warning  not  to  undertake  his  intended  journey. 
But  why  to  dream  of  lettuce  should  presage  some  ensuing 
disease,  why  to  eat  figs  should  signify  foolish  talk,  why  to 
eat  eggs  great  trouble,  and  to  dream  of  blindness  should  be 
so  highly  commended,  according  to  the  oneiroeritieal  verses 
of  Astrampsychus  and  Nicephorus,  I  shall  leave  unto  your 
divination. 

He  was  willing  to  quit  the  world  alone  and  altogether, 
leanng  no  earnest  behmd  him  for  corruption  or  after-grave, 
having  small  content  in  that  common  satis£Ekction  tp  survive 
or  Hve  in  another,  but  amply  satisfied  that  his  disease  should 
die  with  himself,  nor  revive  in  a  posterity  to  puztle  physic, 
and  make  sad  mementos  of  their  parent  hereditary.  Leprosy 
awaken  not  sometimes  before  forty,  the  gout  and  stone  often 
hrf»r ;  but  consumptive  and  tabid^  roots  sprout  more  early, 
and  a^  the  fairest  make  seventeen  years  of  our  life  doubtful 
hefore  that  age.    They  that  enter  the  world  with  original 

*  tabid,]  Tabe*  maxime  (xmtinguxit  ab  anno  deeimo  octavo  ad  trigesi- 
mom  qmntnm. — ffi^^poe* 


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76  IiBTTIB  TO  A  FBISirD. 

diseases  as  well  as  sin,  have  not  only  common  mortality  but 
sick  traductions  to  destroy  them,  make  commonly  short 
courses,  and  live  not  at  length  but  in  figures ;  so  that  a 
sound  Cesarean  nativity^  may  out-last  a  natural  birth,  and 
a  knife  may  sometimes  make  way  for  a  more  lasting  froit 
than  a  midwife ;  which  makes  so  few  infants  now  able  to 
endure  the  old  test  of  the  river,^  and  many  to  have  feeble 
children  who  could  scarce  have  been  married  at  Sparta,  and 
those  proyident  states  who  studied  strong  and  healthful 
generations  ;  which  happen  but  contingently  in  mere  pecu- 
niary matches  or  marriages  made  by  the  candle,  wherein 
notwithstanding  there  is  little  redress  to  be  hoped  firom 
an  astrologer  or  a  lawyer,  and  a  good  discerning  physician 
were  like  to  prove  the  most  successful  coimsellor. 

Julius  Scaliger,  who  in  a  sleepless  fit  of  the  gout  could 
make  two  hundred  verses  in  a  night,  would  have  but  five^ 
plain  words  upon  his  tomb.  And  this  serious  person, 
though  no  minor  wit,  lefb  the  poetry  of  his  epitapn  unto 
others :  either  unwilling  to  commend  himseli  or  to  be 
judged  by  a  distich,  and  perhaps  considering  how  unhappy 
great  poets  have  been  in  versifying  their  own  epitaphs : 
wherein  Petrarca,  Dante,  and  iiiosto,  have  so  unhappily 
failed,  that  if  their  tombs  should  out-last  their  works,  pos- 
terity would  find  so  little  of  Apollo  on  them,  as  to  mistake 
them  for  Ciceronian  poet£(. 

In  this  deliberate  and  creeping  progress  unto  the  grave, 
he  was  somewhat  too  young  and  of  too  noble  a  mind,  to  fall 
upon  that  stupid  symptom  observable  in  divers  persons  near 
their  journey's  end,  and  which  may  be  reckoned  among  the 
mortal  symptoms  of  their  last  disease ;  that  is,  to  become 
more  narrow-minded,  miserable,  and  tenacious,  unready  to 
part  with  anything,  when  they  are  ready  to  part  with  all, 
and  afraid  to  want  when  they  have  no  time  to  spend; 
meanwhile  physicians,  who  know  that  many  are  mad  but  in 
a  single  depraved  imagination,  and  one  prevalent  decipiency ; 

'  a  90und  Ccesarecm  natwity.]  A  sound  child  cut  out  of  the  body  of 
the  mother. 

'  river.]  Natos  ad  flumina  primum  deferimuB  ssBYoque  gelu  duramus 
et  undis. 

*  ^  but  fiveJ]  JuHi  GesariB  Soaligeri  quod  ftdt. — Jotepk,  SccMger  in 
vkapatria. 


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LSTTBB  TO  A  TBHIID,  77 

and  that  beside  and  out  of  such  single  deliriums  a  man  may 
meet  with  sober  actions  and  good  sense  in  bedlam ;  cannot 
but  smile  to  see  the  heirs  and  concerned  relations  gratu- 
Iftting  themselves  on  the  sober  departure  of  their  firiends  ; 
and  though  the^  behold  such  mad  covetous  passages,  content 
to  think  they  die  in  good  understanding,  and  in  their  sober 
senses. 

Avarice,  whicb  is  not  only  infidelity  but  idolatiy,  either 
from  covetous  progeny  or  questuary  education,  had  no  root 
in  bis  breast,  who  made  good  works  the  expression  of  his 
faith,  and  was  big  with  desires  unto  public  and  lasting 
charities;  and  surely  where  good  wishes  and  charitable 
intentions  exceed  abilities,  theorical  beneficency  may  be 
more  than  a  dream.  They  build  not  castles  in  the  air  who 
would  build  churches  on  earth :  and  though  they  leave  no 
such  structures  here,  may  lay  good  foundations  m  heaven. 
In  brief,  his  life  and  death  were  such,  that  I  could  not 
blame  them  who  wished  the  like,  and  almost  to  have  been 
himself;  almost,  I  say;  for  though  we  may  wish  the  pro- 
sperous appurtenances  of  others,  or  to  be  another  in  his 
nappy  accidents,  yet  so  intrinsical  is  every  man  unto  himself, 
that  some  doubt  may  be  made,  whether  any  would  exchange 
bis  being,  or  substantially  become  another  man. 

He  had  wisely  seen  the  world  at  home  and  abroad,  and 
thereby  observed  under  what  variety  men  are  deluded  in  the 
pursuit  of  that  which  is  not  here  to  be  found.  And  although 
be  bad  no  opinion  of  reputed  felicities  below,  and  appre- 
hended men  widely  out  in  the  estimate  of  such  happiness 
yet  his  sober  contempt  of  the  world  wrought  no  Demo- 
critism  or  Cynicism,  no  laus^hing  or  snarling  at  it,  as  well 
understanding  there  are  not  lelicities  in  this  world  to  satisfy 
a  serious  mind ;  and  therefore,  to  soften  the  stream  of  our 
lives,  we  are  fain  to  take  in  the  reputed  contentions  of  this 
world,  to  unite  with  the  crowd  in  their  beatitudes,  and  to 
make  ourselves  happy  by  consortion,  opinion,  or  co-existi- 
mation :  for  strictly  to  separate  from  received  and  customary 
felicities,  and  to  confine  unto  the  rigour  of  realities,  were  to 
contract  the  consolation  of  our  beings  imto  too  uncom- 
fortable circumscriptions. 

Not  to  fear  death,®  nor  desire  it,  was  short  of  his  reso- 

*  death,]    Stimmum  nee  metuas  dieip  nee  opies. 


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78  XITTXB  TO  A.  7XIK]r]>« 

lution :  to  be  dissolved,  and  be  with  Chiist,  yn»  bis  dying 
ditty.  He  conceived  his  thread  long,  in  no  long  course 
of  years,  and  when  be  had  scarce  ont-lived  the  second  life  of 
Lazarus  ;^  esteeming  it  enough  to  approach  the  years  of  bis 
Saviour,  who  so  or&red  his  own  human  state,  as  not  to  be 
old  upon  earth. 

But  to  be  content  with  death  may  be  better  than  to 
desire  it ;  a  miserable  life  may  make  us  wish  for  death,  but 
a  virtuous  one  to  rest  in  it ;  which  is  the  advantage  of  those 
resolved  Christians,  who  looking  on  death  not  only  as  the 
sting,  but  the  period  and  end  of  sin,  the  honzoa  and 
isthmus  between  this  life  and  a  better,  and  the  death  of  this 
world  but  as  a  nativity  of  another,  do  contentedly  submit 
unto  the  common  necessity,  and  envy  not  Enoch  or  Elias. 

Not  to  be  content  with  Hfe  is  the  unsatis&ctory  state  of 
those  who  destroy  themselves;^  who  being  afraid  to  live, 
run  blindly  upon  their  own  death,  which  no  man  fears  by 
experience :  and  the  stoics  had  a  notable  doctrine  to  take 
away  the  fear  thereof;  that  is,  in  such  extremities,  to  desire 
that  which  is  not  to  be  avoided,  and  wish  what  might  be 
feared  ;  and  so  made  evils  voluntary,  and  to  suit  with  their 
own  desires,  which  took  off  the  terror  of  them. 

But  the  ancient  martyrs  were  not  encouraged  by  such 
fallacies ;  who^  though  they  feared  not  death,  were  afraid  to 
be  their  own  executioners ;  and  therefore  thought  it  more 
wisdom  to  crucifv  their  lusts  than  their  bodies,  to  cir- 
cumcise than  stab  their  hearts,  and  to  mortify  than  kill 
themselves. 

His  willingness  to  leave  this  world  about  that  age,  when 
most  men  think  they  may  best  enjoy  it,  though  paradoxical 
unto  worldly  ears,  was  not  strange  unto  mine,  who  have  so 
often  observed,  that  many,  though  old,  ofb  stick  £ist  unto  the 
world,  and  seem  to  be  drawn  like  Cacus's  oxen,  backward, 
with  great  stru|;gling  and  reluctancy  unto  the  grave.  The 
long  habit  of  hving  makes  mere  men  more  luurdly  to  part 

'  Lazanu.]  Who  upon  some  accounts,  and  tradition,  is  said  to  ksve 
lived  thirty  years  after  he  was  raised  by  our  Saviour. — Baroniua, 

1  themsdves,]  In  the  speech  of  Yulteius  in  Lucan,  animating  his 
soldiers  in  a  great  struggle  to  kill  one  another. — "  Becemite  lethum,  et 
metus  omnis  abest,  cupias  quodcunque  necesse  est."  "All  fear  is  over, 
do  but  resolve  to  die,  .and  make  your  desires  meet  necessity.'* 


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LSTTBB  TO  A.  lltlXKB.  79 

wiHi  life,  and  all  to  be  nothing,  but  what  is  to  come.  To 
Hye  at  the  rate  of  the  old  world,  when  some  conld  scarce 
remember  themselyes  young,  may  afiford  no  better  digested 
death  than  a  more  moderate  period.  Many  would  have 
thought  it  an  happiness  to  have  had  their  lot  of  life  in  some 
notable  conjimctures  of  ages  past ;  but  the  uncertainty  of 
future  times  hath  tempted  few  to  make  a  part  in  ages  to 
come.  And  surely,  he  that  hath  taken  the  true  altitude  of 
iMogs,  and  rightly  calculated  the  degenerate  state  of  this 
age,  is  not  like  to  envy  those  that  shall  live  in  the  next, 
much  less  three  or  four  hundred  years  hence,  when  no  man 
can  comfortably  imagine  what  face  this  world  will  carry: 
and  therefore  since  every  age  makes  a  step  unto  the  end  of 
all  things,  and  the  scripture  affords  so  .hard  a  character  of 
the  last  times;  quiet  minds  will  be  content  with  their 
generations,  and  rather  bless  ages  past,  than  be  ambitious  of 
those  to  come. 

Though  age  had  set  no  seal  upon  his  &ce,  yet  a  dim  eye 
might  clearly  discover  fifty  in  his  actions ;  and  therefore, 
since  wisdom  is  the  grey  hair,  and  an  imspotted  life  old  age; 
although  his  years  came  short,  he  might  have  been  said  to 
have  held  up  with  longer  livers,  and  to  have  been  Solomon' s^ 
old  man.  And  surely  if  we  deduct  all  those  days  of  our 
life  which  we  might  wish  unlived,  and  which  abate  the 
comfort  of  those  we  now  live ;  if  we  reckon  up  only  those 
days  which  God  hath  accepted  of  our  lives,  a  life  of  good 
years  will  hardly  be  a  span  long :  the  son  in  this  sense  may 
out-live  the  father,  and  none  be  climacterically  old.  He 
that  early  arriveth  imto  the  parts  and  prudence  of  age,  is 
happily  old  without  the  uncomfortable  attendants  of  it; 
and  'tis  superfluous  to  live  unto  grey  hairs,  when  in  a  pre- 
cocious temper  we  anticipate  the  virtues  of  them.  In  brief, 
he  cannot  be  accounted  young  who  out-Hveth  the  old  man. 
He  that  hath  early  arrived  unto  the  measure  of  a  perfect 
stature  in  Christ,  hath  abeady  fulfilled  the  pilme  and 
longest  intention  of  his  being :  and  one  day  lived  after  the 
perfect  rule  of  piety,  is  to  be  preferred  before  sinning 
nnmortality. 

Although  he  attained  not  unto  the  years  of  his  prede- 

•  iSWomonV]  .  Wiadom,  cap.  iv. 

Digitized  by  VjOOQI^ 


8Q  LSTTBB  TO  A  FBIEKD. 

cessors,  yet  he  wanted  not  those  preserving  virtues  which 
confirm  the  thread  of  weaker  constitutions.  CatUeUnu 
chastity  and  craftfi  sobrie^  were  far  from  him ;  those  jewels 
were  paragon^  without  daw,  hair,  ice,  or  cloud  in  him: 
which  affords  me  a  hint  to  proceed  in  these  good  wishes, 
and  few  mementos  unto  you. 

%*  The  rest  of  this  letter  served  as  the  basis  for  his  bu^r  work,  the 
Christian  MordU,  in  which  haying,  with  some  few  alterations,  been  in- 
cluded, it  is  here  omitted. 


EIH)   or   LETTEB  TO  A  FBIEKI). 


yGoogk 


CHRISTIAN   MORALS. 

PUBUBHED  FBOM  THE  ORIOINAL  AND   OOBBECT  MANUSOBIFT  OF  THE 
AUTHOB, 

BY    JOHN    JEFFEBY,     D.D. 

ABOHOIAOOV    or   irOBlTlOH. 

i 

WITH    HOTBS    ADDED    TO    THE    SECOND    EDITION, 

BY  DR.  JOHNSON. 

rOURTH  XDITIOir.  ' 


OBI6INALLT  PUBLISHED  IN 
1716. 


VOL.  ni. 


yGoogk 


yGoogk 


EDITOR'S   PREFACE. 


The  origmaL  edition  of  the  CnBiSTiAiir  Mobals,  by  ApcIi- 
deaoon  Jeffery,  was  printed  at  Cambridge,  in  1716 ;  and  is 
one  of  the  rarer  of  Sir  Thomas's  detached  works.  Dodsley, 
in  1756,  brought  out  a  new  edition,  with  additional  notes,  and 
a  life  by  Dr.  Johnson.  It  has  been  said  that  Dr.  Johnson 
inserted  in  the  IMera/ry  Magazine  a  review  of  the  work,  but 
I  hare  not  been  able  to  find  it.  The  sixth  volume  oi  Memoirs 
of  Literature  contains  a  meagre  account  of  the  Posthumous 
Works,  but  no  notice  of  the  Christian  Morals. 

The  latter  portion  of  the  Letter  to  a  Friend  is  incorporated 
in  various  parts  of  the  Christian  Morals ;  except  some 
passages,  which  are  given  in  notes  to  the  present  edition ; 
together  with  some  various  readings  from  MSS.  ia  the 
British  Museum. 


a  2 

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yGoogk 


t^mm 


TO  THB  BIGHT  HONOUBABLI 

DAVID,    EAEL    OF    BUCHAN, 

Tiscouirr  avchtsbhousb,  lokd  gakdkoss  akd  olbndotachib,  om  of  n» 

hOMDB  COMMISSIOWSBS   OV  POLICB,  AND  I.OKD   LISimNAMT  OV  TBI 
COUNTIBS  09  8TIBI.IN0  AND  CLACKMANNAN,  IN  NOBTH  BBXTAIN. 

Mt  LoBDy — ^The  honour  you  have  done  our  fiunily  obligeth 
US  to  make  bQ.  just  acknowledgments  of  it :  and  there  is  no 
fonn  of  acknowledgment  in  our  power,  more  worthy  of  your 
lordship's  acceptance,  than  this  dedication  of  the  last  work 
of  our  honoured  and  learned  father.  Encouraged  hereunto 
by  the  knowledge  we  have  of  your  lordship's  judicious  relish 
M  uniyersal  learning,  and  sublime  virtue,  we  beg  the  favour 
of  your  acceptance  of  it,  which  will  very  much  oblige  our 
family  in  general,  and  her  in  particular,  who  is. 

My  Lord, 

Your  lordship's  most  humble  Servant, 

Elizabeth  Lxttletoit. 


yGoogk 


THE   PREFACE. 


If  any  one,  after  he  haa  read  Eeligio  Medici,  and  the 
ensuing  discourse,  can  make  doubt  whether  the  same  person 
was  the  author  of  them  both,  he  may  be  assured,  by  the 
testimony  of  Mrs.  Littleton,  Sir  Thomas  Browne's  daughter, 
who  livett  with  her  father  when  it  was  composed  by  him  ; 
and  who,  at  the  time,  read  it  written  by  his  own  hand;  and 
also  by  the  testimony  of  others  (of  whom  I  am  one)  who 
read  the  manuscript  of  the  author,  immediately  after  his 
death,  and  who  have  since  read  the  same ;  from  winch  it  hath 
been  faithfully  and  exactly  transcribed  for  the  press.  The 
reason  why  it  was  not  printed  sooner  is,  because  it  was  un- 
happily lost,  by  being  mislaid  among  other  manuscripts,  for 
which  search  was  lately  made  in  the  presence  of  the  Lord 
Archbishop  of  Canterbuiy,  of  which  his  Grace,  by  letter, 
informed  Mrs.  Littleton,  when  he  sent  the  manuscript  to 
her.  There  is  nothing  pnnted  in  the  discourse,  or  in  the 
short  notes,  but  what  is  found  in  the  orimial  manuscript  of 
the  author,  except  only  where  an  oversight  had  made  the 
addition  or  transposition  of  some  words  necessary. 

JOHK  jErFEBY, 

Archdeacon  of  Norwid^ 


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CHRISTIAN    MORALS. 


PAET  THE  ITBST. 

Teeai>  softly  and  circumspectly  ia  this  fonambulatory 
track*  and  narrow  path  of  goodness :  pursue  virtue  virtu- 
oasly  :^  leaven  not  good  actions,  nor  render  virtue  disputable. 
Stain  not  fair  acts  with  foul  intentions ;  maim  not  upright- 
ness by  halting  concomitances,  nor  circumstantially  cteprave 
sabstantial  goodness. 

Consider^  whereabout  thou  art  in  Cebes's^  table,  or  that 
old  philosophical  pinax*  of  the  life  of  man :  whether  thou 
art  yet  in  the  road  of  uncertainties  ;  whether  thou  hast  yet 
entered  the  narrow  gate,  got  up  the  hill  and  asperous  way, 
▼hich  leadeth  unto  the  house  of  sanity ;  or  taken  that  puri- 
fying potion  from  the  hand  of  sincere  erudition,  which  may 
Bend  thee  clear  and  pure  away  unto  a  virtuous  and  happy 
fife. 

In  this  virtuous  voyage  of  thy  life  hull  not  about  like  the 
aik,  without  the  use  of  rudder,  mast,  or  sail,  and  bound  for 
BO  port.  Let  not  disappointment  cause  despondency,  nor 
difficulty  despair.     Think  not  that  you  are  sailing  from  Lima 

*  fwnambuUUory  trade,}  Narrow,  like  the  walk  of  a  rope-dancer. — 
Dr./. 

*  Tread,  iecJ\  This  sentence  begins  the  doainff  reflections  to  the 
letter  to  a  Friend,  which  were  afterwards  amplified  into  the  Chriatian 
Mcralt,  and  therefore  have  been  omitted  as  duplicate  in  the  present 
edition. 

'  Contider,  Jkc]  The  remainder  of  this  section  comprises  the  second 
and  third  paragraphs  of  the  dosing  reflections  to  the  Letter  to  a  Friend. 

*  Cebe^M  td^."]  The  table  or  picture  of  Cebes,  an  allesorical  repre> 
Motation  of  the  characters  and  conditions  of  mankind  ;  which  is  trans- 
lated by  Mr.  Collier,  and  added  to  the  Meditatiofu  ofAntonvnm. — Dr.  J, 

*  fimax.]    Picture.— Dr.  /. 


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88  OHBISTIAK  MOBALS, 

to  Manilla,^  when  jou  may  fasten  up  the  rudder,  and  sleep 
before  the  wind ;  but  ezpeeb  rough  seas,  flaws/  and  contrary 
^blasts :  and  'tis  well,  if  by  many  cross  tacks  and  veerings, 
you  arrive  at  the  port ;  for  we  sleep  in  lions'  skins^  in  our 
progress  unto  virtue,  and  we  slide  not  but  climb  unto  it. 

Sit  not  down  in  the  popular  forms  and  common  level  of 
virtues.  Offer  not  only  peace-offerings  but  holocausts  unto 
Gbd :  where  all  is  due  make  no  reserve,  arid  cut  not  a  cum- 
min-seed with  the  Almighty :  to  serve  Him  singly  to  serve 
ourselves,  were  too  partial  a  piece  of  piety,  not  like^  to  place 
us  in  the  illustrious  mansions  of  glory. 

Sect,  ii.^ — ^Eest  not  in  an  ovation*  but  a  triumph  over 
thy  passions.  Let  anger  walk  hanging  down  the  head ;  let 
malice  go  manacled,  and  envy  fettered  afber  thee.  Behold 
within  thee  the  long  train  of  thy  trophies,  not  without 
thee.  Make  the  quarrelling  Lapithytes  sleep,  and  Centaurs 
within  He  quiet.^    Chain  up  the  unruly  legion  of  thy  breast. 

*  Ovation,  a  petty  and  minor  kind  of  triumph. 

'  lAma  to  McmUla.']  Orer  the  Pacific  Ocean,  in  the  course  of  the 
ship  which  now  sails  from  Acapulco  to  Manilla,  perhaps  formerly  from 
Lima,  or  more  properly  from  Callao,  Lima  not  being  a  sea-port. — Dr.  J. 

^  flaws.]    Sudden  gusts  or  violent  attacks  of  bad  weather. — Dr.  J. 

^  ImCs  shvns,  <fec.]  That  is,  in  armour,  in  a  state  of  military  vigi- 
lance. One  of  the  Grecian  chiefii  used  to  represent  open  force  by  £e 
lion's  skin,  and  policy  by  the  fox's  tail. — Dr.  J. 

»  Uke.]    Likely. 

'  Sect,  n.]  The  first  and  last  two  sentences  compose  par.  17th  of 
closing  reflections  to  the  Letter  to  a  Friend.  The  succeeding  par.  (18)  is 
given  here,  having  been  omitted  in  the  Christicm  MoraU : — "  Give  no 
quarter  unto  those  vices  which  are  of  thine  inward  family,  and,  having 
a  root  in  thy  temper,  plead  a  right  and  propeiiy  in  thee.  Examine  weU 
thy  complezional  inclinations.  Kaise  early  batteries  against  those 
strongholds  built  upon  the  rock  of  nature,  and  make  this  a  great  part 
of  the  militia  of  thy  life.  The  politic  nature  of  vice  must  be  opposed 
by  policy,  and  therefore  wiser  honesties  project  and  plot  against  sin ; 
wherein  notwithstanding  we  are  not  to  rest  in  generals,  or  the  trite 
stratagems  of  art :  that  may  succeed  with  one  temper  which  may  prove 
successless  with  another.  There  is  no  community  or  commonwealth  of 
virtue  ;  every  man  must  study  his  own  economy,  and  erect  these  rules 
unto  the  figure  of  himself." 

•  MaJce  the  quaarelling,  <fcc.]  That  is,  thy  turbulent  and  irasdble 
passions.    For  the  Lapithytes  and  Centaurs,  see  Ovid. — Dr,  J. 


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OHBISTIAir  3C0BALS.  89 

Lead  thine  own  captivity  captive,  and  be  Gffisar  within 
thjself.* 

Sect,  m.^ — He  that  is  chaste  and  continent  not  to  impair 
his  strength,  or  honest  for  fear  of  contagion,  will  hardly  be 
heroically  virtuous.  .  Adjourn  not  this  virtue  until  that 
temper  when  Cato*  coula  lend  out  his  wife,  and  impotent 
satyrs  write  satires  upon  lust ;  but  be  chaste  in  thy  flaming 
days,  when  Alexander  dared  not  trust  his  eyes  upon  the  &ir 
sisters  of  Darius,  and  when  so  many  think  there  is  no  other 
way  but  Origen's.* 

Sect,  rv.* — Show  thy  art  in  honesty,  and  lose  not  thy 
Tirtue  by  the  bad  managery  of  it.  Be  temperate  and  sober ; 
not  to  preserve  your  body  in  an  ability  for  wanton  ends  ;  not 
to  avoid  the  infamy  of  common  transgressors  that  way,  and 
thereby  to  hope  to  expiate  or  palliate  obscure  and  closer 
Tices  ;  not  to  spare  your  purse,  nor  simply  to  enjoy  health ; 
hut,  in  one  word,  that  thereby  you  may  truly  serve  Gbd, 
which  every  sickness  will  tell  you  you  cannot  well  do  with- 
out health.  The  sick  man's  sacrifice  is  but  a  lame  oblation. 
Pious  treasures,  laid  up  in  healthful  days,  plead  for  sick 
non-performances ;  without  which  we  must  needs  look  back 
with  anxiety  upon  the  lost  opportunities  of  health ;  and  may 

*  Who  is  said  to  have  castrated  himself. 

•  tkyadf.']  In  MS.  Sloan.  1848,  I  met  with  the  following  passa^, 
which  may  be  fitly  introduced  as  a  continuation  to  this  section  : — "  To 
restrain  the  rise  of  extravagances,  and  timely  to  ostracise  the  most  over- 
growing enormities  makes  a  calm  and  quiet  state  in  the  dominion  of 
ourselves,  for  vices  have  their  ambitions,  and  will  be  above  one  another; 
Imt  though  many  may  possess  us,  yet  is  there  commonly  one  that  hath 
the  dominion  over  us ;  one  that  lordeth  over  all,  and  the  rest  remain 
daves  unto  the  humour  of  it.  Such  towering  vices  are  not  to  be  tem- 
porally ezostradsed,  but  perpetually  exiled,  or  rather  to  be  served  like 
the  rank  poppies  in  Tarquin's  garden,  and  made  shorter  by  the  head  ; 
£>r  the  sharpest  arrows  are  to  be  let  fly  against  sdl  such  imperious  vices, 
which,  neither  enduring  priority  or  equality,  Gsesarean  or  Pompeian 
primi^y  must  be  absolute  over  all ;  for  tiiese  6pprobriously  denominate 
US  here,  and  chiefly  condemn  us  hereafter,  and  will  stand  in  capital 
letters  over  our  heads  as  the  titles  of  our  sufferings/' 

*  Sect,  m.]  The  4th  paragraph  of  closing  reflections  to  the  Letter  to 
a  Friend. 

•  CtUoJ]  The  censor,  who  is  fi:equently  confounded,  and  by  Pope, 
amongst  others,  with  Cato  of  TJtica. — Dr.  J. 

*  Sbct.  iy.]  Except  the  first  sentence,  this  section  concludes  the  first 
pangraph  of  the  concluding  reflections  of  Letter  to  a  Friend. 


yGoogk 


90  CHBISTIAK   MOSALS. 

have  cause  rather  to  envy  than  piir  the  ends  of  penitent 
public  sufferers,  who  go  with  healthful  prayers  unto  the  last 
scene  of  their  lives,  and  in  the  integrity  of  their  faculties^ 
return  their  spirit  unto  Q-od  that  gave  it. 

Sect.  t. — Be  charitable  before  wealth  make  thee  covetous, 
and  lose  not  the  glory  of  the  mite.  K  riches  increase,  lel^ 
thy  mind  hold  pace  with  them ;  and  think  it  not  enough  to 
be  liberal,  but  munificent.  Though  a  cup  of  cold  water  from 
some  hand  may  not  be  without  its  reward,  yet  stick  not  thou 
for  wine  and  oil  for  the  wounds  of  the  distressed ;  and  treat 
the  poor,  as  our  Saviour  did  the  multitude,  to  the  reliques 
of  some  baskets.^  Diffuse  thy  beneficence  early,  and  while 
thy  treasures  call  thee  master  j  there  may  be  an  atropos^  of 
thy  fortunes  before  that  of  thy  life,  and  thy  wealth  cut  off 
before  that  hour,  when  all  men  shall  be  poor ;  for  the  justice 
of  death  looks  eaually  upon  the  dead,  and  Charon  expects 
no  more  from  Alexander  than  from  Irus. 

Sect.  vi. — G^ive  not  only  unto  seven,  but  also  unto  eight, 
that  is,  unto  more  than  many.*  Though  to  give  xinto  every 
one  that  asketh  may  seem  severe  advice,t  yet  give  thou  also 
before  asking ;  that  is,  where  want  is  silently  clamorous,  and 
men's  necessities  not  their  tongues  do  loudly  call  for  thy 
mercies.  For  though  sometimes  necessitousness  be  dumb, 
or  misery  speak  not  out,  yet  true  charity  is  sagacious,  and 
will  find  out  hints  for  beneficence.  Acquaint  thyself  with 
the  physiognomy  of  want,  and  let  the  dead  colours  and  first 
lines  of  necessity  suffice  to  teU  thee  there  is  an  object  for 
thy  bounty.  Spare  not  where  thou  canst  not  easily  be 
prodigal,  and  fear  not  to  be  imdone  by  mercy ;  for  since  he 
who  hath  pity  on  the  poor  lendeth  unto  the  Almighty  re- 
warder,  who  observes  no  ides^  but  every  day  for  his  payments, 

*  Ecclesiasticas.  +  Luke. 

^  <md  in  the  imtegrity,  <fcc.]    With  their  &culties  unimpaired. — Dr.  J, 
^  Be  cha/ritable,  <£;c.]     The  preceding  part  of  this  section  constitutes 
the  5th  paragraph  of  the  closing  reflections  of  Letter  to  a  Friend. 

>  cUropoa.]  Atropos  is  the  lady  of  destiny  that  cuts  the  thread  of 
life.— i)r.  /. 

'  ides,  dErc]  The  ides  was  the  time  when  money  lent  out  at  interest 
was  commonly  repaid. 

Foenerator  Alphius 
Suam  relegit  IdibuB  pecuniam, 
Querit  calendis  ponere. — HoB. — Dr,  J. 


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OHBISTIAlir  MOBAXB.  91 

charity  becomes  pious  usury,  Christian  liberality  the  most 
tliriying  industry ;  and  what  we  adventure  in  a  cockboat 
may  return  in  a  carrack  unto  us.  He  who  thus  casts  his 
bread  upon  the  water  shall  surely  find  it  again;  for  though 
it  falleth  to  the  bottom,  it  sinks  but  like  the  axe  of  the 
prophet,  to  rise  asain  unto  him. 

SicT.  vn.2 — If  avarice  be  thy  vice,  yet  make  it  not  thy 
punishment.  .Miserable  men  commiserate  not  themselves, 
Dowelless  unto  others,  and  merciless  unto  their  own  bowels. 
Let  the  fruition  of  things  bless  the  possession  of  them,  and 
think  it  more  satisfaction  to  live  richly  than  die  rich.  For 
since  thy  good  works,  not  thy  goods,  will  follow  thee ;  since 
wealth  is  an  appurtenance  of  life,  and  no  dead  man  is  rich ; 
to  famish  in  plenty,  and  live  poorly  to  die  rich,  were  a  multi- 
plying improvement  in  madness,  and  use  upon  use  in  folly. 

Sect,  vin.^ — Trust  not  to  the  omnipotency  of  gold,  and 
Bay  not  unto  it,  thou  art  my  confidence.  Eass  not  thy  hand 
to  that  terrestrial  sun,  nor  bore  thy  ear  unto  its  servitude. 
A  sLive  unto  mammon  makes  no  servant  unto  God.  Covet- 
ousness  cracks  the  sinews  of  faith ;  numbs  the  apprehension 
of  anything  above  sense ;  and,  only  affected  with  the  cer- 
tainty of  things  present,  makes  a  peradventure  of  things  to 
come ;  hves  but  unto  one  world,  nor  hopes  but  fears  another ; 
makes  their  own  death  sweet  unto  others,  bitter  unto  them- 
Behes;  brings  formal  sadness,  scenical  mourning,  and  no 
wet  eyes  at  the  grave. 

Sect,  ix.^ — ^Persons  lightly  dipt,  not  grained  in  generous 
honesty,^  are  but  pale  in  goodness,  and  faint  hued  in 
integrity.  But  be  thou  what  thou  virtuously  art,  and  let  not 
the  ocean  wash  away  thy  tincture.  Stand  magnetically  upon 
that  axis,*  when  prudent  simplicity  hath  fixt  there ;  and  let 

*  Sbcv.  vn.^  Paragraph  Tib  of  dosing  reflectionB  of  Letter  to  a 
friend. 

*  SBCfr.  vm.]  Paragraph  6th  of  dosing  reflections  to  the  Letter  to  a 
friend, 

*  Sect,  ix.]  Paragraph  8th  of  dosing  reflections  to  the  Letter  to  a 
friend, 

*  not  gramed  in  generous,  ^cJ]    Not  deeply  tinged,  not  dyed  in  grain. 

*  tkat  axis."]  That  is,  "with  a  position  as  immutable  as  that  of  the 
iDAgnetical  axis/'  which  is  popularly  supposed  to  be  invariably  paralld 
to  the  meridian,  or  to  stand  exactly  north  and  south. — Dr,  /. 


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92  OHBIBTLOr  HOBiXS. 

no  attraction  invert  the  poles  of  thy  honesty.  That  vice 
may  be  uneasy  and  even  monstrous  unto  thee,  let  iterated 
good  acts  and  long-confirmed  habits  make  virtue  almost 
natural,  or  a  second  nature  in  thee.  Siace  virtuous  super- 
structions  have  commonly  generous  foundations,  dive  mto 
thy  inclinations,  and  early  discover  what  nature  bids  thee  to 
be  or  teUs  thee  thou  mayest  be.  They  who  thus  timely 
descend  iato  themselves,  and  cultivate  the  good  seeds  which 
nature  hath  set  in  them,  prove  not  shrubs  but  cedars  in  their 
generation.  And  to  be  in  the  form  of  the  best  of  the  bad* 
or  the  worst  of  the  good,  will  be  no  satisfaction  unto  them. 

Sect.  x7 — ^Make  not  the  consequence  of  virtue  the  ends 
thereof.  Be  not  beneficent  for  a  name  or  cymbal  of  ap- 
plause ;  nor  exact  and  iust  in  commerce  for  the  advantages 
of  trust  and  credit,  which  attend  the  reputation  of  true  and 
punctual  dealiag :  for  these  rewards,  though  unsought  for, 
plain  virtue  will  bring  with  her.  To  have  other  by-ends  in 
good  actions  sours  laudable  performances,  which  must  have 
deeper  roots,  motives,  and  instigations,  to  give  them  the 
stamp  of  virtues.® 

Sect,  xi.^ — Let  not  the  law  of  thy  country  be  the  non 
ultra  of  thy  honesty ;  nor  think  that  always  good  enough 
which  the  law  will  make  good.  Narrow  not  the  law  of 
charity,  equity,  mercy.  Join  gospel  righteousness  with  legal 
right.  Be  not  a  mere  Gamaliel  m  the  faith,  but  let  the  ser- 
mon in  the  mount  be  thy  targum  unto  the  law  of  Sinai. ^ 

Sect.  xii. — ^Live  by  old  ethicks  and  the  classical  rules  of 

*  Optimi  malorum  pessimi  bononun. 

^  Sect,  x.]  Paragraph  10th  of  closing  reflections  to  the  LetUr  to  a 
Friend. 

*  virtues,']  The  following  (11th  par.  of  closing  reflections  to  the 
Letter,  <kc.)  seems  to  have  been  omitted  in  the  Christian  Morals: — 
"Though  human  infirmity  may  betray  thy  heedless  days  into  the  popu- 
lar ways  of  extravagancy,  yet  let  not  thine  own  depravity,  or  the  torrrait 
of  vicious  times,  carry  thee  into  desperate  enormities  in  opinions,  man- 
ners, or  actions  :  if  thou  hast  dipped  thy  foot  in  the  river,  yet  venture 
not  oyer  Btibicon ;  run  not  into  extremities  fix)m  whence  there  is  no 
regression,  nor  be  ever  so  closely  shut  up  within  the  holds  of  vice  and 
iniquity,  as  not  to  find  some,  escape  by  a  postern  of  recipiscency.' 

'  Sect,  xi.]  Paragraph  9th  of  closing  reflections  to  the  Letter  to  a 
Friend.  • 

'  tarffum,  dkc]    A  paraphrase  or  amplification. 


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CHBISTIAN  MOBALB.  93 

honestj.  Put  no  new  names  or  notions  upon  authentic 
Tirtues  and  yiees.^  Think  not  that  morality  is  ambulatory ; 
that  yices  in  one  age  are  not  vices  in  another ;  or  that  yirtues, 
which  are  under  the  everlasting  seal  of  right  reason,  may  be 
stamped  ij  opinion.  And  therefore,  though  vicious  tunes 
inyerfc  the  opinions  of  things,  and  set  up  new  ethicks  against 
virtae,  yet  hold  thou  unto  old  morality ;  and  rather  than  fol- 
low a  multitude  to  do  evil,  stand  like  Pompey's  pillar 
conspicuous  by  thysejf,  and  single  in  integrily.  And  since 
the  worst  of  times  afford  imitable  examples  of  virtue ;  since 
no  deluge  of  vice  is  like  to  be  so  general  but  more  than  eight 
will  escape  ;*  eye  well  those  heroes  who  have  held  their  heads 
above  water,  who  have  touched  pitch  and  not  been  defiled, 
and  in  the  common  contagion  have  remained  imoorrupted. 

Sbct.  im.4 — ^Let  age,  not  envy,  draw  wrinkles  on  thy 
cheeks ;  be  content  to  be  envied,  but  envy  not.  Emulation 
maj  be  plausible  and  indignation  allowable,  but  admit  no 
treaty  with  that  passion  which  no  circumstance  can  make 
good.  A  displacency  at  the  good  of  others  because  they 
enjoy  it,  though  not  unworthy  of  it,  is  an  absurd  depravity, 
sticking  fast  unto  corrupted  nature,  and  often  too  hard  for 
hnmili^  and  charity,  the  great  suppressors  of  envy.  ^  This 
rorely  is  a  lion  not  to  be  strangled  but  by  Hercules  himself, 
or  the  highest  stress  of  our  minds,  and  an  atom  of  that  power 
which  subdueth  all  things  unto  itself. 

Sect,  xtv.* — Owe  not  thy  humility  unto  humiliation  from 
adversity,  but  look  humbly  down  in  that  state  when  others 
look  upwards  upon  thee.  Think  not  thy  own  shadow  longer 
than.that  of  others,  nor  delight  to  take  the  altitude  of  thy- 
jeif.  Be  patient  in  the  age  of  pride,  when  men  live  by  short 
intervals  of  reason  under  the  dominion  of  humour  and  pas- 
won,  when  it's  in  the  power  of  every  one  to  transform  thee 

'  vices.]  From  M8,  Sloan,  1847,  the  following  clause  is  added : — 
"Tiank.  not  modesty  will  never  gild  its  like ;  fortitude  will  not  be 
^^gnded  into  audacity  and  foolhardiness  ;  liberality  will  not  be  put  off 
^^  the  name  of  prodigality,  nor  frugality  exchange  its  name  with 
Avarice  and  solid  parsimony^  and  so  our  vices  be  exalted  into  virtues." 

*  eight  will  eacape,]    Alluding  to  the  flood  of  Noah. 

\  Sect,  xm.]  Paragraph  1 8th  of  closing  reflections  to  the  Letter  to  a 
finend. 

'Sbct.  xiv.]   Paragraph  12th  of  closing  reflections  to  the  L^ter  to  a 


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94  CHSISTTAK  MOBAXS. 

out  of  thyself,  and  run  thee  into  the  short  madness.  If  you 
cannot  imitate  Job,  yet  come  not  short  of  Socrates,^  and 
those  patient  pagans  who  tired  the  tongues  of  their  enemies, 
while  they  perceived  they  spit  their  malice  at  brazen  walls 
and  statues. 

Sect,  xv.^ — Let  not  the  sun  in  Capricorn*  go  down  upon 
thy  wrath,  but  write  thy  wrongs  in  ashes.  Draw  the  curtain 
of  night  upon  injuries,  shut  them  up  in  the  tower  of  oblivion,t 
and  let  them  be  as  though  they  had  not  been.  To  forgive 
our  enemies,  yet  hope  that  God  will  punish  them,  is  not  to 
forgive  enougn.  To  forgive  them  ourselves,  and  not  to  pray 
Gk>d  to  forgive  them,  is  a  partial  piece  of  charity.  Forgive 
thine  enemies  totally,  and  without  any  reserve  that  however 
God  will  revenge  thee. 

Sect,  xvt.® — ^While  thou  so  hotly  disclaimest  the  devil, 
be  not  guilty  of  diabolism.  Fall  npt  into  one  name  with 
that  unclean  spirit,  nor  act  his  nature  whom  thou  so  much 
abhorrest ;  that  is,  to  accuse,  calumniate,  backbite,  whisper, 
detract,  or  sinistrously  interpret  others.  Degenerous  de- 
pravities, and  narrow-minded  vices !  not  only  below  St.  Paul's 
noble  Christian  but  Aristotle's  true  gentleman.  J  Trust  not 
with  some  that  the  epistle  of  St.  James  is  apocryphal,  and 
so  read  with  less  fear  that  stabbing  truth,  that  in  company 
with  this  vice  "  thy  religion  is  in  vain."     Moses  broke  the 

*  Even  when  the  days  are  shortest. 

t  Alluding  unto  the  tower  of  oblivion  mentioned  by  Prooopios, 
which  was  the  name  of  a  tower  of  imprisonment  among  the  Persians  : 
whoever  was  put  therein  was  as  it  were  buried  alive,  and  it  was  death 
for  any  but  to  name  him. 

t  See  Aristotle's  Ethics,  chapter  of  Magnanimity. 

«  Sooratea^li 

Dulcique  senez  vicinus  Hvmetto, 
Qui  partem  acceptse  sseva  inter  vinda  dcuts 
Accusatori  nollet  dare. — Juv. 
Not  so  mild  Thales,  nor  Chrysippus  thought ; 
Nor  the  good  man  who  drank  the  poisonous  chaught 
With  mind  serene,  and  could  not  wish  to  see 
His  vile  accuser  drink  as  deep  as  he : 
Exalted  Socrates ! — Cbebch. — Dr.  J. 
^  Sect,  xv.]    Paragraph  15th  of  closing  reflections  to  the  Letter  to  a 
Friend, 

*  Sbct.  XVI.]  Paragraph  14th  of  closing  xeflectioQA  to  the  letter  to  a 
Friend. 


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CHBISTIAIf  HOBALS.  95 

tables  without  breaking  of  the  law ;  but  where  charity  is 
broke,  the  law  itself  is  shattered,  which  cannot  be  whole 
without  love,  which  is  "  the  fulfilling  of  it."  Look  humbly 
upon  thy  Tirtues ;  and  though  thou  art  rich  in  some,  yet 
think  thyself  poor  and  naked  without  that  crowning  grace, 
which  "  thinketh  no  evil,  which  envieth  not,  which  beareth, 
hopeth,  believeth,  endureth  all  things."  With  these  sure 
graces,  while  busy  tongues  are  crying  out  for  a  drop  of  cold 
water,  mutes  may  be  in  happiness,  and  sing  the  trisagion*  in 


Sect.  xvtt. — ^However  thy  understanding  may  waver  in 
the  theories  of  true  and  false,  yet  fasten  the  rudder  of  thy 
will,  steer  straight  unto  good  and  fall  not  foul  on  evil.  Ima- 
gination is  apt  to  rove,  and  conjecture  to  keep  no  bounds. 
Some  have  run  out  so  far,  as  to  iancy  the  stars  might  be  but 
the  light  of  the  crystalline  heaven  shot  through  perforations 
on  the  bodies  of  the  orbs.  Others  more  ingeniously  doubt 
whether  there  hath  not  been  a  vast  tract  of  land  in  the 
Atlantic  ocean,  which  earthquakes  and  violent  causes  have 
long  ago  devoured.*  Speculative  misapprehensions  may  be 
innocuous,  but  immorahty  pernicious  ;  theoretical  mistakes 
and  physical  deviations  may  condemn  our  judgments,  not 
lead  us  into  judgment.  But  perversity  of  will,  immoral  and 
sinful  enormities  walk  with  Adraste  and  Nemesis^  at  their 
backs,  pursue  us  unto  judgment,  and  leave  us  viciously 
nuBerable. 

Sect.  xvin.. — ^Bid  early  defiance  unto  those  vices  which 
are  of  thine  inward  family,  and  having  a  root  in  thy  temper 
plead  a  right  and  propriety  in  thee.  Eaise  timely  batteries 
Against  thole  strongholds  built  upon  the  rock  of  nature,  and 
inake  this-  a  great  part  of  the  militia  of  thy  life.  Delude  not 
thyself  into  iniquities  from  participation  or  communitv, 
which  abate  the  sense  but  not  the  obliquity  of  them.  To 
conceive  sins  less  or  less  of  sins,  because  others  also  trans- 
gress, were  morally  to  commit  that  natural  fallacy  of  man, 

*  Hdy,  holy,  holy. 

'  dmmred,'\  Add  from  MS,  oix.  Bawl, — "Whether  there  hath  not 
heen  &  paaage  from  the  Mediterranean  into  the  Red  Sea,  and  whethm* 
the  ocean  at  first  had  a  paasaee  into  the  Mediterranean  by  the  straits  of 
Hercules." 

'  Adnute  and  Nemens,]    The  powers  of  vengeance. — Dr,  /. 


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96  CHBIBTIAir  MOBALB. 

to  take  comfort  from  society,  and  tlimk  adrersitiea  less 
because  others  also  suffer  them.  The  politic  nature  of  vice 
must  be  opposed  by  policy ;  and,  therefore,  wiser  honesties 
project  and  plot  against  it :  wherein,  notwithstanding,  we 
are  not  to  rest  in  generals,  or  the  trite  stratagems  of  art. 
That  may  succeed  with  one,  which  may  prove  succesBless 
with  another:  there  is  no  community  or  commonweal  of 
yirtue  :  every  man  must  study  his  own  economy,  and  adapt 
such  rules  unto  the  figure  of  nimself . 

Sect,  xix.^ — Be  substantially  great  in  thyself,  and  more 
than  thou  appearest  unto  others ;  and  let  the  world  be  de- 
ceived in  thee,  as  they  are  in  the  lights  of  heaven.  Sang 
early  plummets  upon  the  heels  of  pride,  and  let  ambition 
have  but  an  epicycle^  and  narrow  circuit  in  thee.  Measure 
not  thyself  by  thy  morning  shadow,  but  by  the  extent  of 
thy  grave :  and  reckon  thyself  above  the  earth,  by  the  line 
thou  must  be  contented  with  under  it.  Spread  not  into 
boundless  expansions  either  of  designs  or  desires.  Think 
not  that  mankind  liveth  but  for  a  few ;  and  that  the  rest  are 
bom  but  to  serve  those  ambitions,  which  make  but  flies  of 
men  and  wildernesses  of  whole  nations.  Swell  not  into 
vehement  actions  which  imbroil  and  confound  the  earth; 
but  be  one  of  those  violent  ones  which  force  the  kingdom  of 
heaven.*  If  thou  must  needs  rule,  be  Zeno's  king,^  and 
enjoy  that  empire  which  every  man  gives  him^elf.  He  who 
is  thus  his  own  monarch  contentedly  sways  the  sceptre  of 
himself,  not  envying  the  glory  of  crowned  heads  and  elohiau 
of  the  earth.  Could  the  world  unite  in  the  practice  of  that 
despised  train  of  virtues,  which  the  divine  ethics  of  our 
Saviour  hath  so  inculcated  upon  us,  the  fuhous  face  of 
things  must  disappear;  Eden  would  be  yet  to  .be  found, 

*  Matthew  xi. 
'  Sect,  xix.]    Paragraph  16th  of  closing  reflections  to  the  Zetier  to  a 

'  epicyde,']  An  epicycle  is  a  small  revolution  made  by  one  planet  in 
the  wider  orbit  of  another  planet.  The  meaning  is,  "  Let  not  ambiticm 
fo|m  thy  circle  of  action,  but  move  upon  ot£er  principles ;  and  let 
ambition  only  operate  as  something  extrinsic  and  adventitious." — Dr.  JL 

*  Zeno*8  kmg.j  That  is^  "  the  king  of  the  stoics,"  whose  founder  mw 
Zeno,  and  who  held^  that  the  wise  man  alone  had  power  and  royalty. — 
Dr.  J. 


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CHBISTIAK  MOSALS.  97 

and  the  angels  might  look  down,  not  with  pity,  but  joy 
upon  118. 

SiCT.  xufi — ^Thoujffh  the  quickness  of  thine  ear  were  able 
to  reach  the  noise  oi  the  moon,  which  some  think  it  maketh 
in  its  rapid.revolution ;  though  the  number  of  thy  ears  should 
equal  Argus's  eyes ;  yet  stop  them  all  with  the  wise  man's 
wax,*  and  be  deaf  unto  the  suggestions  of  tale-bearers, 
ealimmiators,  pickthank  or  malevolent  delators,  who,  while 
quiet  men  sleep,  sowing  the  tares  of  discord  and  division, 
distract  the  tranquillity  of  charity  and  all  friendly  society. 
These  are  the  tongues  that  set  the  world  on  fire,  cankers  of 
reputation,  and  like  that  of  Jonas's  gourd,  wither  a  good 
name  in  a  night.  Evil  spirits  may  sit  stiLl,  while  these 
spirits  walk  about  and  perform  the  business  of  hell.  To 
^k  more  strictly,  our  corrupted  hearts  are  the  factories 
of  the  devil,  which  may  be  at  work  without  his  presence : 
for  when  that  circumventing  spirit  hath  drawn  mahce,  envy, 
and  all  unrighteousness  unto  well-rooted  habits  in  his 
disciples,  iniquity  then  goes  on  upon  its  own  legs ;  and  if 
the  gate  of  hell  were  shut  up  for  a  time,  vicp  woiSd  still  be 
fertile  and  produce  the  fruits  of  hell.  Thus  when  God  for- 
sakes us,  Satan  also  leaves  us :  for  such  offenders  he  looks 
upon  as  sure  and  sealed  up,  and  his  temptations  then 
needless  unto  them. 

Sect.  xxt. — Annihilate  not  the  mercies  of  God  by  the 
oblivion  of  ingratitude ;  for  oblivion  is  a  kind  of  anmhila- 
tion;  and  for  things  to  be  as  though  they  had  not  been,  is 
like  unto  never  being.  Make  not  thy  head  a  grave,  but  a 
repository  of  Gt)d's  mercies.  Though  thou  hadst  the 
memory  of  Seneca  or  Simonides,  and  conscience  the  punctual 
memorist  within  us,  yet  trust  not  to  thy  remembrance  in 
things  which  need  phylacteries.-^   Eegister  not  only  strange. 


*  Sbct.  XX.]  The  first  part  of  this  section,  yaryiiig  slightly,  is  pre- 
*enred  in  MSS.  in  the  Bawlinson  collection  at  Oxford,  No.  dx.  It  is 
inmediately  followed,  witiiont  break,  by  the  whole  of  the  17th  section, 
with  dight  variations,  and  witii  the  addition  which  is  now  added  to  that 
ttction,  in  a  note  at  page  96. 

•  viae  nuuCs  wcuc,]  Alluding  to  the  story  of  Ulysses,  who  stopped 
"the  ears  of  his  companions  with  wax  when  they  passed  by  the  Sirens. 

^  fhifiaetenes,]    A  phylactery  is  a  writing  bound  upon  the  forehead 
TOL.  m.  H 


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99  CHBXSTIAN  KOBALS. 

but  i&^ciful  occucvenceB.  Let  Ephemendes  not  Olympiada^ 
give  thee  account  of  liis  mercies  :  let  thy  diaries  staad  thick 
with  dutiful  mementos  and  astenskB  of  &E;knowledgm<ent. 
And  to  be  complete  and  forget  nothing,  date  not  \m  merej 
£r(»n  thy  natiyit j ;  look  bejond  the  world,  aad  he&xe  the 
era  of  Adam. 

Sbot.  xxxi.-^Paint  not  the  sepulchre  of  thyself,  and  strire 
not  to  beautify  thy  corruption.  Be  not  an  advocate  for  thy 
.  vices,  nor  call  for  many  hour-glaases^  to  justify  thy  imper- 
fecti(His.  Think  not  that  always  good  which  thou  thinkest 
thou  canst  always  make  good,  nor  that  concealed  which  the 
sun  doth  not  behold :  that  which  the  sun  doth  not  now  see, 
will  be  visible  when  the  sun  is  out,  and  the  stars  are  fidlen 
firom  heav^.  Meanwhile  there  is  no  daitoess  unto  eon- 
science  ;  which  eaa  see  without  light,  and  in.  the  deepest 
obscurity  give  a  clear  draught  of  tUngs,  which  the  cbud  qf 
die^mulatian  hath  conceded  from  Si  eyes.  There  ia  a 
natural  standing  court  within  us,  examining,  acquitting,  and 
condemning  at  the  tribunal  of  ourselves ;  wherein  iiuquitiea 
have  their  natural  thetas^  and  no  noeent^  is  absolved  by  the 
verdict  of  himself.  And  therefore,  although  our  transgrecK 
sions  shall  be  tried  at  the  last  bar,  the  process  need  not  be 
long :  for  the  judge  of  all  knoweth  all,  and  every  jobh  will 
nakedly  know  himself;  and  when  so  few  sure  like  to  plead 
not  guilty,  the  assise  must  soon  have  an  end. 

Sect,  xxul — Comply  with  some  humours,  bear  v?ith 
others,  but  serve  none.  Civil  complacency  consists  with 
decent  honesty ;  flattery  is  a  juggler,  and  no  kin  unto  ain* 
cerity.  But  while  thou  maintainest  the  plain  palih,  and 
scomest  to  flatter  others,  fall  not  into  seu-adulati(m,  and 

coutainin^  something  to  be  kepi  constantly  in  mind.    This  wa»  prae^ 
tised  by  the  Jewish  doctors  with  regard  to  the  Mosaic  law. — Dr.  J. 

®  OlympiadA,  <jfcc.]  Particular  journals  of  every  day,  not  abstracts 
comprehending  several  years  under  one  notation.  An  Ephemeris  ia  a 
diary,  an  Olympiad  is  the  space  of  four  years.— -iV.  /. 

*  hov/r-glasses,  djc]  That  is,  "  do  not  speak  much  or  long  in  justifi- 
cation  of  thy  &ults.'  The  ancient  pleaders  talked  by  a  clepsydra,  or 
measurer  of  time. — Br,  J, 

*  thetas.]  8  a  theta  inscribed  upon  the  judge's  tessera  or  ballot  waa. 
a  mark  for  death  or  capital  condemnation. — Dr,  J. 

*  nocerU.]  Se 

Judice  nemo  nocens  absolvitur. — Juv.^^Z)^.  /. 


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CHBISTIAN  ICOBALS.  9§ 

kecome  not  thine  own  parasite.  Be  deaf  vaiio  thyself,  and 
be  not  hetmyed  at  home.  Self-credulity,  pride,  and  levity 
lead  mito  self-idolatry.  There  is  no  DamocleiB^  like  unto 
letf-opinion,  nor  any  syren  to  our  own  Dftwning  conceptions* 
To  magnify  our  minor  things,  or  hug  ourselves  in  our  appa- 
nkirais^  to  aff<»>d  a  credulous  ear  unto  the  clawing  sugges- 
tions^ of  tsaxey ;  to  pass  our  days  in  painted  mistakes  of 
wredvea ;  and  though  we  behold  our  own  blood,*  to  think 
wmdves  the  sons  of  Jupiter  ;*  are  blandishments  of  self- 
Jove,  worse  than  outward  delusion.  By  this  imposture,  wise 
loeii  sonaetimes  are  mistaken  in  tbeu*  elevation,  and  look 
tkre  themselTes.  And  fools,  which  are  antipodes^  unto  the 
TO,  eonoeive  themselves  to  be  but  their  perioeci,®  and  in 
^  same  parallel  with  them. 

^CT.  xxrv. — ^Be  not  a  Hearicules  furens  abroad,  and  a  pol- 
tioon  within  thyself.  To  chase  our  enemies  out  of  the  field, 
«»d  be  led  captive  by  our  vices ;  to  beat  down  our  foes,  and 
Ul  down  to  our  concupiscences ;  ax^  solecisms  in  moral 
Kbods,  and  no  laurel  attends  them.  To  well  manage  our 
•fetions,  and  wild  horses  of  Plato,  are  the  highest  eireen- 
'^^  and  the  noblest  di^ladiation^  is  in  the  theatre  of  our- 
Khee ;  fi)r  therein  our  inward  antagoniats,  not  only  like 
jnBBKm  gladiators,  with  ordinaty  wei^ns  and  downright 
mB  make  at  us,  but  also,  like  retiary  and  laqueary^  oom- 
^■fmts,  with  nets,  frauds,  and  entanglements  fall  upon  us. 
Weapons  for  such  combats,  are  not  to  be  forged  at  Liparo  :^ 

*  As  Alexander  the  Great  did. 

'  Iktnodes,]    Damocles  was  a  flatterer  ofBionjma, — Dr.  J. 

^  ^ipevitMMU.]    Appearances  without  realities. — Br,  J. 
^  dawing  auggestions,  ^c]     Tickling,  flatter!]^.     A  clawback  is  an 
om  word  for  a  flatterer.      Jewel  calls  some  writers  for  popery  "the 
Pipe's  dawi»cks."— Dr.  7. 

*  our  oton  blood,']  That  is,  "  though  we  bleed  when  we  are  wounded, 
^^xogh  we  find  in  onraelves  the  imperfections  of  humanity." — Br,  J. 

'«rtyod».]   Opposites.— i)r. /. 

*  feriaci.]    Only  placed  at  a  distance  in  the  same  line. — Br,  J. 
«wtBMBf.]    Circenses  were  Roman  horse  races. — Br,  J, 

'  d^iwitctfton.]     Fencing  match. — Br,  J, 
rrtiory  omd  lagwary.]      The  reiiariw  or  laqu£ariu8  was  a  prize- 
%^,  wilo  entangled  his  opponent  in  a  net,  which  by  some  dertwous 
■■'lajrement  he  threw  upon  nun. — Br.  J, 

'  Upara.l  Th«  liparaean  islands,  near  Italy,  being  volcanoes,  Were 
•Ned  to  contain  the  forges  of  the  Cyclops. — Br.  J.  * 

H  2 


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100  CHIIIBTIAK  3C0BALS. 

Vulcan's  art  dotli  nothing  in  this  internal  militia ;  wherdn 
not  the  armoiir  of  Achiues,  but  the  armature  of  St.  Paul, 
giyes  the  glorious  day,  and  triumphs  not  leading  up  into 
Capitols,  but  up  into  the  highest  heavens.  And,  therefore, 
while  so  many  think  it  the  only  valour  to  command  and 
nuister  others,  study  thou  the  dominion  of  thyself,  and  quiet 
thine  own  commotions.  Let  right  reason  be  thy  Lycurgus,^ 
and  hfb  up  thy  hand  unto  the  law  of  it :  move  by  the 
intelligences  of  the  superior  faculties,  not  by  the  rapt  of 
passion,  nor  merely  by  that  of  temper  and  constitution. 
They  who  are  merely  carried  on  by  the  wheel  of  sucli  indi- 
nations,  without  the  hand  and  guidance  of  sovereign  reason, 
are  but  the  automatons^  part  of  mankind,  rather  lived  than 
living,  or  at  least  underliving  themselves. 

Sect.  ixv. — Let  not  fortune,  which  hath  no  name  in 
scripture,  have  any  in  thy  divinity.  Let  providence,  not 
chance,  have  the  honour  of  thy  acknowledgments,  aiid  be 
thy  CEdipus  in  contingencies.  Mark  well  the  paths  and 
winding  ways  thereof;  but  be  not  too  wise  in  the  construc- 
tion, or  sudden  in  the  application.  The  hand  of  providence 
writes  often  by  abbreviatures,  hieroglyphics  or  short  charac- 
ters, which,  li^e  the  laeonism  on  the  wall,^  are  not  to  be 
made  out  but  by  a  hint  or  key  firom  that  spirit  which  indicted 
them.  Leave  future  occurrences  to  their  uncertainties, 
think  that  which  is  present  thy  own ;  and,  since  'tis  easier 
to  foretel  an  ecHpse  than  a  foul  day  at  some  distance,  look 
for  little  regular  below.  Attend  with  patience  the  uncer- 
tainty of  things,  and  what  lieth  yet  unexerted  in  the  chaos 
of  &.turity.  The  uncertainty  and  ignorance  of  things  to 
come,  makes  the  world  new  unto  u»  by  unexpected  emer- 
gencies ;  whereby  we  pass  not  our  days  in  the  trite  road  of 
affairs  affording  no  novity;  for  the  novelizing  spirit  of  man 
lives  by  variety,  and  the  new  faces  of  things. 

Sect,  xxvi. — ^Though  a  contented  mind  enlargeth  the  di- 
mension of  little  things  ;  and  unto  some  it  is  wealth  enough 
not  to  be  poor ;  and  others  are  well  content,  if  they  be  but 

.  *  Lycurgus.'i   Thy  lawgiver. 

^  auUmatousJ]  Moved  not  by  choice,  but  by  some  mechanical  im- 
pulse.— Dr.  J, 

*  lacomtm  on  the  wdU.]  The  short  sentence  written  on  the  wall  of 
Belshazzar.    See  JDnmnd^-^Dr,  J, 


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CHBISTIAK  MOBAXS*  '  101 

lich  enough  to  be  honest,  and  to  give  every  man  his  due : 
jet  &31  not  into  that  obsolete  affectation  of  braveiy,  to 
throw  away  thy  money,  and  to  reject  all  honours  or  honour^ 
able  stationB  in  this  courtly  and  splendid  world.  Old  gene- 
rosity is  superammated,  and  such  contempt  of  the  world  out 
of  date.  "No  man  is  now  like  to  refase  the  &YOur  of  ereat 
ones,  or  be  content  to  say  unto  princes, ''  Stand  out  of  my 
smi."^  And  if  any  there  be  of  such  antiquated  resolutions, 
th^  are  not  like  to  be  tempted  out  of  them  by  great  ones ; 
tmi  'tis  fair  if  they  escape  the  name  of  hypochondriacks  from 
the  genius  of  latter  times,  unto  whom  contempt  of  the 
world  is  the  most  contemptible  opinion;  and  to  be  able,  like 
Bias,  to  carry  all  they  hare  about  them  were  to  be  the 
aghth  wise  man.  However,  the  old  tetrick^  philosophers 
looked  always  with  indignation  upon  such  a  &ce  of  thmgs ; 
and  observing  the  unnatural  current  of  riches,  power,  and 
honour  in  the  world,  and  withal  the  imperfection  and  de* 
merit  of  persons  ofben  advanced  unto  them,  were  tempted 
unto  angry  opinions,  that  affairs  were  ordered  more  by  stars 
tiian  reason,  and  that  things  went  on  rather  by  lottery  than 
Section. 

8scT.  xivii. — If  thy  vessel  be  but  small  in  the  ocean'of 
tills  world,  if  meanness  of  possessions  be  thy  allotment  upon 
earth,  forget  not  those  virtues  which  the  great  disposer  of 
aU  bids  thee  to  entertain  from  thy  quality  and  condition ; 
tiiat  is,  submission,  humility,  content  of  mind,  and  industry. 
Content  may  dwell  in  all  stations.  To  be  low,  but  above 
contempt,  may  be  high  enough  to  be  happy.  But  many  of 
low  degree  may  be  Ingher  than  computed,  and  some  cubits 
j]>ove  the  common  commensuration ;  for  in  all  states  virtue 
^ves  qualifications  and  allowances,  which  make  out  defects* 
Sough  diamonds  are  sometimes  mistaken  for  pebbles ;  and 
meanness  may  be  rich  in  accomplishments,  which  riches  in 
man  desire.  K  our  merits  be  above  our  stations,  if  our 
intrinsical  value  be  greater  than  what  we  go  for,  or  our 
Tilue  than  our  valuation,  and  if  we  stand  higher  in  Gfod's, 
4han  in  the  censor's  book;^  it  may  make  some  equitable 

^  tiamd  &Ht  of  my  wn,]  The  answer  made  hy  Diogenes  to  Alexander, 
iriio  Mked  Mm  what  he  had  to  request. — Dr,  /. 

•  tetridc.]    Sour,  morose. — Dr,  /. 

'  censor's  book.]  The  hook  in  which  the  census^  or  account  of  eveiy 
I's  estate  was  registered  among  the  Romans. — Dr.  J. 

Digitized  by  VjOOQI^ 


102  ,€HBISTIiLK  MOBAL6. 

baknee  iir  the  inequalitieB  of  this  wcMrld,  and  thoe  maj  be 
no  such  yaet  chaam  or  golf  between  disparitieg  ae  common 
measures  detemune.  The  divine  eye  looks  upon  high  and 
low  differently  from  that  of  man.  They  who  ae^n  to 
stand  npon  Olympus,  and  high  mounted  unto  our  eyes,  may 
be  but  m  the  valleys,  and  low  ground  unto  his ;  for  ae  looki 
npon  those  as  highest  who  nearest  ap^woach  his  divimty, 
and  upon  those  as  lowest  who  are  farthest  from  it. 

SscT.  ULVin. — ^When  thou  lookest  upon  the  imperfectioiui 
of  others,  allow  one  eye  for  what  is  laudable  in  them,  and 
the  balance  they  have  from  some  excdleney,  which  may 
render  them  considerable.  While  we  loi^  with  fear  or 
hatred  upon  the  teeth  of  the  viper,  we  may  behold  his  eye 
with  love.  In  venomous  natures  s<»aething  may  be  taxaiUei 
poisons  afford  antipoisons :  nothing  is  totuly,  or  altogether 
usdessly  bad.  Notable  virtues  are  sometimes  da^ied  with 
notonous  viees,  and  in  some  vicious  tempers  have  beea  found 
jllnstrious  aets  of  virtue ;  which  makes  such  observable 
worth  in  some  aelaons  of  king  Demetrius,  Antoniiu,  and 
4Jiab,  as  are  not  to  be  found  in  the  same  krad  in  Anstides^ 
Numa,  or  David.  Constancy,  generosity,  clemency,  and 
liberality  hove  be^i  highly  conspicuous  in  some  persona  not 
mujied  out  in  other  eonc^ns  linr.  example  or  imitacticHi.  But 
since  goodness  is  etemplary  in  all,  if  others  have  not  ouf 
virtues,  let  us  not  be  wanting  in  theirs ;  nor  scorning  them 
for  th^  vices  whereof  we  are  free,  be  condemned  bj  tiidr 
virtues  wherein  we  are  defident.  There  is  dross,  allo^,  and 
embasement  iQ  all  human  tempers ;  and  he  filieth  without 
wings,  who  thinks  to  find  ophir  or  pure  metal  in  any.  Eor 
peifeetion  is  not,  like  light,  cent^^ed  in  any  one  body ;  h^ 
like  the  dimersed  semiiuditaes  id  vegetables  at  the  creatim, 
(Ksattered  through  the  whole  mass  of  the  earth,  no  plaee 
producing  all  arid  almost  all  some.  So  that  'tis  well,  if  a 
perfect  man  can  be  made  out  of  many  men,  and,  to  the  pe^ 
lect  eye  of  God,  even  out  of  mankind.  Tizne,  widdk  pexieda 
jsome  things,  imperfects  also  others.  Could  we  intimately  i^ 
prehend  the  ideated  man,  and  as  he  stood  in^tilie  intellect  of 
God  upon  the  first  exertion  by  creation,  we  might  more 
narrowly  comprehend  our  presoit  degenoration,  and  hov 
widely  we  are  fallen  from  the  pure  exemff^ar  and  idea  oi  our 
nature :  for  after  this  corruptive  elongation  from  a  primitiTQ 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


CHBlSTIAK  H0BAL6.  lOS 

vd.  pore  creation,  we  are  almost  lost  in  degeneration ;  and 
Adftm  hath  not  only  faQen  from  his  Creator,  but  we  OTn> 
selves  from  Adam,  onr  tycho  ^  and  primary  generator.^ 

Sect.  mx. — Quarrel  not  rashly  with  adversities  not  yet 
imderstood ;  and  ovexiook  not  the  mercies  often  bound  up  in 
tiiem :  for  we  considefr  not  sufficiently  the  good  of  eyils,  nor 
hirlj  compute  l^e  mercies  of  providenoe  in  thinjgs  afflktive 
tt  first  hand.  The  ftmoos  Ani&eas  Doria  bein^  invited  to  « 
feast  by  Aloymo  iFieschi,  with  design  to  kill  him,  just  the 
m^t  before  fell  mercifully  into  a  fit  of  the  gout,  and  so 
escq^  tiiat  mischief.  When  Cato  intended  to  kill  himself, 
from  a  blow  whieb  be  gave  his  servant,  who  would  not  reach 
Ms  sword  unto  him,  bis  hand  so  sw^Ied  that  be  bad  mucb 
<^  to  effect  bis  design.  Hereby  any  one  but  a  resolved 
stoic  might  have  taken  a  fair  hint  of  consideration,  and  that 
come  merciful  gemius  would  have  contrived  his  preservation. 
1^0  be  sagacious  in  such  interourrenoes  is  not  superstition, 
Init  wary  and  pious  dis<»?etion ;  and  to  contemn  such  bints 
were  to  be  deaf  unto  the  speaking  band  of  God,  wherein 
Socrates  and  Cardan^  would  nardly  have  been  mis^en. 

SscT.  XXX. — ^Break  not  <^en  the  gate  of  destruction,  and 
iBske  no  haste  or  bustle  imto  ruin.    Post  not  heedlessly 

'  ^]  '0  Tvxtv  qni  &Cit,  'Orix^v  qui  adeptns  esfc ;  he  tkat  mikes, 
«r  ha  that  possesses  ;  m  A4am  might  be  said  to  contain  within  him  the 
nee  of  nuuiindL— 2V.  /. 

'  generator.]  Add  from  MS,  Slocm.  1885,  the  following  passage  : — 
'^But  at  this  distance  and  elongation  we  dearly  know  that  depravity 
liath  overspread  us^  corruption  entered  like  oil  into  oar  bones.  Imper- 
^etums  upbraid  its  on  all  hands,  and  ignorance  stands  porting  at  us 
i&  every  comer  in  nature.  We  are  unknowing  in  thiags  which  £slU 
nnder  cognition,  yet  drive  at  that  which  is  above  our  comprehensioa.  We 
liAve  a  slender  knowledge  of  ouiselves,  and  much  less  of  Grod,  wherein 
fe  are  like  te  rest  untH  the  advantage  of  another  being ;  and  therefore 
h  Tarn  we  seek  to  satuify  our  souk  in  jdose  apitrehensiom  and  piercing 
^ries  of  thediyinity  even  £rom  the  divine  word.  Meanwhile  we  have 
&  liappy  sufficiency  in  our  ovni  natures,  to  apprehend  his  good  will  and 
pleasure ;  it  being  not  of  our  concern  or  capacity  from  thence  to  appre- 
^dor  reach  his  nature,  the  divine  revelation  in  such  points  being  not 
frtoed  unto  intellectuals  of  earth.  Even  the  angels  and  Bpiritshave 
^XN^h  to  admire  in  their  subGmer  created  natures  ;  admiration  being 
*e  act  of  the  creatare  and  not  of  Ood,  who  doth  no*  admire  hinwell" 

'  Socrates  and  Cardan.]  Socrates  and  Cardan,  perhaps  in  imitation 
«f  Mm,  talked  of  an  attendaxit  spirit  or  gemus,  that  hinted  frx«aa  tiaie  to 
time  how  they  should  act.— Dr.  /. 


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104  OHBISTIAlf  HOBALS. 

on  unto  the  non  ultra  of  foUj,  or  precipice  of  perdition. 
Let  yicious  ways  have  their  tropics^  and  deflections,  and 
swim  in  the  waters  of  sin  but  as  in  the  Asphaltick  kke,^ 
though  smeared  and  defiled,  not  to  sink  to  the  bottom. 
If  thou  hast  dipped  thy  foot  in  the  brink,  yet  venture  not 
oyer  Bubicon.^  K\m  not  into  extremities  from  whence 
there  is  no  regpression.  In  the  Ticious  ways  of  the  world 
it  mercifully  lalleth  out  that  we  become  not  extempore 
wicked,  but  it  taketh  some  time  and  pains  to  undo  oursefyes. 
"We  fall  not  from  yirtue,  like  Vulcan  from  heayen,  in  a  day. 
Bad  dispositions  require  some  time  to  grow  into  bad  habits ; 
bad  habits  must  undermine  good,  and  often-repeated  acts 
make  us  habitually  eyil :  so  that  by  gradual  deprayations, 
and  while  we  are  but  staggeringly  e^  we  are  not  left  with- 
out parenthesis  of  considerations,  thoughtful  rebukes,  aad 
merciful  interventions,  to  recall  us  unto  ourselves.  For  the 
wisdom  of  G-od  hath  methodized  the  course  of  thinsfs  imto 
the  best  advantage  of  goodness,  and  thinking  considerators 
overlook  not  the  tract  thereof. 

Sect.  zxxi. — Since  men  and  women  have  their  proper 
virtues  and  vices ;  and  even  twins  of  different  sexes  have 
not  only  distinct  coverings  in  the  womb,  but  differing 
qualities  and  virtuous  habits  after;  transplace  not  their 
proprieties,  and  confound  not  their  distinctions.  Let  maa- 
culme  and  feminine  accomplishments  shine  in  their  proper 
orbs,  and  adorn  their  respective  subjects.  However,  unite 
not  the  vices  of  both  sexes  in  one ;  be  not  monstrous  in 
iniquity,  nor  hermaphroditically  vicious. 

Sect,  xxxii. — ^If  generous  honesty,  valour,  and  plain 
dealing  be  the  cognisance  of  thy  family,  or  characteristic  of 
thy  country,  hold  fast  such  inclinations  sucked  in  with  thy 
first  breath,  and  which  lay  in  the  cradle  with  thee.  Fall  not 
into  transforming  degenerations,  whidh  under  the  old  name 
create  a  new  nation.     Be  not  an  alien  in  thine  own  nation; 


*  tropics.']  The  tropic  is  the  point  where  the  sun  turns  back. — Dr.  /. 

^  AsphalHek  lake.]  The  lake  of  Sodom  ;  the  waters  of  which  being 
very  salt,  and  therefore  heavy,  will  scarcely  suffer  an  animal  to  siiik.— 
Dr.  J. 

^  Rubicon.]  The  river,  by  crossing  which  Cassar  declared  war  against 
the  senate. — Dr.  J. 


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CHBIBTIAK   KOBiXS.  105 

bring  not  Orontes  into  Tiber  :^  learn  the  viitaes  not  the 
Tices  of  thy  foreign  neighbours,  and  make  thy  imitation  by 
discretion  not  contagion.  Peel  something  of  thyself  in  the 
noble  acts  of  thy  ancestors,  and  find  in  thine  own  genius 
that  of  thy  predecessors.  Best  not  under  the  expired  merits 
of  others,  shine  by  those  of  thy  oim.  Elame  not  like  the 
central  fire  which  enlighteneth  no  eyes,  which  no  man  seeth, 
and  most  men  think  there's  no  such  thing  to  be  seen. 
Add  one  ray  unto  the  common  lustre ;  add  not  only  to  the 
number  but  the  note  of  thy  generation ;  and  prove  not  a 
doud  but  an  asterisk^  in  thy  region. 

SscT.  xxxin. — Since  thou  lu^  an  alarum^  in  thy  breast, 
wludi  tells  thee  thou  hast  a  living  spirit  in  thee  aoove  two 
thousand  times  in  ai^  hour;  dull  not  away  thy  days  in 
slothful  supinity  and  the  tediousness  of  doing  nothing. 
To  strenuous  minds  there  is  an  inquietude  in  over  quiet-* 
ness,  and  no  laboriousness  in  labour ;  and  to  tread  a  mile 
tfter  the  slow  pace  of  a  snail,  or  the  heavy  measures  of  the 
hzj  of  Brazilia,^  were  a  most  tiring  penance,  and  worse  than 
&  race  of  some  fiirlongs  at  the  Olympics.^  The  rapid 
courses  of  the  heavenly  bodies  are  rather  imitable  by  our 
thoughts,  than  our  corporeal  motions;  yet  the  solemn 
motions  of  our  lives  amount  unto  a  greater  measure  than 
is  commonly  apprehended.  Some  few  men  have  surrounded 
the  globe  of  the  earth ;  yet  many  in  the  set  locomotions 
and  movements  of  their  days  have  measured  the  circuit  of 
it,  and  twenty  thousand  miles  have  been  exceeded  by  them. 
Move  circumspectly  not  meticulously,'  and  rather  carefully 
solicitous  than  anxiously  solicitudinous.  Think  not  there 
is  a  lion  in  the  way,  nor  walk  with  leaden  sandals  in  the 

^  Onnka  into  TiberA  In  Tiberim  defluzit  Orontes  :  "  Orontds  has 
i^led  her  stream  wiw  the  Tiber/'  says  Juvenal,  speaking  of  the  oon- 
fcenoe  of  foreigners  to  Borne. — Dr,  /. 

•oiteriafc.]    A  small  star.— Dr. /. 
,  '  o^onim.]     The  motion  of  the  heart,  which  beats  about  sixty  times 
in  a  minute  ;  or,  perhaps,  the  motion  of  respiration,  which  is  nearer  to^ 
the  mmiber  mentioned. — Dr,  J, 

^  hzy  of  BraMUa.'\  An  animal  called  more  commonly  the  sloth^ 
'^uch  is  said  to  be  several  days  in  cUmbing  a  tree. — Dr,  /. 

'  (%Rjnc8.]  The  Olympic  Games,  of  which  the  race  was  one  of  the 
cittet— i)r.  /. 

'  rwMlmily.'l    Timidly.—Dr.  /. 


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106  CHSIBTIAjr  KOBALS. 

paitiis  of  goodness ;  bat  in.  all  virtuaaB  motums  let  prudence 
determine  thy  measures.  Strive  not  to  run,  like  Hercules, 
a  furlong  in  a  breath :  festination  masf  prore  preeipitaticm ; 
detiberating  delay  may  be  wise  cunctation,  and  ftkywness  no 
slothMness. 

Sbct.  XXXIV. — Since  virtuous  adions  have  their  own 
trumpets,  and,  without  any  noise  from  thyself,  will  have 
their  resound  abroad;  bus^  not  thy  best  memb^  in  the 
encomium  of  thyself.  Praise  is  a  Aebt  we  owe  unto  the 
virtues  of  others,  and  due  unto  our  own  fpom  all,  whom 
malice  hath  not  made  mutes,  or  envy  strode  dumb.  Fall 
not,  however,  into  the  common  preraricating  way  of  self- 
eommendation  and  boasting,  by  deleting  the  imperfections 
of  others.  He  who  disoommendeth^others  obliqudy,  com- 
mendeth  himself.  He  who  whi^^ers  their  infimities,  pro* 
ckims  his  own  exenqitions  from  them ;  and,  consequently, 
says,  I  am  not  as  this  publican,  or  Mc  m^,*  whom  I  talk 
of.  Open  ostoitatioii  Bxtd.  loud  vain-glory  is  more  tolerable 
than  this  obliquilr,  as  but  oontaizdng  some  froi^,  no  ink ;  as 
but  consistLag  oi  a  p^*sonal  piece  &£  folly,  nor  complicated 
with  unehaoitabl^iess.^  Superfluously  we  se^  a  preeanous 
applause  abroad ;  every  good  man  hath  his  plouicUt^  within 
*  Hicnig€r  est,  banc  taKoDumecaveto. — ff^. 
This  man  is  vile ;  here,  Roman,  fix  your  nark ; 
His  soul  is  blsK^,  Mhii  complexion's  dariL. — Frcmcu. 

*  v,ntkairUaiblene88,]  Add  from  JfSL  SUmn.  1847  :->"  Tbffj  who  HkoB 
cloeely  and  whiq^eringly  calumniate  tke  absent  living,  ^nn  he  apt  to 
strayn  their  voyce  and  be  apt  to  be  loud  enough  in  in&my  of  ihe  dead ; 
wherein  there  should  be  a  dvil  amnesty  and  an  obHvion  concemine 
fhose  who  are  in  a  fiitate  where  all  things  are  forgotten ;  but  Solon  wiS 
make  us  ashamed  to  i^eak  evil  of  the  dead,  a  crime  not  actionable  in 
Christian  governments,  yet  hath  been  prohibited  by  Pagan  laws  and 
the  old  sanctions  of  Athens.  Many  pezBens  are  Hke  many  rivers,  whose 
mouths  are  at  a  vast  distance  from  their  heads,  liar  thdr  words  az«  as 
far  from  thdr  thoughts  as  Canopus  from  the  head  of  KiluB.  These  are 
of  the  former  of  those  men,  whose  puniahment  inDante*s  heU  is  to  look 
everlastingly  backward :  if  you  have  a  mind  to  laugh  at  a  man,  or  dis- 
parage the  judgment  of  any  one^  set  him  a  talking  of  things  to  come  or 
events  of  hercaiiier  contingency :  which  elude  the  cognition  of  such  an 
arrogate,  the  knowledge  of  them  whereto  the  ignocant  pretend  not,  and 
fte  learned  imprudently  fidll ;  wherein  men  seem  to  talk  bat  as  babea 
woidd  do  in  the  womb  of  their  mother,  of  the  things  of  the  world  which 
ihey  are  entering  into." 

^  plcmdit.]  Pkmdite  was  the  tenn  by  which  the  ancient  theatrical 
peiformers  solicited  a  clap. — J)r,  J, 


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Googk 


CHKISTIAir  XOSALB.  l07 

liimself ;  and  though  his  tongne  be  silent,  is  not  witbout 
load  cymbals  in  bis  breast.  Conscience  will  become  bis 
panegyrfet,  and  neyer  forget  to  crown  and  extol  bim  unto 
himself. 

Sect.  xxxv.^Bless  not  tbysdf  only  tbat  tbou  irert  bom 
in  Athens  ;*  but,  among  thy  multiplied  acknowledgments, 
lift  up  one  hand  unto  heaven,  that  thou  wert  bom  of  honest 
parents;  that  modesty,  humility,  patience,  and  veracity, 
lay  in  the  same  egg,  and  came  into  the  world  with  thee, 
irom  such  foundations  thou  mayst  be  happy  in  a  virtuous 
precocity,^  and  make  an  early  and  long  walk  in  goodness ; 
80  mayst  thou  more  naturally  feel  the  contrariety  of  vice 
Mto  nstore,  and  resist  some  by  the  antidote  of  thv  temper. 
As  charity  covers,  so  modesty  preventeth  a  multitude  of 
sins ;  withhdding  from  noon-day  vices  and  brazen-browed 
imquities,  £rom  sinning  on  the  house-top,  and  painting  our 
foUies  with  the  rays  of  1^  sun.  Wbere  this  virtue 
rsigneth,  though  vice  may  show  its  head,  it  cannot  be  in 
its  gloiT.  Where  shame  of  sin  sets,  look  not  for  virtue  to 
SiRfle ;  for  when  modesty  taketh  wing,  Astreaf  goes  soon 
after. 

Sect,  xrrvi. — ^The  herokal  vein  of  mankind  runs  much 
in  the  soldierj,  and  courageous  part  of  the  world ;  and  in 
^  form  we  oftenest  find  men  above  men.  Histcny  is  full 
of  the  gaUaxdry  of  that  tribe;  and  when  we  read  their 
notable  acts,  we  easily  find  what  a  diflferenoe  liaere  is  be- 
t^'cen  a  life  in  Plutarch^  and  in  Laertius.®  Where  lane 
fortitiide  dwells,  loyalty,  bounty,  j&iendship,  and  fidelity 
ouif  be  found.  A  man  may  ctrnMs  in  persons  constituted 
&r  noble  ends,  who  dare  do  azkd  suffer,  and  whofa»ve  ahand 
to  bum  for  ihw  country  and  their  friend.^  Small  as&d 
^■^ping  tiiiiigs  are  tiie  product  <^  petty  souls>  He  is  like 
to  be  mistaken,  who  isakea  dioiee  of  a  covetous  man  for 
a  friend,  or  relieth  upon  the  reed  of  narrow  and  poltroon 

*  As  Socrates  did.    Athens  »  place  of  learmng  and  cmlHj. 
t  Astrea,  goddess  of  justice  and  consequently  of  ail  vrrtne. 

'  pncoei^.]    A  npeness  pmceSmg  the  usual  time. — Dr.  J. 
J  PhUandiA    Who  wrote  the  lives,  for  tiie  most  part,  irf  wwthws.— 

■  laaUmi,]  Who  wrote  the  lives  of  phitosophers. — Ih'.  J, 
^  <mA  ^mrfriemd,']    Like  Mutius  Sc8eyola.--i>r.  J. 


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Googk 


108  CHEISTIiLN    MORALS. 

&ieiidsliip.  Pitiful  things  are  only  to  be  found  in  the  cot- 
tages of  such  breasts ;  but  bright  thoughts,  clear  deeds,  con- 
stuicy,  fidelity,  bounty,  and  generous  honesty  are  the  gems 
of  noble  minds ;  wherein,  to  derogate  from  none,  the  true 
heroic  English  gentleman  hath  no  peer. 


PAET  THE  SECOND. 

Sect.  i. — Punish  not  thyself  with  pleasure ;  glut  not  thy 
sense  with  palative  delights ;  nor  revenge  the  contempt  of 
temperance  by  the  penalty  of  satiety.  Were  there  an  age 
of  delight  or  any  pleasure  durable,  who  would  not  honour 
YolupiaF  but  the  race  of  delight  is  short,  and  pleasures 
have  mutable  faces.  The  pleasures  of  one  age  are  not 
pleasures  in  another,  and  their  liveg  fall  short  of  our  own. 
jSven  in  our  sensual  days,  the  strength  of  delight  is  in  its 
seldomness  or  rarity,^  and  sting  in  its  satiety :  mediocrity  is 
its  life,  and  immoderacy  its  confusion.  The  luxurious  em- 
perors  of  old  inconsiderately  satiated  themselves  with  the 
dainties  of  sea  and  land,  till  wearied  through  all  varieties, 
their  refections  became  a  study  unto  them,  and  they  were 
fain  to  feed  by  invention :  novices  in  true  epicurism !  which, 
by  mediocrity,  paucity,  quick  and  healthful  appetite,  makes 
delights  smartly  accejrtable  ;  whereby  Epicurus  himself 
found  Jupiter's  brain  in  a  piece  of  Cytheridian  cheese,* 
and  the  tongues  of  nightiugales  in  a  dish  of  onions.^ 
Hereby  healthful  and  temperate  poverty  hath  the  start  of 
nauseating  luxury;  unto  whose  clear  and  naked  appetite 
every  med  is  a  feast,  and  in  one  single  dish  the  first  course 
of  Metellus  ;^t    who  are  cheaply  hungry,  aAd  never  loscf 

*  CefT^bvum  Joms,  for  a  delicious  bit. 

t  His  riotous  pontifical  supper,  the  great  yariety  whereat  is  to  be 
seen  in  Macrobius, 

'  ike  Btrengik,  dscJ]    Yoluptates  commendat  rarior  usus. — Dr,  J. 
.  '  Umgw9  of  nigMmgales,  dkc.]    A  dish  used  among  the  luxurious  of 
antiquity. — J)r.  J. 

*  ifetellus.]  The  supper  was  not  ^ven  by  MeteUuB,  but  by  Lentulos 
when  he  was  made  priest  of  Mars^  and  recorded  by  Metellus.— TZ>r.  /, 


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OHBISTIAir  MOBALS.  109 

their  hunger,  or  adTantage  of  a  craying  appetite,  because 
obTious  food^  contents  it ;  while  Nero,*  half  mmished,  covld 
not  feed  upon  a  piece  of  bread,  and,  lingering  afber>  his 
snowed  water,  hardly  got  down  an  ordinary  cup  of  Calda^t 
B7  such  circumscriptions  of  pleasure  the  contemned  philo- 
sophers reserved  unto  themselves  the  secret  of  ddight, 
which  the  helluos^  of  those  days  lost  in  their  exorbitances. 
In  vain  we  study  delight ;  it  is  at  the  command  of  every 
sober  mind,  and  in  every  sense  bom  with  us :  but  nature, 
who  teacheth  ns  the  rule  of  pleasure,  instructeth  also  in  the 
bounds  thereof,  and  where  its  line  expireth.  And,  there- 
fore,  temperate  minds,  not  pressing  their  pleasures  until  the 
sting  appeareth,  enjoy  their  contentations  contentedly,  and 
without  regret,  and  so  escape  the  folly  of  excess,  to  be 
pleased  unto  displacency. 

Sect.  ii. — ^Bring  candid  eyes  unto  the  perusal  of  men's 
works,  and  let  not  Zoilism^  or  detraction  blast  well-intended 
labours.  He  that  endureth  no  faults  in  men's  writings 
must  only  read  his  own,  wherein,  for  the  most  part,  SH 
appeareth  white.  Quotation  mistakes,  inadvertency,  expe- 
dition, and  human  lapses,  may  make  not  only  moles  but 
warts  in  learned  authors ;  who,  notwithstanding,  being 
judged  by  the  capital  matter,  admit  not  of  disparagement. 
I  should  unwillingly  afiOunn  that  Cicero  was  but  slightly 
versed  in  Homer,  because  in  his  work,  De  Gloria,  he 
ascribed  those  verses  unto  Ajax,  which  were  delivered  by 
Sector.  What  if  Plautus,  in  the  account  of  Hercules, 
mistaketh  nativity;  for  conception  ?  Who  would  have  mean 
thoughts  of  Apollinaris  Sidonius,  who  seems  to  mistake  the 
river  Tigris  for  Euphrates  ?  and,  though  a  good  historian 
and  learned  bishop  of  Avergne  had  the  misfortune  to  be 
out  in  the  story  of  David,  making  mention  of  him  when 
the  ark  was  sent  back  by  the  Philistines  upon  a  cart; 
which  was  before  his  time.  Though  I  have  no  great  opi- 
nion of  Machiavel's  learning,  yet  I  shall  not  presently  say 
that  he  was  but  a  novice  in  Eoman  history,  because  he  was 

*  Nero,  in  his  flight.  f  Caldse  gelidsque  minifiter. 

*  Calda.1    Warm  water.— 2>r.  /. 
-*  helluoi.]    Gluttoii8.--i>r.  /. 

'  ZoUitm,  <£rc.]    From  Zoilns,  the  cahmmiator  of  Homer.-*i>r.  /• 


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110  OHIISTIAH  XO&ALS; 

8ki8tak«n  in  plaeing  ComnioduB  after  the  I^peror  Seyama. 
Capital  truths  are  to  be  narrowly  eyed ;  coQ&teral  l>apseft 
and  circumstantial  deliyeries  not  to  be  too  strictlj  sined. 
And  if  the  substantial  subject  be  well  forged  out,  we  need 
not  examine  the  sparks  which  irreguladj  fly  from  it. 

SxcT.  HI. — JjfBt  well-weighed  oonsideraticHifl,  not  stiff  and 
peremptoiy  assumptions,  guide  thy  discourses,  pen,  and 
actions.  To  begin  or  contmue  our  wwks  like  Trisni,egis1»B 
of  oldy  "  verum  eerte  wrum  aique  veriesimnm  6«f,"^*  woold 
sound  arrogantly  unto  present  ears  in  this  strict  enquiring 
age ;  whenein,  for  the  most  part,  ^  jirobably '  and  '  perhaps  * 
will  hardly  serve  to  mollify  the  spirit  of  captioas  contra^ 
dictors.  If  Cardan  saith  that  a  parrot  is  a  beautifiil  bird, 
Scaliger  will  set  his  wits  to  work  to  prove  it  a  deformed 
animal.  The  compare  of  all  physical  truths  is  not  so  closely 
jointed,  but  opposition  may  find  intrusion ;  nor  always  so 
dosely  nudntamed,  as  not  to  suffer  attrition.  "Miasij  posi- 
tions seem  quodlibetically^  constituted,  and,  like  a  Delphian 
blade,  will  cut  on  both  sides.'  Some  truths  seem  almost 
fiJsehooda,  and  some  falBdK)ods  almost  truths  ;  wherein 
fiklaehood  and  truth  seem  almost  sequilibrioualy  stated,  and 
but  a  few  grains  of  distinction  to  bear  down  the  balance. 
Some  have  digged  deep,  yet  glanced  by  the  royal  vein  ;^  and 
a  man  may  come  unto  the  pericardium,^  but  not  the  heart 
of  truth.  Besides,  man;^  tmngs  are  known,  as  some  ace 
seen,  that  is  by  parallazis,^  or  at  some  distance  from  their 
true  and  proper  beings,  the  superficial  regard  of  things 
having  a  differ^it  aspect  from  their  true  and  central 
natures.  And  this  moves  sober  pens  unto  suspensary  and 
timorous  assertions,    nor   presently  to   obtrude  them  as 

*  In  Tabula  Smaragdina. 

'  verum  certe,  etc.]    It  is  true,  certainly  true,  true  in  the  highest  de- 
gree.—Dr.  /. 
'  ^MdUbeticaUy.']    Determinable  on  either  side. — Dr.  J, 
^  lUota  DdpkUai  liade,  dec]  The  Delphian  sword  beoadie  proverbial^ 
not  because  it  cut  on  both  sides,  but  because  it  was  used  to  differeDt 
purpoaes. — Dr.  J, 

*  nyycd  vevn.']    I  suppose  the  main  vein  of  a  mine. — Dr.  J. 

*  fericofrdiwm,.]    The  integument  of  the  heart. — Dr.  J. 

^  paraUcuns.]     The  parallax  of  a  star  is  the  diffisrence  between  its 
real  and  apparent  place. — Dr.  /* 


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CHXIBTIAV  MOBALS;  '   ill 

Sjbil'g  kaves^^  trhkh  after  coosiilesatioiia  xoaj  find  to  be  boi 
fdious  appeoraneea,  and  iiot  tbe  eentcal  and  vital  inteiiors  of 
truth. 

SiO!P.  IV. — Value  the  judicious,  acd  let  not  mere  acquests 
in  minor  parts  of  leaming  gain  thj  pre-existimation.  'Tia 
m  unjust  way  of  compute,  to  magnify  a  weak  head  for  some 
Latin  abilities ;  and  to  undervalue  a  solid  judgment,  becaiise 
he  knows  not  the  genealogy  of  Hector.  When  that  notable 
Ikg  of  France*  would  have  his  son  to  know  but  one 
aenksQce  in  Latin ;  had  it  been  a  good  one,  perhaps  it  had 
idessk  enough.  I^atural  parts  and  good  judgments  rule  the 
WQfld.  States  are  not  gov^ned  by  ergotisms.^  Many  have 
ruled  well,  who  could  not,  perhaps,  define  a  commonwealth ; 
ud  they  who  understand  not  the  globe  of  the  earth,  ' 
otHomand  a  great  part  of  it.  Where  natural  logic  prevails 
not,  act^ial  too  often  fiaileth.  Where  nature  sSs  the  sails, 
the  vessel  goes  smoothly  on ;  and  when  judgment  is  the 
pilot,  the  insurance  need  not  be  high.  When  industry 
builds  upon  nature,  we  may  expect  pyi»mids :  where  that 
&«ndation  is  wanting,  the  structure  must  be  low.  They  do 
most  by  books,  who  could  do  much  without  them ;  and  he 
^  cmefiy  owes  himself  unto  himself,  is  the  substantial 
mau. 

SiCT.  V. — Let  thy  studies  be  free  as  thy  thoughts  and 
o^^mplations  :  but  fiy  not  only  upon  the  wings  of  ima* 
gination;  join  sense  unto  reason,  and  experiment  unto 
^ecubtion,  and  so  give  life  unto  embryon  truths,  and  verities 
yet  in  their  chaos.  There  is  nothing  mare  acceptable  unto 
the  ingenious  world,  than  this  noble  eluetation^  of  truth ; 
wheiein,  against  the  tenacity  of  prejudice  and  prescription, 
tbis  century  now  prevaileth.  What  libraries  of  new  volumes 
a^  times  will  behold,  and  in  what  a  new  world  of  know- 
ledge the  eyes  of  our  posterity  may  be  happy,  a  few  ages 
may  joyfully  declare  ;  and  is  but  a  cold  thought  unto  those 
vho  cannot  hope  to  behold  this  exantlation  of  truth,  or  that 

*  Louis  the  Eleventh.     Qui  nescit  dissimulare  nescit  regnare. 

*  SijhWa  leaves.'l  On  which  the  Sybil  wrote  her  oraculons  answers. — 

'  ergotismt.l   Conclusions  deduced  according  to  the  forms  of  logic. — 

*  ehctation.]    Forcible  eruption. — Dr.  J. 


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112  CHBIBTIAir  XOBALS. 

obscured  yirgin  half  out  of  the  pit :  which  might  make  some 
content  with  a  commutation  of  the  time  of  their  lives,  and 
to  commend  the  fSmcj  of  the  Pythagorean  metempsychosis  f 
whereby  they  might  hope  to  enjoy  this  happiness  in  their 
third  or  fourth  selves,  and  behold  that  in  FVthagoras,  which 
they  now  but  foresee  in  Euphorbus.*'  The  world,  which 
took  but  six  days  to  make,  is  like  to  take  six  thousand  to 
make  out:  meanwhile,  old  truths  voted  down  begin  to 
resume  their  places,  and  new  ones  arise  upon  us ;  wherein 
there  is  no  comfort  in  the  happiness  of  TMly's  Elysium,t  or 
any  satisfaction  from  the  ghosts  of  the  ancients,  who  knew 
80  little  of  what  is  now  well  known.  Men  disparage  not 
antiquity,  who  prudently  exalt  new  enquiries ;  and  make 
not  them  the  judges  of  truth,  who  were  but  fellow  enquirers 
of  it.  "Who  can  but  magnify  the  endeavours  of  Anstotle, 
and  the  noble  start  which  learning  had  under  him ;  or  less 
than  pity  the  slender  progression  inade  upon  such  advan- 
tages r  while  many  centuries  were  lost  in  repetitions  and 
transcriptions,  sealing  up  the  book  of  knowledge.  And, 
therefore,  rather  than  to  swell  the  leaves  of  learning  by 
fruitless  repetitions,  to  sing  the  same  song  in  all  ages,  nor 
adventure  at  essays  beyond  the  attempt  of  others,  many 
wojold  be  content  that  some  would  write  like  Hehnont  or 
Paracelsus  ;®  and  be  willing  to  endure  the  monstrosity  of 
some  opinions,  for  divers  singular  notions  requiting  such 
aberrations. 

Sect.  vi. — Despise  not  the  obliquities  of  younger  ways, 
nor  despair  of  better  things  whereof  there  is  jret  no  prospect. 
Who  would  imagine  that  Diogenes,  who  in  his  younger  days 
was  a  falsifier  of  money,  should  in  the  after-course  of  his  lue 
be  so  great  a  contemner  of  metal?  Some  negroes  who 
believe  the  resurrection,  think  that  they  shall  rise  white.  J 
Even  in  this  life,  regeneration  may  imitate  resurrection; 

*  Ipse  ego,  nam  memini,  Trojani  tempore  belli, 
Panthoides  Euphorbus  eram. — Ovm. 
t  Who  comforted  himself  that  he  should  there  converse  with  the  old 
philosophers. 

X  Mandelslo's  travels. 

f  Pythagorean  metempaychotis,']  Transmigration  of  the  soul  from  body 
to  body.— Dr.  /. 

*  Jfelmont  or  Paracekm.]  Wild  and  enthusiastic  authors  of  romantic 
chemistry. — J)r,  /. 


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GHBISTIAX  MOBAliS.  11^ 

our  black  and  vicious  tinctures  may  wear  of,  and  goodness 
clothe  us  with  candour.  Qood  admonitions  knock  not 
always  in  vain.  There  will  be  signal  examples  of  Gk)d's 
mercy,  and  the  angels  must  not  want  their  charitable  r^oices 
for  the  conversion  of  lost  sinners.  Figures  of  most  angles 
do  nearest  approach  unto  circles  which  have  no  angles  at  all. 
Some  may  be  near  unto  goodness,  who  are  conceived  far 
&om  it ;  and  many  things  happen,  not  likely  to  ensue  from 
any  promises  of  antecedences.  Culpable  beginnings  have 
foimd  commendable  conclusions,  and  infamous  courses  pious 
retractations.  Detestable  sinners  have  proved  exemplary 
converts  on  earth,  and  may  be  glorious  in  the  apartment  of 
Mary  Magdalen  in  heaven.  Men  are  not  the  same  through 
all  divisions  of  their  ages :  time,  experience,  self-reflections, 
and  God's  mercies,  make  in  some  well-tempered  minds  a 
kind  of  translation  before  death,  and  men  to  differ  from 
themselves  as  well  as  from  other  persons.  Hereof  the  old 
world  afforded  manv  examples,  to  the  infamy  of  latter  ages, 
wherein  men  too  often  live  by  the  rule  of  their  inclinations ; 
so  that,  without  any  astral  prediction,  the  first  day  gives  the 
last  :*  men  are  commonly  as  thejr  were :  or  rather,  as  bad 
dispositions  run  into  worser  habits,  the  evening  doth  not 
crown,  but  sourly  conclude  the  day. 

Sect.  vn. — If  the  Almighty  vnll  not  spare  us  according 
to  his  merciful  capitulation  at  Sodom ;  if  his  goodness  please 
not  to  pass  over  a  great  deal  of  bad  for  a  small  pittance  of 
Rood,  or  to  look  upon  us  in  a  lump ;  there  is  slender  hope 
for  mercy,  or  sound  presumption  of  fulfilling  half  his  will, 
either  in  persons  or  nations :  they  who  excel  m  some  virtues 
being  so  often  defective  in  others  ;  few  men  driving  at  the 
extent  and  amplitude  of  goodness,  but  computing  themselves 
hj  their  best  parts,  and  others  by  their  worst,  are  content  to 
rest  m  those  virtues  which  others  commonly  want.  Which 
makes  this  speckled  face  of  honesiy  in  the  world ;  and  which 
was  the  imperfection^  of  the  old  philosophers  and  great  pre- 

*  Primusqne  dies  dedit  extremum, 

'  Sea  men,  <t*c.]  Instead  of  this  passage,  I  find  the  following  in  MS, 
Sloan.  1874  : — ''Persons,  sects,  and  nations,  mainly  settling.upon  some 
Christian  particulars,  which  they  conceive  most  acceptable  unto  God, 
and  promoting  the  interest  of  their  inclinations,  parties,  and  divisions  ; 

TOL.  m.  I 


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114  CKBJMtXAlX  MOEAL8. 

tenders  unto  virtue,  who  well  dediniog  the  gaping  vices  ai 
mtempenmce,  inoontixMsic^,  Tiolence,  ukL  op^ressum,  weace 
jet  blmdlj  peeeaat  ininiqputaes  of  closer  faces,  were  enfioiifi, 
malicious,  oontemn^s,  soo&rs,  censuresv,  and  stuffed  wiik 
visard  vices,  no  less  deprnnn^  ilie  edieseal  paiticle  find 
diviner  portion  of  man.  For  fflivy,  nudioe,  hatred,  axe  the 
qualities  of  Satan,  close  and  dark  like  hinself ;  and  wheine 
sudi  brands  smdke,  the  soul  cannot  be  white.  Vice  jdbj  be 
had  at  all  prices;  expensive  and  costly  iniquitieB,  which 
make  the  noise,  cannot  be  every  man's  sins :  but  ihe  soul 
may  be  foully  inquinated^  at  a  very  low  rate ;  and  a  bub& 
may  be  cheaply  vicious,  to  tiie  paxiition  of  himself. 

&BOT.  Tm. — Opinkm  rides  upon  the  nec^cf  reason;  and 
zaen  are  happy,  wise,  or  learned,  accosrdii^  as  tiiat  empxeaa 
shall  set  th^  down  in  tl^  register  of  reputads(»L  However, 
wdi^  not  thjBeif  in  the  sciubs  of  iiiy  own  o^uoion,  but  Yet 
the  judgment  of  the  judicious  be  the  standard  of  ihj  merit. 
S^f^siimation  ia  a  flatterer  too  readily  entitling  «b  unto 
knowledge  and  abilities,  which  others  solidtoufdy  laboinr  afber, 
and  doubtfiilly  ikwk  iJMsy  attiun.  Surely  sash  confident 
tempers  do  pass  thdr  days  in  best  laranquiUi^,  Who  resting 
tbl  the  opinion  of  their  own  abilities,  axe  happily  gulled  by 
such  contentation ;  wherein  ^ide,  Belf-oono^t,  ccmfidence, 
and  opiniatriiy,  w^  hardiy  siSffisrany  to  oom^ain  of  iaaper- 
fection.  !Co  tlunk  themse^vies  in  die  rights  or  all  that  right, 
or  only  that,  whidi  they  do  or  think,  is  a  &llaey  <^  hi^^ 
content ;  though  others  laugh  in  their  sleeves,  and  lo^  upon 
them  as  in  a  (Muded  state  of  judgment :  wherein,  notwith- 
standing, 'twelve  but  a  civil  piece  of  complacaM^y  to  waSse 
them  to  sle^  who  would  not  wake,  to  let  them  rest  in  their 
securities,  nor  by  dissent  or  opposition  to  stagger  tiaeir 
contentments. 

enreiy  one  reckomng  aikd  piefening  lumflelf  bj  the  pftrtieuka  vJMrem 
lie  exoelleth,  and  deciyine  all  others,  tiiough  iiigli!^  eminent  im.  other 
Christian  virtues.  Wliidi  makes  this  speckled  fiwe  of  honesty  in  the 
world ;  whereas,  if  men  would  not  seek  themselves  abroad  ;  if  eveiy 
one  would  judge  and  reckon  himself  by  his  worst,  and  others  by  their 
best  parts,  this  deception  must  needs  vanish ;  humility  would  gain 
ground ;  duoiiy  wou£i  oveziqiireBd  the  j&oe  of  the  idituroh,  ami  the 
fruits  of  the  qiirit  not  be  so  thmly  fouod  aioong  us. 

*'  JMb  was  the  i]i^)erfiBctioB, "  Ac. 

'  inqmnmted.]    Deiaied.— i^.  /. 


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CHSISTIAir  XOBALS.  11$ 

SxcT.  ix.^ — SiBce  the  brow  speaks  often  truth,  Bince  eyes 
and  noses  have  tongues,  and  the  oountenance  proclaiins  the 
heart  and  indinations ;  let  observation  so  &r  instruct  thee 
in  ph  jfiiognomical  lines,  as  to  be  some  rule  for  thy  distinction^ 
and  goide  for  th^  affection  unto  such  as  look  most  hke  men. 
Mankind,  methmks,  is  ocmiprehended  in  a  few  &ces,  if  we 
ezdade  all  yisages  which  any  way  participate  of  symmetries 
and  sdiemes  of  look  common  unto  other  animals.  For  as 
tiioagh  man  were  the  extract  of  the  worhi,  in  whom  ail  were 
"ineoagulafco,"^  which  in  their  forms  were  '^in  soluto"^ 
and  at  extension ;  we  often  observe  that  men  do  most  act 
those  creatures,  whose  constitution,  parts,  and  complexion, 
do  moat  predominate  in  their  mixtures.  This  is  a  comer 
atcme  in  physiognomy,  and  holds  some  truth  not  only  in 
particular  persons  but  also  in  whole  nations.  There  are, 
therefore,  provincial  faces,  national  lips  and  noses,  which 
iee^sfy  not  only  the  natures  of  those  countries,  but  of  those 
which  have  them  elsewhere.  Thus  we  may  make  England 
the  whole  earth,  dividing  it  not  only  into  Europe,  Asia, 
AjGciea,  but  the  particular  regions  thereof;  and  may  in  some 
kfeitade  affirm,  that  there  are  E^tians,  Scythians,  Indians 
aoMmp;  us,  who,  though  bom  in  England,  yet  cany  the  faces 
aadair  of  those  countries,  and  are  also  agreeable  and  cor* 
ro^ondent  unto  thdr  natures.  Faces  look  imif<»rmly  unto 
oar  eyes :  how  they  appear  unto  some  aiMmals  of  a  more 
pieron^  or  differing  sight,  who  are  able  to  discover  the 
mequalities,  rubs,  and  hairmess  of  the  skin,  is  not  without 
good  doubt :  and,  therefore,  in  reference  unto  man,  Cupid 
is  aaid  to  be  blind.  Affection  should  not  be  too  sharp-eyed, 
and  loye  is  not  to  be  made  by  magnifying  glasses.  If  thmgs 
were  seen  as  they  truly  are,  the  beauty  of  bodies  would  be 
mach  abridged.  And,  therefore,  the  wise  contriver  hath 
dnanot  ilie  pictures  and  outsides  of  Idlings  softly  and  amiably 
onto  the  natural  edge  of  our  eyes,  not  leaving  them  able  to 
&oover  those  uncomely  asperities,  which  make  oyster-shells 
in  good  fiices,  and  hedgehogs  even  in  Yenus's  moles. 

oxcT.  X. — Court  n^  feucity  too  far,  and  weary  not  the 

'  flaor.  DL]    Thui  is  »  TOfy  £uiciful  and  iadefisneible  aoctiofi. — Dr.  J. 
'  were  "  in  cooffvlato."]  i.e.  ''In  a  congealad  or  oompreBsed  maas."-— 

*  m  eduto,]    ''  In  a  state  of  expansion  and  separation. " — Dr,  J, 
I  2 


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116  CHBISTIAK    MOBALS. 

&yourable  hand  of  fortune.  Glorious  actions  have  their 
times,  extent,  and  non  ultras.  To  put  no  end  unto  attempts 
were  to  make  prescription  of  successes,  and  to  bespeak  un- 
bappiness  at  the  last :  for  the  line  of  our  lives  is  drawn  with 
white  and  black  vicissitudes,  wherein  the  extremes  hold 
seldom  one  complexion.  That  Pompey  should  obtain  the 
surname  of  Qreat  at  twenty-five  years,  that  men  in  their 
young  and  active  days  should  be  fortunate  and  perform 
notable  things,  is  no  observation  of  deep  wonder;  they 
having  the  strength  of  their  fates  before  them,  nor  yet  acted 
their  parts  in  the  world  for  which  they  were  brought  into  it ; 
whereas  men  of  years,  matured  for  counsels  and  designs, 
seem  to  be  beyond  the  vigour  of  their  active  fortunes,  and 
high  exploits  of  life,  providentially  ordained  unto  ages  best 
agreeable  unto  them.  And,  therefore,  many  brave  men  find- 
ing their  fortune  grow  &int,  and  feeling  its  declination,  have 
timely  withdrawn  themselves  from  great  attempts,  and  so 
escaped  the  ends  of  mighty  men,  disproportionable  to  their 
beginnings.^  But  magnanimous  thoughts  have  so  dimmed 
the  eyes  of  many,  that  forgetting  the  very  essence  of  fortune, 
and  the  vicissitude  of  good  and  evil,  they  apprehend  [.no 
bottom  in  felicity ;  and  so  have  been  still  tempted  on  unto 
mighty  actions,  reserved  for  their  destructions.  For  fortune 
lays  the  plot  of  our  adversities  in  the  foundation  of  our 
felicities,  blessing  us  in  the  first  quadrate,^  to  blast  us  more 
sharply  in  the  last.  And  since  in  the  highest  felicities  there 
lieth  a  capacity  of  the  lowest  miseries,  she  hath  this  advantage 
from  our  happiness  to  make  us  truly  miserable :  for  to  l^ 
come  acutely  miserable  we  are  to  be  ^st  happy.  AfiSliction 
smarts  most  in  the  most  happy  state,  as  having  somewhat  in 
it  of  Belisarius  at  beggar's  bush,  or  Bajazet  in  the  grate.^ 

*  hegvnnmgs.]  .  MS.  SUxm.  1874,  proceeds  thus ; — ''Wisely  stopping 
about  the  meridian  of  their  felicities,  and  unwilling  to  hazard  the 
&yours  of  the  descending  wheel/  or  to  fight  downwturd  in  the  setting 
arch  of  fortune. "_  *  Sic  longius  sevium  destruit  ingentes  animos,'  et  vita 
superstes  fortunse,  nisi  siumua  dies  cum  fine  bonorum  affluit,  et  celeri 
prsevertit  tristia  letho  dedeoori  est  fortuna  prior  quisquam  ne  secundis 
tradere  se  fiitis  audet  nisi  morte  parcitft.' — Liiican  7" 

^  quadrcUe,  <£rc.]  •  That  is,  "in  the  first  part  of  our  time/' aUuding  to 
the  four  quadratures  of  the  moon. — Dr.  J.  .      . .       - 

J  BdisaHus,  iSsc]  Belisarius^  after  he  had  gained  many  victories,  is 
said  to  have  been  reduced,  by  the  displeasure  of  the  emperor,  to  actual 


yGoogk 


CHBISTIAK    MOSALS.  117 

And  this  the  fallen  angels  seyerely  understand ;  who  have 
acted  their  first  part  in  heaven,  are  made  sharply  miserable  by 
transition,  and  more  affictively  feel  the  contKuy  stateof  hell.^ 
Sect.  xi. — Carry  no  careless  eye  upon  the  unexpected' 
scenes  of  things ;  but  ponder  the  acts  of  Proyidence  in  the 
public  ends  of  great  and  notable  men,  set  out  unto  the  view 
of  all  for  no  common  memorandiuns.^  The  tragical  exits 
and  unexpected  periods  of  some  eminent  persons,  cannot 

1>eggary  :  Bajazet^made  captive  by  Tamerlane,  is  reported  to  hare  been 
shut  np  in  a  cage.  It  may  somewhat  gratify  those  who  deserve  to  be 
gratified,  to  inform  them  that  both  these  stories  are  false. — Di*,  J, 

Lord  Mahon,  in  his  recent  life  of  Belisarius,  has  related  the  mendicity 
and  loes  of  sight  of  this  great  man,  and  says  in  his  preface  that  those 
&cts,  "  which  every  writer  for  the  last  century  and  a  half  has  treated  as 
a  £sibie/  may  be  established  on  firm  historical  grounds.'* 

'  And^thU^  the  fatten  cmgeU,  <kc.]  .  Instead  of  this  passage,  I  find  the 
following  in  'MS,  Shad,  1874  : — "  And  this  is  the  observable  course ; 
not  only  in  this  visible  stage  of  things,  but  may  be  feared  in  our 
second  beings  and  everlasting  selves ;  wherein  the  good  things  past  are 
seconded  by  the  bad  to  come  :  and  many  to  whom  the  embraces  of  for- 
tone  are  open  here,  may  find  Abraham's  arms  shut  unto  him  hereafter; 
which  wakes  serious  consideration,  not  so  much  to  pity  as  envy  some 
men's  infelicities,  wherein,  considering  the  circle  of  both  our  beings,  and 
the  succession  of  good  unto  evil,  granny  may  sometimes  prove  courteous, 
and  malioe  mercifully  cruel.  Wherein,  notwithstanding,  if  swelling 
beginnings  have  found  uncomfortable  conclusions,  it  is  by  the  method 
and  justice  of  providence  equalizing  one  with  the  other,  and  reducing 
the  som  of  the  whole  unto  a  mediocrity  by  the  balance  of  'exti:emitieA : 
that  in  the  sum  the  felicities  of  great  ones  hold  truth  and  parity  with 
most  that  are  below  them :  wherel^  the  minor  fitvourites ;  of  foiinine 
which  incur  not  such  sharp  transitions,  have  no  cause  to  whine,  nor  men 
of  middle  &tes  to  murmur  at  their  indifferences.    •  ' 

"By  this  method  of  providence  the  devil '  himself  is  deluded  ;  who. 
maligning  us  at  all  points,  and  bearing  felicity  from  us  even  in  this  earthly 
being,  he  becomes  assistant  imto. our.  future  hap 


appiness,  and  blessed  vicis- 
aitude.of. the  next.  And  this  is  also  the  unhappiness  of  himself,  who 
having  acted  his  first  ■  part  in  lieaven,  is  made  sharply  miserable  by 
tranidtion,  and  more  aiflictively  feels  the  contrary  state  of  hell." 
'  *  mem(>nmd/ums,'\  This  sentence  is  thus  continued  in  MS^  Sloan. 
1S74  : — "  Whereof  I,  that  have  not  seen  the  sixtieth  part  of  time,  have 
beheld  great  examples.  Than  the  incomparable  Montrose,  no  man 
acted  a  more  fortunate  part  in  the  first  scene  of  his  adventures ;  but 
courageous  loyalty  continuing  his  attempts,  he  quickly  felt  that  for- 
tune's fikvours  were  out ;  and  fell  upon  miseries  smartly  answering  his 
felidties^  which  was  the  only  accomplishment  wanting  before  to  make 
him  fit  for  Plutarch's  pen,  and  to  parallel  the  lives  of  his  heroic 
captains." 


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118  CHBISTIijr    XOBALS.   . 

but  amaze  considerate  obserrators ;  wherein,  notwitbstand- 
ing,  most  men  seem  to  see  by  extramission,^  without  receptioa 
or  self-reflection,  and  conceive  themselves  nncanoemed  by 
the  fidlacy  of  their  own  exemption :  whereas,  the  merej  of 
God  hath  singled  out  but  few  to  be  the  signals  of  his  justice, 
leaving  the  generality  of  mankind  to  the  pedagogy  of  ex- 
ample. But  the  inadvertency  of  our  natures  not  w^ 
apprehending  this  favourable  method  and  mercifal  dedma- 
tion,2^and  that  he  showeth  in  some  what  others  also  deserve; 
they  entertain  no.  sense  of  his  hand  beyond  the  str^e  of 
themselves.  Whereupon  the  whole  becomes  neoeasazily 
punished,  and  the  contracted  hand  of  Qod  extended  unto 
universal  judgments:  from  whence,  nevertheless,  the  stu- 
pidity of  our  tempers  receives  but  £unt  impressions,  and  k 
the  most  tragical  state  of  times  holds  but  starts  of  good 
motions.  So  that  to  continue  us  in  goodness  there  must  be 
iterated  returns  of  misery,  and  a  circulation  in  afflictions  is 
necessary.^  And  since  we  cannot  be  wise  by  warnings;  sinee 
plagues  are  insignificant,  except  we  be  personalljr  plagued; 
since  also  we  cannot  be  punished  unto  amendment'  by  proiy 
or  conmiutation,  nor  by  vicinity,  but  contraction ;  there  is  aa 
unhappy  necessity  that  we  must  smart  in  our  own  skins,  snd 
the  provoked  arm  of  the  Almighty  must  fall  upon  ours^ves. 
The  capital  sufferings  of  others  are  rather  our  monitioits 

*  extramimon.]  By  the  p«ssageof  sight  from  tb«  eye  to  the  object.  ~iV.  /. 

^  dieimaiiom.]  The  selection  of  errery  tenth  man  for  punishmeii^  a 
practice  sometimes  used  in  general  mutinies. — Dr,  J. 

'  necessary.]  The  following  passage  occurs  here  in  MS,  Sloem.  1874 : 
**  Which  is  the  amazing  part  <^  that  incomprehensible  patience,  to  eta- 
^tescend  to  act  over  these  vidssitudea  even  in  the  despair  a(  our  better- 
ments :  and  how  that  onmipotent  fsgixii  that  would  not  be  ezaspenlB^ 
by  our  forefs^thers  above  1600  years,  should  thus  lastingly  endure  mt 
micoeflsive  transgressions^  and  still  contend  with  flesh  ;  or  how  he  can 
forgive  those  sins  which  will  be  committed  again,  and  accept  of  lepcB- 
tAnces,  which  must  have  after-penitencee,  is  uie  riddle  of  his  mercies. 

**  If  God  had  not  determined  a  settled  period  unto  tiie  wotM,  and 
sirdered  the  duration  thereof  unto  his  merciful  intentions,  it  seems  a 
kind  of  impossibility  that  he  should  have  thus  long  continued  it.  Sone 
think  there  will  be  another  world  after  this.  Surely  God,  wbo 
hath  beheld  the  iniquity  of  this,  will  hardly  nukke  another  of  ^e  SHBe 

lature  ;  and  some  wonder  why  he  ever  made  any  at  all  since  he  was 
f^  happy  in  himself  without  it,  and  self-sufficiently  free  from  all  pro- 
vocation, wrath,  and  indignation,  arising  from  this  world,  whi^  seti 
his  justice  and  his  mercy  at  perpetual  contention. " 


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CHBMTIAir    MOBjIXS.  119 

than  acfaitments.  There  is  bat  one  wlio  died  sahifically^ 
for  OS,  aad  able  to  aaj  ixnto  death,  hitherto  ahalt  thou  go  and 
no  &rther ;  only  one  enlivening  death,  which  makes  gardens 
of  gnifes,  and  that  whieh  was  sowed  in  eorrujption  to  arise 
»d  icmiiflh  in  ghoj ;  when  death  itself  shall  die,  and  living 
Ml  have  no  p^dk)d ;  when  the  damned  shall  mourn  at  th^ 
haenl  of  death ;  when  life  not  death  shaE  be  ihe  wages  of 
an:  when  the  second  death  shalL  prove  a  miserable  life,  and 
destmetion  shall  be  courted. 

Sect.  xn. — Although  their  thou^ts  may  seem  too  severe, 
ivfe  think  that  few  illnoatured  men  go  to  heaven ;  yet  it  maj 
be  adknowledged  that  goodf^aaturedpersons  are  b^  founded 
for  that  i^aoe ;  who  enter  the  world  with  good  dispositioiis 
sod  natmral  graees,  more  ready  to  be  advanced  by  impressions 
&im  tibmt^  and  christiamzed  unto  pieties ;  who  carry  about 
tiiem  ^bsn  and  downright  dealing  minds,  hamihty,  mercy, 
eiiarityy  and  virtues  acceptaMe  unto  Ood  and  man.  But 
whstever  success  they  may  have  as  to  heaven,  ^ey  are  the 
acceptable  m«n  on  earth,  and  hap|^  is  be  who  hath  his 
^er  full  of  them  for  his  M^ads.  These  are  not  idie  dens 
wherein  Maehood  larks,  and  hypocrisy  hides  its  head; 
wlieran  firowardness  makes  its  nesi ;  or  where  malice,  hard- 
luiartednesay  and  oppression  love  to  dwell;  nor  those  by 
whott  the  poor  get  little,  and  the  rich  sometime  lose  all; 
aen  not  of  retn^ted  loc^  but  who  carry  their  hearts  in 
tiw  &ce8,  and  need  not  to  be  looked  iq>on  with  perspec- 
tifcs;  not  sordidly  or  mischievously  ingrateM ;  who  cannot 
Icim  to  ride  upon  the  neck  of  the  ^licted,  nor  load  the 
heavy  kcbn,  birt  who  keep  the  temple  of  Jlums^  shut  by 
peaceable  and  ouiet  tempers ;  who  make  not  only  the  best 
friends,  but  the  best  enemies,  aa  easier  to  forgive  tlian  offend, 
and  ready  to  pass  by  the  second  ofT^ice  be:&re  they  avenge 
the  first ;  who  make  natural  royalists,  obedient  subjects,  kind 
sad  merciful  princes,  verified  in  our  own,  one  ci  the  best- 
natured  kings  of  this  throne.  Of  the  old  Boman  emperors 
the  best  were  the  besi-natured ;  though  they  made  but  a 
noall  number,  and  might  be  writ  in  a  ring.  Many  of  the 
rest  were  aa  bad  men  as  {moces ;  humorists  rather  than  of 

^mMfaaOiQ    '' So  as  to  proean  saIv«tioci."'-l^: /. 
'  Jmm.].   IW  t«iE^  •€  Jassi  maamg  the  Bomanf  was  ahst  in  time 
of  peace,  and  opened  at  adcdaaFatioa  «f  ¥ntf.— JDr.  /. 


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120  CHBISTIAir  MOBALS. 

good  humours ;  and  of  good  natural  parts  rather  than  of  good 
natures,  which  did  but  arm  their  bad  inclinations,  and  make 
them  wittily  wicked. 

Sect.  xni. — With  what  shift  and  pains  we  come  into  the 
world,  we  remember  not :  but  'tis  commonly  found  no  easy 
matter  to  get  out  of  it.  Many  have  studied  to  exasperate 
the  ways  of  death,  but  fewer  hours  have  been  spent  to  soffcen 
that  necessity.  That  the  smoothest  way  unto  the  grave  is 
made  by  bleeding,  as  common  opinion  presimieth,  beside  the 
sick  and  £a>inting  languors,  which  accompany  that  ef&ision, 
the  experiment  in  Lucan  and  Seneca^  will  make  us  doubt ; 
under  which  the  noble  stoic  so  deeply  laboured,  that  to  con- 
ceal his  affliction,  he  was  fain  to  retire  from  the  sight  of  his 
wife,  and  not  ashamed  to  implore  the  merciful  hand  of  his 
physician  to  shorten  his  misery  therein.  Ovid,*  the  old 
heroes,  and  the  stoics,  who  were  so  afraid  of  drowning,  as 
dreading  thereby  the  extinction  of  their  soul,  which  they 
conceived  to  be  a  fire,  stood  probably  in  fear  of  an  easier  way 
of  death ;  wherein  the  water,  entering  the  possessions  of  air, 
makes  a  temperate  suffocation,  and  kills  as  it  were  without  a 
fever.  Surely  many,  who  have  had  the  spirit  to  destroy 
themselves,  have  not  been  ingenious  in  the  contrivance 
thereof.  'Twas  a  dull  way  pi^ised  by  Themistocles,  to 
overwhelm  himself  with  bull's  blood,t  who,  being  an 
Athenian,  might  have  held  an  easier  theory  of  death  from  the 
state  potion  of  his  country ;  from  which  Socrates  in  Plato 
seemed  not  to  suffer  much  more  than  from  the  fit  of  an  ague. 
Cato  is  much  to  be  pitied,  who  mangled  himself  with  poniards; 
and  Hannibal  seems  more  subtle,  who  carried  his  delivery, 
not  in  the  point  but  the  pummel  of  his  sword.  J 

*  Demito  naufragium,  mors  mihi  mimus  erit.      f  Plutarch's  Hves. 
X  Pmnmel,  wherein  he  is  said  to  have  carried  something  whereby, 
upon  a  struggle  or  despair,   he  might  deliver  himself  from  all  mis- 
fortunes.     Juvenal  says,  it  was  carried  in  a  ring : 

Gannarum  vindex,  et  tanti  sanguinis  ultor, 
Annulus. 
Nor  swords  at  hand,  nor  hissing  darts  afiur, 
Are  doom'd  t*  avenge  the  tedious  bloody  war, 
But  poison  drawn  thro'  a  ring's  hollow  plate. — Dbydek, 

^  that  the  smoothest  way  v/nto  the  gra^e,  dErc]  Seneca,  having  opened 
his  veins,  found  the  blood  flow  so  dowly,  and  death  linger  so  long,  that 
he  was  forced  to  quicken  it  by  going  into  a  warm  bath. — Dr,  J. 

Digitized  by  VjOOQIC 


CHBISTIAN  MOBALS.  121 

The  Egyptians  were  merciful  contrivers^  who  destroyed 
their  maleiactors  by  asps,  charming  their  senses  into  an  in- 
Yincible  sleep,  and  killing  as  it  were  with  Hermes's  rod/ 
The  Turkish  emperor,*  omous  for  other  cruelty,  was  herein 
a  remarkable  master  of  mercy,  killing  his  favourite  in  his 
sleep,  and  sending  him  &om  the  shade  into  the  house  of 
darkness.  He  who  had  been  thus  destroyed  would  hardly 
have  bled  at  the  presence  of  his  destroyer :  when  men  are 
already  dead  by  metaphor,  and  pass  but  fix)m  one  sleep  unto 
another,  wanting  herein  the  emment  part  of  severity,  to  feel 
themselves  to  die  ;  and  escaping  the  sharpest  attendant  of 
death,  the  lively  apprehension  thereof.  But  to  learn  to  die,  is 
better  than  to  study  the  ways  of  dying.  Death  will  find  some 
vays  to  imtie  or  cut  the  most  gordian  knots  of  life,  and 
make  men's  miseries  as  mortal  as  themselves ;  whereas  evil 
^irits,  as  undying  substances,  are  inseparable  from  their 
calamities ;  ana,  therefore,  they  everlastingly  struggle  under 
their  a/r^fuHiM?  and  bound  up  with  immortality  can  never 
get  out  of  themselves. 


PART  THE  THIED, 


Sect.  i. — *Tis  hard  to  find  a  whole  age  to  imitate,  or  what 
century  to  propose  for  example.  Some  have  been  far  more 
approvable  than  others ;  but  virtue  and  vice,  panegyrics  and 
satires,  scatter^gly  to  be  found  in  all.  History  sets  down 
not  only  things  laudable,  but  abominable:  things  which 
should  never  have  been,  or  never  have  been  known ;  so  that 
noble  patterns  must  be  fetched  here  and  there  from  single 
persons,  rather  than  whole  nations ;  and  from  all  nations, 
rather  than  any  one.  The  world  was  early  bad,  and  the  first 
•in  the  most  deplorable  of  any.  The  younger  world  afibrded 
the  oldest  men,  and  perhaps  the  best  and  the  worst,  when 

*  Solyman. 

'  rod.']    Which  procured  sleep  by  a  touch. — Dr,  I, 
*QngmtiaM,'\    Agonies.— Dr. /. 


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122  GHBISTIAir  VOSAXS. 

lengdi  of  days  made  virtnous  habits  heroical  and  immoTiAle, 
▼kiooB,  inyeterate,  and  irreelanaable.  And  mice  'tis  aaid 
tkat  the  imaginations  of  their  hearte  were  evil,  onfy  eviL  and 
continiiallj  ^ ;  it  may  be  feared  that  their  sins  hdd  paee 
with  their  liyes ;  and  their  longerity  swelling  their  imme^es, 
the  kmganimity  of  Gk>d  would  no  longer  endure  such  Tira- 
doas  abominations.  Their  impieties  were  surely  of  a  de^ 
dye,  which  required  the  whole  element  of  water  to  wash  them 
away,  and  overwhelmed  their  memories  with  thema^ves; 
and  so  shut  up  the  first  windows  of  time,  leavingno  histories 
of  tiiose  longevous  generations,  when  men  might  have  heen. 
i^ftaperij  historians,  when  Adam  might  have  read  long  lectures 
unto  Methuselah,  and  Methus^h  unto  Noah.  Por  had  we 
been  happy  in  just  historical  accounts  of  that  unparalleled 
world,  we  might  have  been  acquainted  with  wonders ;  and 
have  understood  not  a  little  of  the  acts  and  undertakings  sf 
Moses's  mighty  men,  and  men  of  renown  of  old ;  whieh 
might  have  enlarged  our  thoughts,  and  made  the  wcvrld  older 
unto  us.  Por  the  unknown  part  of  time  shortens,  the 
estimation,  if  not  the  compute  of  it.  What  hath  es- 
caped our  knowledge,  falls  not  under  our  consideration; 
and  what  is  and.  will  be  latent,  is  little  better  than  non- 
existent.^ 

Sect.  ii. — Some  things  are  dictated  for  our  instruction, 
some  acted  for  our  imitation ;  wherein  'tis  best  to  ascend  unto 
the  highest  conformity,  and  to  the  honour  of  the  exemj^br. 
He  honours  God,  who  imitates  him ;  for  what  we  viituoosiy 
imitate  we  approve  and  admire :  and  since  we  d^g^t  not  to 
imitate  inferiors,  we  aggrandize  and  magnify  those  we 
iuntate ;  since  also  we  are  most  apt  to  imitate  those  we  love, 
we  testify  our  affection  in  our  imitation  of  tiie  inimitable. 
To  aJfect  to  be  like,  maybe  no  imitation :  to  act,  and  not  to 
be  wha^  we  pretend  to  imitate,  is  but  a  mimical  conforma- 
tion,  and  carneth  no  virtue  in  it.  Lucifer  imitated  not 
€kjd,  when  he  said  he  would  be  Kke  the  highest:  and  he* 
imitated  not  Jupiter,  who  counterfeited  thunder.     "Where 

^  non-exitterU.]  This  sentence  concludes  thus  : — *'  The  world  is  not 
half  itself,  nor  the  moiety  kno^m  of  iti  •ccurrences,  of  what  hath  been 
acted,"^MS.  Slom.  1848. 

*  he.]    Salmoneus.— -iV.  X 


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CHBISTIAK    MOBALS.  123 

imitatioii  can  go  no  farther,  let  admiration  step  on,  whereof 
there  is  no  end  in  the  wisest  form  of  men.  Even  angels  and 
spirits  hare  enough  to  admire  in  their  subHmer  natures ; 
sdmiration  being  the  act  of  the  creature,  and  not  of  Qod, 
who  doth  not  admire  himself.  Created  natures  allow  of 
swelling  hyperboles :  nothing  can  be  said  hjperbolicaUY  of 
God,  nor  wul  his  attributes  admit  of  expressions  abore  their 
own  exuperances.^  Trism^istus's  circle,  whose  centre  is 
e?eiywhere,  and  circumference  nowhere,  was  no  hyperbole. 
Words  cannot  exceed  where  they  cannot  express  enough, 
l^en  the  most  winged  thoughts  ML  at  the  setting  out,  and 
reach  not  the  portal  of  divinity. 

SiCT.  m. — In  bivious  theorems,*  and  Janus-faced  doc- 
trines, let  virtuous  considerations  state  the  determination. 
I«ok  upon  opinions  as  thou  dost  upon  the  moon,  and  choose 
not  the  dark  hemisphere  for  thy  contemplation.  Embrace 
not  the  opacous  and  blind  side  of  opinions,  but  that  which 
loob  most  ludferously  or  influentiauy  unto  goodness.  'Tis 
hetter  to  think  that  there  are  guardian  spirits,  than  that 
there  are  no  spirits  to  guard  us  ;  that  vicious  persons  are 
dtves,  than  that  there  is  any  servitude  in  vnrtue;  that 
tines  past  have  been  better  than  times  present,  than  that 
times  were  always  bad ;  and  that  to  be  men  it  sufficeth  to 
he  no  better  than  men  in  all  ages,  and  so  promiscuously  to 
swim  down  the  turbid  stream,  and  make  up  the  grand  con- 
fomn.  Sow  not  thy  understanding  with  opinions,  which 
make  nothing  of  iniquities,  and  fallaeiously  extenuate  trans- 
gressions. Loojc  upon  vices  and  vicious  objects  with 
^TP^boHcal  eyes;  and  rather  enlarge  their  mmensions, 
tSst  their  unseen  deformities  may  not  escape  thy  sense,  and 
their  poisonous  parts  and  stings  may  appear  massy  and 
iiMmstrous  unto  thee:  for  the  undiscemed  particles  and 
«toBtt  of  evil  deceive  us,  and  we  are  undone  by  the  invisibles 
of  seeming  goodness.  "We  are  only  deceived  in  what  is  not 
diflcemed,  and  to  err  is  but  to  be  blind  or  dinudghted  as  to 
><Mne  pereeptians. 

'  exupertmceiJ]    Exaggerations. — Dr.  J. 

!  UvtOKf  theorema.]     Speculatioiui  wludi  open  different  tracks  to  the 


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124  CHBISTIAK    MOBALS. 

Sect.  iv. — ^To  be  honest  in  a  right  line,*  andyirtuous  by 
epitome,  be  firm  unto  such  principles  of  goodness,  as  carry- 
in  them  volumes  of  instruction  and  may  abridge  thy  labour. 
And  since  instructions  are  many,  hold  close  unto  those 
whereon  the  rest  depend :  so  may  we  haye  all  in  a  few,  and 
the  law  and  the  prophets  in  sacred  writ  in  stenography,^ 
and  the  Scripture  in  a  nut-shell.  To  pursue  the  osseous 
and  solid  part  of  goodness,  which  gives  stability  and  recti- 
tude to  all  the  rest ;  to  settle  on  funcuunental  virtues,  and  bid 
early  defiance  unto  mother-vices,  which  carry  in  their  boT^els 
the  seminals  of  other  iniquities;  makes  a  short  cut  in 
goodness,  and  strikes  not  off  an  head,  but  the  whole  neck  of 
Hydra.  For  we  are  carried  into  the  dark  lake,  like  the 
Egyptian  river  into  the  sea,  by  seven  principal  ostiaries : 
the  mother-sins^  of  that  number  are  the  deadly  engines  of 
evil  spirits  that  undo  us,  and  even  evil  spirits  themselves  ; 
and  he  who  is  under  the  chains  thereof  is  not  without  a 
possession.  Maiy  Magdalen  bad  more  than  seven  devils, 
i£  these  with  tjieu*  imps  were  in  her ;  and  he  who  is  thus 
possessed,  may  literally  be  named  "  Legion."  .  Where  suck 
plants  grow  and  prosper,  look  fpr  no  champain  or  region 
void  of  thorns ;  but  productions  like  the  tree  of  &oa^i'  and 
forests  of  abomination. 

Sect.  v. — Guide  not  the  hand  of  God,  nor  order  the 
finger  of  the  Almighty  unto  thy  will  and  pleasure  ;  but  sit 
quiet  in  the  soft  showers  of  providence,  and  favourable  dis* 
tributions  in  this  world,  either  to  thyself  or  others.  And 
since  not  only  judgments  have  their  errands,  but  mercies 
their  commissions ;  snatch  not  at  every  favour,  nor  think 
thyself  passed  by  if  they  fall  upon  thy  neighbour.  Sake 
not  up  envious  displacencies  at  thmgs  successM  unto  others, 
which  the  wise  disposer  of  all  thinks  not  fit  for  thyself. 
Eeconcile  the  events  of  things  imto  both  beings,  that  is,  o£ 
this  world  and  the  next :  so  will  there  not  seem  so  many 

*  Linea  recta  brevissima. 

t  Arbor  Goa  de  "Rujz,  or  Fleas  Indica,  whose  branches  Bend  downt 
shoots  which  root  in  the  ground,  from  whence  there  successively  riae 
otLers,  till  one  tree  becomes  a  wood. 

^  steniography,]    In  short  hand. — Dr,  J. 

^  motJier-sma.]  Pride,  covetousness,  luat,  envy,  gluttony,  aog^er^ 
sloth.— i>7\  /. 


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CHBISTIAJST    MOBJlLS.  125 

riddles  in  Froyidence,  nor  various  inequalities  in  the  die* 
pensation  of  things  below.*  If  thou  dost  not  anoint  thy 
ace,  yet  put  not  on  sackcloth  at  the  felicities  of  others. 
Eepining  at  the  good,  draws  on  rejoicing  at  the  evils  of 
others :  and  so  falls  into  that  inhuman  vice,*  for  which  so 
few  languages  have  a  name.  The  blessed  spirits  above 
r^oice  at  our  happiness  below :  but  to  be  glad  at  the  evils 
of  one  another,  is  beyond  the  malignity  of  hell ;  and  falls 
not  on'  evil  spirits,  who,  though  they  rejoice  at  our  unhap- 
piness,  take  no  pleasure  at  the  amictions  of  their  own 
society  or  of  their  fellow  natures.  Degenerous  heads !  who 
must  be  fain  to  learn  from!  such  examples,  and  to  be  taught 
ftom  the  school  of  hell. 

Sect,  vi.— Grrain  not  thy  vicious  stains  -^  nor  deepen  those 
Bwart  tinctures,  which  temper,  infirmity,  or  ill  habits  have 
set  upon  thee ;  and  fix  not,  by  iterated  depi^vations,  what 
time  might  effoce,  or  virtuous  washes  expunge.  Hei  who 
thus  stiU  advanceth  in  iniquity,  deepeneth  lus  deformed 
hue ;  turns  a  shadow  into  night,  and  makes  himself  a  negro 
in  the  black  jaundice ;  and  so  becomes  one  of  those  lost 
ones,  the  disproportionate  pores  of  whose  brains  afford  no 
entrance  unto  good  motions,  but  reflect  and  frustrate  all 
counsels,  deaf  unto  the  thunder  of  the  laws,  and  rocks  unto 
the  cries  of  charitable  commiserators.  He  who  hath  had 
the  patience  of  Diogenes, .  to  make  orations  unto  statues, 
may  more  sensibly  apprehend  how  all  words  fall  to  the 
ground,  spent  lipon  such  a  surd  and  earless  generation  of 
men,  stupid  unto  all  instruction,  and  rather  requiring  an 
eiopcist  than  an  orator  for  their  conversion ! 

Sect.  vii. — Burden  not  the  back  of  Aries,  Leo,  or 
Taurus,^  with    thy  faults  j    nor  make    Saturn,  Mars,  or 

^  ^  &e{ov.]  The  following  pasBage  occurs  here  from  MS,  Shan.  1847  : — 
"So  mayst  thou  carry  a  smooth  face,  and  sit  down  in  contentation, 
without  those  cancerous  commotions  which  take  up  every  suffering, 
plotting  at  things  successful  unto  others ;  which  tne  arch-disposer  of 
«fl  thinks  not  fit  for  ourselves.  To  rejoice  only  in  thine  [own]  good, 
exclusively  to  that  of  others,  is  a  stiff  piece  of  self-love,  wanting  the 
supplying  oil  of  benevolence  and  charity." 
'  vieUm  ttdins.]  See  note  *,  p.  91. 
'  Ariei,  die]    The  Kam,  Lion,  or  Bull,  signs  in  the  Zodiack. — Dr,  /• 


yGoogk 


12G  CHBTSTIAK    MOEAJifl. 

Venus,  guilty  of  thy  follies.  Think  not  to  £Asten  thy  impei&c- 
tions  on  the  stars,  and  so  de^airingly  conceive  thysdf  luider 
a  £italitj^  of  being  evil.  Calculate  thyself  within ;  seek  not 
thyself  m  the  moon,  but  in  thine  own  orb  or  nucrooosmical 
Gircuniference.^  Let  celestial  aspects  admonish  and  ad- 
yertise,  not  conclude  and  determine  thy  ways.  Por  since 
good  and  bad  stars  moralize  not  our  actions,  and  neither 
excuse  or  commend,  acquit  or  condemn  our  good  at  bad 
deeds  at  the  present  or  last  bar;  since  6<Hne  are  astro- 
logically  well  disposed,  who  are  mofaUy  highly  vicious ;  not 
c^BstiaL  figures,  out  viituouB  schemes,  must  denominate  and 
state  our  actions.  J£  we  rightly  understood  the  names 
whereby  Grod  calleth  the  stars ;  if  we  knew  his  name  for 
the  dog-star,  or  by  what  appellation  Jupiter,  Mars,  and 
Saturn  obey  his  will ;  it  might  be  a  welcome  accession  unto 
astrology,  which  speaks  great  things,  and  is  fain  to  make 
use  of  appellations  from  Oreek  and  barbarick  systems. 
Whatever  influmices,  impulsions,  or  inclinations  there  be 
&om  the  lights  above,  it  were  apiece  of  wisdom  to  make  one 
of  those  wise  men  who  overrule  their  stars,*'  and.  with  their 
own  militia  cont^id  with  the  host  of  heaven.  Unto  which 
attempt  th^re  want  not  auxiliaries  from  the  whole  strengtih 
of  morality,  supplies  from  Christian  ethics,  influences  also 
and  illuminations  from  above,  more  powerful  than  the  lights 
of  heaven. 

Sect.  vra. — Confound  not  the  distinctions  of  thy  life 
which  nature  hath  divided;  that  is,  youth,  adolescenoB, 
manhood,  and  old  age :  nor  in  these  divided  periods,  wherein 
thou  art  in  a  manner  four,  conceive  thyself  but  one.  Let 
every  division  be  happy  iu  its  proper  inrtues,  nor  one  vice 
run  through  all.  Let  each  distinction  have  its  salutary 
transition,  and  critically  deliver  thee  from  the  imperfections 
of  the  former ;  so  ordering  the  whole,  that  prudence  and 
virtue  may  have  the  largest  section.  Do  as  a  child  but 
when  thou  art  a  clnld,  and  ride  not  on  a  leed  at  twentj- 
He  who  hath  not  taken  leave  of  the  follies  of  his  youth,  and 
in  his  maturer  state  scarce  got  out  of  that  division,  dispro- 

*  Sapiens  dominabitur  aatris. 

•  microcoamical  circumference.']  In  the  compass  of  thy  own  lit^* 
WOTkL— i>r.  J. 


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CSMTSTUlS   UORAJtB.  127 

portionately  dmdeth  his  days^  crowds  up  the  latter  part  a£ 
iaa  life,  and  leaTes  too  narrow  a  coroer  for  the  age  of 
wisdom ;  and  bo  hath  room  to  be  a  maa  scarce  loiiger  thaaa 
h  hath  been  a  youth.  Eather  l^ian  to  muike  this  ccnfusion, 
intid^ate  the  Tiitues  of  age,  and  Uto  long  without  the 
is&m^des  of  it.  So  majst  thou  count  up  thy  days  as 
wme  do  Adam's;*  that  is,  by  anticipatiMi ;  so  mayst 
tbu  be  coetaneoufi  unto  thy  elders,  and  a  £&ther  unto  thy 
omtemporanes. 

Sect.  ix. — ^While  otiiers  aie  curious  in  the  choice  of  good 
air,  and  chiefly  solicitous  for  healthful  habitations,  shidy 
tiu>u  conrersstion,  and  be  oitieal  in  thy  consortioD.  The 
^)ects,  conjunctions,  and  configurations  of  the  stars,  which 
Auinally  diversify,  intend,  or  quahfy  their  inflaenoes,  are 
to  the  vaneties  of  their  nearer  or  facther  ocmversation  with 
one  another,  and  like  the  consortion  of  men,  whereby  they 
beo(»Qe  hM&[  4Mr  w<«8e,  and  even  exchange  their  natures. 
Since  men  live  by  exampjes,  and  will  be  imitating  something, 
onler  thy  imitra^on  to  thy  improvement,  not  thy  ruin. 
I^k  not  for  roses  in  Attalus's  garden,t  or  wholesome 
bwera  in  a  venomous  planti^aon.  And  amoe  there  is  scarce 
ttf  one  bad,  but  some  others  are  the  warBO  for  him ;  tempt 
not  contagion  by  proximity,  aad  hazard  not  thyself  in 
the  shadow  of  conniption.  He  who  hath  not  eariy  suffered 
Ihis  shipwreck,  and  in  hia  younger  days  escaped  this 
(%aiybdusf,  may  mi^  a  happy  voyage,  andni^  come  in  with 
Uaok  sails  into  the  port.^  §elf-conv^»atacm,  or  to  be  alone, 
u  better  than  such  consortion.  Some  school-men  tell  us, 
f^  he  is  properly  alone,  with  whom  in  the  same  place  there 
is  no  other  of  the  same  species.  Nebuchadnezzar  was 
^e,  tiiough  among  the  beaierts  of  the  field ;  and  a  wise  man 
ouij  be  tolerably  said  to  be  alone,  though  with  a  rabMe  of 
P^ple  little  better  than  beasts  about  him.  Unthinking 
^^s^  who  hare  not  learned  to  be  alone,  are  in  a  prison  to 
ftemselves,  if  they  be  not  also  with  others :  whereas,  on  the 

*  Adam," thought  to  be  created  in  the  state  of  man,  about  thirty 
years  old.   ' 
t  Aitihis  made  a  garden  whidi  contained  only  venomous  plants. 

'  hUuktaUs,  tkc]     Alludii^  to  the  stoiy  of'  Theseus,  wti*  had  l^aok 
nils  when  he  went  to  engage  the  Miaotaiir  ia  Crete.— ^.  /. 


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128  CHBIBTIAK    MOBALS. 

contrary,  they  whose  thoughts  are  in  a  feir,  and  hurry 
within,  are  sometimes  fain  to  retire  into  company,  to  be  out 
of  the  crowd  of  themselves.  He  who  must  needs  have  com- 
pany, must  needs  have  sometimes  bad  company.  Be  able 
to  be  alone.  Lose  not  the  advantage  of  solitude,  and  the 
society  of  thyself;  nor  be  only  content,  but  delight  to  be 
alone  and  single  with  Omnipresency .  He  who  is  thus  pre- 
pared, the  day  is  not  uneasy  nor  the  night  black  unto  him. 
Darkness  may  bound  his  eyes,  not  his  imagination.  In  his 
bed  he  may  he,  like  Pompey  and  his  sons,*  in  all  quarters 
of  the  earth;  may  speculate  the  universe,  and  enjoy  the 
whole  world  in  the  nermitage  of  himself.  Thus  the  old 
ascetick  Christians  found  a  paradise  in  a  desert,  and  with 
little  converse  on  earth  held  a  conversation  in  heaven  ;  thus 
they  astronomized  in  caves,  and,  though  they  beheld  not  the 
stars,  had  the  glory  of  heaven  before  them. 

Sect,  x. — Let  the  characters  of  good  things  stand  inde- 
libly in  thy  mind,  and  thy  thoughts  be  active  on  them. 
Trust  not  too  much  unto  suggestions  from  reminiscentiiil 
amulets,^  or  artificial  memorandums.  Let  the  mortifying 
Janus  of  Covarrubiast  be  in  thy  daily  thoughts,  not  only  on 
thy  hand  and  signets.  Eely  not  alone  upon  silent  and 
dumb  remembrances.  Behold  not  death's  heads  till  thou 
dost  not  see  them,  nor  look  upon  mortifying  objects  till  thou 
overlookest  them.  Forget  not  how  assueiaction  unto  any- 
thing minorates  the  passion  from  it ;  how  constant  objects 
lose  their  hints,  and  steal  an  inadvertisement  upon  us.  There 
is  no  excuse  to  forget  what  everything  prompts  unto  us.  To 
thoughtful  observators,  the  whole  world  is  a  phylactery ;  * 

*  PompeioB  Juvenes  Asia  atque  Eiiropa,  sed  ipsum  Terra  tegi^ 
Libyes. 

t  Don  Sebastian  de  Coyamibias  writ  three  centuries  of  moral  em- 
blems in  Spanisji.  In  the  88th  of  the  second  century  he  sets  down  two 
faces  averse,  and  conjoined  Janus-like ;  the  one,  a  gaUant  beautiful  &oe, 
the  bther,  a  death's  head  face,  with  this  motto  out  of  Ovid's  Metamor- 
phoses : — 

Quid  fderim,  quid  simque^  vide. 
You  discern 
What  now  I  am,  and  what  I  was  shall  learn. — ^Addis, 

'  f^miniacenUdl  atMdeta.]  Any  thing  worn  on  the  hand  or  body,  by 
way  of  monition  or  remembrance. — Dr.  J. 

*  phylactery,]    See  page  97,  note  ^.— iV.  /. 


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CHBISTIA17  MOBALS.  129 

and  everything  we  see  an  item  of  the  wisdom,  power,  or 
goodness  of  God.  Happy  are.  they  who  verify  their  amulets, 
and  miaike  their  phylacteries  speak  in  their  lives  and. actions. 
To  run  on  in  despite  of  the  revulsions  and  pull-backs  of 
such  remoras  aggravates  our  transgressions.  When  death's 
heads  on  our.  hands  have  no  influence  nipon  our  heads,  and 
fleshless  cadavers  abate  not  the  exorbitances  of  the  flesh ; 
when  crucifixes  upon  men's  hearts  suppress  not  their  bad 
commotions,  and  his  image  who  was  murdered  for  us  with- 
holds not  from  blood  and  murder;  phylacteries  prove 
but  formalities,  and  their  despised  hints  sharpen  our 
condemnation. 

Sect.  xi. — ^Look  not  for  whales  in  the  Euxine  sea,  or 
expect  great  matters  where  they  are  not  to  be  found.  Seek 
not  for  jffofandity  in  shallowness,  or  fertility  in  a  wilderness. 
Place  not  the  expectations  of  great  happiness  here  below,  or 
think  to  And  heaven  on  earth ;  wherein  we  must  be  content 
with  embryon  felicities,  and  fruitions  of  doubtful  faces :  for 
the  circle  of  our  felicities  makes  but  short  arches.  In  every 
clime  we  are  in  a  periscian  state ;  ^  and  with  our  light,  our 
shadow  and  darkness  walk  about  us.  Our  contentments 
stand  upon  the  tops  of  pyramids  ready  to  Mi  off,  and  the 
insecurity  of  their  enjoyments  abrupteth  our  tranquillities. 
What  we  magnify  is  magnificent ;  but,  like  to  the  Colossus, 
noble  without,  stufb  with  rubbage  and  coarse  metal  within. 
Even  the  sun,  whose  glorious  outside  we  behold,  may  have 
dark  and  smoky  entrails.  In  vain  we  admire  the  lustre  of 
anything  seen:  that  which  is  truly  glorious  is  invisible. 
Paradise  was  but  a  part  of  the  earth,  lost  not  only  to  our 
fruition  but  our  knowledge.  And  if,  according  to  old  dic- 
tates, no  man  can  be  said  to  be  happy  before  death,  the 
happiness  of  this  life  goes  for  nothing  Defdre  it  be  over,  and 
while  we  think  ourselves  happy  we  do  but  usurp  that  name. 
Certainly,  true  beatitude  groweth  not  on  earthy  nor  hath 
this  world  in  it  the  expectations  we  have  of.  it. ,  He  swims 
in  oil,*  and  can  hardly  avoid  sinking,  who  hathi  such  light 

*  periscian  state.]  "  With  shadows  all  around  us."  The  Perisoii  are 
those  who,  liying  within  the  polar  circle,  see  the  sun  move  round  them, 
and,  consequently,  project  their  shadows  in  all  directions. — JDr.  J.- 

^  He  swims  m  oU.]  Which  heing  a  light  fluid,  cannot  support  anj 
heavy  body. — JDr.  J. 

TOL.  ITI,  K 


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130  CHBISTIAir    KO&AJLS. 

fouodationB  to  support  him :  'tis,  th^refofe,  liappj  that  we 
have  two  worlds  to  hold  on.  .  To  enjoy  true  happiness,  we 
must  travel  into  a  very  fiir  country,  and  even  out  of  our- 
selves ;  for  the  pearl  we  seek  for  is  not  to  be  found  in  the 
Indian  but  in  the  Empyrean  oceon.^ 

Sect.  xii. — Answer  not  the  spur  of  fiuy,  and  be  not 
prodigal  or  ^mdigious  in  revenge.  Make  not  one  in  the 
Mistoria  HorribiUa;*  flay  not  thy  servant  for  a  broken 
glass/  nor  pound  him  in  a  mortar  who  offendeth  thee  ;^  su* 
pererogofce  not  in  the  worst  sense,  and  overdo  not  the 
necessities  of  evil;  humour  not  the  injustice  of  revezige. 
Be  not  stoically  mistaken  in  the  equahly  of  sins,  nor  com- 
mutatively  iniquitous  in  the  valuation  of  transgressions; 
but  weigh  them  in  the  scales  of  heaven,  and  by  the  weig:ht8 
of  righteous  reason.  Think  that  revenge  too  high,  which  is 
but  level  with  the  offence.  Let  thy  arrows  of  revenge  £Ly 
short ;  or  be  aimed  like  those  of  Jonathan,  to  fall  beside  the 
mark.  Too  many  there  be  to  whom  a  dead  enemy  smells 
well,  and  who  £nd  musk  and  amber  in  revenge.  The  ferity 
of  such  minds  holds  no  rule  in  retaliations,  requiriiig  too 
often  a  head  for  a  tooth,  and  the  supreme  revenge  for  tres- 
passes which  a  night's  rest  should  obliterate.  But  patient 
meekness  takes  injuries  like  pills,  not  chewixig  but  swallow- 
ing them  down,  laconically  suffering,  and  sikntly  passing 
them  over;  while  angerea  pride  makes  a  noise,  like  !Ho- 
merican  Mars,t  at  every  scratch  of  offnices.    Since  woanen 

*  A  book  80  i&titlod,  wheran  are  simdiy  korrid  aocooats. 

f  Tu  miser  ezclamaB,  ut  Stentora  yincere  poeeaa 
Yel  potiuB  <|ttaiitiiiu  Gradiyus  Homericas.^-J'uv. 

Thi2S  tnuatated  by  Creech  :— 

You  rage  and  storm,  and,  blasphemously  loud. 
As  Stentor  bellowing  to  Ihe  G-recian  crowd, 
X)t  Homer's  Mars. 

®  Em/pyream,  ocean,]  In  the  expanses  of  the  highest  heaven. — 2>r.  ^ 
"^  flay  n<a  thy  mnamA,  ^c]  When  Augustus  sapped  with  one  of  -tks^ 
Eoman  senators,  a  slave  happened  to  break  a  glass,  for  which  liia 
master  ordered  him  to  be  thrown  into  his  pond  to  feed  his  lampreys. 
Augustus^  to  punish  his  cruelty,  ordered  all  the  glasses  in  the  house  -to> 
be  broken. — Br,  J, 

^  iwrpowndkim  m  a  mortar,  <&c.]    Anaz^rchus,  an  ancient  philo- 
sopher, was  beaten  in  a  mortar  by  a  tyrant. — J>r.  /. 


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CHBIBTIAK  MOSAIiS.  131 

do  most  delight  in  reyenge,^  it  may  seem  but  feminine  man- 
hood to  be  vindictiye.  If  thou  must  needs  have  thy  revenge 
of  thine  enemy,  with  a  sofb  tongue  break  his  bones,*  heap 
eoals  of  fire  on  his  head,  forgive  him  and  enjoy  it.  To  for- 
give our  enendes  is  a  charming  way  of  revenge,  and  a  short 
Cssarian  conquest  overcoming  without  a  blow ;  laying  our 
enemies  at  our  feet,  under  sorrow,  shame  and  repentance; 
leaving  our  foes  our  Mends,  and  solicitously  inclined  |to 
grateful  retaliations.  Thus  to  return  upon  our  adversaries, 
is  a  healing  way  of  revenge ;  and  to  do  good  for  evil  a  s<^ 
and  melting  ultion,  a  method  taught  &om  heaven,^  to  keep  ail 
smooth  on  earth.  Common  forcible  ways  make  not  an  end 
of  evil,  but  leave  hatred  and  malice  behind  them.^  An 
enemy  thus  reconciled  is  little  to  be  trusted,  as  wanting  the 
foundation  of  love  and  charity,  and  but  for  a  time  restnuned 
by  disadvantage  or  inability.  If  thou  hast  not  mercy  for 
others,  yet  be  not  cruel  unto  thyself.  To  ruminate  upon 
evils,  tK9  make  critical  notes  upon  injuries,  and  be  too  acute  in 
their  apprehensions,  is  to  add  unto  our  own  tortures,  to 
feather  the  arrows  of  our  enemies,  to  lash  ourselves  with  the 
scorpions  of  our  foes,  and  to  resolve  to  sleep  no  more ;  for 
injuries  long  dreamt  on,  take  away  at  last  all  rest ;  aiul  he 
deeps  but  l£e  Segulus,  who  busieth  his  head  about  them. 

Sbct.  xm. — Amuse  not  thyself  about  the  riddles  of  future 
things.  Study  prophecies  when  they  aj*e  become  histories, 
and  past  hovering  in  their  causes.  "Eye  well  things  past  and 
present,  and  let  conjectural  sagacity  suffice  for  things  to 
come.  There  is  a  sober  latitude  for  prescience  in  contin- 
*  A  soft  tongae  breaketh  the  bones. — ^Pbov.  xxv.  15. 

'  Since  wofflen,  die] 

MInuti 
Semper  et  infirmi  est  animi  exigaique  voluptas 

XJltio Sic  cdUige,  quod  yindictft 

Nemo  magis  gaudet,  quam  feemina. — Juv. 

Bevenge  !  wbich  still  we  find 
The  weakest  frailty  of  a  feeble  mind. 
Degenerons  passion,  and  for  man  too  base, 
.  It  seats  its  empire  in  the  female  race. — Cbeech. 

»  from  heaven.]    "  Not  to  be  learned  elsewhere."— Jf/8^.  Stwm.  1847. 

*  hMndihem.]  ''Quiet  one  party,  but  leave  unquieines*  in  the 
other, — of  a  seemingfriend  making  but  a  close  adversary." — MS.  Sloom, 
1W7. 

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182  CHBISTIAir  MOBiXS. 


I 


gencies  of  discoyerable  tempers,  whereby  discerning  heads 
see  sometimes  beyond  their  eyes,  and  wise  men  become 
prophetical.  Leave  cloudy  predictions  to  their  periods,  and 
et  appointed  seasons  have  the  lot  of  their  accomplishments. 
'Tis  too  early  to  study  such  prophecies  before  they  have 
been  long  made,  before  some  train  of  their  causes  have 
already  taken  fire,  lay  open  in  part  what  lay  obscure  and 
before  buried  unto  us.  Por  the  voice  of  prophecies  is  like 
that  of  whisperinff-places :  they  who  are  near,  or  at  a  little 
distance,  hear  nothing ;  those  at  the  farthest  extremity  will 
understand  all.  But  a  retrograde  cognition  of  times -past, 
and  things  which  have  already  been,  is  more  satisfactory 
than  a  suspended^knowledge  of  what  is  yet  unexistent.  And 
the  greatest  part  of  time  being  already  wrapt  up'in  tbings 
behmd  us ;  it  s  now  somewhat  late  to  bait  after  tlungs  before 
us ;  for  futurity  still  shortens,  and  time  present  sucks  in 
time  to  come.  What  is  prophetical  in  one  age  proves  his- 
torical in  another,  and  so  must  hold  on  unto  the  last  of 
time ;  when  •  there  will  be  no  room  for  prediction,  when 
Janus  shall  lose  one  face,  and  the  long  beard  of  time  shall 
look  like  those  of  David's  servants,  shorn  away  upon  one 
side;  and  when,  if  the  expected  iElias  should  appear,  he 
might  say  much  of  what  is  past,  not  much  of  what's  to 
come. 

Sect.  xiv. — Live  unto  the  dignity  of  thy  nature,  and  leave 
it  not  disputable  at  last,  whether  thou  hast  been  a  man; 
or,  since  thou  art  a  composition  of  man  and  beast,  how 
thou  hast  predominantly  passed  thy  days,  to  state  the  de- 
nomination. Unman  not,  therefore,  thyself  by  a  bestial 
transformation,  nor  realize  old  fables.  Expose  not  thyself  by 
four-footed  manners  unto  monstrous  draughts,  and  cari- 
cature representations.  Think  not  after  the  old  Pytha- 
gorean conceit,  what  beast  thou  mayst  be  after  death.  Be 
not  under  any  brutal  metempsychosis,^  while  thou  livest 
and  walkest  about  erectly  under  the  scheme  of  man.  In 
thine  own  circumference,  as  in  that  of  the  earth,  let  tbe 
rational  horizon  be  larger  than  the  sensible,  and  the  circle 
of  reason  than  of  sense :  let  the  divine  part  he  upward,  and 
the  region  of  beast  below ;  otherwise,  'tis  but  to  live  in- 

'  metempsychons,  <fec.]    See  page  112,  note^. — Dr,  J. 

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CHBISTIAK  MORALS.     .  138 

Tertedly,  and  with  Hkj  head  unto  the  heels  of  thjr  antipodes. 
Desert  not  thy  title  to  a  divine  particle  and  union  with  in- 
Tisibles.  Let  true  knowledge  and  virtue  tell  the  lower 
world  tl^ou  art  a  part  of  the  higher.  Let  thy  thoughts  be 
of  things  which  have  not  entered  into  the  hearts  of  beasts : 
think  of  things  long  past,  and  long  to  come :  acquaint 
thyself  with  the  choragium^  of  the  stars,  and  consider  the 
Tast  expansion  beyond  them.  Let  intellectual  tubes  give 
thee  a  glance  of  things  which  visive  organs  reach  not. 
Have  a  glimpse  of  incomprehensibles ;  and  thoughts  of, 
things,  which  thoughts  but  tenderly  touch.  Lodge  imma- 
teriab .  in  thy  head ;  ascend  unto  invisibles ;  M  thy  spirit 
with  spirituals,  with  the  mysteries  of  faith,  the  magnahties 
of  religion,  and  thy  life  with  the  honour  of  God ;  without 
which,  though  giants  in  wealth  and  dignity,  we  are  but 
dwarfs  and  pygmies  in  humanity,  and  may  hold  a  pitiful 
rank  in  that  tnple  division  of  mankind  into  heroes,  men, 
and  beasts.  Eor  though  human  souls  are  said, to  be  equal, 
yet  is  there  no  smaU  inequality  in  their  operations ;  some 
Tnaintain  the  allowable  station  of  men ;  many  are  far  below 
it ;  and  some  have  been  so  divine,  as  to  approach  the 
apo^enin^  of  their  natures,  and  to  be  in  the  confinium  of 
spirits. 

.  Sect.  xv. — ^Behold  thyself  by  inward  opticks  and  the 
crystalline  of  thy  soul.^  Strange  it  is,  that  in  the  most 
parfect  sense  there  should  be  so  many  fallacies,, that  we  are 
&dn  to  make  a  doctrine,  and  often  to  see  by  art.  But  the 
greatest  imperfection  is  in  our  inward  sight,  that  is,  to  be 
ghosts  unto  our  own  eyes ;  and  while  we  are  so  sharp- 
sighted  as  to  look  through  others,  to  be  invisible  unto 
ourselves ;  for  the  inward  eyes  are  more  fallacious  than  the 
outward.,  The  vices  we  scoiF  at  in  others,  laugh  at  us 
within  ourselves.  Avarice,  pride,  falsehood  lie  undiscemed 
and  blindly  in  us,  even  to  the  age  of  blindness;  and, 
therefore,  to  see  ourselves  interiorly,  we  are.  fain  to  borrow 
other  men's  eyes ;  wherein  true  Mends  are  good  informers, 

.  "•  €^or(xgivm.]    Dance. — Dr.  /, 

'  apogevm,  dsc]  To  the  utmost  point  of  distance  from  earth  and 
earthly  things. — Dr.  J. 

*  ctygUtUine,  <C;c.]  Alluding  to  the  crystalline  humour  of  the  eye.— 
Dr.  J, 


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134  CHBisnAir  mobalb. 

and  cenBurers  no  bad  friends.  Conscience  only,  tlmt  can 
see  without  light,  sits  in  the  areopagy^  and  dark  tribunal  of 
our  hearts,  surveying  our  thoughts  and  condemning  their 
obliquities.  Happy  is  that  state  of  vision  that  can  see 
without  light,  though  all  should  look  as  before  the  creation, 
when  there  was  not  an  eye  to  see,  or  light  to  actuate  a 
vision :  wherein,  notwithstanding,  obscurity  is  only  ima- 
groable  respectively  unto  eyes ;  for  unto  God  there  wbb 
none:  eternal  light  was  ever;  created  light  was  for  the 
creation,  not  himself;  and,  as  he  saw  before  the  sun,  may 
stiQ  also  see  without  it.  In  the  city  of  the  new  Jerusalem 
there  is  neither  sun  nor  mo(m ;  where  glorified  eyes  must 
see  by  the  archetypal  sun,®  or  the  light  of  €k)d,  alriie  to 
illununate  intellectual  eyes,  and  make  unknown  visions. 
Intuitive  percepticms  in  spiritual  beings  may,  perhaps,  hfdd 
some  analogy  unto  vision :  but  yet  how  they  see  us,  or  <me 
another,  what  eye,  what  light,  or  what  perception  is  required 
unto  their  intuition,  is  yet  dark  unto  our  apprehension ;  and 
ev^n  how  they  see  God,  or  how  unto  our  glorified  eyes  the 
beatifical  vision  will  be  celebrated,  another  world  must  teQ 
us,  when  perceptions  will  be  new,  and  we  may  hope  to 
behold  invisibles. 

Sect.  rvi. — ^When  all  looks  fair  about,  and  thou  seest  not 
a  cloud  so  big  as  a  hand  to  threaten  thee,  forget  not  ^e 
wheel  of  things :  think  of  sullen  vicissitudes,  but  beat  not 
thy  brains  to  foreknow  them.  Be  armed  against  such  ob- 
scurities, rather  by  submission  than  fore-knowledge.  The 
knowledge  of  future  evils  mortifies  present  felicities,  and 
there  is  more  content  in  the  uncertainty  or  ignorance  of  th^n. 
This  favour  our  Saviour  vouchsafed  unto  Peter,  when  he 
foretold  not  his  death  in  plain  terms,  and  so  by  an  ambiguous 
and  cloudy  delivery  damped  not  the  spirit  of  his  disciples. 
But  in  the  assured  fore-knowledge  of  the  deluge,  Noah  med 
many  years  under  the  affliction  of  a  flood ;  and  Jerusalem 
was  taken  unto  Jeremy,  before  it  was  besieged.  And,  there- 
fore, the  wisdom  of  astrologers,  who  speak  of  fiitore  things, 
hath  wiseljr  softened  the  severily  of^  their  doctrines ;  and 
even  in  their  sad  predictions,  while  they  tell  us  of  indina- 

-^  ^  mteofo^.]   The  great  oomrt,  like  the  Ajeopagus  of  Athens. — Dr.  Jm 
®  archajpalfnm.]    Original. — Dr,  J, 


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CHBISTIAK  ICOBAXiS.  13S- 

tion  not  coacticm  from  the  stars,  they  kill  us  not  with 
Stygian  oaths  and  mercOess  necessity,  but  leave  us  hopes  of 
evasion. 

SsoT.  mi. — ^If  thou  hast  ihe  brow  to  endure  the  name 
of  traitor,  periured,  or  oppressor,  yet  cover  thy  fece  when 
ingnttitude  is  thrown  at  thee.  If  that  degenerous  vice  possess 
t^ee,  bide  thyself  in  the  shadow  of  thy  shame,  and  pollute 
not  noble  socieiy.  Grateftil  ingenuities  are  content  to  be 
obliged  withm  some  compass  of  retribution ;  and  being  de> 
pressed  by  the  weight  of  iterated  &vour8,  may  so  labour 
undeir  their  inabilities  of  requital,  as  to  abate  the  content 
fiom  kindnesses.  But  narrow  self-ended  souls  make  pre* 
scription  of  good  offices,  and  oblige.d  by  often  fiivours  think 
others  stiU  due  unto  them :  whereas,  if  they  but  once  &J1, 
they  prove  so  perversely  ungrateful,  as  to  make  nothing  of 
former  courtesies,  and  to  buiy  all  that's  past.  Su^  tempers 
pervert  the  generous  course  of  things ;  for  they  discourage 
the  indinations  of  noble  minds,  and  make  beneficency  cool 
unto  acts  of  obligation,  whereby  the  gratefbl  world  should 
submt,  and  have  meir  consolation.  Common  gratitude  must 
be  kept  alive  by  the  additionary  fuel  of  new  courtesies :  but 
generous  gratitudes,  though  but  once  weU  oblij^ed,  without 
qoickening  repetitions  <»*  expectation  of  new  mvours,  have 
thaaikfiil  minds  for  ever ;  for  they  write  not  their  obligations 
in  Bandy  but  marble  memories,  which  wear  not  out  but  with 
thesnaelves. 

Sbot.  xvm« — ^Think  not  silence  the  wisdom  of  fools ;  but, 
if  rightly  timed,  the  honour  of  wise  men,  who  have  not  the 
infimdty,  but  the  virtue  of  taciturnity ;  and  speak  not  out 
of  i^e  abundance,  but  the  well-weig&ed  thou&;hts  of  their 
hearts.  Such  sil(»ice  may  be  eloquence,  and  speak  thy 
worth  above  the  power  of  words.  Make  such  a  one  thy 
friend,  in  whom  princes  may  be  happy,  and  great  counsels 
eniccesflftd.  Let  nim  have  the  key  of  thy  heart,  who  hath 
the  lock  of  his  own,  which  no  temptation  can  open ;  where 
thy  secrets  may  lastingly  lie,  like  thelampinOlybius'sum,'* 
^ve,  and  light,  but  close  and  invisible. 

Sect.  xu. — Let  thy  oaths  be  sacred,  and  promises  be 

*  Wbich  After  nttny  himdied  years  was  found  burning^  under  grotrndy 
^and  went  out  as  soon  as  the  air  came  to  it. 


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136.  CHEISTIAjr  MOBAXS. 

made  upon  the  altar  of  thy  heart.  Call  not  Jove  *  to  witness 
with  a  stone  in  one  hand,. and  a  straw  in  another;  and  so 
make  chaff  and  stubble  of  thy  vows.  Worldly  spirits,  whose 
interest  is  their  be}i<ef,  make  cobwebs  of  obligations ;  and,  if 
they  can  find .  ways  to  elude  the  um  of  the  Pra&tor,*  will 
trust  the  thunderbolt  of  Jupiter:  and,  therefore,  if  they 
should  as  deeply  swear  as  Osman  to  Bethlem  Ghabor ;  t  yet 
whether.they  would  be  bound  by  those  chains,  and  not  find 
ways  to  cut  such  Gordian  knots,  we  could  have  no  just, 
assurance.    But  honest  men's  words  are  Stygian  oaths,  and 

E remises  inviolable.  These  are  not  the  misn  for  whom  the 
otters  of  law  were  first  forged ;  they  needed  not  the  solemn- 
ness  of  oaths ;  by  keeping  their  faith  they  swear,  and 
evacuate  such  confirmations.;!;  • 

Sect.  xx. — Though  the  world  be  histrionical,  and  moat 
men  live  ironically,  yet  .be  thou  what  thou  singly  art,  and 
personate  only  thyself.  Swim  smoothly  in  the  stream  of  thy 
nature,  and  hve  but  one  man.  To  single  hearts  doubling  i& 
disgruciating :  such  tempers  must  sweat  to  dissemble,  and 
prove  biit  hypocritical  hypocrites.  Simulatioii  must  be  short : 
men  do  not  easily  contmue  a  counterfeiting  life,  or  dissemble 
unto  death.  He  who  counterfeiteth,  acts  a  part ;  and  is,  aa 
it  were,  out  of  himself:  which,  if  long,  proves  so  irksome, 
that  men  are  glad  to  pull  off  their  vizards,  and  resume 
themselves  again ;  no  praq^ice  being  able  to  naturalize  such 
unnaturals,  or  make  a  man  rest  content  not  to  be  himself. 
And,  therefore,  since  sincerity  is  thy  temper,  let  veracity  be 
thy  virtue,  in  words,  manners,  and  actions.  To  offer  at 
iniquities,  which  have  so  little  foundations  in  thee,  were  to- 
be  vicious  up-hill,  and  strain  for  thy  condemnation.  Persons 
vidoudy  inclined,  want  no  wheels  to  make  them  actively 
vicious ;  J  as  having  the  elater  and  spring  of  their  own  natures 
to  facilitate  their  iniquities.  And,  therefore,  so  many,  who 
are  sinistrous  unto  good  actions,  are  ambi-dexterous  unto 

*  Jovem  lapidem.  jurare. 

t  See  the  oath  of  Sultan  OsmaD,  in  his  life,  in  the  addition  to  Knoll's- 
Turkish  history.  -    .       .    . 

J  Colendo  fidem  jurant. — Curtius. 

®  to  dude'the  um  of  the  Prcetor.]    The  vessel,  into  which  the  ticket  of 
condemnation  or  acquittal  was  cast. — J)r.  J. 


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CHBISTIAir  MOBALS.  137 

bad ;  and  Yulcans  in  yiituous  paths^  Achilleses  in  vicious 
motions. 

SscT.  xsi. — Eest  not  in  the  high-strained  paradoxes  of 
old  philosophy,  supported  hj  naked  reason,  aiid  the  reward 
of  mortal  felicity ;  but  labour  in  the  ethics  of  faith,  built  upon 
heayenlj .  assistance,  and  the  happiness  of  both  beings. 
Understand:  the  rules,  but  swear  not  unto  the  doctrines  of 
*Zeno  or  Epicurus.^  Look  beyond  Antoninus,  and  terminate 
not  thy  morals  in  Seneca  or  Epictetus.^  Let  not  the  twelve 
but  the  two  tables  be  thy  law :  let  Pythagoras  be  thy  remem- 
brancer, not  thy  textuary  and  final  instructor :  and  learn  the 
Tanity  of  the  world,  rather  firom  Solomon  than  Phpcylydes.* 
Sleep  not  in  the  dogmas  of  the  Feripatus,  Academy,  or 
Porticos.^  Be  a  moralist  of  the  mount,^  an  Epictetus  in  the 
£uth,  and  christianize  thy  notions. 

Sect.  xm. — Li  seventy  or  eighty  vears,  a  man  may  have 
a  deep  gust  of  the  world ;  know  what  it  is,  what  it  can  afford^ 
and  what  'tis  to  have  been  a  man.  Such  a  latitude  of  years 
may  hold  a  considerable  comer  in  the  general  map  of  time ; 
and  a  man  may  have  a  curt  epitome  of  the  whole  course 
thereof  in  the  days  of  his  own  life ;  may  clearly  see  he  hath 
but  acted  over  ms  forefathers  ;  what  it  was  to  live  in  agea 
past,  and  what  living  will  be  in  all  ages  to  come. 

He  is  like  to  be  the  best  judge  of  time,  who  hath  lived  to 
see  about  the  sixtieth  part  thereof.  Persons  of  short  times 
may  know  what  'tis  to  live,  but  not  the  life  of  man,  who, 
having  little  behind  them,  are  but  Januses  of  one  face,  and 
know  not  singularities  enough  to  raise  axioms  of  this  world  i 
but  such  a  compass  of  years  will  show  n^w  examples  of  old 
things,  parallelisms  of  occurrences  through  the  whole  course 
of  time,  and  ^  nothing  be  monstrous  unto  him ;  who  may  in 
that  time  understand  not  only  the  varieties  of  men,  but  the 
variation  of  himself,  and  how  many  men  he  hath  been  in  that 
extent  of  time. 

He  may  have  a  close  apprehension  what  is  to  be  forgotten, 

'  Epicurtu.']  The  anthors  of  the  Stoical  and  Epicurean  philosophy. — 
Jh-.J. 

*  AnUmmaa,  dsc."]    Stoical  philosophers. — Dr.  J. 

'  Phocylydea.']    A  writer  of  moral  sentences  in  verse. — Ih\  J. 

*  Peripatus,  <fcc.]    Three  schools  of  philosophy. — J)r,  J. 

*  moimt.]  That  is,  according  to  the  roles  laid  down  in  our  Saviour'a 
Bermon  on  the  mount. — J>r,  J. 


yGoogk 


138  CHBISTIAir   3C0BA1B. 

while  lie  hath  lived  to  find  none  who  could  remember  his 
father,  or  scarce  the  Mends  of  his  youth ;  and  may  sensibly 
see  with  what  a  &ce  in  no  long  time  oblivion  will  look  upon 
himself.  His  prog^iy  may  never  be  his  posterity ;  he  may 
go  out  of  the  world  less  related  than  he  came  into  it ;  and 
considering  the  frequent  mortality  in  Mends  and  relations, 
in  such  a  term  of  time,  he  may  pass  away  divers  years  in 
sorrow  and  black  habits,  and  leave  none  to  mourn  for 
himself;  orbity  may  be  his  inheritance,  and  riches  his 
repentance. 

In  such  a  thread  of  time,  and  long  observation  of  men, 
he  may  acquire  a  physiognomical  intuitive  knowledge ;  judge 
the  interiors  by  the  outside,  and  raise  conjectures  at  fiiit 
sight;  and  knowing  what  men  have  been,  what  they  are, 
what  children  probably  wiU  be,  way  in  the  present  age 
behold  a  good  part  and  the  temper  of  the  next ;  and  since 
so  many  live  by  the  rules  of  constitution,  and  so  few  over- 
come their  temperamental  inclinations,  make  no  improbable 


Such  a  portion  of  time  will  afford  a  large  prospect  back- 
ward, and  authentic  reflections  how  far  he  hath  performed 
the  great  intention  of  his  being,  in  the  honour  of  his  Maker : 
whether  he  hath  made  good  the  principles  of  his  nature,  and 
what  he  was  made  to  be ;  what  characteristic  and  special 
mark  he  hath  lefb,  to  be  observable  in  his  generation ;  whether 
he  hath  lived  to  purpose  or  in  vain;  and  what  he  hath 
added,  acted,  or  performed,  that  might  considerably  speak 
him  a  man. 

In  such  an  age,  delights  will  be  undelightful,  and  plear 
sures  grow  stale  unto  him ;  antiquated  theorems  will  revive, 
and  Solomon's  maxims^  be  demonstrations  imto  him ;  hopes 
or  presumptions  be  over,  and  despair  grow  up  of  any  aatia* 
faction  below.  And  having  been  long  tossed  in  the  ocean 
of  this  world,  he  wiU  by  that  time  feel'  the  in^draught  of 
another,  unto  which  this  seems  but  preparatory,  and  with- 
out it  of  no  high  value.  He  will  experimentally  find  the 
emptiness  of  all  things,  and  the  nothmg  of  what  is  past ; 
and  wisely  grounding  upon  true  Christian  expectations, 
finding  so  much  past,  will  wholly  fix  upon  what  is  to  come. 

^  Solomon's  maxims.}    That  all  i8  v»]uty.— -Dr.  /« 

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CHBIBTIAK  M0BAX8.  189 

fie  will  long  for  perpetuity,  and  live  as  though  he  made 
haste  to  be  happy.  The  last  may  prove  the  prime  part  of 
his  life,  and  those  his  best  days  which  he  lived  nearest 
hcsftveu. 

Sect.  xzm. — ^live  happy  in  the  Elysium  of  a  virtuously 
composed  mind,  and  let  intellectual  contents  exceed  tlie 
deiights  wherem  mere  pleasurists  place  their  paradise. 
Bear  not  too  slack  reins  upon  pleasure,  nor  let  complexion 
or  contagion  betray  thee  unto  the  exorbitoucy  of  delight. 
Make  pleasure  thy  recrefation  or  intermissive  relaxation, 
not  thv  Diana,  life,  and  prolessioii.  Voluptuousness  is  as 
inftddaDle  as  covetousness.  Tranquillity  is  better  than  jol* 
lity,  and  to  ajipease  pain  than  to  invent  pleasure.  Our  hard 
entrance  into  the  world,  our  miserable  going  out  of  it,  our 
sicknesses,  disturbances,  and  sad  rencounters  in  it,  do  cla* 
moroBBly  tell  us  we  come  not  into  the  world  to  run  a  race 
of  delignt,  but  to  perform  the  sober  acts  and  serious  pur- 
poses of  man ;  which  to  omit  were  foully  to  miscarry  in  the 
advantage  of  humanity,  to  play  away  an  uniterable  me,  and 
to  have  lived  in  vain.  Porget  not  the  capital  end,  and 
frostrste  not  the  opportunity  of  once  living.  Dream  not 
of  floiy  kind  of  metempsychosiB^  or  transanimation,  but 
into  Idune  own  body,  and  that  after  a  long  time ;  and  then 
also  unto  wail  or  oHss,  according  to  thy  first  and  funda* 
inental  life.  Fpon  a  curricle  in  this  world  depends  a  long 
oosrse  of  the  next,  and  upon  a  najrow  scene  here  an  end- 
leas  expansion  hereafter.  In  vain  some  think  to  have  an 
eaad  of  iheai  beings  with  their  lives.  Things  cannot  get  out 
of  their  natares,  or  be  or  not  be  in  des{ate  of  their  consti- 
tatioas.  Bational  existences  in  heaven  perish  not  at  all, 
and  but  partially  on  earth :  that  which  is  t^us  once,  will  in 
some  way  be  always :  the  first  living  human  soul  is  still 
ahve,  and  all  Adam  hath  found  no  period. 

Sbct.  uulv. — ^Since  the  stars  of  heaven  do  differ  in  gloir; 
siiice  it  hath  pleased  the  Almighty  hand  to  honour  the 
north  pole  wi&  Hghts  above  the  south ;  since  there  are 
some  stars  so  bri^t  that  they  can  hardly  be  looked  on, 
some  so  dim  that  they  can  scarce  be  seen,  and  vast  numbers 
not  to  be  seen  at  all,  even  by  artificial  eyes ;  read  thou  the 

^  metempeydMM.]    See  note  ^,  page  112. — Dr,  /. 

Digitized  by  CjOOQI^ 


140  CHBISTIAN  MOAAXS.^ 

earth  in  beayen,  and  things  below  from  above.  Look  con- 
tentedly upon  the  scattered  difference  of  things,  and 
expect  not  equality  in  lustre,  dignity,  or  perfection,  in 
regions  or  persons  below ;  where  numerous  numbers  must 
be  content  to  stand  like  lacteous  or  nebulous  stars,  little 
taken  notice  of,  or  dim  in  their  generations.  All  which 
may  be  contentedly  allowable  in  the  aS&m  and  ends  of  thift 
world,  and  in  suspension  unto  what  will  be  in  the  order.of 
things  hereafter,  and 'the  new  system  of  mankind  which 
will  be  in  the  world  to  come ;  when  the  last  may  be  the  firsty 
and  the  first  the  last ;  when  Lazarus  may  sit  above  Gssar, 
and  the  just  obscure  on  earth,  shall  shme  like  the  sun  in 
heaven ;  when  personations  shall  cease,  and  histrionism  of 
happiness  be  over ;  when*rea]ity  shall  rule,  and  aU  shall  be 
as  they  shall  be  for  ever. 

Sect.  xxv. — When  the  stoic  said  that  life*  would  not  be 
accepted,  if  it  were  offered  unto  such  as  knew  it,  he  spoke 
too  meanly  of  that  state  of  being  which  placeth  us  in  the 
form  of  men.  It  more  depreciates .  the  value  of  this  life, 
that  men  would  not  live  it  over  again ;  for  although  they 
would  still  live  on,  yet  few  or  none  can  endure  to  think  of 
being  twice  the  same  men  upon  earth,  and  some  had  rather 
never  have  lived  than  to  tread  over  their  days  once  more. 
Cicero  in  a  prosperous  state  had  not  the  patience  to  think 
of  beginning  in  a  cradle  again.®  Job  would  not  only,  curse 
the  day  of  his  nativitj,  but  also  of  his  renascency,  if.  he 
were  to  act  over  his  disasters  and  the  miseries  of  the  dung- 
hill. But  the.  greatest  underweening  of  this  life  is  to 
undervalue  that,  unto  which  this  is  but  exordial  or  a  pas- 
sage leading  unto  it.  The  great  advantage,  of. this  mean 
life  is  thereby  to  stand  in  a  capacity  of  a  better;  for  the 
colonies  of  heaven  must  be  drawn  from  earth,  and  the 
sons  of  the  first  Adam  are  only  heirs  unto  the  second. 
Thus  Adam  camiB  into  this  world  with  the  power  also  of 
another;  not  only  to  replenish  the  earth,  but  the  ever- 
lasting mansions  of  heaven.  Where  we  were  when  the 
foundations  of  the  earth  were  laid,  when  the  morning  stars- 

*  Vitam  nemo  acciperet,  si  daretur  scientibus. — Seneca. 

^  CicerOf  d^c.]  Si  quis  Deus  nuhi  largiatur,  nt  repuerascam  et  in  cunia 
Tagiam^  valde  recnsem. — Oic.  de  Sene^ufe. — Dr.  J. 


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CHBISTIAK  HOEALS.  141 

sang  together,  and  all  the  sona  of  God  shouted  for  joy,* 
He  must  answer  who  asked  it ;  who  understands  entities  of 
preordination,  and  beings  yet  unbeing;  who  hath  in  his 
intellect  the  ideal  existences  of.  things,  and  entities 'before 
their  extances.  Though  it  looks  but  Hke  an  imaginary  kind 
of  existency,  to  be  before  we  are ;  yet  since  we  are  under 
the  decree  or  prescience  of  a  sure  and  omnipotent  power,  it 
maj  be  somewhat  more  than  a  non-entity,  to  be  in  that 
mind,  unto  which  all  things  are  present. 

Sect.  xxvi. — If  the  end  of  the  world  shall  have  the  same 
foregoing  signs,  as  the  period  of  empires,  states,  and  domi- 
nions in  it,  that  is,  corruption  of  manners,  inhuman  degene- 
rations, and  deluge  of^  iniquities;  it  may  be  doubted, 
whether  that  final  time  be  so  far  off,  of  whose  day  arid  hour 
there  can  be  no  prescience.  But  while  all  men  doubt,  and 
none  can  determine  how  long  the  world  shall  last,  some 
my  wonder  that  it  hath  spun  out  so  long  and  unto  our 
^ys.  For  if  the  Alndighty  had  not  determined  a  fixed 
duration  unto  it,  accormng  to  his  mighty  and  merciful 
designments  in  it;  if  he  had  not  said  .unto  it,  as  he  did 
pnto  a  part  of  it,  hitherto  shalt  thou  go  and  no  farther ; 
if  we  consider  the  incessant  and  cutting  provocations  from 
the  earth ;  it  is  not  without  amazement,  how  his  patience 
liath  permitted  so  long  a  continuance  unto  it ;  how  ne,  who 
<nff8ed  the  earth  in  the  first  days  of  the  first  man,  and 
drowned  it  in  the  tenth  generation  after,  should  thus  last- 
ingly contend  with  flesh,  and  yet  defer  the  last  flames. 
Rnr  since  he  is  sharply  provoked  every  moment,  yet  pu- 
niaheth  to  pardon,  and  forgives  to  forgive  again;  what 
patience  could  be  content  to  act  over  such  vicissitudes,  or 
^K)eept  of  repentances  which  must  have  after-penitences,  his 
goodness  can  only  tell  us.  And  surely  if  the  patience  of 
heaven  were  not  proportionable  unto  the  provocations  from 
'^uth,  there  needed  an  intercessor  not  only  for  the  sins, 
but  the  duration  of  this  world,  and  to  lead  it  up  unto  the 
present  computation.  Without  such  a  merciful  longanimity, 
the  heavens  would  never  be  so  aged  as  to  grow  old  like  a 
gwment.  It  were  in  vain  to  infer  from  the  doctrine  of  the 
sphere,  that  the  time  might  come,  when  Capella,  a  noble 
Borthem  star,  would  have  its  motion  in  the  equator ;  that 
*  Job  xxxviii. 


Digitized  by 


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142  CHsisTjAjir  mobals. 

the  northern  zodiacal  signs  would  at  length  be  the  southern, 
the  southern  the  northern,  and  Capricorn  become  our 
Cancer.  However,  thiMefore,  the  wisdom  of  the  Creator 
hath  ordered  the  duration  of  the  world,  yet  since  the  end 
thereof  brings  the  aecomplishment  of  our  happiness,  since 
some  would  be  content  that  it  should  have  no  end,  since 
evil  men  and  spirits  do  fear  it  may  be  too  short,  since  good 
men  hope  it  may  not  be  too  long ;  the  pray^  of  the  saints 
under  the  altar  wiU  be  the  supplication  of  the  righteous 
world,  that  his  merc^  would  abridge  their  languishing  expec- 
tation, and  hasten  the  accomplishment  of  their  happy  atai» 
to  come. 

Sect,  xrvii. — Though  good  men  are  often  taken  away 
from  the  eyil  to  come ;  though  some  in  evil  days  have  been 
glad  that  they  were  old,  nor  long  to  behold  the  imquities  of 
a  wicked  world,  or  judgments  threatened  by  th^tn ;  yet  is 
it  no  small  satisfistction  unto  honest  minds,  to  leave  the 
world  in  virtuous  well-tempered  times,  under  a  prospect  of 
good  to  come,  and  continuation  of  worthy  ways  acceptable 
unto  Gk>d  and  man.  Men  who  die  in  deplorable  days,  which 
they  regretfully  behold,  have  not  their  eyes  closed  with  the 
like  content ;  while  they  cannot  avoid  the  thoughts  of  pro- 
ceeding or  growing  enormities,  displeasing  unto  that  spirit 
unto  i?mom  they  are  then  going,  whose  honour  they  desire 
in  aU  times  and  throughout  all  generations.  If  Lucifer 
could  be  freed  from  his  dismal  place,  he  would  little  care 
though  the  rest  were  left  behind.  Too  many  there  may  be 
of  Nero's  mind,^  who,  if  their  own  turn  were  served,  would 
not  regard  what  became  of  others;  and  when  they  die 
themselves,  care  not  if  all  perish.  But  good  men's  wishes 
extend  beyond  their  Uves,  for  the  happiness  of  times  to 
come,  and  never  to  be  known  unto  them.  And,  therefore, 
while  so  many  question  prayers  for  the  dead,  they  chari- 
tably pray  for  those  who  are  not  yet  alive ;  they  are  not  so 
enviously  ambitious  to  go  to  heaven  by  themselves ;  they 
cannot  but  humbly  wish,  that  the  little  fl^ock  might  be 
greater,  the  narrow  gate  wider,  and  tiiat,  as  many  are  called, 
so  not  a  few  might  be  chosen. 

Sect,  xxvni. — That  a  greater  number  of  angels  remamed 

'  Nero*8  mmd^l  Nero  often  had  this  saying  in  his  month,  'Efiov  9&' 
vovTOQ  ydia  fiixOfiTio  -rrvpi :  "when  I  am  once  dead,  let  the  earth  and 
fire  be  jumbled  together." — Ih\  J. 


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GHBISTIAir   HOBAXiS.  14S 

in  keayen,  than  fell  from  it,  the  schooluien  will  tell  us ;  that 
tke  number  of  blessed  souU^  will  not  come  short  of  that  vast 
number  of  MLen  spirits,  we  haye  the  &yourable  calculation 
of  others.  What  age  or  century  hath  sent  most  souls  unto 
heayen,  he  can  teU  who  youcl^safeth  that  honour  unto  them. 
Though  the  number  of  the  blessed  must  be  complete  before 
the  world  can  pass  away ;  yet  since  the  world  itself  seems  in 
the  wane,  and  we  haye  no  such  comfortable  prognosticks  of 
Istter  times ;  since  a  greater  part  of  time  is  s;^un  than  is  to 
eome,  and  the  blessed  roll  abeady  much  replenished ;  happy 
tre  those  pieties,  which  solicitously  look  about,  and  hasten 
to  make  one  of  that  already  much  nlled  and  abbreyiated  list 
tocoiae. 

Sect.  xijx. — Think  not  thy  time  short  in  this  world,  since 
the  world  itself  is  not  long.  The  created  world  is  but  a  small 
psrenthesis  in  eternity,  and  a  short  interposition,  for  a  time, 
oetween  such  a  state  of  duration  as  was  before  it  and  may 
1)6  after  it.  And  if  we  should  allow  of  the  old  tradition,  that 
tke  world  should  last  six  thousand  years,  it  could  scarce  haye 
tke  name  of  old,  since  the  first  man  liyed  near  a  sixth  part 
'Ikereo^  and  seyen  Methuselahs  would  exceed  its  whole  dura- 
tion. Howeyer,  to  palliate  the  shortness  of  our  liyes,  and 
somewhat  to  compensate  our  brief  term  in  this  worlds  it's 
good  to  know  as  much  as'  we  can  of  it ;  and  also,  so  far  as 
possibly  in  us  lieth,  to  hold  such  a  theory  of  times  past,  as 
tkough  we  had  seen  the  same.  He  who  hath  thus  considered 
tke  world,  as  also  how  therein  things  long  past  haye  been 
answered  by  things  present ;  how  matters  in  one  age  haye 
keen  acted  oyer  in  another ;  and  how  there  is  nothing  new 
under  the  sun ;  may  conceiye  himself  in  some  manner  to 
haye  liyed  from  the  beginning,  and  be  as  old  as  the  world ; 
and  if  he  should  stiU  liye  on,  'twould  be  but  the  same  thing. 

Sect,  xxx.^ — Lastly  \^  if  length  of  days  be  thy  portion, 

*  Sect.  XXX.]  This  section  tenninating  at  the  words  *'  and  close 
apprehension  of  it,"  concludes  the  Letter  to  a  Friemd, — Dr.  J, 

*  Xoirfy.] 

Omnem  crede  diem  tibi  diluxisse  si^remmn, 

Grata  superveniet  quse  non  sperabitur  hora. — ^HoBACE. 

Believe,  that  ev'ry  morning's  ray 

Hath  lighted  up  thy  latest  day  ; 

Then,  if  to-morrow's  sun  be  thine, 

With  double  lustre  shall  it  shine. 

Francis.— i>r.  /, 


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144  CHBISTIAN  MOBALS. 

make  it  not  thy  expectation.  Beckon  not  upon  long  life : 
think  every  day  the  last,  and  live  always  beyond  thy  account. 
He  that  so  often  surviveth  his  expectation  lives  many  live3, 
and  will  scarce  complain  of  the  shortness  of  his  days.  Time 
past  is  gone  like  a  shadow ;  make  time  to  come  present. 
Approximate  thy  latter  times  by  present  apprehensions  of 
them :  be  like  a  neighboiir  unto  the  grave,  and  thinkthere 
is  but  little  to  come.  And  since  there  is  something  of  us 
that  will  still  live  on,  join  both  lives  together,  and  live  in  one 
but  for  the  other.  He  who  thus  ordereth  the  purposes  of 
this  life,  will  never  be  far  from  the  next ;  and  is  in  some 
manner  already  in  it,  by  a  happv  conformity,  and  close  appre- 
hension of  it.  And  if,  as  we  nave  elsewhere  declared,^  any 
have  been  so  happy,  as  personally  to  understand  Christiaa 
annihilation,  ecstasy,  exolution,  transformation,  tlie  kiss  of 
the  spouse,  and  ingression  into  the  divine  shadow,  according 
to  mystical  theology,  they  have  already  had  an  handsome 
anticipation  of  heaven ;  the  world  is  in  a  manner  over,  and 
the  eiurth  in  ashes  unto  them. 

^declared,]  In  \nB  trehiiBe  oiUim-hwricd.  Some  other  parts  of  these' 
essays  are  printed  in  a  letter  among  Browne's  Posthumous  Works. 
Those  references  to  his  own  books  prove  these  essays  to  be  genuine. — 
Dr,J. 

In  the  present  edition,  the  **  other  parts  "  here  mentioned  are  pointed 
out,  and  some  passages  firom  the  Letter  to  a  Friend  are  given,  which 
were  not  included  in  Christian  Morals. 


END   OP  CHBISTIAK  MOBALS. 


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MISCELLANY   TRACTS. 

OBIOINALLT  PUBLISHID  IH 

1684. 


AL80 

MISCELLANIES. 

OfilQINALLY  PUBLISHED  WITH  HIS  POSTHUMOUS  WOBKS  JS 

1712. 


TOL.  in.  I, 

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EDITOR'S   PREFACE. 


Most  of  these  Tracts  were  (as  Archbishop  Tenison  re- 
marks in  his  prefisu^e),  Letters  in  reply  to  enquiries  addressed 
to  the  author,  bj  various,  and  some  very  eminent  corre- 
spondents. The  second,  "  Of  Garlands,  ^c,"  was  written  to 
EveljTi,  as  I  find  from  his  own  handwriting,  in  the  margin 
of  his  copy  of  the  original  edition.  On  the  same  authority 
(probably  from  the  information  of  Sir  Thomas  himself),  we 
learn  that  the  greater  number  were  addressed  to  Sir  Nicholas 
Bacon.  See  MS.  Note  m  first  f  age.  The  ninth,  "  Of  Arti- 
Hcial  SMls^^  was  in  reply  to  Sir  William  Dugdale. 

Such  enquiries  he  delighted  to  satisfy ;  and  the  immense 
stores  of  information  amassed  during  a  long  life  of  ciurious 
reading,  and  inquisitive  research,  eminentljr  qualified  him  for 
resolving  questions  on  subjects  the  most  dissimilar.  Scarcely 
anv  could  oe  brought  before  him,  upon  which  he  could  not 
bnng  to  bear  the  results  of  reiterated  experiments,  or  of  an 
extensive  acquaintance  with  the  most  singular  and  recondite 
Hterature ;  and,  where  these  treasures  failed  him,  there  re- 
mained the  inexhaustible  resources  of  his  own  matchless 
&n^. 

Tne  first  and  second  Tracts  have  been  collated  with  MS. 
Sloan.  No.  1841 ;  the  eighth,  tenth,  and  eleventh,  with  Nos. 
1827  and  1839 :  the  thirteenth  with  No.  1874 ;  the  twelfth 
with  MS.  Eawlinson,  No.  58,  in  the  Bodleian — and  all  the 
others  with  MS.  Sloan.  No.  1827.  Whatever  discrepancies 
seemed  of  sufficient  importance  have  been  preserved  in 
notes. 

The  second  edition  were  published  with  the  foUo  edition  of 
his  works,  in  1686 ;  and  none  have  since  been  reprinted, 

L  2 


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148  bditoe's  pebiaob. 

except  Museum  Clamum,  which,  with  JBi^driotaphiaf  and  the 
Letter  to  a  Friend,  were  published  in  a  neat  18mo.  volume, 
by  Mr.  Crosaley,  of  Manchester. 

For  the  sake  of  keeping  distinct  the  whole  of  the  unpub- 
lished works,  I  have  added  to  the  Miscellany  Tracts,  bis 
remarks  on  Iceland,  together  with  some  misceUaneous  obser- 
vations, which  made  their  appearance  in  that  ill-assorted 
collection,  the  Fosthwmus  Works,  in  1712. 


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THE  PTJBLI8HEE  TO  THE  EEADEE. 


The  papers  from  which  these  Tracts  were  printed,  were 
a  while  since,  delivered  to  me  by  those  worthy  persons,  the 
Lidy  and  son  of  the  excellent  author.  He  himself  gaye  no 
cluu^  concerning  his  manuscrmts,  either  for  the  suppressing 
or  the  publishing  of  them.  Yet,  seeing  he  had  procured 
transcripts  of  them,  and  had  kept  those  copies  by  him,  it 
seemeth  probable,  that  he  designed  them  for  public  use. 

Thus  much  of  his  intention  being  presumed,  and  many  who 
bad  tasted  of  the  fruits  of  his  former  studies  being  covetous 
of  more  of  the  like  kind ;  also  these  Tracts  having  been  per- 
used and  much  approved  of  by  some  judicious  and  learned 
men;  I  was  not  unwilling  to  be  instrumental  in  fitting 
them  for  the  press. 

To  this  end,  I  selected  them  out  of  many  disordered  papers, 
and  disposed  them  into  such  a  method  as  they  seemed 
capable  of ;  beginning  first  with  plants,  going  on  to  animals, 
proceeding  farther  to  things  relatmg  to  men,  and  concluding 
with  matters  of  a  various  nature. 

Concerning  the  plants,  I  did,  on  piy*pose,  forbear  to  range 
them  (as  some  advised)  according  to  their  tribes  and  families; 
because,  by  so  doing,  I  should  have  represented  that  as  a 
studied  and  formal  work,  which  is  but  a  collection  of  occa- 
sional essays.  And,  indeed,  both  this  Tract,  and  those  which 
follow,  were  rather  the  diversions  than  the  labours  of  his 
pen :  and,  because  he  did,  as  it  were,  drop  down  his  thoughts 
of  a  sudden,  in  those  little  spaces  or  vacancy  which  he 
snatched  from  those  very  many  occasions  which  gave  him 
hourly  interruption.  K  there  appears,  here  and  there,  any 
incorrectness  in  the  stylo,  a  small  degree  of  candour  sufficeth 
to  excuse  it. 

If  there  be  any  such  errors  in  the  words,  I  am  sure  the 


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150  THE'PUBLISHSB  TO  THE   BEASEE. 

press  has  not  made  them  fewer :  but  I  do  not  hold  myself 
obliged  to  answer  for  that  which  I  could  not  perfectly  govern. 
However,  the  m&tter  is  not  of  any  great  moment :  such 
errors  will  not  mislead  a  learned  reader  ;  and  he  who  is  not 
such  in  some  competent  degree,  is  not  a  fit  peruser  of  these 
letters.  Such  these  Trac^  are;  but,  for  the  persons  to 
whom  they  were  written,  T  cannot  well  learn  their  names 
froqi  those  few  obscure  marks  which  the  author  has  set  at 
the  beginning  of  them.  And  these  essays  being  letters,  as 
many  as  take  offence  at  some  few  fisuniliar  things  which  the 
author  hath  miied  with  them,  find  fisiult  with  decency.  Men 
are  not  wont  to  set  down  oracles  in  every  line  they  write  to 
their  acquaintance. 

There  still  remain  other  brief  discourses  written  by  this 
most  learned  and  ingenious  author.  Those,  also,  may  come 
forth,  when  some  of  his  Mends  shall  have  sufficient  leisure  ; 
and  at  such  due  distance  firom  these  Tracts,  that  they  may 
follow  rather  than  stifie  them. 

Amongst  these  manuscripts  there  is  one  which  gives  a  brief 
account  of  all  the  monuments  of  the  cathedral  of  Norwich. 
It  was  written  merely  for  private  use :  and  the  relations  of  the 
author  expect  such  justice  &om  those  into  whose  hands  some 
imperfect  copies  of  it  are  fallen,  that,  without  their  consent 
first  obtained,  they  forbear  the  publishing  of  it. 

The  truth  is,  matter  equal  to  the  skill  of  the  antiquary, 
was  not  there  afforded :  had  a  fit  subject  of  that  nature 
offered  itself,  he  would  scarce  have  been  guilty  of  an  over- 
sight like  to  that  of  Ausonius,  who,  in  the  description  of  Ms 
native  city  of  Bourdeaux,  omitted  the  two  famous  antiquities 
of  it,  Palais  de  Tutele,  and  Palais  de  GhaHen. 

Concerning  the  author  himself,  I  choose  to  be  silent, 
though  I  have  had  the  happiness  to  have  been,  for  some 
years,  known  to  him.  There  is  on  foot  a  design  of  writing 
his  life  ;  and  there  are  already  some  memorials  collected  by 
one  of  his  ancient  firiends.  Till  that  work  be  perfected,  the 
reader  may  content  himself  with  these  present  Tracts ;  all 
which  commending  themselves  by  their  learning,  curiosity, 
and  brevity,  if  he  be  not  pleased  with  them,  he  seemeth  to 
me  to  be  distempered  with  such  a  niceness  of  imagination, 
as  no  wise  man  is  concerned  to  humour. 

Thomas  TBirasoir. 


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MISCELLANY  TRACTS* 


TKACT   1.1 


0B8EBVATI0NS  UPON  BEVEBAL  BLASTS  KENTIOHSD  IN  SGBIFTUKB. 

Sib, — ^Though  many  ordinaiy  heads  run  smootUj  over 
the  Scripture,  yet  I  must  acknowledge  it  is  one  of  the 
hardest  books  I  have  met  with ;  and  thetefore  well  deserreth 
those  nmnerons  comments,  expositions,  and  annotations, 
which  make  up  a  good  part  of  our  libraries. 

However,  so  affected  I  am  therewith,  that  I  wish  there 
had  been  more  of  it,  and  a  larger  volume  of  that  divine 
piece,  which  leaveth  such  welcois^  impressions,  and  some- 
what more,  in  the  readers,  than  the  wonis  and  sense  after  it. 
At  least,  who  would  not  be  glad  that  many  things  barely 
hinted  were  at  lare;e  delivered  in  it  ?  The  particuliffs  of  the 
^ute  between  the  doctors  and  our  Saviour  could  not  but 
be  welcome. to  those  who  have  every  word  in  honour  which 
proceedeth  from  his  mouth,  or  was  otherwise  delivered  by 
him;  and  so  would  be  glad  to  be  assured,  what  he  wrote 
with  his  finger  on  the  ground :  but  especially  to  have  a  par- 
ticokr  of  that  instructing  narration  or  discourse  which  he 
made  unto  the  disciples  after  his  resurrection,  where  'tis 
said:  ''And  beginning  at  Moses,  and  all  the  prophets,  he 

^  Tract  I.]  "Most  of  these  letters  were  written  to  Sir  Nicholas 
Bacon."-— if^.  Note,  written  in  pencil,  by  Evelyn,  in  a  copy  formerly  he- 
loi^vng  to  him,  now  in  the  JSdiUn^t  possesmn. 


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152  WAirDEEIHG  STAES.  [tKACT  I. 

expounded  unto  them,  in  all  tHe  Scriptures,  the  things  con- 
cerning himself." 

But,  to  omit  theological  obscurities,  you  must  needs  ob- 
serve that  most  sciences  do  seem  to  have  something  more 
nearly  to  consider  in  the  expressions  of  the  Scripture. 

Astronomers  find  herein  the  names  but  of  few  stars,  scarce 
so  many  as  in  AchiUes's  buckler  in  Homer,  and  ahnost  the 
very  same.  But  in  some  passages  of  the  Old  Testament 
they  think  they  discover  the  zodiacal  course  of  the  sun ;  and 
they,  also,  conceive  an  astronomical  sense  in  that  elegant 
expression  of  St.  James  "concerning  the  father  of  lights, 
with  whom  there  is  no  variableness,  neither  shadow  of  turn- 
ing:*' and  therein  an  allowable  allusion  unto  the  tropical 
conversion  of  the  sun,  whereby  ensueth  a  variation  of  heat, 
light,  and  also  of  shadows  fix)m  it.  But  whether  the  stelUt 
erraiiccd  or  wandering  stars,  in  St.  Jude,  may  be  referred 
to  the  celestial  planets  or  some  meteorological ,  wandering 
stars,  ignes  faiui,  stelUe  cadentes  et  erratica,  or  had  any 
allusion  unto  the  impostor  Barchochebas^  or  Stella  Filius, 
who  afterward  appeared,  and  wandered  about  in  the  time  of 
Adrianus,  they  leave  unto  conjecture. 

Chirurgeons  may  find  their  whole  art  in  that  one  passage, 
concerning  the  rio  which  God  took  out  of  Adam ;  that  is, 
their  halpeorig  in  opening  the  flesh ;  ^aipetriQ  in  taking  out 
the  rib ;  and  orvvOetrig  in  closing  and  healing  the  part  again. 

Bhetoricians  and  orators  take  singular  notice  of  very 
many  excellent  passages,  stately  metaphors,  noble  tropes 
and  elegant  expressions,  not  to  be  found  or  paralleled  in  any 
other  author. 

Mineralists  look  earnestly  into  the  twenty-eighth  of  Job ; 
take  special  notice  of  the  early  artifice  in  brass  and  iron, 
under  Tubal  Cain :   and  find  also  mention  of  gold,  silver, 

'  Barehochdxis.]  One  of  the  impostors  who  assumed  the  character 
of  Messias ;  he  changed  his  true  name,  JBar-Coziba,  son  of  a  lie^  to  that 
o£  BarchochdKU,  son  of  a  star  !  He  excited  a  revolt  against  the  Bomans, 
which  led  to  a  veiy  sanguinary  contest,  terminating  with  his  death,  at 
the  storming  of  Bither,  by  the  Romans,  under  Julius  Severus.  Bossuet 
supposes  him  to  be  the  star  mentioned  in  the  eighth  chap,  of  Reve- 
lation. 

The  apostle  Jude  more  probably  alluded  to  the  term  "  star,"  by 
which  the  Jews  often  designated  their  teachers,  and  applied  it  here  to 
some  of  the  Christian  teachers,  whose  unholy  motives,  erroneous  doc- 
trines, or  wandering  and  unsettled  habits  exposed  them  to  his  rebuke. 


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TJLICT  I.]  PBECIOITS   STOKES.  163 

brass,   tin,   lead,  iron:  beside  refining,  soldering,  dross,^ 
nitre,  salt-pits,  and  in  some  manner  also  of  antimony.* 

Gremmary  naturalists  read  diligently  the  precious  stones 
in  the  holy  city  of  the  Apocalypse ;  examine  the  breast-plate 
of  Aaron,  and  various  gems  upon  it ;  and  think  the  second 
low^  the  nobler  of  the  four.  They  wonder  to  find  the  art 
of  engravery  so  ancient  upon  precious  stones  and  signets ; 
together  with  the  ancient  use  of  ear-rings  and  bracelets. 
And  are  pleased  to  find  pearl,  coral,  amber,  and  crystal,  in 
those  sacred  leaves,  according  to  our  translation.  And  when 
they  often  meet  with  flints  and  marbles,  cannot  but  take 
notice  that  there  is  no  mention  of  the  magnet  or  loadstone, 
which  in  so  many  similitudes,  comparisons,  and  allusions, 
could  hardly  have  oeen  omitted  in  the  works  of  Solomon :  if 
it  were  true  that  he  knew  either  the  attractive  or  directive 
power  thereof,  as  some  have  believed. 

Navigators  consider  the  ark,  which  was  pitched  without 
and  within,  and  could  endure  the  ocean  without  mast  or 
sails:  they  take  special  notice  of  the  twenty-seventh  of 
Ezekiel ;  the  mighty  traffic  and  great  navigation  of  Tyre, 
with  particular  mention  of  their  sails,  their  masts  of  cedar, 
oars  of  oak,  their  skilful  pilots,  mariners,  and  caulkers ;  as 
also  of  the  long  voyages  of  the  fleets  of  Solomon ;  of  Jeho- 
saphat's  ships  broken  at  Ezion-Oeber ;  of  the  notable  vovage 
and  shipwreck  of  St.  Paul  so  accurately  delivered  in  the  Acts. 

Oneirocritical  diviners  apprehend  some  hints  of  their 
knowledge,  even  fipom  divine  dreams ;  while  they  take  notice 
of  the  dineams  of  Joseph,  Pharaoh,  Nebuchadnezzar,  and  the 
angels  on  Jacob's  ladder;  and  find,  in  Artemidorus  and 
Achmetes,  that  ladders  signifv  travels,  and  the  scales  thereof 
preferment;  and  that  oxen  lean  and  fistt  naturally  denote 
scarcity  or  plenty,  and  the  successes  of  agriculture. 

Phj^siognomists  will  largely  put  in  from  very  many  passages 
of  Scripting.  And  when  thev  find  in  Aristotle,  quihuafrons 
qttadrangula  ciymmensurata,  fortes,  refenmtur  ad  leones,  can- 
not but  take  special  notice  of  that  expression  concerning  the 
Gkidites ;  mignty  men  of  war,  fit  for  battle,  whose  faces  were 
as  the  fflkces  of  Hons. 

*  Depinxit  octdaa  tUbio,—2  Kings  ix.  30  ;  Jeremiah  iv,  30  ;  Ezekiel 
xziii.  40. 

«  dross.]    MS.  Sloan.  1841,  adds,  "sulphur." 

*  Kcond  row.l    The  emerald,  sapphire,  and  diamond. 


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164  THE  mr.  [TaAOTi. 

Geometrical  and  arohitectonical  artists  look  narrowly  upon 
the  description  of  the  ark,  tiie  fabric  of  the  temple,  and  the 
hoty  city  in  the  Apocalypse. 

!Bat  the  botanical  artist  meets  everywhere  with  vegetables, 
and  from  the  fig  leaf  in  Genesis  to  the  star  wormwood  in  the 
Apocalypse,  are  variously  interspersed  expressions  from 
plants,  elegantly  advantaging  the  significancy  of  the  text: 
whereof  many  being  delivered  in  a  language  proper  unto 
Judflsa  and  neighbour  countries,  are  impeHectly  apprehended 
by  the  common  reader,  and  now  doubtfully  made  out,  even 
by  the  Jewish  exjpositor. 

And  even  in  those  which  are  confessedly  known,  the  ele- 
gancy is  often  lost  in  the  apprehension  of  the  reader,  unac- 
quainted with  such  vegetables,  or  but  nakedly  knowing  their 
natures:  whereof  holding  a  pertinent  apprehension,  yoa 
cannot  pass  over  such  expressions  without  some  doubt  or 
want  of  satisfiEU^tion^  in  your  judgment.  Hereof  we  sludl 
only  hint  or  discourse  some  few  which  I  could  not  but  take 
notice  of  in  the  reading  of  holy  Scripture. 

Many  plants  are  mentioned  in  Scripture  which  are  not 
distincuy  known  in  our  countries,  or  under  such  names  in 
the  origmal,  as  they  are  fein  to  be  rendered  by  analogy,  or 
by  the  name  of  vegetables  of  good  affinity  unto  them,  and 
so  maintain  the  textual  sense,  though  in  some  variation  from 
identity. 

1.  That  plant  which  afforded  a  shade  unto  Jonah,*  men- 
tioned by  the  name  of  hikaion,  and  still  retained,  at  least 
marginally,  in  some  translations,  to  avoid  obscurity  Jerome 
rendered  hedera  or  ivy  ;*  which  notwithstanding  (except  in 
its  scandent  nature)  agreed  not  ftdly  with  the  other,  that  is, 
to  grow  up  in  a  night,  or  be  consumed  with  a  worm  ;  ivy 
being  of  no  swift  growth,  little  subject  unto  worms,  and  a 
scarce  plant  about  Babylon. 

*  Jonah  iy.  6.  agonrd. 

^  wanU  of  aatufaction.]    ''IiisatiBfiu:ti<»i."— itf/S^.  J^ocm.  1841. 

^  Jerome  rendereth  wyJ]  Augustine  called  it  a  gourd,  and  aocosed 
Jerome  of  heresy  for  the  opinion  he  held.  Yet  they  both  seem  to  have 
been  wrong.  It  was  in  all  probability  the  hiki  of  the  Egyptians,  a  plant 
of  the  same  £unily  as  the  ricmus  ;  and  according  to  Diosoorides,  of  rqiid 
giowth ;  bearing  a  berry  from  which  an  oil  is  expressed  ;  rising  to  tiie 
height  of  ten  or  twelve  feet,  and  furnished  with  veffv  large  leaves,  like 
those  of  the  plane-tree ;  so  that  the  people  of  the  !Kast  plant  it  before 
their  shops  for  the  sake  of  its  shade. 


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TBiCTI.]  HTSBOF.      THE   BBAKBLE.  155 

2.  That  hyssop^  is  tak^i  for  that  plant  which  cleansed  the 
leper,  being  a  well-scented  and  very  abstersive  simple,  may 
well  be  admitted ;  so  we  be  not  too  confid^it,  that  it  is 
strictly  the  same  with  our  common  hyssop :  the  hyssop  of 
those  parts  differing  from  that  of  ours ;  as  Bellonius  hath 
observed  in  the  hyssop  which  grows  in  Judica,  and  ,the  hys- 
sop of  the  wall  mentioned  in  the  works  of  Solomon,  no. kind 
of  our  hyssop ;  and  may  tolerably  be  taken  for  some  kind  of 
miDor  capillary,  which  best  makes  out  the  antithesis  with 
the  cedar.  Not  when  we  meet  with  Ubanaiis,  is  it  to  be 
eoQoeiyed  our  common  rosemaiy,  which  is  rather  the  first 
kind  tiia*eof  amongst  several  others,  used  by  the  ancients. 

3.  That  it  must  be  taken  for  hemlock,  which  is  twice  so 
md^ed  in  our  translation,*  will  hardly  be  made  out,  other- 
wise than  in  the  intended  sense,  and  implying  some  plant, 
^^leiein  bitterness  or  a  poisonous  quaLity  is  considerable. 

4.  What  TremeUius  renderetb  spina,  and  the  vulgar  trans- 
lation i^aZit^rt^^,  and  others  make  some  kind  of  rhammuy  is 
allowable  in  the  sense ;  and  we  contend  not  about  the  spe- 
cies, since  they  are  known  thorns  in  those  countries,  and  in 
OTir  fields  or  gardens  among  us :  and  so  common  in  Judaea, 
that  men  conclude  the  thorny  crown  ^  of  our  Saviour  was 
QUide  either  of  paliurus  or  rhanmus, 

5.  Whether  the  bush  which  burnt  and  consumed  not, 
were  properly  a  ru^us  or  bramble,  was  somewhat  doubtful 
irom  the  original  and  some  translations,  had  not  the  Evan- 
g^ist,  and  St.  Paul  expressed  the  same  by  the  Greek  word 
/^oc,  which,  fi*om  the  description  of  Dioscorides,  herbalists 
accept  for  rubus  :  although  the  same  word  /3aroc  expresseth 
not  only  the  ruhus  or  kmds  of  bramble,  but  other  thorny 
boshes,  and  the  hip-brier  is  also  named  Kvyotrf^aros,  or  the 
dog-brier  or  bramble. 

6.  That  myrica  is  rendered  heath,^t  sounds  instructively 
*  Hosea  x.  4 ;  Amos  yi.  2.  f  Myrica,  Cant.  i.  14. 

"[  %ioop.]  A  diminutive  herb  of  a  veiy  bitter  taste,  which  Hassel- 
qtost  mentions  as  growing  on  the  mountains  near  Jerusalem,  as  well  as 
on  the  wails  of  the  city.  Pliny  mentions  it  in  connection  with  the 
nne^or  and  the  sponge.  Nat.  Hist.  lib.  xxiii.  c.  1. 

•  thorny  crown.']  Our  Lord's  crown  was  supposed  by  Bodasus  and 
Theophylact  to  have  been  made  of  some  species  of  ciccbcia.  Hasselquist 
conriders  it  to  have  been  the  rhaTwnms,  or  nvbca  paUwus  A  thend. 

•  AiotA.]    "  Be  as  the  heath  in  the  wilderness."— Jf>S^.  SI.  1847.    The 


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156  HSATH.      THE   CEDAB,  ETC.  [tILLGT  I. 

enough  to  our  ears,  who  behold  that  plant  so  common  in 
barren  plains  among  us :  but  jou  cannot  but  take  notiee 
that  erica,  or  our  heath,  is  not  the  same  plant  with  myriea 
or  tamarice,  described  by  Theophrastus  and  Dioscorides,  and 
which  Bellonius  decloreth  to  grow  so  plentifully  in  the 
deserts  of  Jud»a  and  Arabia. 

7.  That  the  fiorpvg  rfis  Kvirpov,  botrus  ctfpri,  or  clusters  of 
cypress,^*  should  hare  any  reference  to  the  cypress  tree, 
according  to  the  original,  copher,  or  clusters  of  the  noble 
yine  of  Cyprus,  which  might  be  planted  into  Judaea,  may 
seem  to  others  allowable  in  some  li^titude.  But  there  seem- 
ing some  noble  odour  to  be  implied  in  this  place,  you  may 
probably  conceive  that  the  expression  drives  at  the  Kwrpoc  of 
Pioscorides,  some  oriental  kmd  of  ligustrvm  or  alcharma, 
which  DioBCorides  and  Pliny  mention  under  the  name  of 
KvirpoQ  and  cypruSj  and  to  grow  about  Egypt  and  Ascalon, 
producing  a  sweet  and  odorate  bush  of  flowers,  and  out  of 
which  was  made' the  famous  oleum  cyprinwm. 

But  why  it  should  be  rendered  camphor  your  judgment 
cannot  but  doubt,  who  know  that  our  camphor  was  unknown 
unto  the  ancients,  and  no  ingredient  into  any  composition  of 
great  antiquity :  that  learned  men  long  conceived  it  a  bitu- 
minous and  fossil  body,  and  our  latest  experience  discovereth 
it  to  be  the  resinous  substance  of  a  tree,  in  Borneo  and 
China ;  and  that  the  camphor  that  we  use  is  a  neat  prepara- 
tion of  the  same. 

8.  When  'tis  said  in  Isaiah  xli. "  I  will  plant  in  the  wilder- 
ness the  cedar,  the  shittah  tree,  and  the  myrtle,  and  the  oU 
tree,  I  will  set  in  the  desert,  the  flr  tree,  and  the  pine,  and 
the  box  tree :  though  some  doubt  may  be  made  of  the 
shittah  tree,^  yet  all  these  trees  here  mentioned  being  such 

♦  Cant.  i.  14. 

LXX.  in  Jer.  xlviii.  6,  instead  of  oruvt  evidently  read  wud,  "» 
wild  ass  ; "  whicli  suits  that  passage  (as  well  as  Jer.  zvii.  6)  better  than 
"heath!" 

*  qfpi^ess.'l  Aquila,  the  LXX.,Theodotion,  and  others,  consider  the  tree 
thus  called  in  Isa.  xliv.  14,  to  be  rather  the  wild  oak,  or  ilex  ;  Bishop 
Lowth  and  Parkhurst  think  the  pine  is  intended.  But  the  wood  of  the 
cypress  was  more  adopted  to  the  purpose  specified. 

^  sJiittah'tree.]  According  to  Dr.  Shaw  and  others,  it  was  the  acada 
heraoT  spina  Egyptiaca,  which  grows  to  about  the  the  size  of  the  mul- 
berry, and  produces  yellow  flowers  and  pods  like  lupines. 


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TRACT  I.]  6BAPES,  AMBEB,   MT7BE,   £TC.  ,  157 

as  are  ever  green,  you  will  more  emphatically  apprehend  the 
merciful  meaning  of  Gtod  in  this  mention  of  no  fiiding,  but 
always  verdant  trees  in  dry  and  desert  places. 

9.  "  And  they  cut  down  a  branch  with  one  cluster  of 
grapes,^  and  they  bare  it  between  two  upon  a  staff,  and  they 
brought  pomegranates  and  fi^s."  This  cluster  of  grapes 
brought  upon  a  staff  by  the  spies  was  an  incredible  sight,  in 
Philo  Jud^Bus,  seemed  notable  in  the  eyes  of  the  Israelites, 
but  more  wonderful  in  our  own,  who  look  only  upon  north- 
em  vines.  But  herein  vou  are  like  to  consider,  that  the 
cluster  was  thus  carefully  carried  ta  represent  it  entire, 
without  bruising  or  breakmg ;  that  this  was  not  one  bunch, 
but  an  extraordinary  cluster,  made  up  of  many  depending 
i^on  one  gross  stalk.  And,  however,  might  be  paralleled 
with  the  eastern  clusters  of  Margiana  and  Caramania,  if  we 
allow  but  half  the  expressions  of  Pliny  and  Strabo,  whereof 
one  would  lade  a  curry  or  small  cart ;  and  may  be  made  out 
by  the  clusters  of  the  grapes  of  Ehodes  presented  imto 
Duke  Sadzivil,*  each  containing  three  parts  of  an  ell  in 
compass,  and  the  grapes  as  big  as  prunes. 

10.  Some  things  may  be  doubted  in  the  species  of  the 
holy  ointment^  and  perrame.t  With  amber,  musk,  and  civet 
we  meet  not  in  the  Scripture,  nor  any  odours  from  animals ; 
except  we  take  the  onycha  of  that  perfume,  for  the  covercle 
of  a  shell-fish,  called  unguis  odoratuSy  or  blatta  hyzantina, 
which  Dioscorides  affirmeth  to  be  taken  from  a  shell-fish  of 
the  Indian  lakes,  which  feedeth  upon  the  aromatical  plants, 
is  gathered  when  the  lakes  are  dry.  But  whether  that  which 
we  now  call  blatta  hyzantma  or  unguis  odoratus,  be  the  same 
with  that  odorate  one  of  antiquity,  great  doubt  may  be  made ; 
since  Dioscorides  saith  it  smelled  like  castoreum,  and  that 
which  we  now  have  is  of  an  ungrateful  odour. 

*  Kadziyil^  in  his  Travels.  f  Exod.  xxx.  34,  35. 

*  duster  of  grapes.']  Donbdan  ( Voyage  de  la  Terre  Sainte,  ch.  xxi.) 
speaks  of  bundles  weighing  ten  or  twelve  pounds.  Forster,  on  the 
anihority  of  a  religious,  who  had  long  resided  in  Palestine,  says,  that 
there  grew  in  the  valley  of  Hebron  bunches  so  large  that  two  men  could 
scarcely  carry  one. 

*  hoiy  ointment.']  Frankincense  was  one  of  the  ingredients  therein ; 
an  aromatic  gum  produced  by  a  tree  not  certainly  known,  called  by  the 
ancients  thurifera. 


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158  MTBBH.    HUSKS  OF  THBPBODieALSOK.      [tBAGTI. 

No  little  doubt  m&j  be  also  made  of  ^^tdbaiwm^  presciibed 
in  the  same  peifume,  if  we  take  it  ior  gaXbtuutmy  which  i»  of 
common  use  among  us,  apporoaching  the  evil  scent  of  ocm- 
fogtida;  and  not  rather  for  galhtmum  of  good  odour,  as  the 
adjoining  words  declare,  and  the  original  cJuHhema  will  bear ; 
which  implieth  a  fat  or  resinous  substance ;  that  which  is 
commonly  known  among  us  being  properlj  a  gummous  body 
and  dissoluble  also  in  water. 

The  holy  ointment  of  stacte  or  pure  myrrh,^  distilling  firom 
the  plant  without  expression  or  firing,  of  cinnamon,  cassia, 
and  cahunus,  containeth  less  questionable  species,  if  the  dn- 
namon  of  tl^  ancients  w^re  the  same  with  ours,  or  mazii^;ed 
after  the  same  mamier.  For  thereof  Dioscorides  made  Ids 
noble  unguent.  And  cinnamon  was  so  highly  valued  by 
princes,  l£at  Cleopatra  carried  it  unto  her  sepulchre  with 
her  jewels  \  which  was  ako  kept  in  wooden  boxes  among  the 
rarities  of  kings ;  and  was  of  such  a  lasting  nature,  that  at 
his  composing  of  treacle  for  the  Emperor  Seyeros,  G^en 
made  use  of  some  which  had  been  laid  up  by  Adnanus. 

11.  That  the  prodigal  son  desired  to  eat  of  husks  given 
unto  swine,  will  hardly  pass  in  your  apprehension  for  the 
husks  of  jjease,  beans,^  or  such  edulious  pulses ;  as  well 
understanding  that  the  textual  word  KEparwy,  or  eeraiieu, 
properly  intendeth  the  &uit  of  the  sUiqua  tree,  so  comsion 
in  Syria,  and  fed  upon  by  men  and  beasts ;  called  also  by 
some  the  fruit  of  the  locust  tree,  snApanis  sancH  Johammit, 
as  Gonceiyiug  it  to  haye  been  part  of  me  diet  of  the  Baptist 
in  the  desert.  The  tree  and  fruit  is  not  only  common  in 
Syria  and  the  eastern  parts,  but  also  well  known  in  Apuleia 
and  the  kingdom  of  Naples ;  growing  along  the  Via  Appia, 
from  Pundi  unto  Mola ;  the  hard  cods  or  husks  makuig  a 
rattling  noise  in  wiady  weather,  by  beating  against  one 
another :  called  by  the  Italians,  ctvrdha  or  carShalay  and  by 
the  Erench,  carouses.  With  the  sweet  pulp  hereof  some 
conceive  that  the  Indians  preserve  ginger,  mirabolans,  and 

^  gcUhanum,']  A  gum  issuing  from  an  umbeUifeToua  plants  gnmiag 
in  Persia  and  Africa ; — ^when  &at  drawn,  white  and  soft ; — afterwards 
reddish  ;  of  a  strong  smell,  bitter  and  add,  inflammable,  and  acduUe  in 
water. 

^  nvi^kJ}  The  gum  oi  a  tree  growing  in  Egypt,  Arabia,  and  Abys- 
sinia : — ^beHeved  to  possess  the  power  of  resisting  pntre&cfcion,  and 
therefore  used  by  the  Jews  and  Egyptians  in  embalming. 


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TRACT  I.]  GUOTJMBBSS,  LIBKfl,  ITG.  159 

nutmegs.  Of  the  same  (as  Pliny  delivers)  the  ancients  made 
one  kind  of  wine,  strongly  expressing  the  juice  thereof;  and 
so  they  might  after  |ive  the  express^  and  less  nsefol  |Hurt  of 
the  cods  and  remainmg  pulp  unto  their  swine :  which,  being 
no  gofftless  or  nnsatisf jing  o&d,  might  be  well  desired^by 
tiie  prodigal  in  his  hunger. 

12.  No  marvel  it  is  that  the  Israelites,  having  lived  long 
in  a  well-watered  country,  and  been  acquaint^  wiih  the 
noble  water  of  Nilus,  should  complain  for  water  in  the  dry 
and  barren  wilderness.  More  remarkable  it  seems  tiiat  they 
ahonld  extol  and  linger  after  the  cucumbers^  and  leeks, 
ODions  and  garUek  of  Egypt ;  wherein^  notwithstanding,  lies 
a  pertinent  expression  of  the  diet  of  that  countary  in  ancient 
times,  even  as  high  as  the  building  of  the  pyramids,  when 
Heirodotua  delivereth,  that  so  many  talents  were  spent  in 
ooioiis  and  garlick,  for  the  food  of  labourers  and  artificers  *, 
and  is  also  answerable  unto  their  preeent  plentifol  diet  in 
cociunbers,  and  the  great  varieties  thereof,  as  testified  by 
Itoeper  Alpinus^  who  spent  many  years  in  Egypt. 

13.  What  fruit  that  was  which  our  first  parents  tasted  in 
Paradise,  from  the  disputes  of  learned  men,  seems  ^et  inde* 
terminable.^  More  clear  it  is  that  they  covered  theur  naked- 
ness or  secret  parts  with  fig  leaves  ;^  which,  when  I  read,  I 
cannot  but  call  to  mind  the  several  considerations  which 
antiquity  had  of  the  fig  tree,  in  reference  unto  those  parts, 
particularly  how  %  leaves,  by  sundry  authors,  are  described 
to  have  some  resemblance  unto  the  genitab,  and  so  were 
«p^j  formed  for  such  contection  of  those  parts ;  how  also, 
in  that  fiEunous  statua  of  Praxiteles,  concerning  Alexander 

"*  euewnbenJ]  HaaselquiBt  thus  desoribes  the  cuoumia  chate,  or  queen 
of  cucumbers.  **  It  grows  in  the  fertile  earth  round  Cairo,  after  the 
inundation  of  the  Nile,  and  not  in  any  other  place  in  "Egypt,  nor  in  any 
oihes'  soil.  It  ripens  with  water  melons  :  its  flesh  is  almost  of  the  same 
substance,  but  is  not  near  so  cool.  The  grandees  eat  it  as  the  most 
pleasant  food  they  find,  and  that  from  which  they  have  least  to  appre- 
bemL  It  is  the  most  excellent  of  this  tribe  of  any  yet  known.*' — ffcusd- 
^^mats  Trav.  p.  258. 

9  pet  i/nddermindble.]  Jewish  tradition  considers  it  to  have  been 
the  citron,  which,  in  all  probability,  was  the  fruit  spoken  of  in  Cant.  n. 
13,  rather  than  the  apple,  as  it  is  translated. 

•  ^4eafve8.']  The  fig-tree  is  called  tcmek,  or  the  "  grief  tree,"  from  its 
rough  leaves.  Hence  the  Kabbins  and  others  represent  Adam  to  have 
ejected  it  as  a  natural  sackcloth,  to  express  his  contrition. 


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160  THS  JUSSAir  BALBAH.      PULSE.  [tSAGT  X. 

and  Buoepbalus,  the  secret  ports  are  veiled  with  fig  leaves ; 
how  this  tree  was  sacred  unto  Friapus,  and  how  the  diseases 
of  the  secret  parts  have  derived  their  name  from  figs. 

14.  That  the  good  Samaritan,  coming  from  Jericho,  used 
any  of  the  Jndean  balsam  ^  upon  the  wounded  traveller,  is 
not  to  he  made  out,  and  we  are  unwilling  to  disparage  his 
charitable  surgery  in  pouring  oil  into  a  green  wound;  and, 
therefore,  when  'tis  said  he  used  oil  and  wine,  mar  rather 
conceive  that  he  made  an  aineheum,  or  medicine  of  oil  and 
wine  beaten  u^  and  mixed  together,  which  was  no  impro^ 
medicine,  and  is  an  art  now  lately  studied  bv  some  so  to  in- 
corporate wine  and  oil,  that  they  may  lastingly  hold  together, 
which  some. pretend  to  have,  and  call  it  ol^tm  SamarUanum^ 
or  Samaritan's  oil. 

15.  When  Daniel  would  not  pollute  himself  with  the  diet 
of  the  Babylonians,  he  probably  declined  pagan  conunensa- 
tion,  or  to  eat  of  meats  forbidden  to  the  Jews,  though  com- 
mon at  their  tables,  or  so  much  as  to  taste  of  their  Glentile 
immolations,  and  sacrifices  abominable  unto  his  palate. 

But  when  'tis  said  that  he  made  choice  of  the  diet  of  pulse^ 
and  water,  whether  he  strictly  confined  unto  a  leguminous 
food,  according  to  the  vulgar  translation,  some  d6ubt  may  be 
raised  from  the  original  word  zeragnim^  which  signifies  semi- 
nalia,  and  is  so  set  down  in  the  margin  of  Arias  Montanus ; 
and  the  Greek  word  spermatay  generally  expressing  seeds, 
may  signify  any  eduHous  or  cerealious  grains  besides  oairpia 
or  leguminous  seeds. 

Yet,  if  he  strictly  made  choice  of  a  leguminous  food, 
and  water,  instead  of  his  portion  from  the  king's  table,  he 
handsomely  declined  the  diet  which  might  have  been  put 

1  hcUsam,"]  An  evergreen,  rising  to  about  fourteen  feet  high,  indi- 
ffenous  in  Azab  and  all  along  the  coast  of  Babelmandel ;  bearing  bat 
few  leaves,  and  small  white  flowers,  like  those  of  the  acacia.  Three 
kinds  of  balsam  were  extracted  from  this  tree  : — 1.  The  <>pob<iUamum^ 
the  most  valuable  sort,  which  flowed,  on  incision,  from  the  trunk  or 
branches.  2.  CarpobcUsamum,  from  pressure  of  the  ripe  fruit.  3.  ffylo- 
JfcUsamum,  made  by  a  decoction  of  the  buds  and  young  twigs.  The  tree 
has  entirely  disappeared  frY>m  Palestine. 

^  pulse.']  Parched  peas  or  com ;  both  of  which  make  part  of  the  food 
of  the  Eastern  people.  "  On  the  road  from  Acrato  Seide,"  says  Hasael- 
quist,  '*  we  saw  a  herdsman  eating  his  dinner,  consisting  of  half-ripe 
ears  of  wheat,  which  he  toasted,  and  ate  with  as  good  an  appetite  as  a 
Turk  does  his  pillans." 


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TSACT  I.]  LEjaUKHrOTJS  FOOD.      LEKTILS.  161 

apon  him,  and  particularly  that  which  was  called  the  poti- 
iom  of  the  king,  which,  as  Athensus  informeth,  implied  the 
bread  of  the  king,  made  of  barley  and  wheat,  and  the  wine 
of  Cyprus,  which  he  drank  in  an  oval  cup.  And,  therefore, 
distinctly  &om  that  he  chose  plain  fare  of  water,  and  the 
gross  diet  of  pulse,  and  that,  perhaps,  not  made  into  bread, 
but  parched  and  tempered  with  water. 

Now  that  herein  (beside  the  special  benediction  of  God) 
he  made  choice  of  no  improper  diet  to  keep  himself  fair 
and  plump,  and  so  to  excuse  the  eunuch  his  keeper,  physi- 
cians will  not  deny,  who  acknowledge  a  very  nutritive  and 
impinguating  faculty  in  pulses,  in  leguminous  food,  and  in 
several  sorts  of  grains  and  corns,  is  not  like  to  be  doubted 
by  such  who  consider  that  this  was  probably  a  great  part 
c^  the  food  of  our  forefathers  before  the  flood,  the  diet  also 
of  Jacob  ;  and  that  the  Bomans  (called  therefore  pultifagi) 
fed  much  on  pulse  for  six  hundred  years ;  that  they  had  no 
bakers  for  that  time :  and  their  pistours  were  such  as,  before 
the  use  of  mills,  beat  out  and  cleansed  their  com.  As  also 
that  the  athletic  diet  was  of  pulse,  aJphiton,  maza,  barley 
and  water ;  whereby  they  were  advantaged  sometimes  to  an 
exquisite  state  of  health,  and  such  as  was  not  without 
danger.  And,  therefore,  though  Daniel  were  no  eunuch, 
and  of  a  more  fattening  and  thriving  temper,  as  some 
have  fancied,  yet  was  he  by  this  kind  of  diet  sufficiently 
maintained  in  a  fair  and  camous  state  of  body ;  and,  ajQ- 
eordingly,  his  picture  not  improperly  drawn,  that  is,  not 
meagre  and  lean,  like  Jeremy's,  but  plump  and  fair,  answei:- 
able  to  the  most  authentic  draught  of  the  Vatican,  and  the 
late  German  Luther's  bible. 

The  cynicks  in  Athenseus  make  iterated  courses  of 
lentils,  and  prefer  that  diet  before  the  luxury  of  Seleucus. 
1%e  nresent  Egyptians,  who  are  observed  by  Alpinus  to  be 
the  Attest  nation,  and  men  to  have  breasts  like  women,  owe 
much,  as  he  conceiveth,  unto  the  water  of  Nile,  and  their 
diet  of  lice,  pease,  lentils,  and  white  cicers.  The  pulse- 
eating  cynicks  and  stoicks  are  all  very  lon^  livers  in  Laer- 
tius.  And  Daniel  must  not  be  accounted  of  few  years,  who, 
bdng  carried  away  captive  in  the  reign  of  Joachim,  by 
Kiog  Nebuchadnezzar,  lived,  by  Scripture  account,  unto  the 
first  year  of  Cyrus. 

TOL.  m.  K 


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162  JiiCOB'S  »>I>B.      IJUBS.  [TBiLOT  I. 

16.  "  And  Jacob  took  rods  of  green  poplar,  and  of  the 
bazel,  and  the  chesnnt  tree,  and  pilled  white  €rtreaks  in  them, 
and  made  the  white  appear  which  was  in  the  rods,  &c." 
Men  multiply  the  philosophy  of  Jacob,  who  beside  the 
benediction  of  God,  and  the  powerful  eSeists  of  imaginaticm, 
raised  in  the  goats  and  sheep  from  piUed  and  partyncoloored 
objects,  conceive  that  he  chose  out  these  particular  plants 
above  any  other,  because  he  understood  they  had  a  particular 
virtue  unto  the  intended  effects,  according  unto  the  eonc^ 
tion  of  Gheorgius  Venetus.* 

Whereto  you  will  hardly  assent,  at  least  till  you  be  betfcer 
satisfied  and  assured  concerning  the  true  species  of  the 
plants  intended  in  the  text,  or  find  a  clearer  consent  and 
uniformity  in  the  translation:  for  what  we  render  poplar, 
hazel,  and  chesnut,  the  Greek  translateth  vir^am  sfyraeinam, 
nudnam,  plafUaninam,  which  some  also  render  a  pomegra- 
nate ;  and  so  observing  this  variety  of  interpretations  con- 
cerning common  and  known  plants  among  us,  you  may  more 
reasonably  doubt,  with  what  propriety  or  assurance  others 
less  known  be  sometimes  rendered  unto  us. 

17.  Whether  in  the  sermon  of  the  mount,  the  lilies  of 
the  field  did  point  at  the  proper  lilies,^  or  whether  those 
flowers  grew  wild  in  the  place  where  our  Saviour  preached, 
some  doubt  may  be  made ;  because  Kpirov,  the  woinl  in  that 
place,  is  accounted  of  the  same  signification  with  Xeipwvj 
and  that  in  Homer  is  taken  for  all  manner  of  spe<3ous 
flowers ;  so  received  by  Eustachius,  Hesychius,  and  the 
schoHast  upon  Apollonius,  KaBoKmf  ra  &vdri  Xsipta  Xeycrvu. 
And  Kpivov  is  also  received  in  the  same  latitude,  not  sigmfy- 

*  0.   Vmetus,  Probleau  200. 

^  liUef.']  "  At  a  few  miles  from  Adowa,  we  diaoovered  a  new  and 
hemtifiil  species  of  amaryllis,  which  bore  from  ten  to  twelve  ^ikes  of 
bloom  on  each  stem,  as  large  as  those  of  the  belladonna,  springing  from 
one  common  receptacle.  The  general  colour  of  the  corolla  was  white, 
and  every  petal  was  marked  with  a  mngle  streak  of  bright  par|^  down 
the  middle.  The  flower  was  sweet  scented,  and  its  sm^  though  nmeh 
more  powerfid,  resembled  that  of  the  lily  of  the  valley.  This  superb 
plant  excited  the  admiration  of  the  whole  party  ;  and  it  brought  imme- 
diately to  my  recollection  the  beautiful  comparison  used  on  a  partiealar 
occasion  by  our  Saviour,  *  I  say  unto  you,  that  Solomon  in  all  his  gioiy 
was  not  arrayed  like  one  of  these.'  " — Salfs  Voyage  to  Abpsdinici,  p.  419. 


yGoogk 


TRAJOT  I.]  THE  MLT   OP  THB   TALLBT.  ^      IW 

0  ing  only  liiies,  but  applied  unto  daffodils,  hyacmthg,  infleB, 
aod  the  flowexe  of  oolocynthifi. 

Under  the  like  latitude  of  acoeptiox^  are  many  ezproA- 
oasiB  in  the  Oantides  to  be  received.  And  when  it  is  said 
^he  feedeth  among  the  lihes,"  therein  may  be  also  implied 
oihear  specious  flowers,  not  excluding  tne  proper  lilies. 
But  in  that  expression,  *' the  lilies  drop  forth  myrrh,"  nei- 
ther proper  lilies  nor  proper  myrrh  can  be  apprehended,  the 
one  not  proceeding  fiom  the  other,  but  may  be  zeceived  in 
a  metaphorical  s^ise :  and  in  some  latitude  may  be  made 
ont  £rom  the  rosdui  and  honey  drops  obserrable  in  the 
flowers  of  martafion,  and  inverted  flowered  hlies,  and,  'tis 
like,  is  the  standing  sweet  dew  on  the  white  eyes  of  the 
crown  imperial,  now  common  among  us. 

And  the  proper  lily  may  be  int^ded  in  that  expreiNiion 
of  1  Kings  viL,  that  the  brazil  sea  was  of  the  thickness  of 
a  hand  &eadth,  and  the  brim  like  a  lily.  For  the  figure 
of  that  flower  being  round  at  the  bottom,  and  somewhat 
lepandons,  or  inverted  at  the  top,  doth  handsomely  iilus- 
teate  the  comparison. 

But  that  the  lily  of  the  valley,  mentioned  in  the  Can- 
ticles, '^  I  am  the  rose  of  Sharon,  and  the  lily  of  the  vaUey,'* 
is  that  vegetable  which  passeth  under  the  same  name  mih. 
US,  that  is,  HUoim  convallium,  or  the  May  lily,  you  will  more 
hardly  beJieve,  who  know  with  what  inratiBflu^ion  the  most 
learned  botanists  reduce  that  ]plant  unto  any  described  by 
the  ancients;  that  Anguillara  will  have  it  to  be  thecenanthe 
of  Athenffius,  Oordus,  the  po^os  of  Theophrastus,  and 
Lobelius,  that  the  Gkreeks  had  not  described  it ;  who  find 
not  six  leaves  in  the  flower,  agreeably  to  all  liUes,  but  only 
six  small  divisions  in  the  flower,  who  find  it  also  to  have 
a  single,  and  no  bulbous  root,  nor  leaves  shooting  about  the 
bofttam,  nor  the  stalk  round,  but  angular.  And  that  the 
learned  Bauhinus  hath  not  placed  it  in  the  dassis  of  lilies, 
hot  nervifolious  plants. 

18.  ^'  Poth  he  not  cast  abroad  the  fltches,^  and  scatter 
ihe  eumniin  seed,  and  east  in  the  piineipal  wheat,  and  the 

*  JUthea."]  There  are  two  Hebrew  words  rendered  fitc^ies  by  ourtrans- 
laAan,  hetzach  and  hemaet;  the  latter  probably  rye,  the  former  is  oon- 
m^red  fay  Javom,  Makncoidea,  and  ihe  Babbias  to  be  giik,  in  Gwek 
fuKen^uv,  in  Latin  niffdla,    Parkhurst  aappaies  it  to  have  been  fenmd. 

m2 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


164  luXiiVM.  [tract  I. 

appointed  barley,  and  the  rye  in  their  place  ?"  Herein 
though  the  sense  may  hold  under  the  names  assigned,  yet  is 
it  not  so  easy  to  determine  the  particular  seeds  and  grains, 
where  the  obscure  original  causeth  such  differing  transla- 
tions. For  in  the  yu^ar  we  meet  with  milium  and  ^h, 
which  our  translation  declineth,  placing  fitches  for  ffithy  and 
rye  for  milium  or  millet,  which,  notwithstanding,  is  retained 
by  the  Dutch. 

That  it  might  be  melanthium,  nigella,  or  gith,  may  be 
allowably  apprehended,  from  the  frequent  use  of  the  seed 
thereof  among  the  Jews  and  other  nations,  aa  also  from  the 
translation  of  Tremellius ;  and  the  original  implying  a  bhu^ 
seed,  which  is  less  than  cummin,  as,  out  of  AbenEzra,  Buxtor- 
fius  hath  expounded  it. 

But  whereas  milium  or  Ktyxpoc  of  the  Septuagint  is  by 
ours  rendered  rye,  there  is  little  similitude  or  affinity  be- 
tween those  grains ;  for  milium  is  more  agreeable  unto  y^eUa 
or  espaut,  as  the  Dutch  and  others  still  render  it. 

That  we  meet  so  often  with  cummin^  seed  in  many  parts 
of  Scripture  in  reference  unto  Judsea,  a  seed  so  abominable 
at  present  unto  our  palates  and  nostrils,  will  not  seem 
strange  unto  any  who  consider  the  frequent  use  there<tf 
among  the  ancients,  not  only  in  medical  but  dietetical  use 
and  practice :  for  their  dishes  were  filled  therewith,  and  the 
noblest  festival  preparations  in  Apicius  were  not  without  it; 
and  even  in  the  polenta,  and  parched  com,  the  old  diet  of 
the  Eomans  (as  Pliny  recordeth),  unto  every  measure  they 
mixed  a  small  proportion  of  linseed  and  cummin  seed. 

And  so  cummin  is  justly  set  down  among  things  of  vulgar 
and  common  use,  when  it  is  said  in  Matthew  xxiii.  23, 
"  You  pay  tithe  of  mint,  anise,  and  cummin."  But  how  to 
make  out  the  translation  of  anise  we  are  stiUto  seek,  theace 
being  no  word  in  that  text  which  properly  signifieth  anise : 
the  original  being  avrfiov,  which  the  Latins  call  anethum, 
and  is  properly  Englished  dill. 

That  among  many  expressions,  allusions,  and  illustrations 
made  in  Scripture  from  corns,  there  is  no  mention  made  of 
oats,  so  useful  a  grain  among  us,  will  not  seem  very  strange 

^  ctmmin.]  An  umbelliferouB  plant  reflembling  fennel ;  producing  a 
bitterish;  wann,  aromatic  seed. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


*  *i  \iLjismmsw^i^^mm^cmr9em9m 


TRACT  I.]  XABS   OF   COBK.  165 

unto  Tou,  till  you  can  clearly  discover  that  it  was  a  grain 
of  orinary  use  in  those  parts;  who  may  also  find  that 
Theophrastus,  who  is  large  about  other  grains,  delivers  very 
little  of  it.  That  Dioscorides  is  also  very  short  therein. 
And  Galen  delivers  that  it  was  of  some  use  in  Asia  Minor, 
especially  in  My  sia,  and  that  rather  for  beasts  than  men: 
•Dd  Pliny  affirmeth  that  the  pttlHcula  thereof  was  most  in 
use  aniong  the  Germans.  Yet  that  the  Jews  were  not 
without  all  use  of  this  grain  seems  confirmable  from  the 
Sabbmical  account,  who  reckon  five  grains  liable  unto  their 
oisiings,  whereof  the  cake  presented  might  be  made ;  that 
is,  wheat,  oats,  rye,  and  two  sorts  of  barley. 

19.  Why  the  disciples  being  hungry  plucked  the  ears  of 
com,  it  seems  strange  to  us,  who  observe  that  men  half- 
sfewnred  betake  not  themselves  to  such  supply ;  except  we 
consider  the  ancient  diet  of  alphiton  and  polenta^  the  meal 
of  dried  and  parched  com,  or  that  which  was  dtfiYiXvtn^, 
OP  meal  of  crude  and  unparched  com,  wherewith  they 
l)eing  well  acquainted,  might  hope  for  some  satisfaction  from 
the  com  yet  in  the  husks ;  that  is,  from  the  nourishing  pulp 
or  mealy  part  within  it. 

20.  The  inhuman  oppression  of  the  Egyptian  task-mas- 
ters, who,  not  content  with  the  common  tale  of  brick,  took 
ftiso  from  the  children  of  Israel  their  allowance  of  straw, 
and  forced  them  to  gather  stubble  where  they  could  find  it, 
will  be  more  nearly  apprehended,  if  we  consider  how  hard 
it  was  to  acquire  any  quantity  of  stubble  in  Egypt,  where  the 
Btalk  of  com  was  so  short,  that  to  acquire  an  ordinary 
measure  it  required  more  than  ordinary  labour;  as  is  dis- 
coverable from  that  account  which  FliBv  hath  happily  left 
Bnto  us.*  In  the  com  gathered  in  Egypt  the  straw  is 
acTep  a  cubit  long :  because  the  seed  lieth  very  shallow,  and 
hath  no  other  nourishment  than  from  the  mud  and  slime 
left  by  the  river ;  for  under  it  is  nothing  but  sand  and  gravel. 

So  that  the  expression  of  Scripture  is  more  emphatical 
than  is  commonly  apprehended,  when  'tis  said,  "  The  people 
were  scattered  abroad  through  all  the  land  of  Egypt  to 
gather  stubble'  instead  of  straw."  Eor  the  stubble  beinjg; 
very  short,  the  acquist  was  difficult ;  a  few  fields  afforded  it 

•  lab.  18.  Nat.  Eist. 

Digitized  by  CjOOQIC        — 


166  THE  THrE.      TKB   OAlTB  LEAF.  [tBIlCT  I. 

not,  and  thej  were  fain  to  wander  fax  to  obtain  a  suiBcient 
qnanti^  of  it. 

21.  It  is  said  in  the  Son^  €f  Solomon,  that  ^^The  Tines 
with  the  tender  grape  give  a  good  smell."  That  the  flowers 
of  the  vine  should  be  emphatically  noted  to  give  a  pleasant 
smell  seems  hard  unto  our  northern  nostrils,  which  discover 
not  such  odours,  and  smell  them  not  in  full  vineyards; 
whereas  in  hot  regions,  and  more  spread  and  digested 
flowers,  a  sweet  savour  may  be  allowed,  denotable  from 
several  human  expressions,  and  the  practice  of  the  ancienfeB, 
in  putting  the  dried  flowers  of  the  vine  into  new  wine  to 
give  it  a  pure  and  flosculous  race  or  spirit,  which  wine  was 
therefore  cifled  olvdvBivovy  allowing  unto  every  eadu9  two 
pounds  of  dried  flowers. 

And  therefore,  the  vine  flowering  but  in  the  spring,  it 
cannot  but  seem  an  impertinent  objection  of  the  Jews,  that 
the  apostles  were  ''  fulTof  new  wine  at  Pentecost,"  when  it 
was  not  to  be  foimd.  Wherefore  we  msv  rather  eonoeiTe 
that  the  word  ykBvtcv  in  that  place  implied  not  newvrine  cr 
must,  but  some  generous  strong  and  sweet  wine,  wheren 
more  especially  lay  the  power  of  inebriation. 

But  if  it  be  to  be  taken  for  some  kind  of  must,  it  mi^t 
be  some  kind  of  ale/yXnMcoc,  or  long  lasting  miist,  wmeb 
mi^ht  be  hod  at  any  time  of  the  year,  and  which,  as  Plmy 
delivereth,  they  made  by  hindering  and  keeping  l^e  moat 
from  fermentation  or  working,  and  so  it  kept  soft  and  sweet 
for  no  smaU  time  aftar. 

22.  When  the  dove,  sent  out  of  the  ark,  returned  W1& 
a  green  olive  leaf,  according  to  the  original:  howthe  lea^ 
after  ten  months,  and  under  water,  should  still  mamtain 
a  verdure  or  greenness,  need  not  much  amuse  the  readorv 
if  we  consider  that  the  olive  tree  is  aUl^vKXov,  or  ecm- 
tinually  greoi ;  that  the  leaves  are  of  a  bittier  taste,  and  ef 
a  flwt  and  lasting  substance.  Since  we  also  And  fresh  and 
green  leaves  among  the  olives  which  we  reeeivefrom  remote 
countries ;  and  since  the  plants  at  the  bottom  of  the  8e% 
^d  on  the  sides  of  rocks,  maintain  a  deep  and  ftfuk. 
verdure. 

How  the  tree  should  stand  so  long  in  the  deluge  under 
water,  may  partly  be  allowed  from  the  uncertain  determina- 
tion of  the  flows  an4  corrents  of  that  time,  and  the  quali- 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


TSACT  I.]  HVSTABD  SEED.  167 

ficatdon  of  the  saltness  of  the  sea,  by  the  admixtuie  of 
fresh  water,  when  the  whole  wateiy  element  was  together. 

And  it  may  be  signally  illustrated  from  the  like  examples 
m  TheophrastuB*  and  Pliny f  in  words  to  this  effect:  even 
the  sea  aflfordeth  shrubs  and  trees  ;  in  the  Eed  Sea  whole 
woods  do  live,  namely  of  bays  and  olives  bearing  frruit. 
The  soldiers  of  Alexander,  who  sailed  into  India,  made 
report,  that  the  tides  were  so  high  in  some  islands,  that  they 
overflowed,  and  covered  the  woods,  as  high  as  plane  and 
poplar  trees.  The  lower  sort  wholly,  the  greater  all  but  the 
tops,  whereto  the  mariners  fastened  their  vessels  at  high 
water,  and  at  the  root  in  the  ebb ;  that  the  leaves  of  these 
sea-trees  while  under  water  looked  green,  but  taken  oat 
presently  dried  with  the  heat  of  the  sun.  The  like  is  deli- 
vered by  Theophrastus,  that  some  oaks  do  grow  and  bear 
aooms  nnder  the  sea. 

23.  "  The  kingdom  of  heaven  is  Hke  to  a  grain  of  mus- 
tard-seed, which  a  man  took  and  sowed  in  his  field,  which 
indeed  is  the  least  of  all  seeds ;  but  when  'tis  grown  is  the 
greatest  among  herbs,  and  becometh  a  tree,  so  that  the  birds 
of  the  air  come  and  lodge  in  the  branches  thereof.". 

Luke  xiii.  19.  "  It  is  Hke  a  grain  of  mustard-seed,  which 
a  man  took  and  cast  it  into  his  gard^i,  and  it  waxed  a 
great  tree,  and  the  fowls  of  the  air  lodged  in  the  branches 
hereof." 

This  expression  by  a  grain  of  mustard-seed,  will  not 
seem  so  stoinge  unto  you,  who  well  consider  it.  That  it  is 
simply  the  least  of  seeds,  you  cannot  apprehend,  if  you  have 
b^eld  the  seeds  of  raptmeuluSy  marjorane,  tobacco,  and  the 
BuaUest  seed  of  Zwnona. 

But  you  may  well  understand  it  to  be  the  smallest  seed 
among  nerbs  which  produce  so  big  a  plant,  ot  the  least  of 
herbal  plants,  which  arise  unto  such  a  proportion,  implied 
in  the  expression ;  the  smallest  of  seeds,  and  becometh  the 
greatest  of  herbs. 

And  you  may  also  grant  that  it  is  the  ranaUest  of  seeds 
d  plants  apt  to  hvhpt^siv,  arhorescere,  fnOkeicere^  or  to 
grow  unto  a  ligneous  substance,  and  from  an  herby  and 
oleiaceous  vege^le,  to  become  a  kind  of  tree,  and  to  be 

*  ITieophraMl,  Hitt,  lib.  iv.  o^.  7,  8.        f  Plmy,  lib.  xiii.  cap.  ultimo. 

Digitized  by  VjOOQI^ 


108  MTJSTAED   SEED.      AABON's   BOD.  [tEACT  I. 

acocamted  amonff  the  dendrohichana  or  arhoroleracea :  as 
upon  strong  seed,  culture,  and  good  ground,  is  observable 
in  some  cabbages,  mallows,  and  many  more,  and  therefore 
expressed  by  ylvtrai  to  Hvhpoy  and  yiyerai  etc  to  ^ivdpovy  it 
becometh  a  tree,  Grarhorescit,  as  Beza  rendereth  it. 

Nor  if  warily  considered  doth  the  expression  contain 
such  difficulty.  For  the  parable  may  not  ground  itself  upon 
generals,  or  imply  any  or  every  grain  of  mustard,  but  point 
at  such  a  grain  as,  from  its  fertUe  spirit,  and  other  concur- 
rent advantages,  hath  the  success  to  become  arboreous, 
shoot  into  such  a  magnitude,  and  acquire-  the  like  tallness. 
And  unto  such  a  grain  the  kingdom  of  heaven  is  likened, 
which  from  such  slender  beginnings  shaU  find  such  increase 
and  grandeur. 

The  expression  also  that  it  might  grow  into  such  dimen- 
sions that  birds  misht  lodge  in  the  branches  thereof,  may 
be  literally  conceived ;  if  we  allow  the  luxurianoy  of  plants 
in  Judffia,  above  our  northern  regions ;  if  we  accept  of  but 
half  the  story  taken  notice  of  by  Tremellius,  from  tne  Jeru- 
salem Tabnud,  of  a  mustard  tree  that  was  to  be  climbed 
like  a  fig  tree ;  and  of  another,  under  whose  shade  a  potter 
daily  wrought ;  and  it  may  somewhat  abate  our  doubts,  if 
we  take  in  the  advertisement  of  Herodotus  concerning 
lesser  plants  of  milium  and  aesamum,  in  the  Babylonian  soili 
milium  ac  sesamum  in  proceritatem  instar  arhorum  cre^eerey 
etsi  mihi  compertum,  tamen  memorare  fupersedeo^  probe 
sciens  eis  qui  nunquam  Bahyhniam  re^ionem  €tdierunt  per^ 
quam  incredibile  visum  iri.  We  may  likewise  consider  that 
the  word  KaraerKriv&ffai  doth  not  necessarily  signify  making 
a  nest,  but  rather  sitting,  roosting,  cowering,  and  resting  in 
the  boi^hs,  according  as  the  same  word  is  used  by  the 
Septuagint  in,  other  places,*  as  the  vulgate  rendereth  it  in 
this,  inhabitant,  as  our  translation,  ''lodgeth,"  and  the 
Ehemish,  "  resteth  in  the  branches." 

24t.  '^  And  it  came  to  pass  that  on  the  morrow  Moses 
went  into  the  tabernacle  of  witness,  and  behold  the  rod  of 
Aaron  for  the  house  of  Levi  was  budded,  and  brought  fortti 
buds,  and  bloomed  blossoms,  and  yielded  almonds."  t 

In  the  contention  of  the  tribes  and  decision  of  priority 

♦  Dan.  iv.  9.     Psahn  i.  14,  12. 
t  The  Bod  of  Aaron,  Numb.  xvii.  8. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


TBACT  I.]  THE  VUTE.      THE  PiXM  TEBB.  169 

and  primogeniture  of  Aaron,  declared  by  the  rod,  which  in 
a  night  budded,  flowered,  and  brought  forth  abnonds,  you 
cannot  but  apprehend  a  propriety  in  the  miracle  from  that 
roecies  of  tre^  which  leadeth  in  the  yemal  germination  of 
the  year,  unto  all  the  classes  of  trees;  and  so  apprehend 
how  properly  in  a  night  and  short  space  of  time  the  miracle 
arose,  and  somewhat  answerable  unto  its  nature  the  flowers 
and  fruit  appeared  in  this  precocious  tree,  and  whose  ori- 
ginal name*  impUeth  such  speedy  efflorescence,  as-  in  its 
proper  nature  flowering  in  February,  and  showing  its  fruit 
in  March. 

This  consideration  of  that  tree  maketh  the  expression 
in  Jeremy  more  emphaticaJ,  when  'tis  said,  ^*  What  seest 
thou  ?  and  he  said,  a  rod  of  an  almond  tree.  Then  said 
the  Lord  imto  me,  thou  hast  well  seen,  for  I  will  hasten  the 
word  to  perform  it."t  I  will  be  quick  and  forward  like  the 
ahnond  tree,  to  produce  the  eflects  of  my  word,  and  hasten 
to  display  my  judgn^ents  upon  them. 

Ana  we  may  hereby  more  easily  apprehend  the  expression 
in  Eoclesiastes;  ''when  the  almond  tree  shall  flourish,";]: 
that  is,  when  the  head,  which  is  the  prime  part,  and  first 
ahoweth  itself  in  the  world,  shall  grow  white,  like  the 
flowers  of  the  almond  tree,  whose  fruit,  as  AthensBus  deli- 
vereth,  was  first  called  KAprfvor,  or  the  head,  from  som& 
resemblance  and  coyering  parts  of  it. 

How  properly  the  priority  was  comfirmed  by  a  rod  or 
stafl^  and  why  the  rods  and  staffs  of  the  princes  were  chosen 
for  this  decision,  philologists  will  consider.  For  these  were 
tiie  badges,  signs,  and  cognisances  of  their  places,  and  were 
a  kind  of  sceptre  in  their  hands,  denoting  their  suoer- 
eminencies.  The  staff  of  divinity  is  ordinarily  describea  in 
the  hands  of  gods  and  goddesses  in  old  draughts.  Trojan 
and  Grecian  princes  were  not  without  the  like,  whereof  the 
shoulders  of  Thersites  felt  from  the  hands  of  Ulysses. 
Achilles  in  Homer,  as  by  a  desperate  oafh,  swears  by  hi& 
wooden  sceptre,  which  should  never  bud  nor  bear  leaves 
again;  whicn  seeming  the  greatest  impossibility  to  him, 
advanceth  the  miracle  of  Aaron's  rod.    And  if  it  could  be 


*  Shacher,  from  Shachar  featiniis  fiiit  or  matnruit.         f  Jer.  i.  11. 
t  Eodea.  ziL  5. 


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170  THE  THOE.      THE  PAIM  TBBE.  [TBA.CT  !• 

well  made  out  that  Homer  had  seen  the  books  of  Moses,  in 
that  expression  of  Achilles,  he  might  allude  unto  this 
miracle. 

That  power  which  proposed  the  experiment  by  blossoms 
in  the  rod,  added  also  the  fruit  of  almonds ;  the  text  not 
strictlj  making  out  the  leayes,  and  so  omitting  the  middle 
germination ;  the  leaves  properly  coming  after  the  flowers, 
and  before  the  almonds.  And  therefore  if  you  have  well 
perused  medals,  you  cannot  but  obserre  how  in  the  impress 
of  many  G^ekels,  which  pass  among  us  by  the  name  of  the 
Jerusalem  shekels,  the  rod  of  Aaron  is  improperly  laden  wi^ 
many  leaves,  whereas  that  which  is  shown  under  the  name 
of  the  Samaritan  shekel,  seems  most  conformable  unto  the 
text,  which  describeth  the  fruit  without  leaves. 

25.  '*  Binding^  his  foal  unto  the  vine,  and  his  ass's  colt 
unto  the  choice  vine." 

That  vines,  which  are  comii^only  supported,  should  grow 
so  large  and  bulky,  as  to  be  fit  to  fasten  their  juments,  and 
beasts  of  labour  unto  them,  may  seem  a  hard  ejqpreaaion 
unto  many :  which  notwithstanding  may  easily  be  admitted^ 
if  we  consider  the  account  of  Flmy,  that  in  many  places 
out  of  Italy  vines  do  grow  without  any  stay  or  support: 
nor  will  it  be  otherwise  conceived  of  luc^  vines,  if  we  call 
tO'  mind  how  the  same  author*  delivereth,  that  the  statua 
of  Jupiter  was  made  out  of  a  vine ;  and  that  out  of  one 
single  Cyprian  vine  a  scale  or  ladder  was  made  that  reached 
unto  the  roof  of  the  temple  of  Diana  at  Ephesns. 

26.  ^*  I  was  exalted  as  a  palm  tree  in  Engaddi,  and  as 
a  rose  plant^  in  Jericho."     That  the  rose  of  Jericho,  or 

*  Plin,  Ub.  xiv. 

*  Bmdiang,  dfc]  In  some  partaof  Persia,  it  was  fonnerly  the  oostson 
to  turn  their  cattle  into  tiie  vineyards  after  the  vintage,  to  browse  <m 
the  vines,  some  of  which  are  so  large  that  a  man  can  scarcely  compaai 
their  trunks  in  his  arms. 

'  rote  plant  in  Jeridto.]  Sir  B.  K.  Porter  gives  the  foUowii^  deeorip- 
ti<m  of  the  oriental  rose  trees  probably  here  intended : — **  On  finfe 
entering  this  bower  of  fairy  land,  I  was  struck  with  the  appeacanoeof 
two  rose  trees ;  full  fouHeenfeet  high,  laden  with  thousands  of  flowers, 
in  every  degree  of  expansion,  and  of  a  bloom  and  delica<^  of  scent,  that 
imbued  the  whole  atmosphere  with  the  mnet  exquisite  perfume ;  indeed, 
I  believe  that  in  no  country  of  the  woiid  does  the  rose  grow  in  such 


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THA.CT  I.]  TTJBSEITTINE  TBBE.  171 

that  plant  which  passeth  among  us  under  that  denomina- 
tion, was  signified  in  this  text,  you  are  not  like  to  a^rehend 
with  some,  who  also  name  it  the  rose  of  St.  Maay,  and 
deliyer,  that  it  openeth  the  branches^  and  flowers  upon  the 
eve  of  our  Saviour's  nativity :  but  rather  conceive  it  some 
proper  kind  of  rose,  which  thrived  and  pronpeied  in  Jericho 
mcare  than  in  the  neighbour  coimtries.  For  our  rose  of 
Jericho  is  a  very  low  and  hard  plant,  a  few  inches  above  the 
ground ;  one  whereof  brought  from  Judeea  I  have  kept  by 
me  many  years,  nothing  resembling  a  rose  tree,  either  in 
flowers,  branches,  leaves,  or  grow&;  and  so  improper  to 
answer  the  emphatkal  word  of  exaltation  in  tne  text: 
growing  not  only  about  Jericho,  but  other  parts  of  Judaea 
and  Arabia,  as  Bellonius  hath  observed :  which  being  a  diy 
and  lifi^eoufi  plant,  is  preserved  many  years,  and  though 
cnmmled  and  furled  up,  yet,  if  infused  in  water,  will  swell 
and  msplay  its  parts. 

27.  Quasi  TerehmUhus  extendi  ramos,  when  it  is  said  in 
the  same  chapter,  '^  as  a  turpentine  tree^  have  I  stretehed 
out  my  branches."  It  will  not  seem  strange  unto  such  as 
have  either  seen  that  tree  or  examined  its  description :  for 
it  is  a  plant  that  widely  displayeth  its  branches :  and  though 
in  some  Eurmsean  countries  it  be  but  of  a  low  and  fruticeoua 
growth,  yet  Fliny  observeth  that  it  is  great  in  Syria*  and 
so  allowabty,  or  at  least  not  improperiy  mentioned  in  the 
expressixm  of  Hoseat  according  to  the  vulgar  translation, 
Siper  capita  mon^kim  gaerificant^  d^e.,  eub  quercuj  popylo^ 
et  terehmtho,  quetdam  bona  est  umbra  mua.  And  this  difiu- 
aion  and  spreading  of  its  branches  hath  afforded  the  proverb 
c£  terebiaUho  MtuUior,  applicble  unto  arrogant  or  boasting 

*  TerebinihTUi  in  Macedonia  fruticat,  in  Syria^  magna  est,  Hb.  ziii.  PUn» 
t  Hos.  iv.  13. 

perfection  aa  in  Peisia,  in  no  country  is  it  so  cultivated,  and  prized  by 
tbe  natiyes.  Their  gardens  and  courts  are  crowded  with  its  plants^ 
their  rooms  ornamented  with  vases  filled  with  its  gathered  bunches,  and 
every  bath  strewed  with  the  fuU-blown  fiowen,  plucked  from  the  ever- 
re^eniihed  stemt.'' 

*  turpentine  tree.]  An  evergreen  of  moderate  size,  with  a  top  and. 
branches  large  in  proportion  ;  leaves  like  the  olive,  but  green,  mixed 
with  red  and  purple  ;  the  flowers  purple,  growing  in  branches,  like  the 
vine ;  fruit  like  that  of  the  juniper,  and  of  a  ruddy  purple. 


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172  THE  POMEGEANATB.      AIiGJE.  [TaACT  I. 

persons,  who  spread  and  display  their  own  acts,  as  Erasmus 
hath  observed. 

28.  It  is  said  in  our  translation,  '^  Saul  tarried  in  the 
uppermost  parts  of  G^ibeah,  under  a  pomegranate  tree  which 
is  in  Migron :  and  the  people  which  were  with  him  were 
about  six  hundred  men."  And  when  it  is  said  in  some 
Latin  translations,  Saul  morahatwr  juso  tentorio  sub  malo- 
aranato,  you  will  not  be  ready  to  take  it  in  the  common 
literal  sense,  who  know  that  a  pomegranate  tree  is  but  low 
of  growth,  and  very  unfit  to  pitch  a  tent  under  it ;  and 
may  rather  apprehend  it  as  the  name  of  a  place,  or  the 
rock  of  Bimmon,  or  Pomegranate ;  so  named  &om  pome- 
granates which  grew  there,  and  which  many  think  to  have 
been  the  same  place  mentioned  in  Judges.* 

29.  It  is  said  in  the  book  of  "Wisdom,  "  Where  water 
stood  before,  dry  land  appeared,  and  out  of  the  Bed  Sea 
a  way  appeared  without  impediment,  and  out  of  the  violent 
streams  a  green  field ;"  or  as  the  Latin  renders  it,  etwipus 
germifKms  de  prcfundo :  whereby  it  seems  implied  that  the 
Israelites  passed  over  a  green  field  at  the  bottom  of  the 
sea :  and  though  most  would  have  this  but  a  metaphorical 
expression,  yet  may  it  be  literally  tolerable ;  and  so  may  be 
safely  apprehended  by  those  that  sensibly  know  what  great 
number  of  vegetables  (as  the  several  varieties  of  algay  sea 
lettuce,  phasganium,  conferva,  caulis  marina,  abies,  erica, 
tamarice,  divers  sorts  of  muscus,  fucus,  quercus  marina,  and 
corallines),  are  found  at  the  bottom  of  the  sea.  Since  it  is 
also  now  well  known,  that  the  western  ocean,  for  many 
degrees,  is  covered  with  sargasso  or  lenticula  marina,  and 
found  to  arise  from  the  bottom  of  that  sea ;  since,  upon  the 
coast  of  Provence  by  the  isles  of  Eres,  there  is  a  part  of 
the  Mediterranean  Sea,  called  la  Fravrie,  or  the  meadowy 
sea,  from  the  bottom  thereof  so  plentifully  covered  with 
plants :  since  vast  heaps  of  weeds  are  found  in  the  bellies  of 
some  whales  taken  in  the  northern  ocean,  and  at  a  great  dis- 
tance from  the  shore :  and  siuce  the  providence  of  nature  hath 
provided  this  shelter  for  minor  fishes ;  both  for  their  spawn, 
and  safety  of  their  young  ones.  And  this  might  be  more 
peculiarly  allowed  to  be  spoken  of  the  Eed  Sea,  since  the 

*  Judges  XX.  45^  47 ;  xxi.  13. 

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TIUCT  I.]  THE   STCAHOBE.  178 

'  Hebrews  named  it  suph  or  the  weedy  sea:  and,  abo,* seeing 
Theopbrastus  and  Pliny,  observing  the  growth  of  vegetables 
under  water,  have  made  their  chief  illustrations  from  those 
in  the  I^ed  Sea. 

30.  You  will  readily  discover  how  widely  they  are  mis- 
taken, who  accept  the  sycamore  mentioned  in  several  parts 
of  Scripture  for  the  sycamore  or  tree  of  that  denomination 
with  us ;  which  is  properly  but  one  kind  or  diJSerence  of 
aeer,  and  bears  no  fruit  with  any  resemblance  unto  a  fig. 

But  you  will  rather,  thereby,  apprehend  the  true  and 
genuine  sycamore  or  syeammus^  which  is  a  stranger  in  our 
parts.  A  tree  (according  to  the  description  of  Theo- 
phraetus,  Dioscorides,  and  Galen),  resembling  a  mulberry 
tree  in  the  leaf,  but  in  the  fruit  a  fig  ;^  which  it  produceth 
not  in  the  twi^  but  in  the  trunk  or  greater  branches, 
answerable  to  ttie  sycamore  of  Egypt,  the  Egyptian  fig  or 
fiamez  of  the  Arabians,  described  by  Prosper  Alpinus,  with 
a  leaf  somewhat  broader  than  a  mulbeny,  and  in  its  fruit 
like  a  fig.  Insomuch  that  some  have  fimcied  it  to  have  had 
its  first  production  from  a  fig  tree  grafted  on  a  mulberry. 
It  is  a  tree  common  in  Judasa,  whereof  they  made  frequent 
use  in  buildings;  and  so  understood,  it  explaineth  that 
expression  in  Isaiah:*  ^^  Sycamari  excin  9unty  cedros  sub- 
ttituemus.  The  bricks  are  fallen  down,  but  we  will  build 
with  hewn  stones :  the  sycamores  are  cut  down,  but  we  will 
change  them  into  cedars.'' 

It  is  a  broad  spreading  tree,  not  only  fit  for  walks,  groves, 
and  shade,  but  also  affording  profit.  And  therefore  it  is 
said  that  King  Davidf  appointed  Baalhanan  to  be  over  his 
olive  trees  and  sycamores,  which  were  in  great  plenty ;  and 
it  is  accordingly  delivered,  that  ''  Solomon  made  cedars  to 
be  as  the  ^camore  trees  that  are  in  the  vale  for  abun- 
dance." {  That  is,  he  planted  many,  though  they  did  not 
come  to  perfection  in  his  days. 

And  as  it  grew  plentifully  about  the  plains,  so  was  the 
fruit  good  for  food;  and,  as  Bellonius  and  late  accounts 

♦  Isaiah  ix.  10.  f  1  ChroiL  xxvu.  28.  :::  1  Kings  x.  27. 

*  rtiembUng  in  fruit  afig."]  In  smell  and  figure,  but  not  in  the  mode 
of  growth ;  they  grow  in  clusten  at  the  end  of  a  fruit  stalk,  not  singly 
like  figs. 


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174  THE  SOWmK  AITD  HIS   SEED.  [T&^OT  I. 

deliyei',  very  refreshing  unto  trayellers  in  those  hot  and  diy 
countries :  whereby  the  expression  of  Amos*  becomes  more 
intelligible,  when  he  said  he  was  an  herdsman,  and  a  ga- 
therer of  sycamore  fruit.  And  the  expression  of  Bavidf 
also  becomes  more  emphatical ;  *'  He  destroyed  their  vines 
with  hail,  and  iAieJr  sycamore  trees  with  frost."  That  is, 
their  siemoth  in  the  cndginal,  a  word  in  the  sound  not  &r 
from  the  sycamore. 

Thus,  when  it  is  said,  ^^  If  ye  had  faith  as  a  grain  of 
mustard  seed,  ye  might  say  unto  this  sycamine  tree,  be 
thou  plucked  up  by  the  roots,  and  be  thou  placed  in  the  sea, 
and  it  should  obey  you :"  J  it  might  be  more  significan% 
spoken  of  this  sycamore ;  this  being  described  to  be  arhor 
tuuta,  a  large  and  well-rooted  tree,  whose  removal  was  m(ne 
difficult  than  many  others.  And  so  the  instance  in  that 
text,  is  very  properly  made  in  the  sycamore  tree,  one  of  ihe 
largest  and  less  removable  trees  among  them.  A  tree  so 
Listing  and  well-rooted,  that  the  sycamore  which  Zaocbeufl 
ascended  is  still  shown  in  Judsea  unto  travellers ;  as  also 
the  hollow  sycamore  at  Matursea  in  Egypt,  where  the 
blessed  virgin  is  said  to  have  remained:  which  though  it 
relisheth  of  the  legend,  yet  it  plainly  declareth  what  opi- 
nion they  had  of  the  lasting  condition  of  that  tree,  to  co>an- 
tenance  the  tradition ;  for  which  they  might  not  be  without 
some  experience,  since  the  learned  describer  of  l^e  pyra- 
mids §  observeth,  that  the  old  Egyptians  made  coffins  of  this 
wood,  which  he  found  yet  fresh  andundecayed  among  divers 
of  their  mummies. 

And  thus,  also,  when  Zaccheus  climbed  up  into  a  syca^ 
more  above  any  other  tree,  this  being  a  large  and  £Eiir  one, 
it  cannot  be  denied  that  he  made  choice  ^  a  proper  and 
advantageous  tree  to  look  down  upon  our  Saviour. 

31.  Whether  the  expression' of  our  Saviour  in  the  pacalile 
of  the  sower,  and  the  increase  of  the  seed  unto  thirty, 
sixty,  and  a  hundred  fold,  had  any  reference  unto  the  ages 
of  believers,  and  measure  of  their  faith,  as  children,  young 
and  old  persons,  as  to  beginners,  well  advanced  and  strongly 
confirmed  Christians,  as  learned  men  have  hinted ;  or  whe- 
ther in  this  progressional   ascent  there  were  any  latent 

*  AmoB  vii.  14.  f  Psalm  Izzviii.  47. 

t  Luke  xvii.  6.  §  D.  ©reaves. 


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HUCTI.]  THX  HTCBXASX   07   BEXD-eBAIK.  IT^- 

iDTsteiy,  as  the  mystical  interpreters  of  numbers  may  appre- 
hend, I  pretend  not  to  determine. 

Bat,  now  this  multiplication  may  well  be  conceiyed,  and 
in  whsk  way  apprehended,  and  that  this  centesimal  increase 
k  not  naturally  strange,  you  that  are  no  stranger  in  agricul- 
ture, old  and  new,  are  not  like  to  make  great  doubt. 

That  every  grain  should  produce  an  ear  affording  an  him- 
died  grains,  is  not  like  to  be  their  conjecture  who  behold 
the  growth  of  com  in  our  fields,  wherein  a  conmion  grain 
doth  produce  far  less  in  number.  For  barley,  consisting 
but  of  two  versus  or  rows,  seldom  exceedeth  twenty  grains, 
that  is,  ten  upon  each  aroixoc,  or  row ;  rye,  of  a  square 
%nre,  is  yery  fruitful  at  forty :  wheat,  besides  the  frit  and 
vnmeus,  or  imperfect  grains  of  the  small  husks  at  the  top 
and  bottom  of  the  ear,  is  fruitful  at  ten  treble  alumi  or 
hiukB  in  a  row,  each  containing  but  three  grains  in  Dreadth, 
if  the  middle  grain  arriveth  at  all  to  perfection;  and  so 
maketh  up  threescore  grains  in  both  sides. 

Yet  even  this  centesimal  fructification  may  be  admitted  in 
some  sorts  of  cerealia^  and  grains  from  one  ear :  if  we  take 
in  iriUcum  cenHgramtm,  or  fertUissimum  Plinn,  Indian 
wheat,  and  pamcwm;  which,  in  every  ear,  containeth  hun- 
dreds of  grains. 

But  this  increase  may  easily  be  conceived  of  grains  in 
their  total  multiplication,  in  good  and  fertile  grounds,  since, 
if  ereiy  grain  of  wheat  produdeth  but  three  ears,  the  in- 
CE^ase  will  arise  above  that  number.  Nor  are  we  without 
examples  of  some  grounds  which  have  produced  many  more 
em,  and  above  this  centesimal  increase :  as  Pliny  hath  left 
recorded  of  tbe  Byzacian  field  in  Africa.*  JMisit  ex  eo  loco 
proeurator  ex  uno  grano  quad/ragvata  pmicis  minus  germina. 
XtU  et  Nertmi  similiter  tercentvm  quadraginta  stipidas  ex 
Wio  grano.  Cum  centesimos  quidem  Leontini  SiciluiB  campi 
fintamt,  aliique^  et  tota  Batica,  et  imprimis  JEgyptv^. 
And  even  in  our  own  country,  from  one  grain  of^^  wheat 
BOiwed  in  a  garden,  I  have  numbered  many  more  than  an 
hundred.^ 

♦  PUr,  Sitt,  Nat,  lib.  xviii.  cap.  21. 

^  nany  mart  thtm  an  hundred.']  The  manuscript  in  tiie  Britirii 
Muemn.  reads,  "  no  less  than  three  hundred  stalks  and  ears." — MS^ 
«0(in.l841. 


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176  FBESEBYATIOir  07  GBAIN.  [tBAOT  I. 

And  though  many  grains  are  commonly  lost  which  come 
not  to  sprouting  or  earing,  yet  the  same  is  also  verified  in 
measure ;  as  that  one  bushel  should  produce  a  hundred,  as 
is  exemplified  by  the  com  in  G^rar :  '*  Then  Isaac  sowed  in 
that  land,  and  received  in  the  same  year  an  hundred  fold."* 
That  is,  as  the  Chaldee  explaineth  it,  a  hundred  for  one, 
when  he  measured  it.  And  this  Pliny  seems  to  intend, 
when  he  saith  of  the  fertile  Byzacian  territory  before  men- 
tioned, ex  tmo  centeni  quinquaginta  modii  redduntur. 
And  may  be  favourably  apprehended  of  the  fertility  of 
some  grounds  in  Poland;  wherein,  after  the  accounts  of 
Gaguinus,  firom  rye  sowed  in  August,  come  thirty  or  forty 
ears,  and  a  man  on  horseback  can  scarce  look  over  it. 

In  the  sabbatical  crop  of  Judsea,  there  must  be  admitted 
a  large  increase,  and  probably  not  short  of  this  centesimal 
multiplication:  for  it  supplied  part  of  the  sixth  year, 
the  whole  seventh,  and  eighth,  until  the  harvest  of  that 
year. 

The  seven  years  of  plenty  in  Egypt  must  be  of  high 
increase ;  when,  by  storing  up  but  the  fifth  part,  they  sup- 
plied the  whole  land,  and  many  of  their  neighbours  after : 
for  it  is  said,  "  the  femine  was  in  all  the  land  about  them."  t 
And  therefore  though  the  causes  of  the  dearth  in  Egypt  be 
made  out  from  the  defect  of  the  overflow  of  Nilus,  accord- 
ing to  the  dream  of  Pharaoh ;  yet  was  that  no  cause  of  the 
scarcity  in  the  land  of  Canaan,  which  may  rather  be  ascribed 
to  the  want  of  the  former  and  latter  rains,  for  some  suc- 
ceeding years,  if  their  famine  held  time  and  duration  with 
that  of  Egypt ;  as  may  be  probably  gathered  from  that 
expression  of  Joseph,  "  come  down  unto  me  (into  Egypt) 
and  tarry  not,  and  there  will  I  nourish  thee :  for  yet  there 
are  five  years  of  famine,  lest  thou  and  thy  household,  and  all 
that  thou  hast,  come  to  poverty."  J 

How  they  preserved  their  com  so  long  in  Egypt  may- 
seem  hard  unto  northern  and  moist  climates,  except  we  con- 
sider the  many  ways  of  preservation  practised  by  antiquity, 
and  also  take  in  that  handsome  account  of  Pliny;  whal; 
com  soever  is  laid  up  in  the  ear,  it  taketh  no  harm  keep  it 
as  long  as  you  will,  although  the  best  and  most  assured  way 

*  Gen.  xxvi.  12. 
t  Gen.  xli.  56:  %  Gen.  xlv.  9, 11. 


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TBACTI.]  PEESEEVATION  OF   OEAIK.  177 

to  keep  com  is  in  caves  and  vaults  under  ground,  according 
to  the  practice  of  Cappadocia  and  Thracia. 

In  Egypt  and  Mauritania  above  all  things  they  look  to 
this,  that  their  granaries  stand  on  high  groimd ;  and  how 
dry  soever  their  floor  be,  they  lay  a  course  of  chaff  betwixt 
it  and  the  ground.  Besides,  they  put  up  their  com  in 
granaries  and  bins  together  with  the  ear.  And  Varro  de- 
hvereth  that  wheat  laid  up  in  that  manner  will  last  fifty 
years;  millet  an  hundred;  and  beans  so  conserved,  in  a 
cave  of  Ambracia,  were  known  to  live  an  hundred  and 
twenty  years ;  that  is,  from  the  time  of  King  Pjrrrhus,  unto 
the  Pyratick  war  under  the  conduct  of  Pompey.  * 

More  strange  it  may  seem  how,  after  seven  years,  the 
grams  conserved  should  be  fruitful  for  a  new  production. 
For  it  is  said  that  Joseph  delivered  seed  unto  the  Egyptians, 
to  sow  their  land  for  the  eighth  year:  and  com  after  seven 
years  is  like  to  afford  little  or  no  production,  ttccording  to 
Theophrastus ;  "  ad  sementem  semen  annieulum  optimum  pti^ 
tatuTy  hinum  deterius  et  trinum;  uUra  sterile  ferme  est^ 
quanquam  ad  usum  cibarium  idoneum,*** 

Yet  since,  from  former  exemplifications,  com  may  be  made 
to  last  so  long,  the  fructifying  power  may  well  be  conceived 
to  last  in  some  good  proportion,  according  to  the  region  and 
place  of  its  conservation,  as  the  same  Theophrastus  hath 
observed,  and  left  a  notable  example  from  Cappadocia,  where 
coni  might  be  kept  sixty  years,  and  remain  fertile  at  forty ; 
according  to  his  expression  thus  translated ;  in  Cappadocus 
loco  quodam  Petra  dicto,  triticum  ad  quadra^nta  annos 
foecundum  est^  et  ad  sementem  percommodtm  durare  prodittwi 
est,  sexagenos  aut  septtuxgenos  ad  usum  cibarium  servari 
posse  idonevm.  The  situation  of  that  conservatory  was,  as 
he  delivereth,  vyj/qXovy  evwow,  evavpov,  high,  airy,  and  exposed 
to  fskTOiirable  winds^  And  upon  such  consideration  of  winds 
and  ventilation,  some  conceived  the  Egyptian  granaries  were 
made  open,  the  country  being  free  from  rain.  However  it 
was,  that  contrivance  could  not  be  without  some  hazard : 
for  the  great  mists  and  dews  of  that  country  might  dispose 
the  com  unto  corruption.t 

*  I^eoph.  Hist,  lib.  viii. 
t  Egypt  6/£txXwJijC,  cat  dp6<repoQ.    Vide  Theophrastum. 
TOIi.  ni.'  K 


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178  THE   OLIVE   TEEE.  [tBACT  I. 

More  plainly  may  they  mistake,  who,  irom  some  analogy 
of  name  (as  ii  pyramid  were  derived  from  Trvpov,  triticum), 
conceive  the  "Egrpihii  pyramids  to  have  been  built  for 
^p*ananes,  or  Iook  for  any  setUed  monuments  a*bout  the 
deserts  erected  for  that  intention ;  since  their  store-houses 
were  made  in  the  great  towns,  according  to  Scripture  ex- 
pression, "He  gathered  up  all  the  food  for  seven  years, 
which  was  in  the  land  of  Egypt,  and  laid  up  the  food  in  the 
cities :  the  food  of  the  field  which  was  roimd  About  every 
city,  laid  he  up  in  the  same."* 

&2.  "  For  if  thou  wert  cut  out  of  the  olive  tree,  which  u 
wild  by  nature,  and  wert  grafted,  contrary  to  nature,  into  a 
good  olive  tree,  how  much  more  shall  these  which  be  the 
natural  branches,  be  grafted  into  their  own  olive  tree?" 
In  which  place,  how  answerable^  to  the  doctrine  of  hus- 
bandry this  expression  of  St.  Paul  is,  you  will  readily  ap- 
prehend who  imder^kand  the  rules  of  insition  or  gralbing, 
and  that  way  of  veg<^ble  propagation ;  wherein  it  is  con- 
trary to  nature,  or  natural  rules  which  art  observeth :  viz. 
to  make  use  of  scions  more  ignoble  than  the  stock,  or 
to  graft  wild  upon  domestic  and  good  plants,  according 
as  Theophrastus  hath  anciently  observed,t  and,  making 
instance  in  the  olive,  hath  left  this  doctrine  unto  us: 
urhantmi  s^lvestrihtts  ut  saiis  oleastris  inserere.  Nam  «»  e 
eontrario  ^hestrem  in  vrhcmos  sfeveris,  etsi  differentia 
qitadam  erit,  tamen  bona  frugis  arbor  mmqmm  prqfeeto 
reddetwr :%  which  is  also  agreeable  unto  our  present 
practice,  who  gjraft  pears  on  thorns,  and  apples  upon  crab- 
stocks,  not  using  the  contrary  insition.  And  when  it  is 
said,  '^  how  much  more  shall  these,  which  are  the  natural 
branches,  be  grafted  into  their  own  natural  olive  tree?" 
this  is  a^o  agreeable  unto  the  rule  of  the  same  author; 
%<m  de  jSeXrwf  ijKBvrtrpifJt&Q  ofioitov  etc  ofeota,  msitio  melior  eti 
9milium  m  aimiUbtss :  for  the  nearer  consanguinity  there  is 
between  the  scions  and  the  stock,  the  readier  comprehension 
is  made,  and  the  nobler  fructification.    According  also  unto 

*  Gen.  xli.  48.  f  Be  Camis  PUmt.  lib.  i.  cap.  7. 

X  KoXXiKapirtiv  oitK  c|e(. 

*  how  (msvjeroMeJl  "  How  ffeogrMshkally  answerable."  —  MS^ 
Sloan,  1841. 


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tmctl]  the  wiijd  olive.  179 

the  later  caution  of  Laurenbergius  ;*  arhares  domesHae 
miiioni  destinaUe,  aemper  (mtepanendcB  syhestrihus.  And 
though  l^e  success  be  good,  uid  may  suffice  upon  stocks  of 
tiie  same  denomination ;  yet,  to  be  grafted  upon  their  OYm 
aid  mother  stodc,  is  the  nearest  insition:  which  way, 
I^Qgh  less  practised  of  old,  is  now  much  embraced,  wd. 
found  a  notable  way  for  melioration  of  the  fruit,  and 
much  the  rather,  if  the  tree  to  be  grafted  on  be  a  good 
a&d  generous  {dsoit,  a  good  and  fair  olive,  as  the  apostie 
seems  to  imply  by  a  peculiar  word,t  scarce  to  be  found 


It  mu£(fc  be  also  considered,  that  the  oleaster^  or  wild  olive, 
hjr  cutting,  transplanting,  and  the  best  managery  of  art, 
can  be  ssade  but  to  produce  such  olives  as  Theophrastus 
tti&  were  particularly  named  phemUa,  that  is,  out  bad 
^res ;  and  that  it  was  among  prodigies  for  the  oleoiter  to 
beccHoe  an  olive  tree. 

And  when  insition  and  grafting,  in  the  text,  is  applied 
uato  the  olive  tree,  it  hath  an  emphatical  sense,  vary 
agreeable  unto  that  tree  which  is  best  propagated  this  way ; 
Bot  at  all  by  surculation,  as  Theophrastus  observethjl 
Bor  well  by  seed,  as  hath  been  observed.  Onme  semen 
^Me  genue  perfidt^  jpratertcleam,  oleastrum  enim  ^enerafy 
^  egi  mfl»efirem  oleam,  et  non  oham  veram, 

"  I^  therrfore,  thou  Eoman  and  Gentile  branch,  which 
*ert  cut  from  the  wild  olive,  art  now,  by  the  signal  mercy 
<rf  Ood,  beyond  the  ordinary  and  commonly  expected  way, 
gnrfted  into  the  true  olive,  the  church  of  God ;  if  thou, 
which  neither  naturally  nor  by  human  art  canst  be  made  to 
piodaoe  any  good  fruit,  and,  next  to  a  mirade,  to  be  made 
<  trae  olive,  art  nfow  by  the  benignity  of  God  grafted  into 
the  proper  olive;  how  much  more  shall  the  Jew,  and 
'latural  branch,  be  grafted  into  its  genuine  and  mother  tree, 
therein  ^opinquity  of  nature  is  Hke,  so  readily  and  pros- 
perously, to  effect  a  coalition  ?  And  idiis  more  especial^ 
%  the  expressed  way  of  insition  or  implantation,  the  olive 
being  not  successfully  propagable  by  seed,  nor  at  all  by 
Wttcuktaon.'* 


*  De  horUcMitimm.  +  «aXXcfiXa»oi/.     Bom.  sa.  24. 

X  Qeoponic,  lib.  x. 

n2 


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180  THE  FIE  TBEE.      JACOB'S  GIFT.  [TRACT  I. 

33.  "  As  for  the  stork,  the  fir  trees  are  her  house."* 
This  expression,  in  our  translation,  which  keeps  close  to  the 
original  chasideh,  is  somewhat  different  from  the  Greek  and 
Latin  translation ;  nor  agreeable  unto  common  observation, 
whereby  they  are  known  commonly  to  build  upon  chimneys, 
or  the  tops  of  houses  and  high  buildings,  which  notwith- 
standing, the  common  translation  may  clearly  consist  with 
observation,  if  we  considei:  that  this  is  commonly  affirmed  of 
the  black  stork,  and  take  notice  of  the  desmption  of  Omi- 
tholagus  in  Aldrovandus,  that  such  storks  are  often  found  in 
divers  parts,  and  that  they  do  in  arhoribtis  nidulariy  prasertim 
in  abietihvs ;   make  their  nests  on  trees,^  especially  upon 
fir  trees.     Nor  wholly  disagreeing  unto  the  practice  of  the 
common  white  stork,  according  unto  Yarro,  niduUmtur  in 
aaria :  and  the  concession  of  Aldrovandus  that  sometimes 
tney  build  on  trees :  and  the  assertion  of  Bellonius,t  that 
men  iress  them  nests,  and  place  cradles  upon  high  ti«es,  in. 
mansh  regions,  that  storks  may  breed  upon  them :  which 
course  some  observe  for  herons  and  cormorants  with  us. 
And  this  building  of  storks  upon  trees,  may  be  also  answer- 
able unto  the  original  and  natural  way  of  building  of  storks 
before  the  political  habitations  of  men,  and  the  raising  of 
houses  and  high  buildings;  before  they  were  invited  hj 
such  conveniences  and  prepared  nests,  to  relinquish  tbeir 
natural  places  of  nidulation.     I  say,  before  or  where  such 
advantages  are  not  ready;  when  swallows  found  other  places 
than  chimneys,  and  daws  found  other  places  than  hdies  in 
high  fabricks  to  build  in. 

34.  "  And  therefore,  Israel  said,  carry  down  the  man  a 
present,  a  little  balm,  a  little  honey,  and  myrrh,  nuts,  and 
almonds."  J  Now  whether  this,  which  Jacob  sent,  were  the 
proper  balsam  extolled  by  human  writers,  you  cannot  but 
make  some  doubt,  who  find  the  Greek  translation  to  be 
pri<riyrj,  that  is,  restna,  and  so  may  have  some  suspicion  that 
it  might  be  some  piu»e  distillation  from  the  turpentine  tree  ; 
which  grows  prosperously  and  plentifully  in  Judsda,  and 

*  Psalm  civ.  17.  t  BdUmivA  de  Avibus,         t  G^n.  xHii.  1!L 


'  fncike  their  nests  on  trees."]    Doubdan  saw  immense  numbers  oft 
birds  in  Galilee  resting  in  the  evening  on  trees,   ffarmer^s  ObaervaUoinm, 
YoL  iii.  p.  323. 


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TBACT  I.]  THE  BALSAM  PLAKt.  181 

seems  so  understood  by  the  Arabic ;  and  was  indeed  es- 
teemed by  Theophrastus  and  Dioscorides  the  chiefest  of 
resinous  bodies,  and  the  word  resina  emphatically  used 
for  it. 

That  the  balsam  plant  hath  grown  and  prospered  in  Judaea 
we  believe  without  dispute.  For  the  same  is  attested  by 
Theophrastus,  Pliny,  Justinus,  and  many  more.  From  the 
commendation  that  G-alen  affordeth  of  the  balsam  of  Syria, 
and  the  story  of  Cleopatra,  that  she  obtained  some  plants  of 
balsam  from  Herod  the  Great  to  transplant  into  Egypt. 
But  whether  it  was  so  anciently  in  JudsBa  as  the  time  of 
Jacob ;  nay,  whether  this  plant  was  here  before  the  time  of 
Solomon,  that  great  collector  of  vegetable  rarities,  some 
doubt  may  be  made  from  the  account  of  Josephus,  that  the 
queen  of  Sheba,  a  part  of  Arabia,  among  presents  unto 
Solomon  brought  some  plants  of  the  balsam  tree,  as  one  of 
the  peculiar  estimables  of  her  country. 

Whether  this  ever  had  its  natural  growth,  or  were  an 
original  native  plant  in  Judaea,  much  more  that  it  was 
peculiar  imto  that  country,  a  greater  doubt  may  arise : 
while  we  read  in  Fausanias,  Strabo,  and  Diodorus,  that 
it  grows  also  in  Arabia,  and  find  in  Theophrastus,*  that  it 
grew  in  two  gardens  about  Jericho  in  Jy.dsBa.  And  more 
especially  while  we  seriously  consider  that  notable  discourse 
between  Abdella,  Abdachim,  and  Alpinus,  concluding  the 
natural  and  original  place  of  this  singular  plant  to  be  in 
Arabia,  about  Mecha  and  Medina,  where  it  still  plentifuUr 
groweth,  and  mountains  abound  therein  ;t  from  whence  it 
hath  been  carefully  transplanted  by  the  bashas  of  Grand 
Cairo,  into  the  garden  of  Matarea :  where,  when  it  dies,  it 
is  r^aired  again  jfrom  those  parts  of  Arabia,  from  whence 
the  Grand  Signior  yearly  receiveth  a  present  of  balsam  from 
the  xeriS  of  Mecha,  still  called  by  the  Arabians  halessan; 
whence  they  believe  arose  the  Greek  appellation  balsam. 
And  since  these  balsam  plants  are  not  now  to  be  found  in 
Judiea,  and  though  purposely  cultivated,  are  often  lost,  in 
Judaea,  but  everlastingly  live,  and  naturally  renew;  in  Arabia, 
they  probably  concluded,  that  those  of  Judaea  were^  foreign 
and  transplanted  fr^m  these  parts. 

•  S%eopkrait,  lib.  ix.  cap.  6.  f  Prosper  Aljpinua,  de  Babumo. 

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182  TIiAX  AJSTD  BABLST.  [XSACT  I. 

All  wbich  notwithstsuding,  since  the  same  plant  may 
grow  naturally  and  spontaneoualy  in  seyeraL  countries^*  and 
either  &om  inward  or  outward  causes  be  lost  in  coie  region, 
while  it  continueth  and  subsisteth  in  another,  the  balsaia 
tree  might  possibly  be  a  natdye  of  Judaaa  aa  well  as  of  Arabia; 
which  because  de  facia  it  cannot  be  clearly  made  out,  the 
ancient  expressions  of  Scripture  become  doubtful  in  this 
point.  But  since  this  plant  hath  not  for  a  long  time  grown 
in  Judflsa,  and  still  plentifully  prospers  in  Arabia  that  which 
now  comes  in  precious  parcels  to  us,  and  still  is  called  the 
balsam  of  Judsa,  may  now  surrender  its  name,  and  more 
properly  be  called  the  balsam  of  Arabia^. 

35.  '^  And  the  flax  and  the  barley  was  smitten ;  for  the 
barley  waa  in  the  ear;  and  the  flax  was  boiled,  but  the  wheat 
and  the  rye  were  not  smitten,  for  they  were  not  grown  up."* 
How  the  barley  and  the  flax  should  be  smitten  in  the  plague 
of  hail  in  Egypt,  and  the  wheat  and  lye  escape,  becauae 
they  were  not  yet  grown  up,  may  seem  strange  unto 
English  obseryers,  who  call  barley  summer  com,  sown  so 
many  months  after  wheat,  and  [who]  beside  (hordeum  poly^ 
4iiekony  or  big  barley),  sow  not  barley  in  the  winter  to  anti- 
cipate the  growth  of  wheat. 

And  the  same  may  also  seem  a  preposteroua  expression 
unto  all  who  do  not  consider  the  yarious  agriculture,  and 
different  husbandry  of  naticms,  and  such  as  was  practised  in 
Egypt,  and  £urly  proyed  to  haye  been  also  used  in  JudsM, 
wherein  their  barley  haryest  was  before  that  of  wheat ;  as  is 
eonfirmable  from  that  expression  in  Buth,  that  she  came 
into  Bethlehem  at  the  beginning  of  barley  hanrest,  and  staid 
unto  the  end  of  wheat  haryest ;  fi*om  the  death  of  Manasses, 
the  &ther  of  Judith,  emphatically  expressed  to  haye  hap- 
pened ia  the  wheat  haryest,  and  more  advanced  heat  of  the 
sun ;  and  from  the  custom  of  the  Jews,  to  offer  the  barley 
sheaf  of  the  first  fruits  in  March,  and  a  cake  of  wheat  flour 
but  at  the  end  of  Pentecost,  consonant  unto  the  practice  of 
the  Egyptians,  who  (as  Theophrastus  deliyereth)  sowed 
their  barley  early  in  reference  to  their  first-fruits ;  and  also 

*  Exod.  ix.  81. 

^  Arabici,]   See  note  on  the  balsam,  or  Bafan  of  Gilead,  at  page  100. 


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TBACT  I.]  MAGTJES   OF  EGYPT.  183 

the  common  rural  practice,  recorded  by  the  same  author, 
msiv/re  serUur  triticum,  hordeum,  quod  eiiam  maturius 
seritur  ;  wheat  aud  barley  are  sowed  early,  but  barley  earlier 
of  the  two. 

Elax  was  also  an  early  plant,  as  may  be  illustrated  fircnn 
the  nei^bour  country  of  Canaan.  Eor  the  Israelites  kept 
the  passover  in  Gdlgal,  in  the  fourteenth  day  of  the  &r8t 
month,  answeiing  unto  part  of  our  March,  having  newly 
passed  Jordan :  and  the  spies  which  were  sent  &om  Shittim 
imto  Jericho,  not  many  days  before,  were  hid  by  Bahab  under 
the  stalks  of  flax,  which  lay  drying  on  the  top  of  her  house : 
which  showeth  that  the  flax  was  a&eady  and  newly  gathered. 
For  this  was  the  first  preparaiaon  of  flax,  and  before 
fiuviation  or  rotting,  which,  sabev  Pliny's  account,  was  after 
wheat  harvest. 

"  But  the  wheat  and  the  rye  were  not  smitten,  for  they 
were  not  grown  up."  The  original  signifies  that  it  was 
hidden,  or  dark,  the  vulgar  and  septuagint  that  it  was 
9eroiinou8  or  late,  and  our  old  translation  that  it  was  late 
sown.  And  so  the  expression  and  interposition  of  Moses, 
who  well  understood  the  husbandry  of  Egypt,  might  em^ 
phatically  declare  the  state  of  wheat  apd  rye  in  l^at  par- 
ticular year ;  and  if  so,  the  same  is  solvable  £rom  the  tmie 
of  the  flood  of  Nilus,  and  the  measure  of  its  inundation. 
For  if  it  were  very  high,  and  ovw-drenching  the  ground, 
they  were  forced  to  later  seedtime ;  and  so  the  wfarisat  and 
tiie  rye  escaped  5  for  they  were  more  slowly  growing  grains, 
and,  by  reason  of  the  greater  inundation  of  the  river,  were 
sown  later  than  ordinary  that  year,  especially  in  the  plains 
near  the  river,  where  the  ground  drieth  latest. 

Some  think  the  plagues  of  Egypt  were  acted  in  one  month, 
others  but  in  the  compass  of  twelve.  In  the  delivery  of 
Scripture  there  is  no  account  of  what  time  of  the  year  or 
paarticular  month  they  fbll  out ;  but  the  account  of  these 
grains,  which  were  either  smitten  oe  escaped,  makes  the 
plague  of  hail  to  have  probably  happened  in  February. 
This  may  be  collected  fi?onl  the  new  and  old  account  of  the 
seedtime  and  harvest  in  Egypt.  For,  according  to  the 
^u^count  of  Badzivil,*  the  river  nsing  in  June,  and  the  banks 


*  JMsmS%  TroMi, 


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184  PLAauES  OF  EaTPT.  [tract  I. 

being  cut  in  September,  they  bow  about  St.  Andrew's,  when 
the  flood  is  retired,  and  the  moderate  dryness  of  the  ground 
permitteth.  So  that  the  barley,  anticipating  the  wheat,, 
either  in  time  of  sowing  or  growing,  might  be  in  ear  in 
February. 

The  account  of  Pliny*  is  little  different.  They  cast  their 
seed  upon  the  slime  and  mud  when  the  river  is  down,  which 
commonly  happeneth  in  the  beginning  of  November.  They 
begin  to  reap  and  cut  down  a  little  before  the  calends  of 
April,  or  about  the  middle  of  March,  and  in  the  month  of 
May  their  harvest  is  in.  So  that  barley,  anticipating  wheat, 
it  might  be  in  ear  in  February,  and  wheat  not  yet  grown  up, 
at  least  to  the  spindle  or  ear,  to  be  destroyed  by  the  hail. 
For  they  cut  down  about  the  middle  of  March,  at  least  their 
forward  corns,  and  in  the  month  of  May  all  sorts  of  com 
were  in. 

The  "  turning  of  the  river  into  blood  "  shows  in  what 
month  this  happened  not.  That  is,  not  when  the  rirer  had 
overflown ;  for  it  is  said,  "  the  Egyptians  digged  round  about 
the  river  for  water  to  drink,"  which  they  could  not  have 
done  if  the  river  had  been  out  and  the  fields  under  water. 

In  the  same  text  you  cannot,  without  some  hesitation,  pass 
over  the  translation  of  rye,  which  the  original  nameth  cuum- 
meth,  the  Greek  rendereth  oh/ra,  the  French  and  Dutch 
apelta,  the  Latin  zea,  and  not  secale,  the  known  word  for 
rye.  But  this  common  rye,  so  well  understood  at  present, 
was  not  distinctly  described^  or  not  well  known  £rom  early 
antiquity.  And,  therefore,  in  this  uncertainty,  some  have 
thought  it  to  have  been  the  t^ha  of  the  ancients.  Cordus- 
will  have  it  to  be  ohfra,  and  Buellius  some  kind  of  aiyza. 
But  having  no  vulgar  and  well-lmown  name  for  those  grains, 
we  warily  embrace  an  appellation  of  near  affinity,  and 
tolerably  render  it  rye. 

While  flax,  barley,  wheat,  and  rye  are  named,  some  may 
wonder  why  no  mention  is  made  of  rice,  wherewith,  at 
present,  Egypt  so  much  aboundeth.  But  whether  that 
plant  grew  so  early  in  that  country,  some  doubt  maybe 
made ;  for  rice  is  originally  a  grain  of  India,  and  might  not 
then  be  transplanted  into  Egypt. 

*  PHn,  lib.  xviii.  cap.  18. 

Digitized  by  CjOOQ IC 


TfiACT  I.]  Oir  BEAPIEra.      THE   JUNIPBE   TBEE.  185- 

36.  ^'  Let  them  become  as  the  grass  growing  upon  the 
house  top,  which  withereth  before  it  be  plucked  up, 
wherewith  the  mower  filleth  not  his  hand,  nor  he  that 
bindeth  sheaves  his  bosom."*  Though  the  "filling  of  the 
iiand,"  and  mention  of  '^  sheaves  of  haj  *'  may  seem  strange 
unto  us,  who  use  neither  handful  or  sheaves  in  that  kind  of 
husbandry,  yet  may  it  be  properly  taken,  and  you  are  not  like 
to  doubt  thereof,  who  may  find  the  like  expressions  in  the 
authors  De  Be  Bustica^  concerning  the  old  way  of  this 
husbandry. 

Columella,t  delivering  what  works  were  not  to  be  per- 
mitted upon  the  Soman  ferus,  or  festivab,  among  others, 
sets  down  that  upon  such  days  it  was  not  lawftil  to  carry  or 
bind  up  hay.  Nee  foenwn  vincire  nee  vehere  per  religioner 
pantificum  licet. 

Marco  VarroJ  is  more  particular ;  Frimum  depratis  her- 
hansm  cv/m  crescere  desiit,  suhsecari  falcibus  debet,  et  qtioad 
peraeescat  furcilUs  versari,  cum  peraeuit^  de  his  manipuloa 
fieri  et  vehi  in  villam. 

And  their  course  of  mowing  seems  somewhat  different 
firom  ours.  For  they  cut  not  down  clear  at  once,  but  used 
an  after  section,  which  they  peculiarly  called  eiciUtiwn,  ac- 
cording as  the  word  is  expounded  by  Georgius  Alexandrinus 
and  Beroaldus,  after  Plmy :  Sicilire  est  falcihis  consectari 
qua  fceniseccB  praterierumt,  out  ea  secure  qu<B  fosnisecw  pra^ 
terierunt. 

37.  When  'tis  said  that  Elias  lay  and  slept  under  a  juniper 
tree,  some  may  wonder  how  that  tree,  which  in  our  purta 
groweth  but  low  and  shrubby,  should  afford  him  shade  and 
covering.*  But  others  know  that  there  is  a  lesser  and  a 
lai^r  kind  of  that  vegetable  ;  that  it  makes  a  tree  in  its 
proper  soil  and  region.  And  may  find  in  Pliny  that  in  the 
temple  of  Diana  Saguntina,  in  Spain,  the  rafters  were  made 
of  juniper. 

In  that  expression  of  David,§  "  Sharp  arrows  of  the 
mighty,  with  coals  of  juniper."  Though  juniper  be  left  out 
in  the  last  translation,  yet  may  there  be  an  emphatical  sense 

♦  Psalm  cxxix.  7.  t  Cclvmdla,  lib.  ii.  cap.  22. 

X  Varro,  lib.  i.  cap.  49.  §  Psalm  cxx.  4. 

^  When  *ti8  said,  Ac]  Parkhorst  suggests  that  the  prophet  took  up 
with  this  humble  shelter  for  want  of  a  beUer. 


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186  THS   SGABLBT  BB&BT.  [tbICT  T. 

&om  that  word ;  ance  juniper  abounds  wkh  a  piercing  oil, 
and  makes  a  smart  fire.  And  the  rather,  if  that  quaiitjbe 
half  true,  which  Fliny  affirmeth,  l^t  the  coals  of  juniper 
raked  up  will  keep  a  glowing  fire  for  the  space  of  a  year. 
For  so  the  expression  will  emphatically  imply,  not  only  the 
''  smart  boniing  but  the  lasting  fire  of  th^  malice.'' 

That  passage  of  Job,*  wherein  he  eomplains  that  poor  and 
half-fiunished  fellows  despised  him,  is  of  greater  difficulty; 
'^  For  want  and  fiunine  they  were  solitary,  they  cut  up 
mallows  by  the  bushes,  and  jumper  roots  for  meat.'* 
Wherein  we  might  at  first  doubt  the  translation,  not  onl^ 
fiom  the  Greek  text,  but  the  assertion  of  Diosoondes,  wlio 
affirmeth  that  the  roots  of  juniper  are  of  ayenomous  quality. 
But  Scaliger  hath  disproved  the  same  from  the  practice  of 
the  African  physicians,  who  use  the  decoction  oi  juniper 
roots  against  the  venereal  disease.  The  Chaldee  reads  it 
genista,  or  some  kind  of  broom,  whioh  will  be  also  unosoal 
and  hard  diet,  except  thereby  we  uBderstand  the  arobtmdn, 
or  broom  rape,  which  groweth  from  the  roots  of  broom ;  and 
which,  according  to  Dioseorides,  men  used  to  eat  raw  or 
boiled,  in  the  manner  of  a^aragus. 

And,  theref(»e,  this  expression  doth  highly  dedare  the 
miseiy,  poverty,  and  extremity,  of  the  persons  too  were  now 
mockers  of  him ;  they  being  so  contemptible  and  necessLtoas, 
that  they  were  £ain  to  be  content,  not  with  a  mean  diet,  but 
such  as  was  no  diet  at  all,  the  roots  of  trees,  the  rocte  of 
juniper,  which  none  would  nuike  use  of  for  food,  but  in  tiie 
lowest  necessity,  and  some  degree  of  fiunishing. 

38.  While  some  have  disputed  whethw  Theophnuto 
knew  the  scarlet  beny,  others  may  doubt  whether  that  noble 
tincture  were  known  unto  the  Hebrews,  which,  notwitli- 
standing,  seems  clear  from  the  early  and  iterated  ex- 
pressions  of  Scripture  concerning  the  scarlet  tincture,  and 
IS  the  less  to  be  doubted,  because  the  scarlet  berry  grev 
plentifully  in  the  land  of  Canaan,  and  so  they  were  fiiniiahed 
with  the  materials  of  that  colour.  For  though  Diosooiidet 
saith  it  groweth  in  Armenia  and  Cappadocia;  yetthatitabo 
grew  in  Judaea  seems  more  than  probable  from  the  account 
of  BeQonius,  who  observed  it  to  be  so  plentiful  in  that 

*  Job  xxz.  3,  4. 

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TBACTI.]  THE   OAK.  187 

countij,  that  it  afforded  a  profitable  commodity,  and  great 
yuKQtitj  thereof  was  transported  hj  the  Venetian  merchants. 

How  this  should  be  fitly  eiquressed  l^y  the  word  tolagnoth^ 
venm,  or  worm,  may  be  made  out  from  PlinT;  who  caLLs  it 
eeeeus  icdedus^  or  the  wormy  berry ;  as  also  nrom  the  name 
of*  that  colour  caLLed  yermiuon,  or  the  worm  colour :  and 
wlueh  is  also  answerable  unto  the  true  nature  of  it.  For 
this  is  no  proper  berry  containing  the  fructifying  part,  but 
a  Idnd  of  vesicular  excresQpnce,  adhering  commonly  to  the 
leaf  of  the  ilex  coeeigera,  or  dwarf  and  small  kind  of  oak, 
whose  leaves  are  always  green,  and  its  proper  seminal  parts 
acorns.  This  little  bag  containeth  a  red  pulp,  which,  if  not 
timely  gathered,  or  left  to  itself,  produceth  small  red  flies, 
and  partly  a  red  powder,  both  serviceable  under  the  tincture. 
And,  therefore,  to  prevent  the  generation  of  flies,  when  it  is 
first  gathered,  they  sprinkle  it  over  with  vinegar,  especially 
such  as  make  use  ot  the  fresh  pulp  for  the  confection  of 
fi&ermes  ;  which  still  retaineth  the  Arabic  name,  from  the 
hrmes-ierry ;  which  is  agreeable  unto  the  description  of 
Monius  and  Quinqueranus.  And  the  same  we  have 
beheld  in  Provence  and  Languedoc,  where  it  is  plentifully 
^thered,  and  called  manrta  rmticorum,  horn  the  con- 
siderable profit  which  the  peasants  make  by  gathering 
of  it. 

39.  Mention  is  made  of  oaks  in  divers  parts  of  Scripture, 
which  though  the  Latin  sometimes  renders  a  turpentine 
tree,  yet  surely  some. kind  of  oak  may  be  understood 
thereby ;  but  whether  our  common  oak,  as  i&  commonly  ap- 
prehended, you  may  well  doubt;  for  the  common  oak, 
whieh  prpspereth  so  wdl  with  us>  delighteth  not  in  hot 
regions.  And  that  diligent  botanist,  l^llonius,  who  took 
SQch  particular  notice  of  the  plants  of  Syria  and  JudaBa, 
obsenred  not  tibe  vulgar  oak  in  those  parts.  Sut  he  found 
t^  Hexy  chesne  vert,  or  evergreen  oak,  in  many  places ;  as 
abo  thttb  kind  of  oak  which  is  properly  named  esculus :  and 
he  makes  mention  thereof  in  places  about  Jerusal^n,  and 
in  bis  journey  from  thence  unto  Damascus,  where  he  found 
MMte  ilice,  et  $iculo  virenies;  which  in  his  discourse  of 
I^mnos,  he  saith  are  always  green.  And  therefore  when  it 
is  said  of  Absalom,  that  "his  mule  went  under  the  thick 
laughs  of  a.  great  oak,  and  his  head  caught  h(dd  of  the  oak^ 


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188  THE   CSDAB  Or   LIBANUS.  [tBACT  I. 

and  he  was  taken  up  between  the  Keayen  and  the  earth,"* 
that  oak  might  be  some  ilex  or  rather  esculus,  'For  that 
is  a  thick  and  bushy  kind,  in  orhem  comosa,  as  Dalechampius; 
ramis  in  orhem  diapositis  canums,  as  Beneabnus  describeth 
it.  And  when  it  is  said  that ''  Ezechias  broke  down  the 
images,  and  cut  down  the  groves,"  t  they  might  much  consist 
of  oaks,  which  were  sacred  unto  Pagan  deities,  as  this  more 
particularly,  according  to  that  of  Virgil, 

Nemorumque  Jovi  quss  maxima  frondet 
Esculus. 

And,  in  JudsBa,  where  no  hogs  were  eaten  by  the  Jews,  and 
few  kept  by  others,  'tis  not  unlikely  that  they  most  cherished 
the  esculus,  which  might  serve  for  food  for  men.  lor 
the  acorns  thereof  are  the  sweetest  of  any  oak,  and  taste  like 
chesnuts ;  and  so,  producing  an  edulious  or  esculent  fruit, 
is  properly  named  esculus. 

They  which  know  the  ilea  or  evergreen  oak,  with  somewhat 
prickled  leaves,  named  irpLvoQ,  wiU  better  understand  the 
irreconcileable  answer  of  the  two  elders,  when  the  one 
accused  Susanna  of  incontinency  under  a  irptVoc  or  evergreen 
oak,  the  other  under  a  tr)(lvoQy  lentiscus,  or  mastic  tree, 
which  are  so  different  in  bigness,  boughs,  leaves,  and  fruit, 
the  one  bearing  acorns,  the  other,  berries  :  and  without  the 
knowledge,  will  not  emphatically  or  distinctly  understand 
that  of  the  poet, 

Flavaque  de  viridi  stillabant  ilice  mella. 

40.  When  we  often  meet  with  the  cedars  of  Libanus,  that 
expression  may  be  used,  not  only  because  they  grew  in  a 
known  and  neighbour  country,  but  also  because  they  were  of 
the  noblest  and  largest  kind  of  that  vegetable :  and  we  find 
the  Phoenician  cedar  magnified  by  the  ancients.  The  cedar 
of  Libanus  is  a  coniferous  tree,  bearing  cones  or  dogs  (not 
berries)  of  such  a  vastness,  that  Melchior  Lussy,  a  great 
traveller,  found  one  upon  Libanus,  as  big  as  seven  men  could 
compass.  Some  are  now  so  curious  as  to  keep  the  branches 
and  cones  thereof  among  their  rar&  collections.  And,  though 

*  2  Sam.  xviii.  9,  14.  f  2  Kings  xviii.  4. 

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TBACTI.]  PEUITS   OF  THE  POUETH  TEAS.  189 

much  cedar  wood  be  now  brought  from  America,  yet  'tis 
time  to  take  notice  of  the  true  cedar  of  Libanus,  employed 
in  the  temple  of  Solomon :  for  they  have  been  much  de- 
stroyed and  neglected,  and  become  at  last  but  thin.  Bello- 
niuB  could  reckon  but  twenty-eight,  Eowolfius  and  Eadzivil 
but  twenty-four,  and  Bidulphus  the  same  number.  And  a 
later  account  of  some  English  travellers*  saith,  that  they 
are  now  but  in  one  place,  and  in  a  small  compass,  in 
Libanus.* 

Quando  ingresii  fueritia  terram,  et  plantaveritis  in  ilia 
ligna  pomifera,  auferetis  prceputia  eorum,  Foma  qtus  ger^ 
mnofU,  immunda  ertmt  vohis,  nee  edetia  ex  eis.  Quarto 
autem  anno,  omnis  fructuB  eorum  scmctificabitur,  laudabilis 
dmino.  Quinto  autem  anno  comedetis  fructua.  By  this  law 
they  were  enjoined  not  to  eat  of  the  fruits  of  the  trees  which 
they  planted  for  the  first  three  years :  and,  as  the  vulgar 
expresseth  it;  to  take  away  the  prepuces,  from  such  trees, 
durmg  that  time :  the  fruits  of  the  fourth  year  being  holy 
onto  the  Lord,  and  those  of  the  fifth  allowable  unto  others. 
Now  if  auferre  prcdputia  be  taken,  as  many  learned  men 
have  thought,  to  pluck  away  the  bearing  buds,  before  they 
proceed  unto  flowers  or  fruit,  you  will  readily  apprehend  the 
nietaphor,  from  the  analogy  and  similitude  of  those  sprouts 
sad  buds,  which,  shutting  up  the  frxdtful  particle,  resembleth 
the  preputial  part. 

And  you  may  also  find  herein  a  piece  of  husbandry  not 
mentioned  in  Theophrastus  or  Columella.  For  by  taking 
away  of  the  buds  and  hindering  fructification,  the  trees  be- 

*  A  J<mmey  to  Jenualemi  1672. 

'  in  a  smaU  com^poM,  Jkc]  Burckhardt  thus  describes  the  cedars  of 
libuns : — "  They  stand  on  uneven  ground^  and  form  a  small  wood.  Of 
the  oldest  and  best-looking  trees,  I  counted  eleven  or  twelve  ;  twent  j- 
fire  very  large  ones  :  about  fifty  of  middling  size ;  and  more  than  three 
hnodred  sm^er  and  younger  ones.  The  oldest  trees  are  distinguished, 
by  having  the  foliage  and  small  branches  at  the  top  only,  and  by  ^ur, 
^^f,  or  even  seven  trunks  springing  from  one  base  ;  the  branches  and 
^^^e  of  the  others  were  lower,  but  I  saw  none  whose  leaves  touched 
^gronnd,  like  those  in  Kew  Gardens.  The  trunks  of  the^  old  trees 
»fB  covered  with  the  names  of  travellers  and  other  persons  who  have 
^ted  them  ;  I  saw  a  date  of  the  seventeenth  century.  The  trunks  of 
Je  oldest  trees  seem  to  be  quite  dead ;  the  wood  is  of  a  grey  tint." — 
^^f^ndi  in  Syria,  19,  20. 


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190  DIVISlOir  OF  PLAITTS.  [TBA.CT  I. 

come  more  Tigorous,  botli  in  growth  and  future  production. 
By  such  a  way  king  P^hus  got  into  a  lusty  race  of  beeves, 
and  such  as  were  desired  over  all  Greece,  by  keeping  them 
from  generation  until  the  ninth  year. 

And  you  may  also  discover  a  physical  advantage  in 
the  goodness  .of  the  fruit,  which  becometh  less  crude  and 
more  wholesome,  upon  the  fourth  or  £fth  year's  produc- 
tion. 

41.  While  you  read  in  Theophrastus  or  modem  herbalnts, 
a  strict  division  of  plants,  into  arbor ^  fru^esc^  9uffrutex  et 
herha,  you  cannot  but  take  notice  of  the  Scriptural  divinaa 
at  the  creation,  into  tree  and  herb ;  and  this  may  seem  too 
narrow  to  c<Hnprehend  the  class  of  vegetables ;  which,  not- 
withstanding, may  be  suffici^it,  aod  a  plain  and  intelligihie 
division  thereofl  And  therefore,  in  this  difficulty  ccmoeniiiig 
the  division  of  plants,  the  learned  botanist,  OsBsaipinus,  thus 
condudeth,  cUmtis  a^emus  si  alterd  dwisione  neglectd,  duo^ 
tantvm  plantarum  genera  stdtsHtuamuSy  (vrbwrem  scilieet,  et 
herbam,  eonjungentes  cum  arhoribus  frtietiees,  et  cum  herka 
mffrutieee;  frmtkes  being  ^e  lesser  irees,  and  ^t^ffrutUxs 
the  larger,  harder,  and  more  soHd  herbs. 

And  this  division  into  herb  and  tree  may  also  suffice,  if 
we  take  in  that  natural  groimd  of  the  division  of  perfect 
plants,  and  such  as  grow  from  seeds.  Eor  plants,  in  tiidr 
first  production,  do  send  forth  two  leaved  adjoining  to  the 
seed;  and  then  afterwards,  do  either  produce  two  other 
leaves,  and  so  successively  before  any  stalk ;  and  such  go 
imder  tiie  name  of  ?roa,  fioravri  or  herb ;  or  eke,  aiB^er  the 
two  first  leaves  succeeded  to  the  seed  leaves,  they  send  forth 
a  stalk  or  rudiment  of  a  stalk,  before  any  other  leaves,  and 
such  flail  under  the  classes  of  hiv^pov  or  tree.  So  that,  in 
this  natural  division,  there  are  but  two  grand  differenees, 
that  is,  tree  and  herb.  The  frubex  uid  mggrubex  have  ^dsB 
way  of  production  from  the  seed,  and  in  other  lespects  ti«B 
sv^Jrvitices  or  cremia,  have  a  middle  and  participating  nature, 
and  referable  unto  herbs. 

42.  '^  I  have  seen  the  ungodly  in  great  power,  and  flouziah- 
ing  like  a  green  bay  tree."^    Both  Scripture  and  human 

^  jUmriskvngy  <{rc.]  ''  Spreading  himBelf  (is  the  English  version)  like 
«  green  bay  tree  :"^-more  accurately  "like a  vuUihe  tree" — « tree  grov- 


yGoogk 


TJUCT  I.]  THE   BIiABTBD  TIG-TEEE.  1^1 

writers  draw  frequent  illustrations  from  plants.  Scribonius 
Lftrgus  illustrates  the  old  cymbals  &om  the  cotyledon  palus^ 
iris  or  umbilicus  veneris.  Who  would  expect  to  find  Aaron's 
mitre  in  any  plant  ?  Yet  Josephus  hath  taken  some  pains 
to  make  out  the  same  in  the  seminal  knop  of  hyoseyamus  or 
henbane.  The  Scripture  compares  the  figure  of  manna  unto 
the  seed  of  oodianaer.  In  Jeremy  *  we  find  the  expression, 
^^  straight  as  a  palm  tree."  And  here  the  wicked  in  their 
flourishing  state  are  likened  unto  a  bay  tree."  Which, 
Buffickntly  answering  the  sense  of  the  text,  we  are  unwilling 
to  exclude  that  noble  plant  from  the  honour  of  haring  its 
name  in  Scripture.  Yet  we  cannot  but  observe,  that  the 
teptnagint  renders  it  cedars,  and  the  vulgar  accordingly, 
^  impium  mperexaltatwm,  et  elevatum  sicut  eeSros 
lAbtm ;  and  the  translation  of  Tremellius  mentions  neither 
bay  nor  cedar;  sese  expliccmtem  tcmquam  arbor  indigena 
«r«M ;  which  seems  to  have  been  followed  by  the  last  low 
Dutch  translation.  A  private  translation  renders  it  like  a 
green  self-growing  laurel.t  The  high  Dutch  of  Luther's  Bible 
retains  the  word  lauirel ;  and  so  doth  the  old  Saxon  and  Ice- 
land translation ;  so  also  the  !French,  Spanish,  and  Italian  of 
IHodati :  yet  his  notes  acknowledge  that  some  think  it  rather 
a  cedar,  and  others  any  large  tree  in  a  prospering  and 
najtinal  soil. 

But  however  these  translaiaons  differ,  the  sense  is  allow- 
Ale  and  obvious  unto  apprehension :  when  no  particular 
plant  is  named,  any^proper  to  the  sense  may  be  supposed ; 
where  either  cedar  or  laurel  is  mentioned,  it'  the  preceding 
words  (exalted  and  elevated)  be  used,  the^p-  are  more  appli- 
able  unto  the  cedar ;  where  the  word  (flourishing)  is  usecf  it 
is  more  agreeable  unto  the  laurel,  which,  in  its  prosperity, 
abounds  with  pleasaait  flowers,  whereas  those  of  the  cedar 
»e  very  little,  and  scarce  percepftible,  answerable  to  the  fir, 
pbe,  and  other  coniferous  trees. 

43.  "And  in  the  morning,  when  they  were  come  fi»m 
Bethany,  he  was  hungry;  and  seeing  a  fig  tree  a&r  off 
baving  leaves,  he  came,  if  haply  he  might  find  anything 

*  Jor.  X,  6.  t  AiffmocHh, 

■^  in  ite  ntftive  soil,  not  having  Bttfifered  by  tranBplantatioii;  aiMl 
therefore  spreading  Hself  Inxnriantly.     Paalm  xxzvii.  85. 


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192  THE   BLASTED  710  TBEX.  [TRACT  X. 

thereon;  and  when  he  came  to  it,>he  found  nothing  but 
leaves :  for  the  time  of  figs  was  not  yet."  Singular  concep- 
tions have  passed  fix>m  learned  men  to  make  out  this  passage 
of  St.  Mark  which  St.  Matthew*  so  plainly  delivereth;  most 
men  doubting  why  our  Saviour  should  curse  the  tree  for 
bearing  no  fruit,  when  the  time  of  fruit  was  not  yet  come ; 
or  why  it  is  said  that  the  time  of  figs  was  not  yet,^  when, 
notwithstanding,  figs  might  be  foimd  at  that  season. 

HeinsiuSjt  who  thinks  that  Elias  must  salve  the  doubt, 
according  to  the  received  reading  of  the  text,  undertaketh 
to  vary  the  same,  reading  ov  yap  ^v,  icaipog  avKtov,  that  is,  for 
where  he  was,  it  was  the  season  or  time  for  figs. 

A  learned  interpreter  J  of  our  own,  without  alteration  of 
accents  or  words,  endeavours  to  salve  all,  by  another  inter- 
pretation of  the  same,  oh  yaf>  KaipoQ  (tvkwv,  for  it  was  not  a 
good  or  seasonably  year  for  figs. 

But,  because  men  part  not  easily  with  old  beliefs  or  the 
received  construction  of  words,  we  shall  briefly  set  down 
what  may  be  alleged  for  it. 

And,  first,  for  the  better  comprehension  of  all  deductions 
hereupon,  we  may  consider  the  several  differences  and  dis- 
tinctions both  of  fig  trees  and  their  fruits.  Suidas  upon  the 
word  t<rxac  makes  four  divisions  of  figs,  oKvvBoq,  ^//Xiyf,  truKov 
and  ((Txac  But  because  ^1^X17^  makes  no  considerable  dis- 
tinction, learned  men  do  chiefly  insist  upon  the  three  others; 
that  is,  okvvQoQ,  or  ^rosstM,  wmch  are  tne  buttons,  or  small 
sorts  of  figs,  either  not  ripe,  or  not  ordyiarily  proceeding  to 

*  Mark  xi.  13  ;  Matt.  xxi.  19.  f  Heinsivs  in  Nowtwm^ 

X  Br.  Hammond. 

^  for  ike  time  of  figs,  <L'C.]  The  difficulty  of  this  passage  is  simply  and 
adeqtiately  solved,  by  reading,  though  the  fig  harvest  was  not  yet.  When 
it  is  considered  that  the  fig  tree  produces  its  fruit  before  its  leaves^ 
our  Saviour  was  justified  in  looking  for  fruit  on  a  fig  tree  which  was 
in  leaf,  and  before  the  time  for  goOhering  figs  had  arrived.  To  find 
a  tree  which  was,  at  that  time,  witkAmtfiga,  was,  in  £B<ct,  to  find  a  damea 
fig  tree. 

In  reference  to  the  mode  in  which  the  fig  tree  vegetates,  Joiidn  has 
the  following  beautiful  remark  : — '*  A  good  man  may  be  said  to  resemble 
the  fig  tree ;  which,  without  producing  blossoms  and  flowers,  like  some 
•other  trees,  and  raising  expectations  which  are  often  deceitful,  seldcMU 
fiuls  to  produce  fruit  in  its  season." — JortixCa  TrcxtXy  vol.  ii.  p.  537. 


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TBACT  I.]  THE   BLASTED   Eia  TEEE.  193 

ripeness,  but  fall  away  at  least  in  the  greatest  part,  and 
especially  in  sharp  winters,  wliich  are  also  named  trvKadecy 
and  distinguished  from  the  fruit  of  the  wild  fig,  or  caprificus^ 
which  is  named  ipivedc,  and  never  cometh  unto  ripeness. 
The  second  is  called  <tvkov  or  jflctis,  which  commonly  pro- 
ceedeth  unto  ripeness  in  its  due  season.  A  third,  the  rip© 
fig  dried,  which  maketh  the  Itrxdhc  or  carrier. 

Of  ^g  trees  there  are  also  many  divisions :  for  some  are 
frodromi  or  precocious,  which  bear  fruit  very  early,  whether 
they  bear  once  or  oftener  in  the  year  ;  some  are  proterica, 
which  are  the  most  early  of  the  precocious  trees,  and  bear 
soonest  of  any ;  some  are  wstivce,  which  bear  in  the  common 
season  of  the  summer,  and  some  serotinm  which  bear  very 
iate. 

Some  are  hiferous  and  triferoMs,  which  bear  twice  or 
thrice  in  the  year,  and  some  are  of  the  ordinary  standing 
course,  which  make  up  the  expected  season  of  figs. 

Again,  some  fig  trees,  either  in  their  proper  kind,  or  fer- 
tility in  some  single  ones,  do  bear  fruit  or  rudiments  of  fruit 
all  the  year  long ;  as  is  annually  observable  in  some  kindv  of 
^g  trees  in  hot  and  proper  regions ;  and  may  also  be  observed 
in  some  fig  trees  of  more  temperate  countries,  in  years  of  no 
great  disadvantage,  wherein,  when  the  summer  ripe  fig  is 
past,  others  begin  to  appear,  and  so  standing  in  buttons  all 
the  winter,  do  either  laU  away  before  the  spring,  or  else 
proceed  to  ripeness. 

Now  according  to  these  distinctions,  we  may  measure  the 
intent  of  the  text,  and  endeavour  to  make  out  the  expres- 
«on.  For,  considering  the  diversity  of  these  trees  and  their 
several  fructifications,  probable  or  possible  it  is  that  some 
thereof  were  implied,  and  may  literally  afibrd  a  solution. 

And  first,  though  it  was  not  the  season  for  figs,  yet  some 
finit  might  have  been  expected,  even  in  ordinary  bearing 
trees.  For  the  grossi  or  buttons  appear  before  the  leaves, 
especially  before  the  leaves  are  well  grown.  Some  might 
have  stood  during  the  winter,  and  by  this  time  been  of  some 
growth :  though  many  fall  off,  yet  some  might  remain  on, 
and  proceed  towards  maturity.  And  we  find  that  good  hus- 
bands had  an  art  to  make  them  hold  on,  as  is  deuvered  by 
Theophrastus. 

The  trvKov^  or  common  summer  fig,  was  not  expected ;  for 
Toil.  in.  0 


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194  THE   BLASTED  :K1Q  TB£X.  [tBACI  I. 

that  16  placed  by  Galen  among  tliefructus  Jwrarii  or  hongiy 
which  npen  in  that  part  of  summer,  called  &pa^  and  stands 
commended  by  him  above  other  fruits  of  that  season.  And 
of  this  kind  might  be  the  figs  which  were  brought  unto 
Cleopatra  in  a  basket  together  with  an  asp,  according  to  the 
time  of  her  death,  on  the  nineteenth  of  August.  And  that 
our  Saviour  expected  not  such  figs,  but  some  other  kind, 
seems  to  be  implied  in  the  indefinite  expression, "  if  Imply  he 
might  find  anything  thereon  ;'*  which  in  that  country,  and 
the  variety  of  such  trees,  might  not  be  despaired  of,  at  this 
season,  and  very  probably  hoped  for  in  the  first  precocious 
and  early  bearing  trees.  And  that  there  were  precocious 
and  early  bearing  trees  in  Judsa,  may  be  illustrated  fi^om 
some  expressions  in  Scripture  concerning  precocious  figs; 
ealathus  unu8  liabebaificm  honas  nimiSf  sicut  solent  e98eficu» 
prmi  temparis;  "  one  basket  had  very  good  fi^  even  like 
the  figs  that  are  first  ripe."*  And  the  Hke  might  be  more 
especially  expected  in  this  place,  if  this  remarkable  tree  be 
rightly  placed  in  some  maps  of  Jerusalem ;  for  it  is  plaeed, 
by  Adnchomius,  in  or  near  Bethphage,  which  some  eoa* 
jectu]:ers  will  have  to  be  the  house  of  figs :  and  at  thia  jdaoe 
^  trees  are  still  to  be  found,  if  we  consult  the  traveU  <^ 
Bidulphus. 

Again,  in  this  great  variety  of  ^  trees,  as  precocious, 
proterical,  biferous,  triferous,  and  alwaysrbearing  trees,  some* 
thing  might  have  been  expected,  though  the  time  of  conunon 
figs  was  not  yet.  For  some  trees  bcwr  in  a  manner  all  the 
year ;  as  may  be  illustrated  from  the  epistle  of  the  empe- 
ror  Julian,  concerning  his  present  of  Damascus  figa,  wiudb 
he  conunendeth  from  their  successive  and  continued  growuig 
and  beadng,  after  the  manner  of  the  fruits  which  Homiar 
describeth  in  the  garden  of  Alcinous.  And  though  it  were 
then  but  about  the  eleventh  of  March,  yet,  in  the  lotitod* 
of  Jerusalem,  the  sun  at  that  time  hath  a  good  power  inth» 
day,  and  might  advance  the  maturity  of  precocious  ofieiif 
bearing  or  ever-bearing  figs.  And  therefore  when  it  is  said 
that  St.  Peter  t  stood  and  warmed  himself  by  the  fire  in  tbe 
judgment-hall,  and  the  reason  is  added  (''  for  it  was  cold  "{)  J 

♦  Jer.  xxiv.  2.  f  St.  Mark  xiv.  67 ;  St.  Luke  zxii.  SB,  M. 

t  St  John  xviii.  18. 


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TRlCr  L]  tub  BXiAATED  MO  TREE.  195 

tiist  expresaiaii  might  be  interposed  either  to  denote  the 
oodness  in  the  morning,. according  to  hot  countries,  or  some 
KLtraordinarj'  and  unusual  coldness,  which  happened  at  that 
tune.  For  the  same  Bidulphua,  who  was  at  that  time  of  the 
year  at  Jerusalem,  saith^  that  it  was  then  as  hot  as  at  mid- 
niminer  in  England :  and  we  find  in.  Scripture  that  the  first 
sheaf  of  barley  was  offered  in  March. 

Our  Saviour,  therefore,  seeing  a  fig  tree  with  leaves  well 
>p!read,  and  so  as  to  be  distinguished  afar  off,  went  unto  it, 
ttnk  when  he  came,  found  nothing  but  leaves ;  he  found  it  to 
be  no  precocious  or-always-beaiing  tree :  and  though  it  weio 
not  iAe  time  for  summer  figs,  yet  he  fi>und  no  rudiments 
l^teieof ;  and  though  he  expected  not  common  figs,  yet  souke- 
tlung  might  htoly  have  been  expected  of  some  other  kiad^ 
aoecnnding  to  different  fertility  and  variety  of  production.; 
Imi;,  discovering  nothing,  he  found  a  tree  answenng  the  stat^ 
<^  the  Jewish  rulers,  barren  unto  all  expectation. 

And  this  is  consonant  unto  the  mystery  of  the  storjTr 
vheiem  the  fig  tree  denoteth  the  synagogue  and  rulers  of 
the  Jews,  whom  God  having  peculiarly  cultivated^  singulaidy 
blessed  and  cherished,  he  expected  from  them  no  ordinary,. 
slow,  or  customary  fructification,  but  an  earliness  in  good 
worics,  a  precocious  or  continued  fructification,  and  was  not 
conteiit  with  common  after-bearing ;  and  might  justly  have 
enoBtolated  with  the  Jews,  as  God  by  the  prophet  Mieah 
Wi  with  their  for^Kthers ;  *  prepeoqvM  ficu9  ieMermni 
MMM  mea,  ''my  soul  longed  ibr  (or  desired)  eaidy  ripe 
frnits,  but  ye  are  become  as  a  vine  already  gaiSiered,  and 
there  is  no  duster  upon  you.'* 

Lastly,  in  this  account  of  the  fig  tree,  the  mystery  and 
^helical  sense  is  chiefly  to  be  looked  upon.  Our  Saviour, 
wefore,  taking  a  hint  from  his  hunger  to  go  unto  this  spe* 
cious  tree,  and  intending,  by  this  tree,  to  declaare  a  judgmient 
^n  the  synagogue  and  people  of  the  Jews,  he  came  unto- 
me  tree,  and,  after  the  usual  manner,  inquired  and  looked 
Amt  for  some  kind  of  fruit,  as  he  had  done  before  in  the 
^ews,  but  found  nothing  but  leaves  and  specious  outsides,  a» 
fe  l»d  also  found  in  them ;  and  when  it  bore  no  firuit 
like  them,  when  he  expected  it,  atid  came  to  look  for  it, 

*  Micah  vii.  1. 
02 


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196  THE  BLASTED   Fia  TBBB.  [tEICT  I. 

though  it  were  not  the  time  of  ordinary  fruit,  yet  feiling 
when  he  required  it,  in  the  mysterioua  sense,  'twas  fruitless 
longer  to  expect  it.  Por  he  had  come  unto  them,  and  they 
were  nothing  fructified  by  it,  his  departure  approached,  aad 
his  time  of  preaching  was  now  at  an  end. 

JS'ow,  in  this  account,  besides  the  miracle,  some  things  are 
naturally  considerable.  For  it  may  be  questioned  how  the 
fig  tree,  naturally  a  fruitftil  plant,  became  barren,  for  it  had 
no  show  or  so  much  as  rudiment  of  fruit :  and  it  was  ia  old 
time,  a  signal  judgment  of  Qt)d,  that  **  the  fig  tree  should 
bear  no  fruit:"  and  therefore  this  tree  may  naturally  be 
conceived  to  have  been  under  some  disease  indisposing  it  to 
such  fructification.  And  this,  in  the  pathology  of  plants, 
may  be  the  disease  of  ^vWo/iav/a,  i/i^vXXio'/ioc,  or  super- 
foliation  mentioned  by  Theophrastus ;  whereby  the  fructify- 
ing juice  is  starved  by  the  excess  of  ^  leaves ;  which  in  this 
tree  were  already  so  full  spread,  that  it  might  be  known  and 
distiQguished  afar  off.  ^d  this  was,  also,  a  sharp  resem- 
blance of  the  hypocrisy  of  the  rulers,  made  up  of  specious 
outsides,  and  fruitless  ostentation,  contrary  to  the  fruit  of 
the  &g  tree,  which,  filled  with  a  sweet  and  pleasant  pulp, 
makes  no  show  without,  not  so  much  as  of  any  flower. 

Some  naturals  are  also  considerable  from  the  propriety  of 
this  punishment  settled  upon  a  fig  tree :  for  infertility  and 
barrenness  seems  more  intolerable  in  this  tree  than  any,  as 
beiag  a  vegetable  singularly  constituted  for  production ;  so 
far  from  bearing  no  fruit  that  it  may  be  made  to  bear  almost 
any.  And  therefore  the  ancients  singled  out  this  as  the 
fittest  tree  whereon  to  graft  and  propagate  other  finiits,  as 
containing  a  plentiful  and  lively  sap,  whereby  other  scions 
would  prosper :  and,  therefore,  this  tree  was  also  sacred  unto 
the  deity  of  fertility ;  and  the  statua  of  Priapus  was  made 
of  the  fig  tree ; 

Olim  truncus  eram  ficulneus  inutile  lignum. 

It  hath  also  a  peculiar  advantage  to  produce  and  maintain 
its  fruit  above  all  other  plants,  as  not  subject  to  miscarry  in 
flowers  and  blossoms,  from  accidents  of  wind  and  weather. 
Por  it  beareth  no  flowers  outwardly,  and  such  as  it  hath,  are 
within  the  coat,  as  the  later  examination  of  naturalists  hath 
discovered. 


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TEACT  I.]         THE  PALM  TEBE.      STEIAK  LILIES,  ETC.        197 

Lastly,  it  was  a  tree  wholly  constituted  for  fruit,  wherein 
if  it  faileth,  it  is  in  a  manner  useless,  the  wood  therof  being 
of  80  little  use,  that  it  affordeth  proverbial  expressions, 
homo  Jlculneus,  argumentvm  jftculnetim,  or  things  of  no 
Talidity. 

44.  "  I  said  I  will  go  up  into  the  palm  tree,  and  take  hold 
of  the  boughs  thereof."*  This  expression  is  more  agreeable 
unto  the  palm  than  is  commonly  apprehended,^  for  that  it  is 
a  tall  bare  tree,  bearing  its  boughs  but  ai;  the  top  and  upper 
part ;  80  that  it  must  he  ascended  before  its  boughs  or  fruit 
can  be  attained ;  and  the  going,  getting,  or  climbing  up,  may 
be  emphatical  in  this  tree ;  for  the  tnmk  or  boiiy  thereof  is 
naturally  contrived  for  ascension,  and  made  with  advantage 
for  gettmg  up,  as  having  many  welts  and  eminences,  and  so, 
J»  it  were  a  natural  ladder,  and  staves  by  which  it  may  be 
dimbed,  as  PHny  observeth  palnus  teretea  atque  proceres, 
dengis  quadratisque  pollidbus  faciles  se  ad  scandendum 
prahentyf  by  this  way  men  are  able  to  get  up  into  it.  And 
the  figures  of  Indians  thus  climbing  the  same  are  graphically 
described  in  the  travels  of  Linschoten.  This  tree  is  often 
mentioned  in  Scripture,  and  was  so  remarkable  in  Judaea, 
that  in  after-times  it  became  the  emblem  of  that  country,  as 
may  be  seen  in  that  medal  of  the  emperor  Titus,  with  a 
captive  woman  sitting  under  a  palm,  and  the  inscription  of 
Jttd(ea  capta.  And  Pliny  confirmeth  the  same  when  he  saith 
Judaapahnis  inclyta. 

45.  Many  things  are  mentioned  in  Scripture,  which  have 
an  emphasis  from  this  or  the  neighbour  countries :  for  besides 
the  cedars,  the  Syrian  lilies  are  taken  notice  of  by  writers.. 
That  expression  in  the  Canticles,  "  thou  art  feir,  thou  art 
fiur,  thou  hast  dove's  eyes,"  J  receives  a  particular  character, 
if  we  look,  not  upon  our  common  pigeons,  but  the  beauteous 
and  fine-eyed  doves  of  Syria. 

When  the  rump  is  so  strictly  taken  notice  of  in  the  sacri- 
fice of  the  peace  ofifering,  in  these  words,  "  the  whole  rump, 
it  shall  be  taken  off  hard  by  the  back-bone,"§  it  becomes  the 
more  considerable  in  reference  to  this  country  where  sheep 
had  so  large  tails ;  which,  according  to  Aristotle,]]  were  a 

*  Cant.  vii.  8.  +  Plin.  xiii.  cap.  4.  t  Cant.  iv.  1. 

S  Levit.  iii.  9.  ||  Jm«.  Hut,  Animal,  lib.  viii. 


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198  PLAINTS  TO  BI   UiEB.  [T1U.CT  I. 

cubit  ln*oad;    and  m  Idiey  are    still,  aa  Belhniiiis  bath 
deiiyered. 

Wben  'tis  said  i&  tbe  OasitidftB,  "  tbj  teetb  are  as  a  Aock 
of  sbeep  wbifib  go  ap  from  the  wasbing,  wbareof  every  one 
beareth  twins,  and  there  is  not  one  barren  among  them;**  * 
it  may  seem  bard  unto  ns  (^  these  parts  to  &id  whole  flocks 
bearing  twins,  and  not  ofne  barren  among  them ;  jet  may 
^is  be  better  conceived  in  the  fertile  flocks  of  these 
oonntries,  where  sb^ep  have  so  often  two,  sometimes  three, 
and  sometimes  four,  «ad  which  is  so  frequently  observed  b^ 
writers  of  the  neighbour  country  of  Egypt.  And  this  fe- 
cundity, and^fruitfulness  of  their  flocks,  is  answerable  unto 
the  expression  of  the  Psalmist,  "  that  our  sheep  may  l»i^ 
fiarth  thousands  and  ten  thousands  in  our  streets."  t  Ai^ 
hereby,  besides  what  was  spent  at  tlieir  tables,  a  good 
supply  .was  made  for  the  gieat  consmnption  of  sbeep  in. 
their  aeveral  kinds  of  ^sacrifices ;  and  of  so  many  tbounnd 
male  unblenushed  yearling  lauba,  whidi  were  se^uired  at 
their  passdvers. 

Nor  need  we  wonder  to  And  so  frequent  mention  both  o£ 
gazden  and  fleld  plants ;  since  Syria  was  notable  of  old  for 
tkds  curiosity  and  variety,  accoraing  to  Pliny,  Sj^ria  Aortic 
0poro8i8nma ;  and  nnoe  Bellonius  hath  so  lately  observed  oC 
Jerusalem,  that  its  biUy  parts  did  so  abound  with  plants^  thsfe 
they  might  be  compared  unto  mount  Ida  in  Crete  or  Candia  ^ 
which  is  the  most  noted  place  for  noble  simples  yet  known. 

46.  Though  «o  many  plants  have  their  ejcpvesa  names  in 
Scripture,  yet  others  are  implied  in  some  t^ta  whicb  are  not 
^phcitly  mentioned.  In  the  feast  of  tabernacles  or  bootba, 
the  law  was  this,  ^  thou  ahalt  take  unto  thee  boughs  oC 
goodly  trees,  branches  of  the  palm,  and  the  boughs  of  thicit 
trees,  and  wiQows  of  the  brook.*'  Now  l^uHigh  the  text  do- 
scendeth  not  unto  particulars  of  the  goodly  trees  and  thidc 
trees ;  yet  Maimonides  will  tell  us  that  for  a  goodly  tree  they 
made  use  of  the  citron  tree,  which  is  fair  and  goodly  to  tlie 
eye,  and  wdl  prospering  in  that  country :  and  that  for  tiie 
thick  trees  they  used  the  myrtle,  which  was  no  rare  or  in&e- 
quent  plant  among  them.  And  though  it  groweth  bat  kysr 
in  our  gardens,  was  not  a  little  tree  in  those  parts  ;  in  which 

♦  Cont.  IT.  2.  +  Psalm  cxliv.  13. 

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ISiCTI.]  THE  VA^B  BJEXS.  199 

^iaA  also  the  leaves  grew  thick,  a&d  almost  covered  the 
Mi,  And  Oortitui  Symphoriantn  *  in  his  description  d? 
tk  exotae  j^or^le,  makes  it  folio  denmnmo  senis  in  ordin&m 
mtibw.  The  paschal  lamb  was  to  be  eaten  with  bitterness 
or  bitter  herbs,  not  particularly  set  down  in  Scriptinre :  but 
tiie  Jewish  writers  declare,  that  they  made  use  of  succory, 
ind  wild  lettuce,  which  herbs  while  some  conceive  they  could 
not  get  down,  as  being  v«ry  bitter,  rough,  and  prickly, 
they  may  consider  that  the  time  of  the  passover  was  in 
die  spring,  when  these  herbs  are  young  and  tender,  and 
€0D8eqnently  less  unpleasant:  besides,  according  to  the 
Jewish  custom,  these  herbs  were  dipped  in  the  charoseth,  or 
anee  made  of  raisins  stamped  with  vinegar,'  and  were  also 
^slien  with  bread ;  and  they  had  four  cups  of  wine  allowed 
s&to  tkem ;  and  it  was  sufEcd^at  to  take  but  a  pittance  of 
kifa,  or  the  qnantity  of  an  olive. 

47.  Though  the  fiimoiis  paper  reed  of  Egypt  be  only  par- 
ttfslsrly  named  in  8criptiu« ;  yet  when  i^eds  are  so  often 
Mtkmed  without  special  name  or  distinction,  we  may  con- 
ttire  their  differences  may  be  comprehended,  and  that  they 
]>^  not  aU  of  one  kind,  or  that  the  comm<m  reed  was  only 
in^ied.  Por  mention  is  made  in  Ezekiel  f  of  '^  a  measuring 
•wi  of  six  cubits  ;'*  we  find  that  they  smote  our  Saviour  on 
tiie  bead  with  a  reed^X  and  put  a  sponge  with  vinegar  on  a 
wed,  which  was  long  enough  to  readi  to  his  mouth,*  while 
k  WSB  upon  the  cross.  And  with  such  differences  of  reeds, 
MiZatofy,  sa^fHtary,  9oriptary,  and  others,  they  might  be 
finuriied  in  Jiid»a.  For  we  find  in  the  portion  of  Ephraim,§ 
«^  wrundinefH;  and  so  set  down  in  the  maps  of  Adrico- 
>siia,  and  in  our  trani^ation  the  river  Kana,  or  brook  of 
Canes.  And  Bellonius  tells  us  that  the  river  Jordan  afford- 
«^  plenty  and  variety  of  reeds ;  out  of  some  whereof  the 
^08  make  darts  and  light  lances,  and  out  of  oth^s,  arrows; 
ttd  withal  that  there  plentiMly  groweth  the  fine  ealamusy 
^nrnio  ieriptoria,  or  writing  reed,  which  they  gather  with 
^  greatest  care,  as  being  of  singular  use  and  commodity 

*  CvftMM  de  HortiM.  f  Esek.  zl.  5. 

:  fit  Matt  zzvii.  80,  48.  §  Josh.  zvi.  17. 

*i  rted  whid^  vmu  long  enough  to  reach  to  his  mouth.]  In  the  neigh- 
^<>vhood  of  Sues  sane  rMds  grow  to  the  height  of  twelve  yards. 

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200  THE   PLAlfT   ZIZA17IA.  [tSACT  I. 

at  borne  and  abroad;  a  hard  reed  about  the  compass  of  a 
goose  or  swan's  quill,  whereof  I  have  seen  some  polished  and 
cut  with  a  web  [neb  ?  or  nib  ?]  ;  which  is  in  common  use  for 
writing  throughout  the  Turkish  dominions,  thej  using  not 
the  qmlls  of  birds.  % 

And  whereas  the  same  author,  with  other  describers  of 
these  parts,  affirmeth,  that  the  river  Jordan,  not  far  from 
Jericho,  is  but  such  a  stream  as  a  youth  may  throw  a  stone 
over  it,  or  about  eight  fathoms  broad,  it  doth  not  diminish 
the  account  and  solemnity  of  the  miraculous  passage  of  the 
Israelites  under  Joshua.  Eor  it  must  be  considered  that 
they  passed  it  in  the  time  of  harvest,  when  the  river  was 
high,  and  the  grounds  about  it  under  water,  according  to  that 
pertinent  parenthesis : — "  As  the  feet  of  the  priests,  which 
carried  the  ark,  were  dipped  in  the  brim  of  the  water,  for 
Jordan  overfloweth  all  its  banks  at  the  time  of  harvest."* 
In  this  consideration  it  was  well  joined  with  the  great  river 
Euphrates,  in  that  expression  in  Eccl^siasticus, ''  Qx>d  maketh 
the  understanding  to  abound  like  Euphrates,  and  as  Jordan 
in  the  time  of  harvest." t 

48.  The  kingdom  of  heaven  is  likened  unto  a  man  which 
sowed  good  seed  in  his  field,  but  while  men  slept,  his  enemy 
came  and  sowed  "tares,"  or  as  the  Greek,  zizania^  "among 
the  wheat." 

"Now,  how  to  render  zizania,  and  to  what  species  of  plants 
to  confine  it,  there  is  no  slender  doubt ;  for  the  word  is  not 
mentioned  in  other  parts  of  Scripture,  nor  in  any  ancient 
Greek  writer :  it  is  not  to  be  found  in  Aristotle,  Theophras- 
tus,  or  Dioscorides.  Some  Greek  and  Latin  fathers  have 
made  use  of  the  same,  as  also  Suidas  and  Phavorinus ;  but 
probably  they  have  all  derived  it  from  this  text. 

And,  therefore,  this  obscurity  might  easily  occasion  such 
variety  in  translations  and  expositions.  Eor  some  retain  the 
word  zizania,  as  the  vulgar,  that  of  Beza,  of  Junius,  and 
also  the  Italian  and  Spanish.  The  low  Dutch  renders  it 
cncruidi,  the  German  ancraui,  or  herha  mala,  the  iEVench 
yvroye  or  hlium,  and  the  English  tares. 

Besides,  this  being  conceived  to  be  a  Syriac  word,  it  may 
fitill  add  unto  the  uncertainty  of  the  sense.    For  though  this 

*  Josh.  iii.  15.  f  Eocles.  xxiv.  26. 

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TBACT  I.]  THE  PLANT  ZIZA17IA.  201 

gospel  were  first  written  in  Hebrew  or  Syriac,  yet  it  is  not 
unquestionable  whether  the  true  original  be  any  where 
extant.  And  that  Syriac  copy  which  we  now  have,  is  con- 
ceived to  be  of  far  later  time  than  St.  Matthew. 

[Expositors  and  annotators  are  also  various.  Hugo  Gro- 
tins  hath  passed  the  word  zizania  without  a  note.  Diodati^ 
retaining  the  word  zizania,  conceives  that  it  was  some  pecu- 
liar herb  growing  among  the  com  of  those  countries,  and 
not  known  in  our  fields.  But  Emanuel  de  Sa  interprets  it 
plantas  semini  noanas,  and  so  accordingly  some  others. 

Buxtorfius,  in  his  Babhinical  Lexicon,  gives  divers  inter- 
pretations, sometimes  for  degenerated  com,  sometimes  for 
the  black  seeds  in  wheat,  but  withal  concludes,  an  hsc  sit 
eadem  vox  aut  species  cum  zizania  apud  evangelistam,  qucerant 
alii.  But  lexicons  and  dictionaries  by  zizania  do  almost 
generally  understand  lolium,  which  we  call  darnel,  and  com- 
monly confine  the  signification  to  that  plant.  Notwith- 
standing,  since  lolitm  had  a  known  and  received  name  in 
Greek,  some  may  be  apt  to  doubt  why,  if  that  plant  were 
particularly  intended,  the  proper  Greek  word  was  not  used  in 
the  text.  For  Theophrastus*  named  lolivm  alpa,  and  hath 
often  mentioned  that  plant ;  and  in  one  place  saith,  that 
com  doth  sometimes  hliescere  or  degenerate  into  darnel. 
Dioscorides,  who  travelled  over  Judaea,  gives  it  the  same 
name,  which  is  also  to  be  found  in  Galen,  JEtius,  and 
JSgineta ;  and  Pliny  hath  sometimes  Latinized  that  word 
into  €era. 

Besides,  lolivm  or  darnel  shows  itself  in  the  winter^ 
growing  up  with  the  wheat;  and  Theophrastus  observed,. 
that  it  was  no  vernal  plant,  but  came  up  m  the  winter ; 
which  will  not  well  answer  the  expression  of  the  text, 
"And  when  the  blade  came  up,  and  brought  forth  fruit,"  , 
or  gave  evidence  of  its  fruit,  the  zizania  appeared.  And  if 
the  husbandry  of  the  ancients  were  agreeable  unto  ours,, 
they  would  not  have  been  so  earnest  to  weed  away  the 
darnel ;  for  our  husbandmen  do  not  commonly  weed  it 
in  the  field,  but  separate  the  seed  after  thrashing. 
And,  therefore,  Galen  delivereth,  that  in  an  unseasonable 
year,  and  great  scarcity  of  corn,  when  they  neglected  to 

*  ov  laiprivBai,    ITieophrast.  HiiU  Plant,  lib.  8. 

,     Digitized  by  CjOOQIC 


sepnmte  ilie  darnel^  tke  bread  proined  geBfini%  lai^^ 
and  had  evil  effeete  oa  the  head. 

Our  old  and  later  tnoislatofs  render  zusama  tares,  ivUeh 
name  our  English  botaansts  give  imto  ankms,  crae^a, 
mda  mfhe$tru^  caUin^  l^em  tares  and  strangling  tax^s. 
And  our  husbandmen  %  tares  understand  some  so!rt»  of  wild 
,-fit(^ies,  which  mm  amongst  eoniy  and  dasp  unto  it,  aeocrd- 
mg  to  the  Latm  etjrmologj-,  vieia  a  vineiendd.  Now  in  this 
ancertaint J  <^  the  original,  tares,  as  weD  as  some  others, 
may  make  out  the  sense,  and  be  also  more  agreeable  unto 
the  circumstanoes  of  the  parable.  For  they  come  up  and 
^^ear  what  thej  are,  when  the  blade  of  the  com  is  come 
up,  and  also  the  staDc  and  fi-ait  discoverable.  They  hxre 
likewise  little  spreading  roots,  which  may  ^a^tangle  or  rob 
the  good  roots,  and  tbey  hare  also  tendrils  and  claspers, 
whicm  lay  hold  of  what  grows  near  them,  and  so  csn 
hardly  be  weeded  without  endangering  i^e  neighbouring 
com. 

However,  if  by  zixunia  we  imderstand  herbas  BegeH 
noosuuy  or  mtia  $egehfm,  as  some  expositors  have  done,  and 
take  the  word  in  a  more  general  sense,  comprehending 
several  weeds  and  vegetables  defensive  unto  com,  according 
as  the  Greek  wcvd  in  the  plural  number  may  imply,  and  as 
the  learned  Lfiurenbagius*  hath  expressed,  ru/netfre^  quod 
apud  noHratoi  weden  dicitur^  zizamas  inutile*  est  evellere. 
If,  I  say,  it  be  tiius  taken,  we  shall  not  need  to  be  definke, 
or  confine  unto  one  particular  plant,  from  a  word  which  may 
comprehend  divers.  And  this  may  also  prove  a  safer  senae,^ 
in  such  obscurity  of  the  original. 

And,  therefore,  since  in  this  parable  the  sowar  of  the 
zizama  is  the  devil,  and  the  zizania  wicked  persons ;  if  any 
from  this  larger  deception  will  take  in  ^istles,  darnel, 
cockle,  wild  straggling  fitches,  bindweed,  ttihutus,  resthar- 
row,  and  other  vitia  seaetum  ;  he  may,  both  from  the  natural 
and  symbolical  qualities  of  those  vegetables,  have  plenty  of 
matter  to  iUustrate  the  variety  of  his  mischiefe,  and  of  the 
wicked  of  this  worid. 

*  De  fforti  (Mtv/ra, 

^  This  may  also  prove  a  safer  sense.]  But  the  later  c6inmentators 
aeem  ratber  diflposed,  with  Forskal,  to  consider  it  to  have  been  the 
clamel. 


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Googk 


T&AJCT  n.]      OF   GABLAJTDB  UTB  OamOXABY  PLAKT8.  2M 

40!  When  His  aa^  in  Job,  ^  Let  thistles  grow  up  instead 
of  wheat,  and  cockle  ^  instead  of  barley,''  the  words  are 
inteltigible,  tite  sense  allowable  and  significant  to  tiiis  pur- 
peae:  bat  whether  the  word  cockle  doth  strictly  eon&nn 
imto  the  original,  some  doubt  may  be  made  frcmi  the  dif« 
Cerent  transbtions  of  it ;  for  the  ynlgar  renders  it  tpima^ 
Tremellioa  mtia  frugum^  and  the  Geneva  yvroye^  or  darnel/ 
Besides,  whether  cockle  were  common  in  the  ancient  agxi- 
colfcare  of  those  parts,  or  what  word  the^  used  for  it,  is  of 
great  nncertaanty.  Poor  the  elder  botanical  writers  have 
Hiade  no  mention  thereof,  and  the  modems  hare  given  it  the 
name  of  pBrntdameUmthium  niffelldtirumy  lyehnoide$  ^egehimj 
names  not  known  unto  antiquity.  And,  therefore,  our 
trmnalaition  hath  warily  set  down  "noisome  weeds"  in  the 


TBACTH. 

OF   ^Am^iAJmS  AJSTD   COBOITABT  OB  OABLAITD  ?IrAl!rr0.^ 

Sn, — ^The  use  of  floweir  crowns  and  garlands  is  of  no 
slender  antiquity,  and  higher  than  I  conceiye  you  appre- 
hend it.    For,  besides  the  old  Greeks  and  Bomans^  the 

'  cockle^  Celraus^  and  after  him  Michaelia^  suppotes  this  to  hvro  been 
the  aconite. 

*  In  the  margin  of  Ereljn's  copy  is  this  manuscript  note : — "  This 
leUer  was  toriUen  to  me  from  Dr.  Browne  ;  more  at  large  in  the  Coronarie 
Plants." 

In  order  to  preserve  unaltered,  as  &r  as  possible,  the  order  of  Sir 
niomaa  Browne's  published  works,  I  have  thought  proper  not  to  trans- 
plant into  the  "  Correspondence"  the  present  and  several  other  Tracts, 
thton^  they  were,  in  fiict,  emstobiy,  and  it  has  been  ascertained  to 
whom  they  were  addressed.  In  the  prefiiee  to  Evelyn's  Acetaria  (re- 
printed by  Mr.  Upcott,  in  his  OolUetion  of  Evdyn*s  dfiscdlaneoua 
Writings),  we  find  his  "  Plan  of  a  Boyal  Garden,  in  three  Books."  It 
was  in  r^erence  to  this  projected  work  (of  which  however  ^0«taiia  was 
the  only  part  ever  published),  that  Browne's  assistanoe  was  asked  and 
given.      Among  the  subjects  named  in  that  plan  the  ^flowing  ava 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


204  OF   GiJlLAlirBS  AKB  [tBACT  H. 

ISgyptians  made  use  hereof;  who,  besides  the  bravery  of 
their  garlands,  had  little  birds  upon  them  to  peck  their 
heads  and  brows,  and  so  to  keep  them  [from]  deeping  at 
their  festival  compotations.  This  practice  also  extended  as 
far  as  India :  for  at  the  feast  of  the  Indian  king,  it  is  pecu- 
liarly observed  by  Philostratus,  that  their  custom  was  to 
wear  garlands,  and  come  crowned  with  them  unto  their 
feast. 

The  crowns  and  garlands  of  the  ancients  were  either 
gestatory,  such  as  they  wore  about  their  heads  or  necks ; 
portatory,  such  as  they  carried  at  solemn  festivals ;  pensile 
or  suspensory,  such  as  thdy  hanged  about  the  posts  of  their 
houses  in  honour  of  theur  gods,  as  Jupiter  Thyr»us  or 
Limeneus ;  or  else  they  were  depositoiy,  such  as  they  laid 
upon  the  graves  and  monuments  of  the  dead.  And  these 
were  made  up  after  all  ways  of  art,  compactile,  sutile, 
plectile ;  for  which  work  there  were  cf^avoTrXdicot,  or  expert 
persons  to  contrive  them  after  the  best  grace  and  pro- 
priety. 

Though  we  yield  not  unto  them  in  the  beauty  of  flowery 
garlands,  yet  some  of  those  of  antiquity  were  larger  than 
any  we  lately  met  with ;  for  we  find  in  Athenaeus,  that  a 
myrtle  crown,  of  one  and  twenty  feet  in  compass,  was 
solemnly  carried  about  at  the  Hellotian  feast  in  Corinth, 
together  with  the  bones  of  Europa. 

And  garlands  were  surely  of  frequent  use  among  them ; 
for  we  read  in  Galen,*  that  when  Hippocrates  cured  the 
great  plague  of  Athens  by  fires  kindled  in  and  about  the 
city :  the  fdel  thereof  consisted  much  of  their  garlands. 
And  they  must  needs  be  very  frequent  and  of  common  use, 
the   ends  thereof  being  many.     For  they  were  convivial, 

*  De  Theriaca  ad  Pisonem. 

referred  to  in  the  present  Tract,  and  in  other  of  Browne's  Letters  to 
Evelyn : — 

Book  ii.  chap.  6.  Of  a  seminary ;  nurseries ;  and  of  propagating 
trees,  plants,  and  flowers  ;  planting  and  transplanting,  &c. 

Chap.  16.  Of  the  coronary  garden. 

Chap.  18.  Of  stupendous  and  wonderful  plants. 

Bookiii.  chap.  9.  Of  garden  burial. 

Chap.  10.  Of  paradise,  and  of  the  most  famous  gardens  in  the  worid, 
ancient  and  modem. 


yGoogk 


TSAGT  II.]  COEOKAET  PLAlfTS.  205 

festival,  sacrificial,  nuptial,  honorary,  funebrial.  "We  who 
propose  unto  ourselves  the  pleasures  of  two  senses,  and 
only  single  out  such  as  are  of  beauty  and  good  odour,  can- 
not strictly  confine  ourselves  unto  imitation  of  them. 

For,  in  their  convivial  garlands,  they  had  respect  unto 
plants  preventing  drunkenness,  or  discussing  ^  the  exhala- 
tions from  wine ;  wherein,  beside  roses,  taking  in  ivy,  ver- 
vain, melilote,  &c.,  they  made  use  of  divers  of  small  beauty 
or  good  odour.  The  solemn  festival  garlands  were  made 
properly  unto  their  gods,  and  accordingly  contrived  from 
plants  sacred  unto  such  deities ;  and  their  sacrificial  ones 
were  selected  under  such  considerations.  Their  honorary 
crowns  triumphal,  ovary,  civical,  obsidional,  had  little  of 
flowers  in  them  :  and  their  funebrial  garlands  had  little  of 
beauty  in  them  besides  roses,  while  they  made  them  of 
myrtle,  rosemary,  opium,  &c.,  under  symbolical  intimations ; 
but  our  florid  and  purely  ornamental  garlands,  delightful 
unto  sight  and  smell,  nor  framed  according  to  any  mystical 
and  synfbolical  Considerations,  are  of  more  free  election, 
and  so  may  be  made  to  excel  those  of  the  ancients :  we 
having  China,  India,  and  a  new  world  to  supply  us,  beside 
the  great  distinction  of  flowers  unknown  unto  antiquity, 
and  the  varieties  thereof  arising  from  art  and  nature. 

But,  beside  vernal,  aestival  and  autumnal,  made  of  flowers, 
the  ancientshad  also  the  hyemal  garlands ;  contenting  them- 
selves at  first  with  such  as  were  made  of  horn  dyed  into 
several  colours,  and  shaped  into  the  figure  of  flowers,  and 
also  of  a€  coroncmum  or  clincquant,  or  brass  thinly  wrought 
out  into  leaves  commonly  known  among  us.  But  the 
curiosity  of  some  emperors  for  such  intents  had  roses 
brought  from  Egypt  until  they  had  found  the  art  to  pro- 
duce late  roses  in  Eome,  and  to  make  them  grow  in  winter, 
as  is  delivered  in  that  handsome  epigram  of  Martial — 

At  in  Eomanse  jussus  jam  cedere  brumse 
Mitte  tuas  messes,  accipe,  Nile,  rosas. 

Some  American  nations,  who  do  much  excel  in  garlands, 
content  not  themselves  only  with  flowers,  but  make  elegant 

*  di8cut»ing.'\  Dr.  Johnson  quotes  this  passage  as  his  example  of  the 
use  of  Uie  word  di9CUM  in  the  sense  of  disperse. 

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206  OP   aABLAlTDB  XSD  [TBJJCTIL 

crowns  of  festliers,  whereof  they  haTC  some  of  greater 
ladiancj  and  lustre  than  their  flowers :  and  since  there  is 
an  art  to  set  into  shapes,  and  curiouslj  to  work  in  choicest 
feathers,  there  could  nothing  answer  the  crowns  made  of 
the  choicest  feathers  of  some  tomineios  and  sun  birds. 

The  catalogue  of  coronarji  plants  is  not  large  in  Theo- 
phrastus,  Flinj,  Pollux,  or  Athenaous:  but  we  maj  find 
a  ffood  enlargement  in  the  accounts  of  modem  botanisti; 
and  additions  maj  still  be  made  bj  successive  ac^sts  of  fair 
and  specious  plants,  not  jet  translated  from  foreign  r^ions, 
or  little  known  unto  our  gardens ;  he  that  woidd  be  com- 
plete may  take  notice  of  these  following : — 

Flos  Tiffridis. 

Mob  Lyncis. 

JPinea  Indica  Becchi,  Taiama  Ouiedi, 

Herha  Paradiaea. 

VohtbUia  Meaicemus. 

^^areiafui  Indious  Serpeniaritu, 

Seliehryaum  Mexicanum.  * 

Aquilegia  mwa  HispanUe  GacoacochkU  ReccM, 

Jrktochaa  Mexicana, 

Camaratmga  tive  Qaragtuiia  quarta  Piwme. 

3£araeuia  Granadilla. 

Cambay  svoe  Myrtus  Americana, 

Mas  Auricula  Flor  de  la  Orcia, 

Mor^cndio  novw  Hispanicc. 

Bosa  Indica,  " 

ZUium  Indicunu 

JEktla  Magori  GarcuB. 

Champe  Garcia  Champacoa  Bomiii, 

Daullontat  Jrutex  odoratus  ecu  Chammmelum  arhoreseens 

Bontii. 
BeideUar  AlpinL 
Sambuc. 

Ambcrboi  Twrcarum. 
Nuphar  ASgypiium, 
JUUonarcissus  Indicus, 
Bamma  .Mgyptiacum. 
Siucca  Ckmadcmis  horti  Mimetiani, 
Bupthalmum  nov0  Sispania  Alepocapaik, 


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nuorn.]  cosovabx  plasitts.  207 

Valeriima  seu  (Jhryganthemum  Americanum  Acocotlis. 

Flos  Carvmus  Coronarius  Americanus.  ^ 

Capolin  Gerasus  duleis  Indicus  Floribtis  racemosis. 

Aiphodeltu  Americcmus, 

Syringa  Lutea  Americana. 

Bulbus  unifolius. 

Moly  latifolium  Flore  luieo? 

Conyza  Americana  purpwrea. 

Salvia  Cretica  pomtfera  BelUmii. 

Laiuus  Serrata  Odora. 

Omithoffalus  PromofUorii  Bona  Spei. 

Fritilltnna  crassa  Soldanica  Fronwntorii  Bona  Spei. 

Siyillum  Solomonis  Indicum. 

Tulipa  JPromontorii  Bona  Spei, 

Iris  Uvaria, 

Nopolaock  sedum  elegans  nova  Siepania, 
More  might  be  added  unto  this  list;^  and  I  bave  only 
taken  the  pains  to  give  you  a  short  spedmen  of  those,  many 
inoie  which  you  may  find  in  respective  authcms,  and  which 
time  and  future  industry  may  make  no  great  strangers 
in  England.  The  inhabitants  of  nova  Sitpama,  and  a  ^eat 
part  of  America,  Mahometans^  Indians,  Chmese,  are  emmait 
promoters  of  these  coronair  and  specious  plants ;  and  the 
annual  tribute  of  the  king  oi  Bisnaguer  in  India,  arising  out 
of  odours  and  flowers,  amounts  unto  many  thousands  of 
crowns. 
Thus,  in  brief,  of  this  matter.    I  a.m,  &c. 


*  JMy  Za^/o2»ttm  Flore  hUeo,'\  Sir  Thomas,  in  a  subsequent  letter 
(»•  Oorrttpondenee),  eorreefai  tids  name  ; — ''for  MUy  Flore  hOeo"  he 
«yB»  "  70Q  may  please  to  put  in.  Moly  MontUoMum  novum" 

*  More  miffhi  he  added  unto  this  Ust,]  Which  Sir  Thonoaft  sent  me  a 
ciiilogQe  of  from  Norwich. — JIfS.  note  0/  £vdyn*8. 

l%is  list  has  not  been  found. 


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208  07  THE  FISHES  BATES'  BY  OHBIST.         [tbACT  HI. 


TEACT    III. 

OF   THE   FISHES    EA.TEN    BY    OUB    SAVIOXJB  WITH    HIS    DIS- 
CIPLES AFTEK  HIS  BESFBBECTIOIT  FBOM  THE  DEAD. 

SiB, — I  have  thought  a  little  upon  the  question  proposed 
by  you  [viz.  what  kind  of  fishes  those  were,*  of  which  our 
Saviour  ate  with  his  disciples  after  his  resurrection  ?  *]  and 
I  return  you  such  an  answer,  as,  in  so  short  a  time  for 
study,  and  in  the  midst  of  my  occasions,  occurs  to  me. 

The  books  of  Scripture  (as  also  those  which  are  apocry- 
phal) are  often  silent  or  very  sparing,  in  the  particular 
names  of  fishes ;  or  in  setting  them  down  in  such  manner  as 
to  leave  the  kinds  of  them  without  all  doubt  and  reason  for 
further  inquiry.  For,  when  it  declareth  what  fishes  were 
allowed  the  Israelites  for  their  food,  they  are  only  set  down 
in  general  which  have  fins  and  scales:  whereas,  in  the 
account  of  quadrupeds  and  birds,  there  is  particular  mention 
made  of  divers  of  them.  In  the  book  of  Tobit  that  fish 
which  he  took  out  of  the  river  is  only  named  a  great  fish, 
and  so  there  re^aains  much  uncertainty  to  determine  the 
-species  thereof.  And  even  the  fish  which  swallowed  Jonah, 
and  is  called  a  great  fish,  and  commonly  thought  to  be  a 
great  whale,  is  not  received  without  all  doubt ;  while  some 
learned  men  conceive  it  to  have  been  none  of  our  whales, 
but  a  large  kind  of  lamia. 

And,  in  this  narration  of  St.  John,  the  fishes  are  only  ex- 
pressed by  their  bigness  and  number,  not  their  names,  and 
therefore  it  may  seem  undeterminable  what  they  were: 
notwithstanding,  these  fishes  being  taken  in  the  great  lake 
or  sea  of  Tiberias,  something  may  be  probably  stated  therein. 
Por  since  Bellonius,  that  diligent  and  learned  traveller,  in- 
formeth  us,  that  the  fishes  of  this  lake  were  trouts,  pikes, 
chevins,  and  tenches ;  it  may  well  be  conceived  that  either 

*  St.  John  xxi.  9,  10,  11—13. 

»  whathind,  <jE?c.]    MS.  Sloan.  1827,  reads,  "of  what  kind  those  little 
fifih  were,  which  fed  the  multitude  in  the  wilderness,  or^  &c." 


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TMCTin.]       OF  THE  FISHES   EATEN  BY  CHBIST.  209 

all  or  some  thereof  are  to  be  imderstood  in  this  Scripture. 
And  these  kind  of  fishes  become  large  and  of  great  growth, 
answerable  unto  the  expression  of  Scripture,  "  one  hundred 
fifty  and  three  great  fishes;"  that  is,  large  in  their  own 
kinds,  and  the  largest  kinds  in  this  lake  and  fresh  water, 
wherein  no  great  variety,  and  of  the  larger  sort  of  fishes, 
could  be  expected.  Eor  the  river  Jordan,  running  through 
this  lake,  falls  into  the  lake  of  Asphaltus,  and  hath  na 
mouth  into  the  sea,  which  might  admit  of  great  fishes  or 
greater  variety  to  come  up  into  it. 

And  out  of  the  mouth  of  some  of  these  fore-mentioned 
fishes  might  the  tribute  money  be  taken,  when  our  Saviour, 
at  Capernaum,  seated  upon  the  same  lake,  said  unto  Peter, 
"Gro  thou  to  the  sea,  and  cast  an  hook,  and  take  up  the  fish 
that  jfirst  Cometh ;  and  when  thou  hast  opened  his  mouth 
thou  shalt  find  a  piece  of  money ;  that  take  and  give  them 
for  thee  and  me." 

And  this  makes  void  that  common  conceit  and  tradition 
of  the  fish  called  fdber  marinvs,  by  some,  a  peter  or  penny 
M;  which  having  two  remarkable  round  spots  upon  either 
side,  these  are  conceived  to  be  the  marks  of  St.  Peter's 
fingers  or  signatures  of  the  money :  for  though  it  hath  these 
marks,  vet  is  there  no  probability  that  such  a  kind  of  fish 
was  to  be  found  in  the  lake  of  Tiberias,  Gennesareth,  or 
Galilee,  which  is  but  sixteen  miles  long  and  six  broad,  and 
hath  no  commimication  with  the  sea ;  for  this  is  a  mere  fish 
of  the  sea  and  salt  water,  and  (though  we  meet  with  some 
thereof  on  our  coast)  is  not  to  be  found  in  many  seas. 

Thus  having  returned  no  improbable  answer  unto  your 
question,  I  shall  crave  leave  to  ask  another  of  yourself  con- 
cerning that  fish  mentioned  by  Procopius,*  which  brought 
the  famous  king  Theodorick  to  his  end :  his  words  are  to 
this  effect :  "  The  manner  of  his  death  was  this ;  Symmachus 
and  his  son-in-law  Boethius,  just  men  and  great  relievers  of 
the  poor,  senators,  and  consuls,  had  many  enemies,  by  whose 
&lae  accusations  Theodorick  being  persuaded  that  they 
plotted  against  him,  put  them  to  death,  and  confiscated 
*heip  estates.  Not  long  after  his  waiters  set  before  him  at 
supper  a  great  head  of  a  fish,  which  seemed  to  him  to  be  the 


*  De  Bello  Ooikico,  lib.  i. 
TOL.  in.  P 


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'210  ANSWER   TO   QrEEIES   ABOUT  [tSACT  IV. 

head  of  Symmacbufi  lately  murd«*ed :  and  with  hk  teeth 
sticking  out,  and  fierce  glaring  eyes  to  threaten  him :  being 
frighted,  he  grew  chill,  went  to  bed,  lamenting  what  he  bad 
done  to  Symmachus  and  Boethius ;  and  soon  after  died.'^ 
What  fish  do  you  apprehend  this  to  have  been  ?  I  would 
leam  of  you ;  give  me  your  thoughts  about  it. 

I  am,  ix. 


TEACT    IV. 

Air  AiraWlSB  TO   CEBTAtH    QTJmEt^S  BELATIKO  TO   TISHSB^ 
BIBBS,   AISTD   INSECTS. 

SiE, — I  return  the  following  answers  to  your  querieflr 
which  were  these : — 

1.  What  fishes  are  meant  by  the  names,  hilec  dxxAmugHT 

2.  What  is  the  bird  which  you  will  receive  from  the 
bearer,  and  what  birds  are  mesmt  by  the  names  hdlcyon^ 
n^sut,  drie,  nycticortux  f 

3.  What  insect  is  meant  by  the  word  cicada  ? 
Aksweb  1.  The  word  hci^c  we  are  taught  to  render  as 

herring,  which,  being  an  ancient  word,  is  not  strictly  af^ro- 
priable  unto  a  fish  not  known  or  not  described  by  the 
ancients;  and  which  the  modem  naturalists  are  fain  to 
name  karengu^  :  the  word  halecula  being  applied  unto  sueh 
little  fish  out  of  which  they  are  fain  to  m^e  pickle ;  and 
halee  or  alec,  taken  for  the  liquamen  or  liquor  itself,  aocoard- 
ing  to  that  of  the  poet, 

£go  -fieeem  primus  et  alec 
Primus  et  inveni  album. 

And  was  a  conditure  and  sauce  much  aflSected  by  anti^piity^ 
as  was  also  mtMria  and  garwm. 

In  common  constructions  mugil  is  rendered  a  mullet, 
which,  notwithstanding,  is  a  different  fish  from  the  uttr^'/ 


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^ 


TKACTIT.]  TI8HIS,  BIBDfl,  AKD   TSBZCTS.  211 

described  bj  authors  ;^  wherein,  if  we  mistake,  we  cannot 
80  closelj  apprehend  the  expression  of  Juvenal, 
Qnosdom  ventreB  et  mugilis  intnt. 

And  misconceive  the  fish  wherebj  fornicators  were  so  oppro- 
brioufllj  and  iricsomely  punished;  for  the  mugil,  being 
somewhat  rough  and  hard-skinned,  did  more  exasperate  the 
gats  of  such  offendCTS :  whereas  the  mullet  was  a  smooth 
fish,  and  of  too  high  esteem  to  be  employed  m  such  offices. 

AirswEB  2.  I  cannot  but  wonder  that  this  bird  you  sent 
should  be  a  slranger  unto  you,  and  unto  those  who  had  a 
tight  thereof ;  for,  though  it  be  not  Been  every  day,  yet  we 
often  meet  with  it  in  this  country.  It  is  an  elegant  bird, 
which  he  that  once  beholdeth  can  hardly  mistake  any  other 
fop  it.  From  the  proper  note  it  is  called  an  hec^ebird  with 
US:  in  Greek  epap9,  in  Latin  vpupa.  We  aro  litde  obliged 
onto  our  school  instruction,  wherein  we  are  ta6ghtto'render 
ifptfpa  a  lapwing,  wfaic^  bird  our  natural  writers  name  var^ 
melius;  for  thereby  we  mistake  this  j?emarkable  bird,  and 
apprehend  not  rigntly  what  is  delivered  of  it. 

We  apprehend  not  the  hiesoglyphical  considerations  which 
ihe  old  l^yptianfl  made  of  this  observable  bird ;  who,  con- 
flderiog  therein  the  order  and  variety  of  colours,  the  twenty- 
ox  or  twenty-eight  feathers  hi  its  crest,  his  latitancy,  aad 
inewiog  this  handsome  outride  in  the  winter :  they  made  it 
n  emblem  of  the  varieties  of  the  world,  the  fiuccession  of 
tiiDes  and  aeasona,  and  signal  mutations  in  them.  And, 
therefore,  Orus,  the  hieroglyphic  of  t1^  world,  had  the  head 
of  an  hoopebird  upon  the  top  of  his  staff. 

Hereby  we  may  also  misfjike  the  duohiphathf  or  bird  for- 
bidden for  food  in  Leviticus;*  and,  aot  knowing  the  bird, 
nay  the  less  aj^rehend  some  reasons  of  that  prohibition ; 
that  is,  the  magical  virtues  aficribed  unto  it  by  the  Egyp- 
tians, aad  the  superstitious  .apprehensions  which  the  nation 
held  of  it,  whilst  they  praciflely  numbered  the  feathers  and 
colours  thereof,  while  they  plaoed  it  on  the  heads  of  their 

*  Lefvit.  -xi.  10. 

'  atttWt.]    MS.  Sloan,  proceeds  thus:    "for  which  I  know  not, 
f^ihsps,  whetiier  we  have  any  pfroper  name  in  English;  and  other 
utions  nearly  imitate  the  Latin,  wherein,"  kc—MS,  Sloan.  1827. 
p  2 


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212  AKSWBE  TO  QUEBIES  ABOUT  [tEACT  IY. 

gods,  and  near  their  Mercurial  crosses,  and  so  biglily  mag- 
nified this  bird  in  their  sacred  symbols. 

Again,  not  knowing  or  mistaking  this  bird,  we  may  mis- 
apprehend, or  not  closely  apprehend,  that  handsome  ex- 
Eression  of  Ovid,  when  Tereus  was  turned  into  an  upupa^  or 
oopebird  :— 

Vertitur  in  volucrem  cui  sunt  pro  yertice  cristae, 
Protinns  immodicum  sargit  pro  cuspide  rostrum 
Nomen  epops  volucri,  fades  armata  videtur. 

Eor,  in  this  military  shape,  he  is  aptly  iancied  even  still 
revengefully  to  pursue  his  hated  wife,  Progne :  in  the  pro- 
priety of  his  note  crying  out,|>otf,  pou,  ubi,  ubi :  or,  "Where 
are  you  ? 

Nor  are  we  singly  deceived  in  the  nominal  translation  of 
this  bird :  in  many  other  animals  we  commit  the  like  mistake. 
So  ffracculusis  rendered  a  jay,  which  bird,  notwithstanding, 
must  be  of  a  dark  colour  according  to  that  of  Martial, 

Sed  quandam  yoIo  nocte  nigriorem 
Formica,  pice,  gracculo,  cic^kda. 

Salcyon  is  rendered  a  kingfisher,*  a  bird  commonly  known 
among  us,  and  by  zoographers  and*  naturals  the  same  is 
named  ispida,  a  well  coloured  bird,  frequenting  streams  and 
rivers,  building  in  holes  of  pits,  like  some  martins,  about  the 
end  of  the  spring ;  in  whose  nests  we  have  found  little  else 
than  innumerable  small  fish  bones,  and  white  round  eggs  of 
a  smooth  and  polished  surfEu;e,  whereas  the  true  halcyon  is 
a  sea  bird,  makes  an  handsome  nest  floating  upon  the  water, 
and  breedeth  in  the  winter. 

That  nysus  should  be  rendered  either  an  hobby  or  a 
sparrow-hawk  in^  the  fable  of  Nysus  and  Scylla  in  Ovid, 
because  we  are  much  to  seek  in  the  distinction  of  hawks 
according  to  their  old  denominations,  we  shall  not  much 
contend,  and  may  allow  a  favourable  latitude  therein :  but 
that  the  ciris  or  bird  into  which  Scylla  was  turned  should  be 
translated  a  lark,  it  can  hardly  be  made  out  agreeable  unto 
the  description  of  Virgil,  in  his  poem  of  that  name, 

Inde  alias  volucres  mimoque  infecta  rubenti  crura . 

But  seems  more  agreeable  unto  some  kind  of  hamantopus  or 

*  See  Vulg.  Err,  b.  iii.  c.  10. 


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TRACT  IT.]  riSHES,   BIRDS,   AND   INSECTS.  213 

redshank :  and  so  the  nysus  to  have  been  some  kind  of 
hawk,  which  delighteth  about  the  sea  and  marshes,  where 
such  prey  most  aboundeth,  which  sort  of  hawk,  while 
Scaliger  determineth  to  be  a  merlin,  the  French  translator 
warily  expoundeth  it  to  be  some  kind  of  hawk. 

Nydicorax  we  may  leave  unto  the  common  and  verbal 
translation  of  a  night-raven,  but  we  know  no  proper  kind  of 
raven  unto  which  to  confine  the  same,  and,  therefore,  some 
take  the  liberty  to  ascribe  it  unto  some  sort  of  owls,  and 
others  unto  the  bittern ;  which  bird,  in  its  common  note, 
which  he  useth  out  of  the  time  of  coupling  and  upon  the 
wing,  so  weU  resembleth  the  croaking  of  a  raven,  that  I  have 
been  deceived  by  it.^ 

Ansvteb  3.  While  cicada  is  rendered  a  grasshopper,  we 
commonly  think  that  which  is  so  called  among  us  to  be 
tiie  true  cicada ;  wherein,  as  we  have  elsewhere  declared,* 
there  is  a  great  mistake :  for  we  have  not  the  cicada  in 
England,^  and,  indeed,  no  proper  word  for  that  animal,  which 
the  French  name  cigale.  That  which  we  commonly  call  a 
grasshopper,  and  the  French  saulterelle,  being  one  kind  of 
locust,  so  rendered  in  the  plague  of  Egypt,  and,  in  old 
Saxon,  named  gersihop^ 

I  have  been  the  less  accurate  in  these  answers,  because 
the  queries  are  not  of  difficidt  resolution,  or  of  great 
moment :  however.  I  would  not  wholly  neglect  them  or  your 
satisfekction,  as  being,  Sir,  Yours,  <fcc. 

*  Vulg.  Err.  b.  v.  c.  3. 

*  Nycticorax,  <fe<?.]  Very  possibly  the  night-rayen,  ardea  nycti- 
conur,  Lin. 

'  we  have  not  Hie  cicada  in  Englamd.'\  Of  the  true  Linnaean  cicadcs 
{Tettigonia  Fahr.),  the  first  British  species  was  discovered  in  the  New 
Forest,  by  Mr.  Bydder,  a  collector  whom  I  employed  there  for  a  con- 
siderable period,  nearly  twenty  years  since.  It  has  been  named  C, 
Anglica,  and  is  figured  by  Samouellei  Comp.  pi.  5,  fig.  2,  and  by  Curtis^ 
Brituh  Entomology,  Feb.  1st,  1832,  No.  392. 

*  gersihQjp.}    "  Gerstrappa,"  in  MS.  Sloan,  1827. 


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2U  OF   HJCWKS  AHD  FAUJOSVT.  [tSACX  T. 


TBACT   V. 

I 

OF   HAWKS  ATTD  VALCONBT,   ASCISm!  ASB   MOBBBir. 

Sib, — ^In  Tain  you  expeet  mack  infbnamtioB,  de  re  tutipi- 
inKrioy  of  falconry,  hawks,  or  haiwkiiigv  from,  yeiy  ancient 
G^reek  or  Latin  authors  -^  that  art  being  either  unknown  or 
so  little  advanced  among^  them,  thatt  it  seems  to  have  pro- 
45eeded  no  higher  than  the  daring  of  birds :  whiefa  maJ^  so 
little  thereof  to  be  &>Qnd  in  Aristotle,  who  only  meniaons 
some  rude  practice  thereof  in  Thracia ;  as  also  in  Julian, 
who  E^eaks  something  of  hawks  and  crows  among  the 
Indian»;  little  or  notlmig  of  true  fedconry  being  mentioned 
before  Jidia»  Firmieus,  in  the  days  of  Constantius,  son  to 
Oonstantine  tiie  Great. 

Yet,,  if  you  consult  the  acinyants  of  later  ant^pity  left  by 
Bemetrius^  the  Greek,  by  9ymmachua  and  TheodotiiE!,  and 
by  Alberkts  Magnus,  alyout  fire  hundred  years  ago,  yoii» 
who  have  been  so  long  acquainted  with  this  noble  recreation, 
may  better  compare  the  ancient  and  modem  practice,  and 
rightly  observe  how  many  things  in  that  art  are  added, 
YBiied,  disused,  or  retained,  in  the  practice  of  these  days. 

In  the  diet  of  hawks,  they  allowed  of  diveiw  meata  wlsdi 
we  should  hardly  commend.  For  beside  the  flesh  of  bee^^ 
they  admitted  of  goat,  hog,  deer,  whelp,  and  bear.  And 
how  you  will  approve  the  quantity  and  measure  thereof,  I 
make  some  doubt ;  while  by  weight  they  allowed  half  a 
pound  of  beef,  seven  ounces  of  swine's  flesh,  five  of  hare, 
eight  ounces  of  whelp,  as  much  of  deer,  and  ten  ounces  of 
he-goats'  flesh. 

"hi  the  time  of  Demetrius  they  were  not  without  the 
practice  of  phlebotomy  or  bleeding,  which  they  used  in  the 
thigh  and  pounces  j^  tney  plucked  away  the  feathers  on  ^e- 
thigh,  and  rubbed  the  part ;  but  if  the  vein  appeared  not  in 
that  part,  they  open  the  vein  of  the  fore  talon. 
.   In  the  days  of  Albertus,  they  made  use  of  cauteries  in 

*  heef.l    Lamb,  mutton,  bee£— ifS'.  Shwa,  1827. 

^  pounces.]    The  pounce  is  the  talon  or  claw  of  a  bird  of  prey. 


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IBACT  T.]  07  HAWKS  AKJ>  fALCOVBT.  215 

^ren  places :  to  advantage  their  siglit  tbey  seared  them 
under  the  inward  angle  of  the  eye ;  above  the  eye  in  dis^ 
tillations  and  diseases  of  the  heftd ;  in  upward  pains  they 
seated  above  the  joint  of  the  wing,  and  in  the  bottom  of  the 
hoty  against  tibe  gout ;  and  the  clnei  time  for  these  cauteries 
they  made  to  be  the  month  of  March. 

Li  great  coldness  of  hawks  th^  made  use  of  fomentations, 
some  of  the  steam  or  vapour  of  artificial  and  natural  baths, 
some  wrapt  them  up  in  hot  blankets,  giving  them  nettle 
seeds  and  butter. 

No  clysters  are  mentioned,  nor  can  they  be  so  profitably 
used ;  birt  they  made  use  of  many  purging  medicines  They 
parged  with  aloe,  which,  unto  larger  hawks,  they  gave  in 
the  bigness  of  a  Greek  bean ;  unto  lesser,  in  the  quantity  of 
a  eicer,^  which  notwithstanding  I  should  rather  give  washed, 
and  vnth  a  few  drops  of  oil  of  almonds :  for  the  guts  of 
iljing  fowls  are  tender  and  easily  scratched  by  it ;  and  upon 
l£e  use  of  aloe  both  in  hens  and  cormorants  I  have  sometimes 
observed  bloody  excretions. 

In  phlegmatic  eases  they  seldom  omitted  stavesaker,^ 
bat  th^  purged  sometimes  with  a  mouse,  and  the  food  of 
boiled  chickens,  sometimes  with  good  oil  and  honey. 

They  used  also  the  ink  of  cuttle  fishes,  with  smallage, 
betony,  wine,  and  hon^.  They  made  use  of  stronger 
medicines  than  present  practice  doth  allow.  For  they  were 
not  afraid  to  give  coeeu€  haphhieua;^  beating  up  eleven  of  its 
grains  into  a  lentor,^  which  they  made  up  into  nve  pills  wrapt 
up  with  honey  and  pepper :  and,  in  some  of  their  old  medi- 
cines,  we  meet  with  scammony  and  euphorhium.  Whether, 
m  the  tender  bowels  of  birds,  in&sions  of  rhubarb,  agaric 
and  meehoaehan,  be  not  of  safer  use,  as  to  take  of  agaric 
two  drachms,  of  cinnamon  half  a  dradim,  of  liquorice  a 
scruple,  and,  infusing  them  in  wine,  to  express  a  part  into 
the  mouth  of  the  hawk,  may  be  considered  by  present 
practice. 

Few  mineral  medicines  were  of  inward  use  among  them : 
yet  sometimes  we  observe  they  gave  filings  of  iron  in  the 

'  cicerj]    The  seed  of  a  vetch. 

*  Mtaveiaker.}    Or  stave'g-cKfre,  a  plant ;  DdphirUuni  ttapkiea^na,  Lin. 

*  eoceus  bapkieus.]    Or  mezerion. — MS,  SUt<m,  1327. 

*  lentor,]    A  stiff  paste. 


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21(J  OP   HAWKS  AND   FALCOKET.  [tKACTV. 

« 

straitness  of  the  chest,  as  also  lime  in  some  of  tjieir  pectoral 
medicines. 

But  they  commend  unguents  of  quicksilver  against  the 
scab  :  and  I  have  safely  given  six  or  eight  grains  of  mer^ 
curiu9  dulcis  unto  kestrils  and  owls,  as  also  crude  and  current 
quicksilver,  giving  the  next  day  small  pellets  of  silver  or  lead 
till  thev  came  away  uncoloured :  and  thia[,  if  any  [way],  may 
probably  destroy  that  obstinate  disease  of  the  filander  or 
Back-worm. 

A  peculiar  remedy  they  had  against  the  consumption  of 
hawks.  Tor,  filling  a  chicken  with  vinegar,  they  closed  up 
the  bill,  and  hanging  it  up  until  the  flesh  grew  tender,  they 
fed  the  hawk  therewith  :  and  to  restore  and  well  flesh  them, 
they  commonly  gave  them  hog's  flesh,  with  oil,  butter,  and 
honey ;  and  a  decoction  of  cumfory  to  bouze.''^ 

They  disallowed  of  salt  meats  and  fat ;  but  highly  es- 
teemed of  mice  in  most  indispositions  ;  and  in  the  falling 
sickness  had  great  esteem  of  boiled  bats :  and  in  many 
diseases,  of  the  flesh  of  owls  which  feed  upon  those  animals. 
In  epilepsies  they  also  gave  the  brain  of  a  kid  drawn  through 
a  gold  ring ;  and,  in  convulsions,  made  use  of  a  mixture  of 
musk  and  stercus  humamim  aridum. 

For  the  better  preservation  of  their  health  they  strewed 
mint  and  sage  about  them ;  «and  for  the  speedier  mewing  of 
their  feathers,  they  gave  them  the  slough  of  a  snake,  or  a 
tortoise  out  of  the  shell,  or  a  green  lizard  cut  in  pieces. 

If  a  hawk  were  unquiet,  they  hooded  him,  and  placed  him 
in  a  smith's  shop  for  some  time,  where,  accustomed  to  the 
continual  noise  of  hammering,  he  became  more  gentle  and 
tractable. 

They  used  few  terms  of  art,  plainly  and  intelligibly  ex- 
pressing the  parts  afiected,  their  diseases  and  remedies. 
This  heap  of  artificial  terms  first  entering  with  the  French 
artists:  who  seem  to  have  been  the  first  and  noblest 
falconers  in  the  western  part  of  Europe :  although,  in  their 
language,  they  have  no  word  which  in  general  expresseth  an 
hawk. 

They  carried  their  hawks  in  the  left  hand,  and  let  them 

^  houze,]  MS.  Slocm.  1827,  reads  "  drink  ;  and  bad  a  notable  medi- 
cine against  the  inflammation  of  the  eyes,  by  juice  of  purslain,  opiuiDy 
andsafiron." 


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TRACT  v.]  or   HAWKS  AND   FALCONET.  217 

fly  irom  the  right.  They  used  a  bell,  and  took  great  care 
that  their  jesses  should  not  be  red,  lest  eagles  should  fly 
at  them.  Though  they  used  hoods,  we  have  no  clear 
description  of  them,  and  little  account  of  their  lures. 

The  ancient  writers  left  no  account  of  the  swiftness  of 
hawks  or  measure  of  their  flight:  but  Heresbachius*  delivers, 
that  William  Duke  of  Cleve  had  an  hawk,  which  in  one  day 
made  a  flight  out  of  "Westphalia  into  Prussia.  And  upon 
good  account,  an  hawk  in  this  county  of  Norfolk  made  a 
flight  at  a  woodcock  near  thirty  miles  in  one  hour.*  How 
far  the  hawks,  merlins,  and  wUd  fowl  which  come  unto  us 
with  a  north-west  wind  in  the  autumn,  fly  in  a  day,  there  is 
no  clear  account :  but  coming  over  sea  their  flight  hath  been 
long  or  very  speedy.  Por  I  have  known  them  to  light  so 
weary  on  the  coast,  that  many  have  been  taken  with  dogs, 
and  some  knocked  down  with  staves  and  stones. 

Their  perches  seemed  not  so  large  as  ours :  fot  they  made 
them  of  such  a  bigness  that  their  talons  might  almost  meet : 
and  they  chose  to  make  them  of  sallow,  poplar,  or  lime 
tree. 

They  used  great  clamours  and  hallowing  in  their  flight, 
which  they  made  by  these  words,  oil  hi,  la,  la,  la;  and  to 
raise  the  fowls,  made  use  of  the  sound  of  a  cymbal. 

Their  recreation  seem  more  sober  and  solemn  than  ours  at 
present,  so  improperly  attended  with  oaths  and  imprecations, 
For  they  called  on  God  at  their  setting  out,  according  to  the 
account  of  Demetrius,  rbv  Qeoy  iiriKaXiffavrec,  in  the  first 
place  calling  upon  God. 

The  learned  Eigaltius  thinketh,  that  if  the  Eomans  had 
well  known  this  airy  chase,  they  would  have  left  or  less  re- 
garded their  Circensial  recreations.  The  Greeks  understood 
hunting  early,  but  little  or  nothing  of  our  falconry.  If 
Alexander  had  known  it,  we  might  have  found  something  of 
it  and  more  of  hawks  in  Aristotle ;  who  was  so  unacquainted 
with  that  way,  that  he  thought  that  hawks  would  not  feed 
upon  the  heart  of  birds.  Though  he  hath  mentioned  divers 
hawks,  yet  Julius  Scaliger,  an  expert  falconer,  despaired  to 
reconcile  them  unto  ours.  And  'tis  well  if  among  them, 
you  can  clearly  make  out  a  lanner,  a  sparrow-hawk^  and  a 

♦  De  Re  Rusiica, 


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218  or  bjl-wkb  afd^  FALee^BT.  [xEaLcr  v. 

kestril,  but  muBt  not  hope  to  find  your  gier  &ioon  there, 
which  is  the  noble  hawk ;  and  I  wish  jou  one  na  worse  than 
that  of  Henrf  king  of  Nararre;  whieh,  ScaHger  saith,  he 
saw  strike  down  a  huzzard,  two  wild  geese,  dir^s  kitetr,  a 
crane,  and  a  swan. 

Nor  must  you  expect  firom  high  antiquity  the  distinctions 
of  eyes  and  ramage  hawks,  of  stores  and  entennewera,  of 
hawks  of  the  lure  and  the  fist ;  nor  that  material  distinction 
into  short  and  long  winged  hawks :  from  whence  arise  sodi 
differences  in  their  taking  down  of  stones ;  in  their  flight, 
their  striking  down  or  seizing  of  their  prey,  in  the  strength 
of  their  talons,  either  in  the  heel  and  fore  talon,  or  tiie 
middle  and  the  heel:  nor  yet  what  eggs  produce  the 
different  hawks,  or  when  they  lay  three  eggs,  that  the  first 
produceth  a  female  and  large  hawk,  the  second  of  a  middler 
sort,  and  the  third  a  smaller  bird,  tercellene,  or  tassel,  of  1^& 
male  sex ;  which  hawks  being  only  observed  abroad  hj  the 
ancients,  were  looked  upon  as  hawks  of  different  kinds, 
and  not  of  the  same  eyrie  or  nest.  As  for  what  Aristotle 
affirmeth,  that  hawks  and  birds  of  prey  drink  not ;  although 
jou  know  that  it  will  not  strictly  hold,  yet  I  kept  an  eagle 
two  years,  which  fed  upon  cats,  kitlings,  whelps,  and  rats, 
without  one  drop  of  water. 

If  anything  may  add  unto  your  knowledge  in  this  noble 
art,  you  must  pick  it  out  of  lat^  writers  than  those  you 
enquire  of.  Tou  may  peruse  the  two  books  of  fidooniy 
writ  by  that  renewed  emperor,  Frederick  the  Second  ;  as 
also  the  works  of  the  noble  Duke  Belisarius,  of  Tardiffe, 
Francherius,  of  Francisco  Sforzino  of  Vicensa;  and  may 
not  a  little  inform  or  recreate  yourself  with  that  elegant 
poem  of  Thuanus.*  I  leave  you  to  divert  yourself  by  the 
perusal  of- it,  having,  at  present,  no  more  to  say  but  that  I 
am,  &c. 

*  DeSe  AccipUraria,  in  8  book8.t 
t  Or  more  of  late  by  P.  Bapiniu  in  verse. — MS,  note  ofMvdyfCs* 


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TlLLCTYlJ  .      OE   GIUBIXB..  219 

TBACT  TL 

OF    CYMBALS,  ETC. 

Sn, — Wikh  whsA  diffieulfe]r»  if  possibility,  joa  tqaj  ^[pect 
sadsfiu^tion  conceming  the  music,  or  musical  instrum^its, 
ef  tibe  Hebrews,  jovl  will  easily  discover  if  you  consult  the 
jtempts  of  leftmed  men  upon  that  subject :  but  for  the 
cymbals,  of  whose  figure  you  enquire,  you  may  find  some 
described  in  Bayfius,  in  the  comment  of  Bhodiu»  upon 
Scribonius  Largus,  and  others. 

As  for  icufA0aXav  aXeika^ov}  mentioned  by  St.  Paul,*  and 
rendered  a  tinkling  cymbal,  whether  the  translation  be  not 
too  soft  and  diminutive,  some  question  may  be  made :  for 
the  word  aXaXd^ov  implieth  no  small  sound,  but  a  strained 
and  bffy  vociferataon,  or  some  hind  of  hallowing  sound, 
aeoording  to  the  exposition  of  Hesyofaius,  aAaXafare 
irmpbUNMre  n)^  ^yijp.  A  word  drawn  from  the  lusty  shout 
of  soldiers,  crying  oXoXa  at  the  first  charge  upon  their  ene- 
mies, according  to  the  custom  of  .the  eastern  nations,  and 
used  by  the  l^jan»  in  Homer ;  and  is  also  the  note  of  the 
ehoma  in  Aristophanes  aXaXa<  ^  iratuty.  In  other  parts  of 
Scriptuse  we  read  of  loud  and  high-sounding  cymb^ ;  and 
in  Clemens  Alezandrinus,  that  the  Arabians  made  use  of 
ejmbals  in  their  wsra  instead  of  other  military  music ;  and 
Polyienus  in  his  Stratagems  affirmeth  that  Bacchus  gave  the 
signal  of  battle  unto  his  numerous  army,  not  with  trumpets 
but  with  tympans  and  dymbals.* 

And  now  I  take  the  opportunity  to  thank  you  for  the 
new  book  sent  me,  containing  the  anthems  sung  in  our 
cathedral  and  collegiate  churches :  'tis  probable  there  will 
be  additions,  the  masters  of  music  being  now  active  in  that 
affiur.  Beside  my  naked  thanks  I  have  yet  nothing  to 
return  you  but  this  enclosed,  which  may  be  somewhat  rare 
unto  you,  and  that  is  a  Turkish  hymn,  translated  into 
Prench  out  of  the  Turkish  metre,  whicn  I  thus  render  unto 
you. 

*  1  Cor.  xiii.  1. 


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220  OF   CYMBALS.  [tEACT  VT. 

"  O  what  praise  doth  he  deserve,  and  how  great  is  that 
Lord,  all  whose  slaves  are  as  so  many  kings ! 

"  Whosoever  shall  rub  his  eyes  with  thq.  dust  of  his  feet, 
shall  behold  such  admirable  things  that  he  shall  fall  into  an 
ecstasy. 

"  He  that  shall  drink  one  drop  of  his  beverage,  shall  have 
his  bosom  like  the  ocean,  filled  with  gems  and  precious 
liquors. 

"  Let  not  loose  the  reins  unto  thy  passions  in  this  world : 
he  that  represseth  them  shall  become  a  true  Solomon  in  the 
faith. 

"  Amuse  not  thyself  to  adore  riches,  nor  to  build  great 
houses  and  palaces. 

"  The  end  of  what  thou  shalt  build  is  but  ruin. 

"  Pamper  not  thy  body  with  delicacies  and  dainties ;  it 
may  come  to  pass  one  day  that  this  body  may  be  in  hell. 

"  Imagine  not  that  he  who  findeth  riches,  findeth  happi- 
ness.    He  that  findeth  happiness  is  he  that  findeth  Grod. 

"  All  who  prostrating  themselves  in  humility  shall  this 
day  believe  in  Vele,*  if  they  were  poor,  shall  be  rich ;  and 
if  rich,  shall  become  kings." 

After  the  sermon  ended,  which  was  made  upon  a  verse 
in  the  Alcoran  containing  much  morality,  the  Dervises  in 
a  gallery  apart  sung  this  hymn,  accompanied  with  instru- 
mental music,  which  so  affected  the  ears  of  Monsieur  du  Loir, 
that  he  would  not  omit  to  set  it  down,  together  with  the 
musical  notes,  to  be  found  in  his  first  letter  unto  Monsieur 
Bouliau,  prior  of  Magny. 

Excuse  my  brevity  :  I  can  say  but  little  where  I  under- 
stand but  little. 

I  am,  &c. 

*  Vele,  the  founder  of  the  convent. 


yGoogk 


TRA.CT  Til.]  OF   OBADFAL  TEESBS.  221 

TEACT  VII. 

OP   BOPALIO   OE   OBADTJAL   YEBSES,  ETC. 


Mens  mea  sublimes  ratioTies  prcemeditatur. 


Sib, — ^Though  I  may  justly  allow  a  good  intention  in  this 
poem  presented  unto  you,  yet  I  must  needs  confess,  I  have 
no  affection  for  it ;  as  being  utterly  averse  from  all  affecta- 
tion in  poetry,  which  either  restrains  the  fancy,  or  fetters 
the  invention  to  any  strict  disposure  of  words.  A  poem  of 
this  nature  is  to  be  found  in  Ausoniua,  beginning  thus, 
Spes  Deus  seternse  stationis  conciliator. 

These  are  verses  ropalici  or  clavales,  arising  gradually  like 
the  knots  in  a  poirdX?;  or  club ;  named  also  Jistula/rea  by 
Priscianus,  as  Iflias  Vinetus*  hath  noted.  They  consist 
properly  of  five  words,  each  thereof  increasing  by  one 
Billable.  They  admit  not  of  a  spondee  in  the  fifth  place, 
nor  can  a  golden  or  silver  verse  be  made  this  way. 
They  run  smoothly  both  in  Latin  and  Greek,  and  some  are 
acatteringly  to  be  found  in  Homer, 

''O  ftoKap  'Arptidfi  fioipriysvkc  dXPioSaifiov, 

libere  dicam  sed  in  aurem,  ego  Tersibus  Uujusmodi  ropalicifl,  longo 
syrznate  protractisy  Ceratiniam  affigo. 

He  that  affecteth  sucti  restrained  poetry,  may  peruse  the 
long  poem  of  Hugbaldus  the  monk,  wherein   every  word 
be^nneth  with  a  C,  penned  in  the  praise  of  calvities  or  bald- 
ness, to  the  honour  of  Carolus  Calvus,  king  of  France, 
Cannina  claiisonae  calvis  cantate  Camsense. 

The  rest  may  be  seen  at  large  in  the  Adversaria  of  Barthius  : 
or  if  he  delighteth  in  odd  contrived  fancies,  may  he  please 
himself  with  antistrophes,  counterpetories,  retrogrades,  re- 
buses, leonine  verses,  &c.,  to  be  found  in  Siewr  des  Accords, 
But  these  and  the  like  are  to  be  looked  upon,  not  pursued. 


*  El  Vinet,  in  Auson. 


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222  OF  GEADiJAL  TKBSSS.  [tbactth; 

Odd  work  miglit  be  made  by  sucb  ways ;  and  for  your  recrea- 
tion I  propose  these  few  lines  unto  you.^ 

Afcu  parstur  quod  arcui  sufficit. 

Misellorom  clamoribus  accurrere  non  tain  hmnanum  quam  sulphureitm  est. 

Asino  teratur  qun  aamo  texitar. 

Ne  asphodelos  oomedas,  phcenioes  manduca. 

Caelum  aliquid  potest,  sed  quae  mira  pnastat  papilio  est. 

Not  to  put  you  unto  endless  amusement,  the  key  hereof 
is  the  homonomy  of  the  Qreek  made  use  of  in  the  Latin 
words,  which  rendereth  all  plain.  More  enigmatical  and 
dairk  expreasions  might  be  made  if  any  one  would  speak  or 
compose  them  out  of  the  numerical  charact-ers  or  chacac* 
teristical  numbers  set  down  byBobertus  de  riuctibus.^* 

As  for  your  question  concerning  the  contrary  expressixms 
of  the  Italians  and  Spaniards  in  their  common  affirmative 
answers,  the  Spaniard  answering  cy  Sennor,  the  Italiaa 
Signior  cy,  you  must  be  content  with  this  distich, 

Why  saith  the  Italian  Signior  cy,  the  Spaniard  By  Sennor  f 
Beca-Qse  the  one  puts  Idiat  behind,  the  other  pnts  before. 

And  because  you  ore  so  happy  in  «ome  translationB,  I  pray 
return  me  these  two  verses  in  English, 

Occidit  hen  tandem  multos  quae  oocidit  amsntes, 

£t  einis  est  hodi^  qneeiuit  igms  heri.* 

My  occasions  make  me  to  take  off  my  pen.         I  am,  Ac. 
*  Tract2,paHhhA, 

*  and,  c&c]  MS.  Slotm.  reads  thns,  *^  And  I  remember  I  once  pleased 
a  young  hopeful  pezson  with  a  dialogue  between  two  travelleis,  hegima^g 
in  this  manner  :  well  drunk,  my  old  friend;  the  &mou8  king  of  Macedoii ; 
that  is,  well  overtaken,  my  old  friend  Alexander,  your  Mend  may  pro- 
ceed. With  another  way  I  shall  not  omit  to  acquaint  you,  and  for  your 
recreation  I  preeextt  these  few  lines." 

^  More  tniffmaiical,  Ac]  These  are  .more  largely  noticed  ia  iMJSL 
Sloan,  1837 :  tiius,  ''  One  way  more  I  shall  mention,  though  scaioe  warfii 
your  notice  : — ^Two  pestels  and  a  book  come  short  of  a  retort,  as  nmch 
as  a  spear  and  an  ass  exeeed  a  dog's  tail.  This  is  to  be  expounded  by  the 
jiumerical  characters,  or  charaoteristical  numbers  jaet  down  by  JEUibertai 
de  Tluctibus,  and  speaks  only  this  text : — two  and  four  come  short  of 
six,  as  much  as  ten  exceed  six  ;  i;he  £gure  of  an  ass  standing  "for  a 
Toipher." 

3  Oecidk  Am  iaodm,  Jic.']    In  MS.  JSUxmu  1827,  is  ilie£>l]0ini^ 

''  She  is  dead  at  last,  who  many  made  expire, 
Is  dust  to-day  which  yesterday  was  fire." 


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TRACT  Tin.]  OF  LAJfOTTAGES.  223 


TEACT  YIII. 

OF  liA^NGUJLaESy  AK2>  PASTICULAJtLT  OF   THE  SAXOK 
TO»GUB. 

Sxs, — ^The  hwfc  discourse  we  had  of  the  Saxon  tongue 
leeailed  to  mj  ndnd  some  fergotten  consideratiotLS;^ 
Though  the  earth  were  widely  peopled  before  the  flood 
(aa  many  learned  men  conoeive),  yet  whether,  after  a  large 
dif^persion,  and  the  spaoe  of  sixteen  hundred  year^  men 
mamtained  so  nniform  a  language  in  all  parts,  as  to  be 
8trie%^  of  one  tcmgoe,  acnd  readily  to  understand  each  other, 
maj  Yery  well  be  doubted.  For  though  the  world  preserved 
in  the  family  of  Koah  b^re  ike  oonf usion  of  tongues  might 
be  said  to  be  of  one  lip,  yet  eiren  permitted  to  themselyes 
their  humours,  inventions,  necessities,  and  new  objects 
(without  the  miracle  of  confusion  at  first),  in  so  long  atraot 
of  tbne,  theare  had  probably  been  a  Babel.  For  whether 
America  were  first  peopled  by  one  or  several  "nations,  jdb 
cannot  ihat  nxmiber  of  ditiSerent  planting  nations  answer 
ike  multiplicity  of  their  present  different  languages,  of  no 
affinity  unto  each  other,  and  even  in  their  nearthern  nations 
jmd  incommimicating  angles,^  their  languaffes  are  widely 
difTering.  A  native  interpreter  brought  from  Califomia 
prored  of  no  use*^  unto  the  6paniBrdB  upon  l^e  neighbour 
diore.  From  Ohiapa  to  Ghiatemala,  B.  fidyador,  Honduras,- 
tibexe  are  at  least  eighteen  several  languages ;  and  so  nume- 
nma  aire  they  hoik,  in  the  Peruvian  and  Mexican  regions, 
that  the  greab  princes  are  fain  to  have  one  common  language^ 
which,  besides  their  vemacidous  and  mother  tongues,  may 
serve  for  commeroe  between  them. 

And  since  the  confusion  of  tcmgues  at  first  ^U  oiily  upon 
ihase  which  weve  present  in  Sinaar  at  the  work  of  BaW, 
whether  the  primitive  language  from  Noah  were  only  pre- 

1  fargotteu  wntidercUiani.]    "  Both  of  that  and  other  kmguagas." — 
M&  Sloan. 
*  emgleg.}    "Where  thc^  may  be  lM6t.€onoeived  io^fawe  most  Bingle 


orighialB.' 
*  o/no 


use.']    "  Of  little  use."— ifiS^.  Shtwi. 


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224  THE   PRIMITIVE   LANGUAGE.  [tBACT  VIII. 

served  in  the  family  of  Heber,  and  not  also  in  divers  others, 
which  might  be  absent  at  the  same,  whether  all  came  away, 
and  many  might  not  be  left  behind  in  their  first  plantations 
about  the  foot  of  the  hills,  whereabout  the  ark  rested,  and 
Noah  became  an  husbandman,^  is  not  absurdly  doubted. 

For  so  the  primitive  tongue  might  in  time  branch  out 
into  several  parts  of  Europe  and  Asia,  and  thereby  the  first 
or  Hebrew  tongue,  which  seems  to  be  ingredient  into  so 
many  languages,  might  have  larger  originals  and  grounds 
of  its  communication  and  traduction  than  from  the  family 
of  Abraham,  the  country  of  Canaan,  and  words  contained  in 
the  Bible,  which  come  short  of  the  full  of  that  language. 
And  this  would  become  more  probable  from  the  septuagint 
or  Greek  chronology  strenuously  asserted  by  Yossius ;  for 
making  &ve  hundred  years  between  the  deluge  and  the  days 
of  Peleg,  there  ariseth  a  large  latitude  of  multiplication 
and  dispersion  of  people  into  several  parts,  before  the  descent 
of  that  body  which  foUowed  Nimrod  unto  Sinaar  from  the 
east. 

They  who  derive  the  bulk  of  European  tongues  fiiom  the 
Scythian  and  the  Greek,  though  thev  may  speak  probably 
in  manj  points,  yet  must  needs  allow  vast  difference  or 
ooiyuptions  from  so  few  originals,  which,  however,  might  be 
tolerably  made  out  in  the  old  Saxon,  yet  hath  time  much 
confounded  the  clearer  derivations.  And  as  the  knowledge 
thereof  now  stands  in  reference  unto  ourselves,  I  find  many 
words  totally  lost,  divers  of  harsh  sound  disused  or  refined 
in  the  pronunciation,  and  many  words  we  have  also  in  com- 
mon use  not  to  be  found  in  that  tongue,  or  venially  derivable 
from  any  other  from  whence  we  have  largely  borrowed,  and 
yet  so  much  still  remaineth  with  us  that  it  maketh  the  gross 
of  our  language. 

The  religious  obligation  unto  the  Hebrew  language  hath 
so  notably  continued  the  same,  that  it  might  still  be  under- 
stood by  Abraham,  whereas  by  the  Mazorite  points  and 

*  husbcmdmcm,  iSsc.']  MS,  Sloan,  1827,  adds  here  the  foUowii^ 
clause :  "  whether  in  that  space  of  150  years,  according  to  oommoo 
compute,  before  the  conduct  of  Nimrod,  many  might  not  expatriste 
northward,  eastward,  or  southward,  and  many  of  the  posterity  of  NoaIi 
might  not  disperse  themselves  before  the  great  migration  unto  Sinur, 
and  many  also  afterwards  ;  is  not,"  &c. 


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TEACTVin.]  CHIKESE.      WELSH.      SPAlflSH.  225 

Chaldee  character  the  old  letters  stand  so  transformed,  that 
if  Moses  were  alive  again,  he  must  be  taught  to  read  his  own 
law.* 

The  Chinese,  who  live  at  the  b6unds  of  the  earth,  who 
have  admitted  fittle  communication,  and  suffered  successive 
incursions  from  one  nation,  may  possibly  give  account  of  a 
reij  ancient  language :  but,  consisting  of  many  nations  and 
tongues,  confusion,  admixtion,  and  corruption  in  length  of 
time  might  probably  so  have  crept  in,  as,  without  the  virtue 
of  a  common  character  and  lasting  letter  of  things,  they  could 
never  probably  make  out  those  strange  memorials  which 
they  pretend,  while  they  still  make  use  of  the  works  of  their 
great  Confucius  many  hundred  years  before  Christ,  and 
in  a  series  ascend  as  Mgh  as  Foncuus,  who  is  conceived  our 
Noah. 

The  present  Welsh,  and  remnant  of  the  old  Britons,  hold 
80  much  of  that  ancient  language,  that  they  make  a  shift  to 
understand  the  poems  of  Merlin,  Enerin,  Telesin,  a  thousand 
years  ago,  whereas  the  Herulian  Pater  Foster,  set  down  by 
Wolfgangus  Lazius,  is  not  without  much  criticism  made  out, 
and  but  in  some  words ;  and  the  present  Parisians  can 
hardly  hack  out  those  few  lines  of  the  league  between 
Charles  and  Lewis,  the  sons  of  Ludovicus  Pius,  yet  remaining 
in  old  French. 

The  Spaniards  in  their  corruptive  traduction  and  romance, 
have  so  happily  retained  the  terminations  from  the  Latin,  that, 
notwithstanding  the  Gk)thic  and  Moorish  intrusion  of  words, 
they  are  able^  to  make  a  discourse  completely  consisting  of 

'  law.]  In  MS,  Sloan,  1827>  the  following  additional  paragraph 
<M!ciir8 : — "Thoagh  this  language  be  duly  magnified,  and  always  of  high 
esteem,  yet  if,  with  Greropius  ^E^canus,  we  admit  that  tongue  to  be  most 
perfect  which  is  most  copious  or  expressive,  most  delucid  and  clear  unto 
the  understanding,  most  short,  or  soon  delivered,  and  best  pronounced 
with  most  ease  unto  the  organs  of  speech,  the  Hebrew  now  known 
unto  us  will  hardly  obtain  the  place  ;  since  it  consisteth  of  fewer  words 
than  many  others,  and  its  words  begin  not  with  vowels,  since  it  is  so 
foil  of  homonymies,  and  words  which  signify  many  things,  and  so 
ambiguous,  that  translations  so  little  agree ;  and  since,  though  the 
ndioes  consist  but  of  three  letters,  yet  they  make  two  syllables  in 
^leaking ;  and  since  the  pronunciation  is  such,  as  St.  Jerome,  who  was 
born  in  a  barbarous  country,  thought  the  words  anhelent,  strident,  and 
of  very  harsh  sound. 

•  tJuy  are  able.]     **  This  will  appear  very  unlikely  to  a  man  that  con- 

TOL.  ni.  Q 


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JBKOLI8H  AHP  DinPCH.  [TBA.CT  Tm. 

grammatical  Latin  and  Spanish,  wherein  the  Italiaos  and 
French  will  be  very  much  to  seek/ 

The  learned  Casaubou  conceiveth  that  a  dialogne  might 
be  composed  in  Saxon,  oidjxif  such  words  as  are  derivule 
fifom  the  Greek,  which  surelr  might  be  effected,  and  «o  as 
the  learned  might  not  uneasifj  find  it  out.  Yerstegan  made 
no  doubt  that  he  could  contrive  a  letter  which  might  be  un- 
derstood hj  the  English,  Dutch,  and  East  Erislander,  whidi, 
as  the  present  confusion  standeth,  might  have  proved  no 
yerj  clear  piece,  and  hardlj  to  be  hammered  out :  jet  so 
much  of  the  Saxon  still  remaineth  in  our  English,  as  may 
admit  an  orderly  discourse  and  series  of  good  sense,  such  as 
not  only  the  present  English,  but  JBlfric,  Bede,  and  Alfred 
might  understand  after  so  many  hundred  years. 

Nations  that  live  promiscuously  under  the  power  and  laws 
of  conquest,  do  seldom  escape  the  loss  of  their  language  witii 
their  liberties ;  wherein  the  Bomans  were  so  8tri<^  that  the 
Grecians  were  fain  to  conform  in  their  judicial  prooessea  ;^ 
which  made  the  Jews  lose  more  in  seventy  years'  dispersioii 

siden  the  Spftnish  tenninftiioiifi  ;  and  Howel,  who  was  eminently  akillid 
in  the  three  provincial  langoatfes,  declares,  that  after  many  essayB  lie 
never  could  effect  it.'* — Dr,  J<wnt<m. 

"^  aeek.]    The  following  paragraphs  occur  here,  in  MS.  Slocm.  1827. 

"The  many  mother  tongues  spoke  in  divers  comers  of  Europe,  wad 
quite  different  from  one  another,  are  not  reoonoileable  to  any  one  eom- 
mon  original ;  whereas  the  great  languages  of  Spain,  France,  and  Itatji^ 
are  derivative  from  the  Latin  ;  that  of  Greece  and  its  islands  jfron  tii0 
old  Greek  ;  the  rest  of  the  fiimily  of  the  Dutch  or  Schlavonian.  Am 
for  the  lingwi  FuUama,  spoken  in  part  of  Friuli,  and  the  lingua  Ottr- 
vaUea  in  lUiaetia,  they  are  corruptions  of  the  Italian,  as  that  of  S««li«i* 
is  also  of  the  Spanish. 

"  Even  the  Latin  itself  which  hath  embroiled  so  many  langnages  of 
Europe,  if  it  had  been  the  speech  of  one  country,  and  not  continaed  by 
writers,  and  the  consent  and  study  of  all  ages  since,  it  had  found  the 
same  &te,  and  been  swallowed  like  other  languages  ;  since,  in  its  ancient 
state,  one  age  could  scarce  understand  another,  and  that  of  some  gene- 
rations before  must  be  read  by  a  dictionary  by  a  few  successiona  after ; 
as,  beside  the  fiunous  pillar  of  Quillius,  may  be  illustrated  in  these  lew 
lines, '  Eundo  omnibus  honestitudo  prsBterbitunda  nemo  escit.  Quianam 
itaque  istuc  effexis  hausoio,  temperi  et  toppertutemet  tarn  hibus  insegne^ 
quod  ningribus  potestur  aut  ruspare  nevolt.  Sapsam  saperdse  sene- 
clones  sardare  nequinunt  cuoi  siemps et  sodenum  quissis  spent ?'" 

^  to  conform  in  their,  Ac]  "To  conform,  and  make  use  of  lAtin  in 
their,"  &c. — MS.  Slocm, 


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!nKACT  Till.]  lEISH.  227 

in  the  provinceB  of  Babylon,  than  in  many  hundred  in  their 
distinct  habitation  in  Egypt ;  and  the  English  which  dwelt 
dispersedly  to  lose  their  language  in  Irehmd,  whereas  more 
tolerable  reHques  there  are  thereof  in  EingaUy  where  they 
wei^e.  closely  and  almost  solely  planted;  and  the  Moors 
which  w^re  most  huddled  together  and  united  about 
Granada  have  yet  left  their  Arvwctge  among  the  Granadian 
Spaniards. 

But  shut  up  in  angles  and  inaccessible  comers,  divided  by 
laws  and  manners,  they  often  continue  long  with  little  mix- 
tore,  which  hath  afforded  that  lasting  life  unto  the  Cantabrian 
«id  British  tongues,  wherein  the  Britons  are  remarkable, 
who  having  lived  four  hundred  years  together  with  the 
Boi&ans,  retained  so  much  of  the  British  as  it  may  be 
esteemed  a  language ;  which  either  they  resolutely  main- 
tained  in  their  cohabitation  with  them  in  Britain,  or  retiring 
after  in  the  time  of  the  Saxons  into  countries  andparts^  less 
civilized  and  conversant  with  the  Bomans,  they  found  the 
peopka  distinct,  the  language  more  entire,  and  so  fell  into  it 
again. 

Bnt  surely  no  languages  have  been  so  straitly  locked  up 
as  not  to  admit  of  commixture.  The  Irish,  although  they 
retain  a  kind  of  a  Saxon  character,^  yet  have  admitted  many 
words  of  Latin  and  English.  In  the  Welsh  are  found  many 
woEds  from  Latin,  some  from  Oreek  and  Saxon.  In  whi2b 
parilr  and  incommixture  the  language  of  that  people  stood, 
whiim  were  casually  discovered  in  the  heart  of  Spain,  between 
ilie  moiintains  of  Castile,  no  longer  ago  than  in  the  time  of 
Ddke  d' Alva,  we  have  not  met  with  a  good  account ;  any 
fiur&er  than  that  their  words  were  Basquish  or  Cantabrian ; 
but  the  pres^at  Basquensa,  one  of  the  minor  mother  tong^oes 
of  Europe,  is  not  witnout  commixture  of  Latin  and  CastiBan, 
while  we  meet  with  mntifica^  tentatiotteien,  ahria,  ptrnMrnea, 
and  four  more  [words]  in  the  short  form  of  the  Loras^  prayer^ 
set  down  by  Paulus  Merula :  but  aU^hough  in  this. brief  form 
we  maj  find  such  commixture,  yet  the  bulk  of  their  language 
seems  nu»e  distinGt,  conaiBting  of  words  of  no  affinity  unto 

'  into  eowUri€8,  ScJ    ''Into  Walos,  and  oonnfcriaB,"  &».— if5.  SHoan, 
^  Tke  Iritk,  aUhoMg^  theif,  die,]    The  Irkh  vmng  the  tame  charaoters 
vhA.  tiie  Aaglo-Saxoofl,  does  not  prove  any  affinity  of  language,  nor 
does  it  exist.    They  both  took  their  alphabet  from  the  Boman.-^. 

Q2 


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228  LATiy.      SCYTHIAN.  [tEACT  Till. 

others,  of  numerals  totally  different,  of  differing  grammatical 
rules,  as  may  be  observed  in  the  Dictionary  and  short 
Basquensa  Grammar,  composed  by  Eaphael  Nicoleta^a 
priest  of  Bilboa. 

And  if  they  use  the  auxiliary  verbs  of  equin  and  yw«, 
answerable  unto  Jiazer  and  ser,  to  have  and  be,  in  the  Spanish, 
which  forms  came  in  with  the  northern  nations  into  the 
Italian,  Spanish,  and  French,  and  if  that  form  were  used  by 
them  before,  and  crept  not  in  from  imitation  of  their  neigh- 
bours, it  may  show  some  ancienter  traduction  from  norfcheni 
nations,^  or  else  must  seem  very  strange :  since  the  soutbem 
nations  had  it  not  of  old,  and  I  know  not  whether  anj  sudi 
mode  be  found  in  the  languages  of  any  part  of  Amenca. 

The  Eomans,  who  made  the  great  commixture  and  altera- 
tion of  languages  in  the  world,  effected  the  same,  not  only 
by  their  proper  language,  but  those  also  of  their  military 
forces,  employed  in  several  provinces,  as  holding  a  standing 
militia  in  all  countries,  and  commonly  of  strange  nations ;  so 
while  the  cohorts  and  forces  of  the  Britons  were  quartered 
in  Egypt,  Armenia,  Spain,  Illyria,  &c.,  the  Stablaesians  and 
Dalmatians  here,  the  Gkiuls,  Spaniards,  and  QermanSjin 
other  countries,  and  other  nations  in  theirs,  they  could  not 
but  leave  many  words  behind  them,  and  carry  away  many 
with  them,  which  might  make,  that,  in  many  words  of  very 
distinct  nations,  some  may  still  remain  of  very  unknown  and 
doubtM  genealogy. 

And  if,  as  the  learned  Buxhomius  contendeth,^  the  Scy- 
thian language  as  the  mother  tongue  runs  through  the 
nations  of  Europe,  and  even  as  far  as  Persia,  the  conmiunity 
in  many  words,  between  so  many  nations,  hath  a  more  rea- 
sonable original  traduction,  and  were  rather  derivable  from 
the  common  tongue  diffused  through  them  all,  than  from  any 
particular  nation,  which  hath  also  borrowed  and  holdeth  but 
at  second  hand. 

*  traduction  from  northern  nations.]  Adelung  considers  the  Baaqae 
to  be  radically  different  from  any  European  tribe  of  languages — thoogb* 
many  words  are  Teutonic  borrowed  from  the  Visigoths. 

The  great  Danish  philologist,  Bask,  also  classes  it  by  itself. — 6. 

'  And  if,  d:c.]  Dr.  Jamieson  has  discussed  this  subject  in  his  Hermes 
Scythicus,  the  object  of  which  work  is  to  connect  the  Groths  and  Greeks 
through  the  Pelasgi  and  Scythians. — G, 


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trjlct  Tni.]  SAxoir.    kobmait.  229 

The  Saxons,  settling  over  all  EDp;lancl»  maintamed  an  uni- 
form language,  onl^  diyersified  in  dialects,  idioms,  and  minor 
differences,  according  to  their  different  nations  which  came 
in  unto  the  common  conquest,  which  may  yet  be  a  cause  of 
the  variation  in  the  speech  and  words  of  several  parts  of 
England,  where  different  nations  most  abode  or  settled,  and 
having  expelled  the  Britons,  their  wars  were  chiefly  among 
themselves,  with  little  action  with  foreign  nations  until  the 
union  of  the  heptarchy  under  Egbert*  after  which  time, 
although  the  Danes  infested  this  land,  and  scarce  left  any 
part  free,  yet  their  incursions  made  more  havoc  in  buildings, 
churches  and  cities,  than  [in]  the  language  of  the  countiy,^ 
beoiuse  their  language  was  in  effect  the  same,  and  such  as 
whereby  they  mi^t  easily  understand  one  another. 

And  if  the  Normans,  which  came  into  Neustria  or  Nor- 
mandy with  Bollo  the  Dane,  had  preserved  their  language 
in  their  new-acquists,  the  succeeding  conquest  of  England, 
l^  Duke  William  of  his  race,  had  not  begot  among  us  such 
notable  alterations ;  but  having  lost  their  language  in  their 
abode  in  Normandy,  before  thev  adventured  upon  England, 
they  confounded  the  English  with  their  French,  and  made  the 
grand  mutation,  which  was  successively  increased  by  our 
possessions  in  Normandy,  GFuien,  and  Acquitain,  by  our  long 
wars  in  Prance,  by  frequent  resort  of  the  French,  who,  to 
the  number  of  some  thousands,  came  over  with  Isabel,  queen 
to  Edward  the  Second,  and  the  several  matches  of  England 
with  the  daughters  of  France  before  and  since  that  time. 

But  this  commixture,  though  sufficient  to  confuse,  proved 
not  of  ability  to  abolish  the  Saxon  words,  for  from  the  French 
we  have  borrowed  many  substantives,  adjectives,  and  some 
verbs,  but  the  great  body  of  numerals,  auxiliary  verbs, 
articles,  pronouns,  adverbs,  comunctions,  and  prepositions, 
which  are  the  distinguishing  and  lasting  part  of  a  language, 
remain  with  us  from  the  Saxon,  which,  having  suffered  no 
great  alteration  for  many  hundred  years,  may  probably  still 

-  *  yd  Iheir  vncwnUmt,  d^c]  Tet  the  Danes  had  a  great  effect  upon  the 
Saxon  language.  The  portion  of  the  Saxon  Chronicle  written  during 
their  sway  in  England,  is  quite  in  a  different  dialect  from  the  former 
-part,  and  it  is  oalled  the  Dano-Saxon — ^it  is  not,  however,  so  marked  a 
<departure  from  the  early  Anglo-Saxon,  as  the  next  dialect — ^the  Norman- 
fiaxon.— (7. 


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280  EN&Lisu  JLSB  sAxoiT.  [tbagt  thi. 

remain,  though  the  English  swell  with  the  inmates  of  Italian, 
French,  .and  Latin.  Aa  example  whereof  may  be  ofaeeryed 
in  this  following : — 

EiroLiSH  I. — The  first  and  foremost  step  to  aJl  good  woil» 
is  the  dread  and  fear  of  the  Lord  of  heaven  and  earth,  which 
through  the  H0I7  Ghost  enlightaieth  the  blindness  of  our 
sinful  hearts  to  tiead  the  ways  of  wisdom,  and  leads  our  feet 
into  the  land  oi  blessing. 

Saxok  I. — ^The  erst  and  fyrmost  staep  to  eal  gode  weoAa 
is  the  drs&d  and  feurt  of  the  Lauord  of  heofan  and  eop&ij 
while  thurh  the  Heilig  Gast  onlihtneth  the  blindnesae  of  roe 
sinfull  heorte  to  trasd  the  w«g  of  wisdome,  and  thone  Isd 
ure  fet  into  the  land  of  blessung. 

EiroLisH  II. — For  to  forget  his  law  is  the  door,  the  gate, 
and  key  to  let  in  all  unrighteousness,  Tnaking  our  eyes,  ears, 
and  mouths  to  answer  the  lust  of  sin,  our  brains  di:dl  to  good 
thoughts,  our  lips  dumb  to  his  praise,  our  ears  deaf  to  his 
gospel,  and  our  eyes  dim  to  behold  his  wonders,  whidi 
witness  against  us  that  we  have  not  well  learned  the  word 
,Qf  God,  that  we  are  the  children  of  wrath,  unworthy  of  the 
loye  and  manifold  gifts  of  God,  greedily  following  aOer  tiie 
ways  of  the  devil  and  witchcraft  of  the  world,  doing  noiiiing 
to  free  and  keep  ourselves  from  the  burning  fire  of  hell,  iall 
we  be  buried  in  sin  and  swallowed  in  death,  not  to  anae 
again  in  any  hope  of  Christ's  kingdom. 

Saxok  ii. — Pear  to  fuorgytan  Ms  laga  is  the  dure,  the  gat, 
and  cieg  to  let  in  eal  tmrightwisnysse,  makend  ure  eyge, 
eore,  and  muth  to  answare  the  lust  of  sin,  ure  brsegan  dole 
to  gode  theoht,  ure  lippan  dumb  to  his  preys,  ure  earen  deaf 
to  his  gospel,  and*  ure  eyge  dim  to  bdbealden  his  wundza, 
.while  ge  witnysse  ongen  us  that  wee  od  noht  wel  gelsBTed 
,the  weord  of  God,  that  wee  are  the  dlda  of  ured,  unwyrtlie 
of  the  lufe  and  msenigfeald  gifb  of  God,  grediglice  felygend 
softer  the  wegen  of  the  deoful  and  wicmft  of  the  wecffid, 
doend  nothing  to  fry  and  csBp  ure  saula  from  the  bymend 
fyr  of  hell,  till  we  be  geburied  in  synne  and  swolgen  in  death, 
not  to  arise  agen  in  senig  hope  of  Christes  kynedome. 

English  m. — ^Which  draw  from  above  the  bitter  doom  of 
the  Almighty  of  hunger,  sword,  sickness,  and  brings  moi^e 
sad  plagues  than  those  of  hail,  storms,  thunder,  bloo^  frogs, 
swarms  of  gnats  and  grasshoppers,  which  ate  the  corn,  gaua, 
and  leaves  of  the  trees  in  Egypt. 


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.XBAGT  Ym.]  -ESm^BK  AlO)  SiiXOa^.  231 

Sazov  m. — ^Whilc  diag  from  buf  the  bitter  dome  of  the 
AliTM^pm  of  hunger,  sweorde,  Beeknesae,  and  bring  mere  sad 
piag,  thane  ihej  of  hagal,  storme,  tbunner,  blode,  frog, 
Bwearme  of  gnset  and  gSBrsTOper,  while  eaten  the  oom^  gsfea, 
and  leaf  of  the  treowen  in  ^gypt. 

EsrauBH  it. — ^If  we  read  his  book  and  holy  writ,  these 
amon^  many  others,  we  shall  find  to  be  the  tokens  of  his 
hate,  which  gathered  together  might  mind  us  of  his  will,  and 
teach  US  when  his  wrath  beginneui,  whidi  sometimes  comes 
in  open  strength  and  full  sail,  oft  steals  like  a  thief  in  the 
nig;ht,  like  shafts  shot  from  a  bow  at  midnight,  before  we 
iitask  upon  them. 

Saxok  IV. — G-yf  we  rsed  his  hoc  and  heilig  gewrit,  theae 
gemong  nuonig  othem,  we  soeall  findan  the  tacna  of  his 
luKtung,  while  gegatherod  together  miht  gemind  us  of  his 
willan,  and  teac  us  whone  his  ured  onginneth,  while  some- 
tima  oome  in  open  strength  and  fill  seyle,  oft  stasl  gelye  a 
theof  in  the  niht,  gelyc  sceaft  scoten  fram  a  boge  at  mid- 
neoht,  befor  an  we  thinck  uppen  them. 

EifGiiisH  T. — ^And  though  they  were  a  deal  less,  and 
rather  short  than  beyond  our  sins,  yet  do  we  not  a  whit 
withstand  or  forbear  them,  we  are  wedded  to,  not  weary  of 
oar  miBdeeds,  we  sddom  look  upward,  and  are  not  ashamed 
under  sin ;  w»cleanBe  not  oursi^yes  from  the  blackness  and 
deep  hue  of  our  guilt ;  we  want  tears  and  sorrow,  we  weeip 
not,  fast  not,  we  crave  not  forgiveness  from  the  mildness, 
sweetness,  and  goodness  of  Qod,  and  with  all  livelihood  and 
steadfastness  to  our  uttermost  will  hunt  afrer  tiie  evil  of 
guile,  pride,  cursing,  swearing,  drunkenness,  over-eating, 
andeanness,  all  idle  lust  of  the  flesh,  yes  many  uncouth  and 
nameless  sins,  hid  in  our  inmost  breast  and  bosoms,  whioh 
stand  betwixt  our  forgiveness,  and  keep  God  and  man 
asunder. 

^  Saxok  t. — ^And  theow  they  wcere  a  dael  lesse,  and  reither 
seort  thonebegondoure  sinnan,  get  do  we  naht  a  whit  with- 
staid  and  forbeare  them,  we  eare  bewudded  to,  noht  weng 
of  nre  agen  misdeed,  we  seldon  loc  upweard,  and  ear  not 
ofschsemod  under  sinne,  we  cleans  noht  ure  selvan  from  the 
blacnesse  and  dsdp  hue  of  ure  guilt ;  we  wan  teare  and  sara, 
we  weope  noht,  fisst  noht,  we  crafb  noht  foregvfriesse  fram 
the  mildnesse,  sweetnesse,  and  goodnesse  of  God,  and  mit 
eal  lifelyhood  and  stedfastnesse  to  ure  uttermost  will  hunt 


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232  BVGLISH  ASTD  BAXOK.  [tBACT  Tin. 

»fter  the  ufel  of  guile,  pride,  cursung,  sweanmg,  druneen- 
nesse,  oyereat,  uncteannesse  and  eal  idle  lust  of  the  fisBse,  jis 
msBiiig  uncuth  and  nameleas  sinnan,  hid  in  ure  imnsast  brist 
and  t^some,  while  stand  betwixt  nre  foregyfnesse,  and  e»p 
God  and  man  asynder. 

English  yi. — ^Thus  are  we  far  beneath  and  also  worse 
than  the  rest  of  Gk)d's  works ;  for  the  sun  and  moon,  the 
king  and  queen  of  stars,  snow,  ice,  ram,  frost,  dew,  mist, 
wind,  fourtooted  and  creeping  things,  fishes  and  feathered 
birds,  and  fowls  eith^  of  sea  or  land,  do  all  hold  the  laws  of 
his  will. 

Saxon  yi. — Thus  eare  we  far  beneoth  and  ealso  wyrse 
thone  the  rest  of  Gods  weorka ;  for  the  sun  and  mone,  the 
cjns  and  cquen  of  stearran,  snaw,  ise,  ren,  frost,  deaw,  miste, 
wind,  feower  fet  and  crypend  dinga,  fix  yefetherod  brid,  and 
fselan  auther  in  sse  or  land  do  eal  heold  the  lag  of  hisf  wiUan. 

Thus  have  you  seen  in  few  words  how  near  the  Saxon  and 
English  meet.^ 

Now  of  this  accoimt  the  French  will  be  able  to  make  no- 
thing ;  the  modem  Danes  and  Germans,  though  from  seyeral 
words  they  maj  conjecture  at  the  meaning,  yet  will  they  be 
much  to  seek  in  the  orderly  sense  and  continued  construc- 
tion thereof.  Whether  the  Danes  can  continue  such  a 
series  of  sense  oulT  of  their  present  language  and  the  old 
Eunick,  as  to  be  intelligible  imto  present  and  ancient  times, 
some  doubt  may  well  be  made ;  and  if  the  present  Erench 
would  attempt  a  discourse  in  words  common  unto  thdr 
present  tongue  and  the  old  Bamana  RusHca  spoken  iu  elder 
times,  or  in  the  old  language  of  the  Francks,  which  came  to 
be  in  use  some  successions  after  Pharamond,  it  might  prore 
a  work  of  some  trouble  to  effect. 

'  Kow  near  the  Saxon,  d&c]  Johnson  observefl^  ''the  words  are,  in- 
deed,  Saxon,  but  the  phmseology  is  English  ;  and,  I  think,  would  not 
have  been  understood  t^  Bede  or  ^l£nc,  notwithstanding  the  coBf 
fidenoe  of  our  author.  He  has,  however,  sufficiently  proved  lus  position, 
that  the  English  resembles  its  parental  language  more  than  any  modem 
European  dmlect."  This  opinion  exactly  coincides  with  that  of  a  still 
higher  authority.  Miss  Gumey,  of  Northrepps  Cottage,  the  tzmnslator 
of  the  Saxon  Chronicle ;  on  whose  recommendation  I  have  preferred  to 
reprint  the  Saxon  passages  as  they  stand,  rather  than  to  adopt  any 
-additions  or  variations  from  partial  transcripts  of  them  in  the  British 
Museum  and  Bodleian. 


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TBAGT  Tin.]  XKOLISH  AITD  SAXOK.  233 

It  were  not  impossible  to  make  an  original  reduction  of 
many  words  of  no  general  reception  in  England,  but  of  com- 
mon use  in  Norfolk,  or  peculiar  to  the  East  Angle  countries ; 
as  bawnd,  bunny,  tbunuE,  enemmis,  sammodithee,  mawther, 
kedge,  seele,  straft,  clever,  matcbly,  dere,  nicked,  stingy, 
noneare,  fefb,  tbepes,  gosgood,  kamp,  sibrit,  fangast,  sap, 
cotbisby  tbokisb,  bide  owe,  paxwax  :^  of  tbese  and  some 

*  Bawnd,  Jkc]  Some  time  before  ibeappeannoe  of  The  Vocabulary 
of  JS!awl  Anglia,  ly  the  Bev.  W.  Forby"  I  bad  been  &youred  with  valuable 
illiistrations  of  this  carious  list  of  words  in  common  use  in  Norfolk 
during  Sir  Thomas's  life,  by  Miss  Gumey,  and  Mr.  Black,  of  the  British 
Museum,  of  which  I  have  availed  myself  in  the  following  notes. 

Baiwnd  ; — swollen.  Not  in  present  use  ;  at  least,  not  known  to  be  so. 
IsL  bfm,  tumidus. — Fwby, 

BmuMf  ; — a  common  word  for  a  rabbit,  espedally  among  children.^- 
BZIr. A  small  swelling  caused  by  a  fell  or  blow.  Perhaps  a  diminu- 
tive hwmp.  One  would  be  glad  to  derive  it  from  the  Greek  /3ovvoc>  a 
hniock.     It  may  be  so  through  the  Gothic. — Fwbfy, 

Thvan^  ; — appears  to  mean  dark,  if  it  be  the  same  as  in  the  Promf' 
torium  Parvtuarum  Cleriwrtm, — MS,  ffarL  221.     "Therke  or  dyrk, 

tMiebrosns,  calieinosuB  ;  terknesse  or  derknesse.'* — BUc. Dark.     So 

say  Hickes  and  Kay  ;  may  have  been  for  ought  we  can  say  to  the  con- 
trary. — Forby, 

Bnemmis  ; — Qu.  et  neammoins  f — O. — ^I  will  not  say  that  this  is  the  old 
word  anem^t  for  a/neMt  {aneiU  in  modem  Scottish),  about»  concerning ; 

becaufle  I  know  not  its  proper  collocation. — Blk. Of  veiy  obscure 

and  doubtful  meaning,  like  most  of  Sir  Thomas  Brovme's  words.  Hickes 
eays  it  means  lest  (ne  forte),  and  he  derives  it  from  Isl.  einema,  an  adv. 
of  exclusion,  as  he  says.  It  may  mean,  notwithstanding,  N.  Fr.  nemii. 
Or  it  may  be  an  adjective,  signifying  variable,  as  emmis  is  in  L.  8C.  which 
Jam.  derives  from  Isl.  ymiu,  varius.  But  as  the  word  is  quite  extinct, 
it  is  impossible  to  decide  upon  its  meaning,  when  it  was  in  use. — Forty. 

The  word  is  not  extinct,  but  still  used  in  Norfolk  in  the  sense  of 

leti  :  though  its  usual  sound  would  rather  lead  us  to  spell  it  enammofu. 

Sa$MiMdUhee; — Samod  o'thi ;  the  like  of  that. — 0. Sammodithee 

18  an  old  oath  or  asseveration,  sd  mAt  I  tkSy  so  may  I  thrive.  *'  Alt  mote 
I  the"  is  common  in  andent  English,  and  **8oike%l^*  in  Chaucer.  See 
I^Twhitt's  and  other  Glossaries,  in  v.  The,  which  is  the  A.  S.  dean^  to 

thrive. — BUe, This  uncouth  duster  of  little  words  (for  such  it  is) 

is  recorded  by  Sir  Thomas  Browne  as  current  in  his  time.  It  is  now 
totaDy  extinct.  It  stands  thua.  in  the  eighth  tract  "  On  Languages." 
Dr.  Hickes  has  tdcen  the  liberty  of  chuiging  it  to  tammoditha,  and 
interprets  it,  '*  Sav  me  how  dost  thou ; "  in  pure  Saxon  "  aceg  me  hn  dest 
tkm."  "  Say  me,'^  for  **  tell  me,"  is  in  use  to  this  day  in  some  counties. 
It  is  in  the  dialect  of  Sedgmoor.  Bay  adduces,  as  a  sort  of  parallel  to 
this  jumble  of  words,  one  which  he  says  was  common  in  nis  time ; 
rnvdigoodUte,  *'  much  good  do  it  thee.'' — F, 

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284  .XK4XISH  JLKD  SAXGS.  [tAACT  TEH. 

others  of  no  easy  originals,  when  time  will  permit,  the  resolu- 
tion may  be  attempted  ;  which  to  effeet,  the  Danish  language 

Mawdier  /—the  same  as  the  vtilgar  ffutwjbas,  a  wench. — BGe.^^-^A  girL 
TuBBsr  uses  it.  So  does  B.  Jonson:  —  ''Yon  talk  like  a  fooluh 
mouther"  sayB  Beettye  to  Dame  Pliant,  in  the  Alchemist.  It  seems 
peculiarly  an  East  Anglian  word.  So  at  least  it  was  considered  by  Sir 
Henry  Spelman.  It  }s  highly  amusing  to  find  so  CTave  an  antiquary 
endeavouring  earnestly,  and  at  no  inconsiderable  length,  to  vindicate 
the  honour  of  his  motJier-tongue ;  and  to  rescue  this  important  word 
from  the  contempt  with  which  some,  ad  it  seems,  through  their  igno- 
rance, were  disposed  to  treat  it.  "  Quod  rident  ceteri  Angli,"  says  he, 
**  vocis  nesdentes  probitatem."  He  assures  us  that  it  was  applied  by 
our  very  early  ancestors,  even  to  the  noble  virgins  who  were  selected  to 
siz^  the  praises  of  heroes.  Hiey  were  called  sccUd-moeny  q.  d.  amging 
mawtheral  "En  quantum  in  spret&  jam  voce  antique  gloriae!"  He 
oomplaina  that  the  old  word  moer  had  been  corrupted  to  mother^  and  so 
confounded  with  a  very  different  word.  We  distinguish  th^  veiy 
effectually  by  pronunciation,  and,  what  is  more,  we  actually  come  very 
near  to  the  original  word  in  the  abbreviated  form  we  use  in  addtesaiDg 
a  momiher.  We  commonly  call  her  num'r,  Dan.  moer.  Belg.  modde, 
innupta  paella. — Forby, 

Kedge  ; — I  should  rather  think  is  tiiie  "  KyQQt  or  Joly,  Jocmidiii, 
Hillaris,"  o£  Prompt,  than   ** 'cadge,  to  carry,  of  WUbr.  AppmcHx." — 

£Uc, Brisk,  active.    This  is  Sir  Thomas  Browne's  speUing.     We 

pronounce  it  Mdge,  and  apply  it  exclusively,  or  nearly  so,  to  We  and 
cheerful  oLd  perw>ns.  In  Bay,  the  word  OAsas  has  the  same  meaoizig. 
It  is  by  mere  change  of  vowels  cadge,  hedge,  hidge,  Dan.  kaud,  laaciviiB. 
Lowland  Scotch  Jsedgie  and  caigie. — Forhy. 

Seek  ; — ^is  this  our  sell,  haysell,  or  seel  time  ? — (7.— -Take  these  from 
Prompt,  "ede,  horsys  barneys,  arquiUus..  "SeUe,  stoddyn^  bowse 
oella."     '^  SyUe  of  an  bowse.     Silia  Solma."    I  cannot  offer  anytiiiiig 

else. — BIk, Seal,  time,  season.    TSa.j-eeaA,  wheat-MO^,  barley««a(, 

are  the  respective  seasons  of  mowing  or  sowing  those  products  of  tibe 
earth.  But  it  goes  as  low  as  hours.  Of  an  idle  and  dissipated  Mlow, 
we  say  that  he  "  keeps  bad  eeoile,"  of  poachers,  that  they  are  oxkt  at  idl 
teah  of  the  night ;  of  a  sober,  regular,  and  industrious  man,  that  "  he 
attends  to  his  business  at  all  eedls,"  or  that  "  he  keeps  good  mfd»  and 
meals."  Sir  Thomas  Browne  spells  it  aeele ;  but  we  seem  to  ooifte 
nearer  to  the  Saxon  atd,  opportunitas. — Forty, 

JStrafi; — ^Iratus,  ir&  exchunans,  vox  in  agro  Norf.  usitata.  Hlokes 
derivat  ab  Is.  iibra^  objurgere,  corripere,  increpare.  L.  JwmM»  MijfmoL 
I  cannot  find  the  passage  on  a  cursory  examination  of  Hickes  in  his 
little  Diet.  Idandkwn,  In  the  2nd  vol.  of  the  Thesaur.  p.  89,  Hickes 
gives  **  Straff,  gannitus,"  but  the  usual  meaning  is  punishment,  and  this 

is  the  meaning  given  by  Biom  Halderson. — (?. 1  will  adduce  a  word 

from  Wa>ckter*e  Oemum  Gloaeary.     "Straff,  rigidus,  durus,  astrictos, 

severus." — BUe. A  scolding  bout;  an  angiy  strife  of  tongues.    M. 

straffa,  iratus. — Forhy. 


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TXA.CT  TXn.J  EKaLISH  AliTD   SAXOK.  285 

new  and  more  ancient  may  prove  of  good  advantage :  which 
nation  remained  here  fifty  years  upon  agreement,  and  have 

Ckioer ; — ^perhi^  8<Niie  uausiial  nemiiig  of  ourpreBent  adj.  ubImb 
the  fisBt  Towel  shovld  be  pro&ounoed  long. — J?2Jb.— ^-Bextrowi,  adroit ; 
fifty  says,  neat^  elegant :  in  either  senae  it  ia  bo  Teiy  common  and  general, 
and  appears  ao  to  hare  been  for  ao  many  yeara,  tluU;  it  aeema  diffieult  to 
oonoeive  how  Sir  Thomaa  Buowne  should  have  been  atruck  with  it  aa  a 
proviDcaaiiBm,  and  atill  more,  how  Bay,  long  afberwarda,  ahonld  hare 
let  it  pass  aa  auch  without  any  remark.  If  not  wh^i  Sir  Thomaa  wrote 
hia  tract,  oertainly  long  before  the  aeoond  edition  of  Bay,  S.  E.  C,  pub- 
liahed  by  the  author,  it  had  been  uaed  by  Butler,  L'Eatraage,  and  Scmth. 
Li  L'Sstrange,  indeed,  it  might  be  poaitively  provincial ;  in  Butler, 
low,  ludicrous,  or  even  burlesque  ;  in  South  too  fiuniliarand  undignified 
for  the  pulmt ;  but  in  neither  provincial.  But  what  shall  we  aay  of 
Addison,  who  had  alao  used  it  I  In  Todd'a  Johnaon  it  ia  aaid  to  be  low, 
and  Boarcely  ever  uaed  but  in  burlesque,  and  in  conversation^  A  ool- 
loqnial  and  fiimiliar  term  it  certainly  ia ;  but  aaauredly  not  provinoial, 
nor  even  low.  Sir  Thomas  Browne  ia  the  only  guarantee  of  ita  inaertion 
here.     And  if  it  must  be  oura,  let  it  by  all  means  be  taken  with  our 

own  rustic  pronundation,  doner.' — Forby, ^My  fhend  Mr.  Black's 

suggestion, — ^that  there  is  aome  unusual  meaning  attached  in  Noifolk  to 
Ihu  word,  which  juatifiea  ita  inaertion  among  provincialiama, — ^is  correct. 
The  poor  in  this  coimty,  speaking  of  any  one  who  ia  kind  and  liberal 
towards  them,  say  very  commonly,  "He  is  a  doner  gentleman!" 
"  Twaa  a  daver  tlung  he  did  for  ua  i  "     "He  always  behave  very  daver 

to  the  poor." Moor  aays  that  it  means  handsome,  good-looking ; — 

e.  g.  a  devtr  horse,  a  deeer  gal  (girl). 

McUMy; — ^p^hapa  may  mean  proportionately,  or  corresponding. — 

BXk. Exactly  alike,  fitting  nicely.    Anotiier  of  Sir  Thomas  Browne's 

word%  happily  explained  by  modem  pronunciation,  maddy.  A.  S. 
matet,  par. — Pcrhy, 

Dere ; — dire,  sad.  But  it  is  Old  English.  Chaucer  has  it,  and 
Sfaekspeafe,  in  ''Love's  Labour  Lost :" — "  Deaf  d  with  the  clamour  of 
their  own  dealt  groans."  Br.  Johnson  observes  that  dear  ia  for  <2ene. 
And  yet  the  worda  "ovm  dear^^  may  seem  to  come  very  nearly  to  the 
•enae  of  the  adjective  0iXoc  in  Homer ;  ^iXoy  i\rop^  ipiXov  6pkfia,  ^cXa 
yw¥€Lra,  It  is  a  a^ise  of  cloae  and  particular  ezulearment,  in  which 
oertainly  we  often  use  those  two  words,  in  speaking  of  anything  we 
particularly  ckeriah,  aa  our  beloved  kindred  or  nienda,  or,  aa  in  Homer, 
the  limbs  or  organa  of  our  bodies. — Forty, 

Nidted  ; — cheated,  aa  yet  among  the  vulgar.     I  think  to  have  seen  (in 

Waofater)  nieken,  obstinate.— £M;. ^Exaetly  hit ;  in  the  very  nick ; 

ai  iiM  predae  point.  Another  of  Sir  Thomaa  Browne's  words,  at  which 
one  eanaot  but  marvel.  The  very  same  authoritiea  are  produoed  by 
Johnson,  for  the  verb  nids  in  thia  aense,  aa  for  the  adjective  clsvbb  ; — 
tiMMe  of  Butior,  L'Estrange,  and  South.  It  ia  not  possible  to  conceive 
that  the  w<Htl  had  at  that  time  any  other  aenae  in  which  it  might  be 
T  as  a  provinoial  word.  Bay  ezplaina  it  thus :  Nidded,  beaten 


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286  xvGLiaH  AKO  BAxoiT.  [tbact  Yin. 

left  many  fiunilies  in  it,  and  the  language  of  these  parts  had 
aurelj  heen  moie  commixed  and  peiplext,  if  the  fleet  of 


dofwn  and  infcricstely  enteogled,  u  growing  com  or  gnaa  by  nin  and 
wind.    Migiki  not  this  be  the  word  meant  by  Sir  Thomas  Browne,  and 

imperliBetly  heard  t — Fofbjf. ^Both  these  are  wrone ;  the  liDlIowing  la 

the  oonrect  exf^anation : — ^To  nUk  is  to  notch  the  nnder  part  of  a  horse's 
tail,  to  make  it  stand  ont  or  erect.  An  instance  occurs  in  the  Monthly 
Mag.  for  1812,  nui  L  p.  28,  in  the  memoir  of  John  Fransham ;  who, 
when  at  Norwidi,  oonld  not  bear  "the  cmel  practices  there  carried  on 
•of  cropping,  mdnng,  and  dockinff  horses."  I  transcribe  this  firom  a 
more  recent  oommnnication  irom  Mr.  Black.  Bnt  that  a  Norfolk  man 
<Mr.  Forby)  should  have  been  ignorant  of  the  meaning  of  so  common  a 
provincialism,  seems  singolar. 

Stmgy; — with  a  soft  g,  commonly  means  parrimonions. — Blk. 

lliis  is  its  commonly  rec^ved  sense.  Its  provincial  acceptation  is  griven 
by  Forby : — ^1.  Gross,  iU-hnmonred ;  2.  chm>tish,  biting ;  as  applied  to  the 
state  of  the  air.  It  was  most  {Hrobably  in  one  or  in  both  these  senses  in 
which  Sir  Thomas  Brovme  remarked  it  as  provinciaL  He  must  surely 
haye  been  acquunted  with  it  in  its  commonly  current  sense.  Thai, 
indeed,  seems  to  be  perverted  from  another  word,  of  Teiy  different 
origin.    This  of  ours,  in  both  its  senses,  is  yery  clearly  from  A.S.  tU-nge, 

acaleus. — Forby . ^Moor  remarks  that,  "  in  bees  the  propensity  to 

hoard  and  retmt  is  proverbial ;  *'  here  the  two  principal  meanings  of  the 
word  $lvngy  equally  apply. 

NvMort ; — Lye  thus  exphdns  this  word  between  brackets,  marking 
it  as  an  addition  of  Ids  own  to  Junius's  Etymol.  Angl.  [Modb— vox 
Norf.  etiamnum  in  usu,  ab  Isl.  nvwnar  idem  significante,  ut  monet 
Hickesins.  L.]  I  cannot  find  it  in  Hiokes.  Nor  is  the  compound  word 
ivwMxr  in  Biom  Halderaon's  Ice.  Diet,  but  it  is,  in  fiu^  ntjmMiMaf', 

anon. — Q, ^Not  till  now.     So  says  Ray.    But  we  know  nothing  of 

the  word  whatever.  '  Sir  Thomas  Browne  might.  Isl.  nimeer,  mode. — 
Fwhy, 

Feft;-— Prompt,  feffyd,  feoiatus ;  but  not  likely  to  be  the  right  word. — 

Elk, ^To  pereuade,  or  endeavour  to  persuade,  says  Bay  in  pret  to 

N.  G.  W.  Yet  he  adds  that  in  his  own  county,  Essex,  it  meant,  to 
"  put  off  wares  ;"  but  that  he  was  to  seek  for  an  etymon.  So  are  we. 
But  it  is  of  no  importance.  It  is  one  of  Sir  Thomas  Browne's  words 
become  obsolete. — Forby. 

Thepa; — or  rather  Stapes,  Oood^tenies,  I  cannot  find  any  wend 
resembling  this  as  a  firuit ;  but  Tcvp  in  Danish  is  the  wnda  of  the  throat. 
V.  Fafks.— ^orfty,  p.  110. 

OoBgood; — ^A  vulgar  London  word  for  a  gooseberry  is  sooBeff|^. — 

JBUs, ^Teast.    Bay  says,  that  in  his  time,  it  was  in  use  abo  inl^ent. 

But  he  does  not  say,  nor  is  it  possible  to  conceive,  how  it  is  entitled  to 
so  exalted  an  interpretation  as  he  bestows  upon  it, — OocTi  Chad/  A 
meaning  much  more  suitable  and  seemly,  and  surely  not  improbable^ 
may  be  conjectured.  It  may  have  had  its  origin  from  A.  S.  got,  anser. 
In  I^orfolk,  if  not  in  every  part  of  East  Anglia,  yeast  dumplings  have 


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TMCT  Tm.]  EWGLTSn  ABD   SAIOW.  287 

Hugo  de  Bones  had  not  been  cast  awaj,  wherein  threescore 
tiiousand  soldiers  out  of  Britany  and  Flanders  were  to  be 

been  xmineinorially  assodated  with  a  roasted  goose  ;  and  when  properly 
soaked  in  &e  natural  gravy  of  the  fowl^  are  of  a  very  delidous  savonr  to  a 
troe  East  Angliim  paGkte.  In  this  sense  yeast  may  be  said  to  be  ffood 
vUkgooKf  and  called  goote-good,  or  in  the  most  ancient  form,  gas-gopd. 
But  Ui8  word  is  now  utterly  extinct.    The  taste  remains. — FaHiy. 

Kamp; — May,  perhaps,  be  the  game  of  foot-ball,  from  these  words  in 
Prompt,  **  Ctm^per,  or  player  at  foot-ball,"  also  "  camping"  I  suppose 
80  nuned  by  reason  of  the  space  required  for  this  game. — Blk, 

Sibnt,'— or  Sibberet,  means  the  Imnds  of  manage  ;  '' sibberidge"  in 

WHb.  and  "  sybredebanna"  in  Prompt— Blk It  is  one  of  Sir  l%oma9 

Browne's  words,  and  in  full  use  at  ijiis  day.  It  is  explained  by  Hickes, 
A.  S.  tifif  cognatio,  and  btfrht,  manifestus,  q.  d.  a  public  announcing  or 
prodamation  of  an  intended  affinity.  This  is  unquestionably  preferable 
to  tbe  nnfounded  notion,  that  the  word  is  corrupted  from  "Si  qwis^ 
Kwerit"  the  supposed  first  words  of  the  publication  of  banps  in  the 

BfOman  Latin  service. — Forby. ^This  word  has  been  derived  from 

nbt  said  to  mean  akin  ;  and  to  \mp\j,  that  by  banns  the  parties  have  a 
ly^kt  to  become  akin,  that  is,  sib-right.  Some  say  it  is  rOhrigktf  the 
light  to  take  a  rib.  Bay  has  this  proverb  :  As  much  tibb*d  as  sieve 
ami  riddle  that  grew  in  the  same  wood,  p.  225.  And  he  says  that 
"ntiHd  means  akin,  and  that  in  Suffolk  the  banns  of  matrimony  are 
called  sibberidge,"  which  is  correct ;  though  nbrit  be  most  conmioh. 
Both  are  in  extensive  use.  Sib  is  also  Scottish.  It  occurs  twice  in  the 
■eiue  of  relationBhip  in  Scottish  oolloquialism  in  Guy  Mannering,  ii. 
183,  219.  It  occurs  also  in  the  Antiquazy,  iii.  75 ; — ''By  the  rel^on 
of  our  holy  church  they  are  ower  sibb  thegiUier.*'  Again,  "They  may- 
be hronght  to  think  themselves  sae  sibb  as  on  Christian  law  will  permit 
them  wedlock."  I  do  not  find,  however,  that  wbriit  or  sibrtdge  is* 
Scottiah.— ifoor. 

Fangcut; — A  marriageable  maid.  The  word  is  not  now  known,  and 
u»  therefore,  given  with  Bay's  interpretation  And  etymon.  A.  S.  fuTigan, 
cipere,  and  goat,  amor. — Forby, 

8ap,'—9apif,  foolish;  perhaps  only  aappy,  ill  pronounced. — G, 

Hr.  Forby  was  unacquainted  with  the  meaning  suggMted  by  MisA 
Goniey,  and  in  which  I  have  often  heard  the  word  used  t'-Hl  silly  fellow 
IB  called  a  tap  ;  he  is  also  termed  aapy  or  aappy.  The  oomp&rison  in- 
tended is  possibly  to  the  sap  in  timber,  which  is  of  little  value,  and  soon 
becomes  unsound  and  useless. 

CoOM; — is  likely  to  be  an  adj.  frt>m  this  noun  in  Prompt,  "cothe, 

or  Bwowning,  sincopa." — BUc, Cothish,  cothy,  adj.  fiunt,  sickly,  ailSitg. 

^ere  can  surely  be  no  .doubt  of  the  identity  of  these  words ;  the  former 
is  Sir  Thomas  Browne's,  the  latter  the  modem  form.  Yet  in  the  pre£ 
to  R.  K.  G.  it  is  interpreted  m^orote,  without  a  word  of  ezptanation  or 
pnoi  It  never  could  have  been  used  in  that  sense.  Its  derivation  is 
«o  very  obvious,  that  it  is  wonderful  it  escaped  Bay.  It  is  amply  ju8ti> 
fied  by  modem  and  very  frequent  use.  A  dog  is  said  to  be  co^y  when 
he  is  meek  and  delicate.    A.  S.  cothe,  morbus. 


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288  XKeLIBH  AKD  BAXOK.       [TRACT  TUX. 

wftfted  over,  and  were  by  king  John's  appointment  to  have  a 
settled  habitation  in  the  counties  of  Nmolk  and  Suffolk.^ 

IMeuik  ; — Aohe,  as  onnndde  {md  meant  finn)  fjrsh,  hvmoroBiiSy  m- 

sotidiiBy  PnmipL  apptied  to  boggy  landL — Blk, -Slothful :  duggisli. 

This  is  Bay's  intaquretatkm,  aad  may  be  right  for  ought  we  know. — 

Forby. ^The  sense  saggested  by  Mr.  ISkAl  I  belieTe  to  be  the 

true  one. 

.  ^u20-<MW  >•— interpreted  by  Bay  (Pr.  to  N.  C.)  "poemm  dare,*'    It 
may  be  so.  It  is  impossible  to  assent  or  gainsay,  as  it  is  totally  extinct.  It 

is  one  of  Sir  Thomato  Brovme's  woids. — Forby, ^Let  us,  in  sach 

fiulure  of  authorities,  hasard  a  oonjeeture ;  tibat  it  means  **  wait  a 
while/' — bide  a  wee. 

"Paxwaxi — synewe*"  Prem^  It  is  still  used  dialeetieally  finr 
our  pcAkwax  or  packwax. — ^^tt;.— — Tlte  strong  tendon  in  the  neck  of 
animals.  It  is  a  word  which  has  no  proper  daim  to  admission  h«re^  liar 
it  is  quite  general ;  yet  must  be  admitted,  because  it  is  on  Sir  Thomas 
Browne's  list.  It  must  certainly  have  been  in  useinhis  time.  And  it  is'veiy 
strange  he  should  not  have  heard  it  till  he  came  into  Norfolk.  Bay,  in 
the  pre£Bu»  to  N.  C,  makes  no  remaik  to  this  offset,  but  takes  tkoa  as 
he  finds  it  with  the  other  words.  Yet  he  had  himself  used  it  in  his  great 
work  on  the  Creation,  and  to  all  ajqpearanoe  as  a  word  well  known. 
He  spells  it  padc-wax,  indeed,  but  tint  can  surely  make  no  difl^BreDoe. 
He  not  only  gives  no  derivation,  but  declines  givm^  one,  at  the  sane 
time  declarmg  his  own  knowledge  of  the  very  extensive,  if  not  ffenmra^ 
use  of  the  word.  The  &ct  is,  t£tt  it  is  not  even  confined  to  the  £ngfisli 
language.  It  is  used  by  LinuaBus,  somewhere  in  the  XJpsal  AmoenitaEtes 
Academicse.  A  friend,  who  undertook  the  seareh,  has  not  been  able  to 
find  the  passage  ;  but  it  is  not  likely  that  anything  explanatory  wonld 
be  found.  Lideed,  it  is  a  sort  oif  crux  etymol^iorum.  They,  Teiy 
relisonably,  do  not  care  to  ccme  near  it.  Axid  they  might  all  frankly 
avow,  as  Kay  does,  that  they  **  have  nothing  to  say  to  it."  Br.  kas 
fix-fcue. — Forby^ 

7  the  Damuh  Uuiffuage,  <fec.]  I  do  not  see  the  Danish  original  of  BMst 
of  the  Norfolk  words  here  given  ;  but  there  are  several  which  can  be 
traced  to  no  other,  and  I  have  found  several  which  are,  I  suspect^ 
peculiar  to  the  coast : — 

iT^^/— stormy.    Dan.  h^ftig,  anffry. 

Sufoie  ;— shade.    Dan.  or  Ice.  stutfo,  cold. 

WiUock  ; — a  guilkmot,  or  any  sea  bird  of  the  awk  or  diver  kind* 

Bohe  ; — ^fog  or  sea  haze. Fak,  wet.  Ice.  *'  With  cloudy  gnm  and* 

rak  ouerquhebnst  the  are."— 6bw«ii  D^iglae, 

To  akfipe /^-^aeed  by  the  fishennen  in  the  sense  of  "to  dear.**  "Ttue 
fog  begins  to  ehrepe  yonder."    Ice.  abreppa,    Dilabi,  se  snbduoere. 

Lwm  ;— the  handle  of  an  oar.  Ice.  hUmmr.  In  other  parts  of  fiig- 
land,  however,  it  is  called  the  2ooia  of  an  oar. 

Fooma  ; — ^the  spaces  between  the  thwarts  of  a  boat.  Ice.  rmn,  used 
only  in  this  sense. 

To  go  drivimg  i^-40  go  fishing :  chiefly  applied  to  the  herring  fidieri^ 
I  think.— (7. 


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TBACT  Till.]  SKGLISH  XSD  BAZOK,  289 

But  beside  your  laudable  endeavourB  in  the  Saxon,  you  are 
not  like  to  repent  you  of  your  studies  in  the  other  European 
aad  western  languages,  for  therein  are  delivered  many  ezoel- 
lent  historical,  moral,  and  philosophical  discourses,  wherein 
men  merely  versed  in  the  learned  languages  are  often  at  a 
loss :  but  although  you  are  so  well  accomplished  in  l^e 
Trench,  you  will  not  siurely  conceive  that  you  are  mastoid  of 
aU  the  languages  in  France,  for  to  omit  the  Briton,  Britonant 
or  old  British,  yet  retained  in  some  part  of  Britany,  I  shall 
gbIj  propK>se  this  unto  your  construction. 

Chaimlisco  d'aquestes  Boemes  chems  an  fireitado  lou  cap 
cim  taules  Jargonades,  ero  necy  chi  voluiget  bouta  sin  tens 
embe  aquelles.  Anin  k  Ions  oceells,  che  ^zen  tat  prou  ben 
en  ein  voz  L'  ome  nosap  comoehodochi  yen  ay  jes  de  plazer, 
d'ausir  la  mitat  de  paraulles,  en  el  mon. 

This  is  a  part  of  that  language  which  Scaliger  nameth 
IdiotismuB  Tectofa^cus  or  Langue  d'oc,  countermstinguish- 
ing  it  unto  the  Idiotismus  Prancicus  or  Lai^e  d'ouy^  not 
understood  in  a  petty  comer  or  between  a  few  moimtains, 
but  in  parts  of  early  civilily  in  Languedoc,  Provence,  and 
Catalonia,  which  put  together  will  make  Uttle  less  than 
England. 

Without  some  knowledge  herein  you  cannot  exaotiy  under- 
stand the  works  of  Eabelais :  by  this  the  Erench  themselves 

I  hftve  added;  from  a  list  of  Norfolk  it>&rd$  fitmuhed  me  by  the  same 
eomspondfiQt,  the  following,  "which  are  ettiber  new  to  ¥orhj,  or  with 
difierent  deriTatioiw : — 

"  IFtpt  €md  ttn^fs,"  not  toaifi  and  stmift,  bat  ''wipper  and  stnae." 
Ban.  ^*  beads  and  straws  of  com,"  odds  and  ends.  I  lonnd  this  oxpres 
«0B  in  a  liet  of  provindalisms  of  the  Danish  island  of  Zealand. 

To  lope  ; — ^to  strids  along.    €^r.  JUoupea,  to  ran. 

UmBtamiliff  / — afiplied  to  children ;  nnraly. 

Cmr  ; — a  low  marshy  grove.    Alder  ear,  osier  car.   Kior,  lee.  marsh. 

Aq»  or  «2;^/--«  basket ;  toad's  skep  (not  eapy  I  think.)  Skitppe  is  a 
Bndah  half-boshel  measare. 

PWISM  / — cratdhes. 

Hotiby  y— small  horse.    Dan.  hoppe,  a  mare. 

WwU; — ^to  sit  as  a  hen.    Sax.  wumm^,  to  abide. 

8kmkmg;—lxi  German  yseAen  is  to  dnb— and  ''znryechegehen/' 
Bteally,  "  to  go  to  shack,"  is  an  ezpresaon  in  ose,  meaning  to  take  a 
eonmon  ahara.  The  essenoe  of  our  shacking  is  that  the  pigs  and  geese 
TWBBL  ia  eoasimoii  over  the  fidMb  to  piok  ap  the  remains  of  the  har- 


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240  SKOUSH  Ain>  saxok.  [TBAcryin. 

are  fain  to  make  out  that  preserved  relique  of  old  French : 
containing  the  league  between  Charles  and  Lewis,  the  sons  of 
Ludovicus  Pius.  Hereby  may  tolerably  be  understood  the 
several  tracts,  written  in  the  Catalonian  tongue ;  and  in  this 
is  published  the  Tract  of  Falconry  written  by  Theodosius  and 
Symmachus ;  in  this  is  yet  conserved  the  poem  Yilhuardine 
concerning  the  French  expedition  in  the  holy  war,  and  the 
taking  of  Constantinople,  among  the  works  of  Marius  iEqui- 
cola,  an  Italian  poet.  You  may  find  in  this  language,  a 
pleasant  dialogue  of  love ;  this,  about  an  hundred  years  ago, 
was  in  high  esteem,  when  many  Italian  wits  flocked  into 
Provence;  and  the  famous  Petrarcha  wrote  many  of  his 
poems  in  Yaucluse  in  that  country.^ 

*  covaUry.]  In  the  MS.  Sloan,  1827,  I  find  the  following  veiy  odd 
passage;  respecting  which,  most  certainly,  the  author's  assertion  is 
incontrovertible,  that  "ike  sense  may  afford  tome  trouHe."  I  insert  it» 
not  expecting  that  many  readers  will  take  that  trouble — ^but  it  appeared 
too  characteristic  to  be  omitted. 

"  Now  having  wearied  you  with  old  languages  or  little  understood, 
I  shall  put  an  end  unto  your  trouble  in  modem  French,  by  a  short 
letter  composed  by  me  for  your  sake,  though  not  concerning  yourself; 
wherein,  though  the  words  be  plain  and  genuine,  yet  the  sense  may 
afford  some  trouble. 

"MoNSiEnB, — ^Ne  voiis  laisses  plus  manger  la  laine  sur  le  dors. 
Begardes  bien  ce  gros  magot,  lequel  vous  voyez  de  si  bon  oeil.  Assure- 
ment  il  &it  le  mitou.  Monsieur,  vous  chausses  les  lunettes  de  travers, 
ne  voyant  point  comme  il  pratique  vos  dependants.  H  8*est  desia  queri 
de  mal  St.  f^rancois,  et  bride  sa  mule  a  vostre  despens.  Croyez  moi,  il 
ne  s'amusera  pas  a  la  moutarde  ;  mais,  vous  ayant  min^  et  massacre  vos 
affaires,  au  dernier  coup  il  vous  rendra  Monsieur  sans  queue. 

"Mais  pour  Tautre  goulafie  et  benueur  a  tire  la  rigau,  qui  vous  a  si 
rognement  fiut  la  barbe,  Tenvoyes  vous  a  Pampelune.  Maisauparavant^ 
a  mon  advis,  il  auroit  a  miserere  jusques  a  vitulos,  et  je  le  ferois  vtn 
moutton  de  Beny.  £n  le  traittant  bellement  et  de  bon  oonseil,  vous 
assuyes  de  rompre  un  anguille  sur  les  genoux.  Ne  lui  fies  poynt :  11  ne 
rabbaissera  le  menton,  et  mourra  dans  sa  peau.  II  scait  bien  que  les 
belles  paroles  n'escorchent  pas  la  guele,  les  queUes  il  payera  a  sepmaine 
de  deux  Jeudies.  Ghasses  le  de  chez  vous  a  bonne  heure,  car  il  a  est^ 
a  Naples  sans  passer  les  monts ;  et  ancore  que  parle  en  maistre,  est 
patient  de  St.  Cosme. 

**  Soucies  vous  aussi  de  la  gardionaire,  chez  vous,  qu'elle  n'ayai  le 
mal  dh  neuf  mois.    Assurement  elle  a  le  nez  tourn^  a  la  firiandise,  et 
les  talons  bien  courts.     Elle  jouera  voluntiers  a  I'Home ;  et  si  le  hanlt' 
ne  defend  le  bas,  avant  la  venue  des  cicoignes,  lui  8*enlevera  la  juppe. 

''Mais,  pour  le  petit  Gymnosophiste  chez  vous,  caresses  le  voUs  aox 
bras  ouverts.    Voyez  vous  pas  comme  a  toutes  les  menaces  de  Fontdn^ 


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TSACT  Till.]  ENGLISH  AND    SiJON.  241 

For  the  word  (Dread)  in  the  royal  title  (Dread  sovereign) 
of  which  you  desire  to  know  the  meaning,  I  return  answer 
unto  your  question  briefly  thus. 

Most  men  do  vulgarly  understand  this  word  dread  after 
the  common  and  English  acceptation,  as  implying  fear,  awe, 
or  dread. 

Others  may  think  to  expound  it  from  the  French  word 
droU  or  droyt.  For,  whereas,  in  elder  times,  the  presidents 
aud  Bupremes  of  courts  were  termed  sovereigns,  men  might 
conceive  this  a  distinctive  title  and  proper  unto  the  king  as 
eminently  and  by  right  the  sovereign. 

A  third  exposition  may  be  made  Irom  some  Saxon  original, 
particularly  from  Driht,  Domine,  or  JDrihten,  Dominus,  in 
the  Saxon  language,  the  word  for  Dominus,  throughout  the 
Saxon  Psalms,  and  used  in  the  expression  of  the  year  of  our 
Lord  in  the  Decretal  Epistle  of  Pope  Agatho  unto  Athelred 
king  of  the  Mercians,  armo  680. 

Verstegan  would  have  this  term  Drihten  appropriate  unto 
God.  Yet,  in  the  constitutions  of  Withred  king  of  Kent,* 
we  find  the  same  word  used  for  a  lord  or  master,  si  in  ves- 
perd  pnecedente  solem  servus  ex  mandato  Domini  aliquod 
oput  servile  egerit,  Dominus  (Drihten)  80  solidis  luito. 
However,  therefore,  though  Driht  Domine,  might  be  most 
eminently  applied  unto  the  Lord  of  heaven,  yet  might  it  be 
also  transferred  unto  potentates  and  gods  on  earth,  unto 
whom  fealty  is  given  or  due,  according  unto  the  feudist  term 
Ugeus^  a  Uganda,  unto  whom  they  were  bound  in  fealty. 

*  V,  CI,  SpdmxMvihi  CwiciL 
il  branle  oomme  la  Bastille  ?    Yrayment  il  OKt  Stoio  a  vingt-quatre 
cwTBts,  et  de  mesme  calibre  avec  les  vieiiz  Ascetiques.  AUoran'  lui 
TKolt  antant  que  Tisle  de  France,  et  la  tour  de  Cordan '  lui  vault  le 
e  avec  la  Louvre. 

"  Serviteur  tr^s-humble, 

THOMAS  BBOUNE." 
geus.']    "  Or  liege  lord."— if-S^.  Sloan.  1827. 


'  Note; — "AUoran,  Allusama,  or  Ineula  Erroris ;  a  small  desolate 
banen  idbnd,  whereon  nothing  liveth  but  coneys,  in  the  Mediterranean 
MBy  between  Oartiiagena  and  Galo-de-tres-furcus,  in  Baibary." 

*  Note  ; — *'  A  small  island  or  rock,  in  the  mouth  of  the  river  Garonne, 
with  cme  tower  in  it,  where  a  man  liveth,  to  take  care  of  lights  for  suck 
as  go  to,  or  eome  from,  Bordeaux." 

TOI..  III.  B 


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242  ^r   THB   TUMTTLI.  [tBACT  H. 

And  therefore  from  Driht,  Dominej  diead  soTeretgn,  may, 
probably,  owe  its  original. 

I  have  not  time  to  enlarge  upon  this  subject :  pray  let  t^ 
pass,  as  it  is,  for  a  letter  and  not  for  a  treatise. 

I  am,  yours,  Ac. 


TBACT   IX. 

or   AETinCIAL  HILLS,   MOXTNTS,   OE  BTJBEOWS, 

tPT  MAJrr  PAETS  or  EITGLAITI)  :   WHAT  THEY  AEE,   TO  WHAT 

END   EAISED,   AHD   BT  WHAT   KATIOITS. 

My  Sonowred  Friend  Mr.  W,  D,'s^  Query. 

Iif  my  last  ioumey  through  Marshland,  Holland,  and  a 
great  part  of  the  Tens,  I  observed  divers  artificial  heaps  of 
earth  of  a  very  large  magnitmle,  and  I  hear  of  many  otiiers 
which  are  in  other  parts  of  those  coimtries,  some  of  them 
are  at  least  twenty  feet  in  direct  height  from  the  leyid 
whereon  they  stand.  1  would  gladly  know  your  opinion  of 
them,  and  whether  you  think  not  thai;  they  were  raised  by 
the  Eomans  or  Saxons,  to  cover  the  bones  or  ashes  of  acme 
eminent  persons  ? 


My  Amwer. 

WoETHT  SiE, — Concerning  artificial  mounts  and  hills, 
raised  without  fortifications  attending  them,  in  most  parts 

*  Mr.  W.  D.I  The  initials,  in  both  the  preceding  editions,  are 
"  E.  D. :"  but  it  has  been  dearly  ascertainftd  that  this  is  an  error.  Tlte 
query  was  Sir  William  Dugdale's ;  and  his  reply  to  the  present  dis- 
course will  be  found  el^iewtMre.  A  reference  to  ]>agdale's  Histoiy  of 
JBmbanking  and  Draining,  will  show  that  he  availed  >iim«ft^f  of  ^e 
reply  he  obtained  to  his  enqrary  :  for  he  has  transcribed  the  qnotstiiMia 
from  Leland  and  Wormins  in  illustration  of  the  Saxon  and  Daniak  mode 
of  sepulture ;  and  has  given  ahnost  veiiKKtm,  the  passage  refenting  to 
Grermanicus. 


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TBACTIX.]  OF  THE   TUMFLI*  243 

of  England,  the  most  considerable  thereof  I  ooneeive  to  be 
of  two  kinds ;  that  is,  either  signal  boundaries  ami  knd- 
marks,  or  else  sepulchral  monuments  or  hills  of  interment 
Ibr  remarkable  and  eminent  persons,  especially  such  as  died 
in  the  wars. 

As  for  such  which  are  sepulchral,  monuments,  upon  bare 
and  naked  view,  they  are  not  appropriable  unto  any  of  the 
three  nations  of  the  Eomans,  Saxons,  or  Danes,  who,  after 
the  Britons,  have  possessed  this  land ;  because  upon  strict 
account,  they  may  be  appliable  unto  them  all.^ 

For  that  the  Bomans  used  suc^  hilly  sepultures,'  beside 
many  other  testimonies^  seems  conflrmable  from  the  practice 
of  Germanicus,  who  thus  interred  the  unburied  bones  of  the 
slain  soldiers  of  Varus ;  and  that  expression  of  Yirgil  of 
high  antiquity  among  the  Latins, 

facit  ingens  monte  sub  alio 
Be^s  Bercenni  terreno  ex  aggere  bustuin. 

That  the  Saxons  made  use  of  this  way  is  collectible  from 
aeyeral  records,  and  that  pertinent  expression  of  Lelandus,* 
Saximes^  gens  Christi  ignara,  in  hortis  amomis,  si  dom  forte 
^groti  moriebantur ;  sin  foris  et  bello  oecisiy  in.  egestis  per 
eompos  terra  tunmlis  (guos  hwrgos  appellahant)  sepulti  swU, 

Tnat  the  Danes  observed  this  practice,  their  own  antiqui- 
ties do  frequently  confirm,  and  it  stands  precisely  delivered 
by  Adolphus  Cyprius,  as  the  learned  Wormiusf  hath  ob- 

*  LeUmd  in  Aasertione  Regis  Arthwri,  . 
+  Wormivs  in  MoTmmentis  Dcmcis, 

'  appLidble  v/nto  them  oZZ.]  Mr.  Vegge,  in  a  paper  published  in  the 
Arcb»ologia,  on  the  Arbour  Lows,  in  Derbyshire,  expresses  the  same 
qiiaion ;  aseribiiig  these  burrows  or  t^wtnvli  to  Britons,  Bomans,  SaxoDs, 
nd  Danes, — and  not  to  any  one  -of  those  people  exclusively.  Some  he 
supposes  to  be  British,  from  their  being  dispersed  oyer  moors,  and 
usually  on  eminences ;  not  placed  with  any  regard  to  roads,  as  the 
lEtoman  twiMdi  generally  are.  The  Danish  lows  would  frequently  ex- 
hibit acurcle  of  stones  round  their  base.  But  the  contents  would  fiimish 
the  best  and  perhaps  the  only  sure  criterion  to  judge  by  ;  kistvaens  and 
stone  coffins,  rings,  beads,  and  other  articles,  peculiar  ta  the  Britons, 
bdng  found  in  some ;  Boman  coins,  urns,  and  in]|>lements  in  others,  and 
the  arms  and  utensils  of  the  Saxons  or  Danes  in  others. — ArchcBohgia, 
vu,  131,  &c. 

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24:&  OE  XnB   TUMULI.  [tract  IX. 

served.  Dani  olim  in  memoriam  return  et  heroum,  ex  terra 
coaeervata  ingentet  moles,  morUium  mstar  eminentes,  erej> 
is9e,  credilnle  onrnino  ac  probabile  est,  atque  Hits  in  locis  ut 
plurimum,  quo  sape  homines  commearenty  atque  iter  haherent, 
ut  m  viisptihlids  posteritati  memoriam  consecrarent,  et  qwh 
dammodo  immortalitati  mandarent.  And  the  like  monuments 
are  yet  to  be  observed  in  Norway  and  Denmark  in  no  small 
numbers. 

So  that  upon  a  single  view  and  outward  observation  thev 
may  be  the  monuments  of  anj  of  these  three  nations :  although 
the  greatest  number,  not  improbably,  of  the  Saxons ;  who 
fought  many  battles  with  the  Britons  and  Danes,  and  also 
between  their  own  nations,  and  left  the  proper  name  of  bm> 
rows  for  these  hills  still  retained  in  many  of  them,  as  the 
seven  burrows  upon  Salisbury  plain,  and  in  many  other  partj 
of  Engl|uid. 

But  of  these  and  the  like  hills  there  can  be  no  clear  and 
assured  decision  without  an  ocular  exploration,  and  subter^ 
raneous  enquiry  by  cutting  through  one  of  them  either 
directly  or  cross-wise.  For  so  with  lesser  charge  discovery 
may  be  made  what  is  under  them,  and  consequently  the 
intention  of  their  erection.  For 'if  they  were  raised  for 
remarkable  and  eminent  boundaries,  then  about  their  bottom 
will  be  found  the  lasting  substances  of  burnt  bones  of  beasts, 
of  ashes,  bricks,  lime,  or  coals. 

If  urns  be  found,  they  might  be  erected  by  the  Bomans 
before  the  term  of  urn  burying  or  custom  of  burning  the 
dead  expired :  but  if  raised  by  the  Bomans  after  that  period, 
inscriptions,  swords,  shields,  and  arms,  after  the  Eoman  mode, 
may  afford  a  good  distinction. 

But  if  these  hills  were  made  by  Saxons  or  Danes,  disco- 
very may  be  made  from  the  fashion  of  their  arms,  bones  of 
their  horses,  and  other  distinguishing  substances  buried  witii 
them. 

And  for  such  an  attempt  there  wanteth  not  encourage- 
ment. For  a  like  mount  or  burrow  was  opened  in  the  dm 
of  King  Henry  the  Eighth  upon  Barham  Down  in  Kent,  by 
the  care  of  Mr.  Thomas  Digges,  and  charge  of  Sir  C?hris- 
topher  Hales ;  and  a  large  urn  with  ashes  was  found  under 
it,  as  is  delivered  by  Thomas  Twinus,  de  Bebus  AUnonicis,  a 


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TRACT  IX.]  OP   THE   TFMFLI.  245 

learned  man  of  that  country,  sub  incredihili  terra  acervOy 
vrna  cinere  assium  magnarum  Jragmentis  plena,  cum  galeis^ 
eh/peis  teneis  et  ferrets  ruhigme  fere  canswnptisj  musitatce 
magnitudinisy  eruta  est :  sed  nulla  inscriptio  nomen,  nullum 
iestmonium  tempus,  out  fortunam  exponehamt :  and  not  very 
long  ago,  as  Camden  deliyereth,*  in  one  of  the  mounts  of 
Barklow  liills,  in  Essex,  being  levelled,  there  were  found 
three  troughs,  containing  broken  bones,  conceived  to  have 
been  of  Danes :  and  in  later  time  we  find,  that  a  burrow 
was  opened  in  the  Isle  of  Man,  wherein  fourteen  urns  were 
found  with  burnt  bones  in  them ;  and  one  more  neat  than 
the  rest,  placed  in  a  bed  of  fine  white  sand,  containing  no- 
tlung  but  a  few  brittle  bones,  as  having  passed  the  fire; 
according  to  the  particular  account  thereof  in  the  description 
of  the  Isle  of  Man.t  Surely  many  noble  bones  and  ashes 
laiye  been  contented  with  such  hilly  tombs ;  which  neither 
admitting  ornament,  epitaph,  or  inscription,  may,  if  earth- 
quakes spare  them,  out-last  all  other  monuments*  Sua  sunt 
metis  meta.  Obelisks  have  their  term,  and  pyramids  will 
tumble,  but  these  mountainous  monuments  may  stand,  and 
are  hke  to  have  the  same  period  with  the  earth. 

More  might  be  said,  but  my  business  of  another  nature, 
nakes  me  take  off  my  hand. 

I  am,  yours,  &c. 

*  Camd,  Brit.  p.  326. 
t  PMitihed  1656,  6y  Dan.  King. 


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246  OF    TEOAS.  [TBACTZ. 


TEACT  X. 

OF  TBOA0,  WHAT  FLAGS  IS   MEAETT  BY   THAT   NAICS. 

ALSO,   OF  THE   SITUATIONS  OF  SODOM,  OOMOBSAH,  AD3CAH, 

ZEBOIM,   IS  THE  BEAD   SEA. 

SiE, — To  your  geograpbical  queries,  I  answer  as  follows : — 
In  sundry  passages  of  the  New  Testament,  in  the  Acte  of 
the  Apostles,  and  Epistles  of  St.  Paul,  we  meet  with  t^ 
word  Troas;^  how  he  went  from  Troas  to  Philippi,  in  Ma- 
cedonia, from  thence  unto  Troas  again :  how  he  remained 
seven  days  in  that  place:  from  thence  on  foot  to  Assos, 
whither  the  disciples  had  sailed  from  Troas,  and,  there 
taking  him  in,  mlade  their  voyage  unto  C»sarea: 

Now,  whether  this  Troas  he  the  name  of  a  city  or  a  ceriadn 
region  of  Phrygia  seems  no  groundless  doubt  of  yours :  fw 
that  it  was  sometimes  taken  in  the  signification  of  some 
country,  is  acknowledged  by  Ortellius,  Stephanus,  and  Gro- 
tins ;  and  it  is  plainly  set  down  by  Strabo,  that  a  region  of 
Phrygia  in  Asia  Minor,  was  so  taken  in  ancient  times ;  and 
that  at  the  Trojan  war,  all  the  territory  which  comprehended 
the  nine  principalities  subject  unto  the  king  of  IHum  Tpoiri 
Xeyovfiiyrf,  was  called  by  the  name  of  Troja.  And  this  might 
seem  sufficiently  to  solve  the  intention  of  the  description, 
when  he  came  or  went  from  Troas,  that  is  some  part  of  that 
region ;  and  will  otherwise  seem  strange  unto  many  how  he 
should  be  said  to  go  or  come  from  that  city  which  all  writers 
had  laid  in  the  ashes  about  a  thousand  years  before. 


*  !^yoas,]  Troas  was  a  small  country  lying  to  the  west  of  Mysia, 
upon  the  sea.  It  took  this  name  from  its  principal  city,  Troas,  a  sea- 
port, and  built,  as  is  said,  about  some  four  miles  from  the  situation  of 
old  Troy,  by  Lysimachus,  one  of  Alexander  the  Great's  captains,  who 
peopled  it  from  neighbouring  cities,  and  called  it  Alexandria,  or  Troas 
Alexandxi,  in  honour  of  his  master  Alexander ;  who  began  the  work, 
but  lived  not  to  bring  it  to  any  perfection.  But  in  following  times  it 
came  to  be  called  simply  Troas.  The  name  may  be  understood  as 
taken  by  the  sacred  writers  to  denote  the  country  as  well  as  city  so 
called;  but  chiefly  the  latter. 


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TSLA.CT  X.]  OF  TBOAS.  247 

All  which  notwithstanding, — ^since  we  read  in  the  text  a 
particulair  ahode  of  seven  days,  and  such  particulars  as  leav- 
ing of  his  cloak,  books,  and' parchments  at  Troas,  and  that 
St.  liuke  seems  to  have  been  taken  in  to  the  travels  of  St. 
Paul  at  this  place,  where  he  begins  in  the  Acts  to  write  in 
the  first  person — this  maj  rather  seem  to  have  been  some 
dty  or  special  habitation,  than  any  province  or  region  with- 
ont  such  limitation. 

Now,  that  such  a  city  there  was,  and  that  of  no  mean 
note,  is  easily  verified  fi*om  historical  observation.  For 
though  old  Ihum  was  anciently  destroyed,  yet  was  there 
another  raised  by  the  relicts  of  that  people,  not  in  the  same 
place,  but  about  thirty  furlongs  westward,  as  is  to  be  learned 
ffom  Strabo. 

Of  this  place  Alexander,  in  his  expedition  against  Darius, 
took  especial  notice,  endowing  it  with  sund^  immunities, 
with  promise  of  greater  matters,  at  his  return  from  Persia ; 
inclined  hereunto  fi'om  the  honour  he  bore  unto  Homer, 
whose  earnest  reader  he  was,  and  upon  whose  poems,  by  the 
help  of  ^Anaxarchus  and  Callisthenes,  he  made  some  obser- 
vations: as  also  much  moved  hereto  upon  the  account  of 
his  cognation  with  the  ^acides,  and  kings  of  Molossus,^ 
whereof  Andromache,  the  wife  of  Hector,  was  queen.  After 
the  death  of  Alexander,  Lysimachus  surrounded  it  with  a 
wall,  and  brought  the  inhabitants  of  the  neighbour  towns- 
unto  it ;  and  so  it  bore  the  name  of  Alexandria ;  which,  fi'om 
Antigonus,  was  also  called  Antigonia,  according  to  the 
inscription  of  that  famous  medal  in  Goltsius,  Golonia  Troas 
Antigonia  Alexandreay  legio  vicemna  prima. 

"When  the  Eomans  first  went  into  Asia  against  Antiochus,. 
it  was  but  a  KutfidiroXtgf  and  no  great  city ;  but,  upon  the 
peace  concluded,  the  Eomans  much  advanced  the  same, 
t^hnbria,  the  rebellious  Eoman,  spoiled  it  in  the  Mithridatick 
wars,  boasting  that  he  had  subdued  Troy  in  eleven  days, 
which  the  Grecians  could  not  take  in  almost  as  many  years. 
But  it  was  again  rebuilt  and  countenanced  by  the  Eomans, 
and  became  a  Eoman  colony,  with  great  immunities  con- 
ferred on  it ;  and  accordingly  it  is  so  set  down  by  Ptolemy. 
For  the  Eomans,  deriving  themselves  from  the  Trojans, 
thought  no  favour  too  great  for  it ;  especiallv  Julius  .Cssar, 
who,  both  in  indtation  of  Alexander,  and  for  his  own  descent 


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248  OF  tBOAS.  [tbjlct  X. 

from  Julus,  of  the  posterity  of  Mnem,  with  much  paaaion 
affected  it,  and  in  a  discontented  humour,*  was  once  in  mind 
to  translate  the  Boman  wealth  unto  it ;  so  that  it  became  a 
very  remarkable  place,  and  was,  in  Strabo's  time,t  one  of 
the  noble  cities  of  Asia. 

And,  if  they  understood  the  prediction  of  Homer  in  refer- 
ence unto  the  Bomans,  as  some  expound  it  in  Strabo,  it 
might  much  promote  their  affection  unto  that  place ;  which 
being  a  remarkable  prophecy,  and  scarce  to  be  paralleled  in 
Pagan  story,  made  before  Eome  was  built,  and  concerning 
the  lasting  reign  of  the  progeny  of  iEneas,  they  could  not 
but  take  especial  notice  of  it.  For  thus  is  Neptune  made 
to  speak,  when  he  saved  ^neas  from  the  fury  of  Achilles. 

Yerum  aeite  hunc  Bubito  proesenti  K  morte  trahamus 
Ne  Cronides  ira  flammet  si  fortis  Achilles 
Hunc  mactety  fiftti  quern  lex  evadere  jussit. 
Ne  genus  intereat  de  l»to  semine  totum 
Daixiani  ab  exoelso  pne  cunciie  prolibus  olim, 
Dilecti  quoB  h  mortali  stirpe  creavit. 
Nunc  etiam  Priami  stiipeni  Satumius  odit, 
IVojugenum  post  hsec  ^neas  sceptra  tenebit 
Et  nati  natorum  et  qui  naacentur  ab  illis. 

The  Boman  &vours  were  also  continued  unto  St.  Paul's 
days ;  for  Glaudius,:|;  producing  an  ancient  letter  of  the 
Eomans  unto  King  Seleucus  concerning  the  Trojan  privileges, 
made  a  release  of  their  tributes ;  and  Nero  elegantly  pleaded 
for  their  immunities,  and  remitted  all  tributes  unto  them.$ 

And,  therefore,  there  being  so  remarkable  a  dty  in  this 
territory,  it  may  seem  too  hard  to  lose  the  same  in  the  gene- 
ral name  of  the  country ;  and  since  it  was  so  eminently 
flavoured  by  emperors,  enjoying  so  many  immunities,  an2l 
full  of  Eoman  privileges,  it  was  probably  very  populou8y  and 
a  fit  abode  for  St.  Paul,  who,  being  a  Koman  citizen,  might 
live  more  quietly  himself,  and  have  no  small  number  of 
faithful  well-wishers  in  it. 

Yet  must  we  not  conceive  that  this  was  the  old  Troy,  or 
re-built  in  the  same  place  with  it :  for  Troas  was  placed 
about  thirty  furlongs  west,  and  upon  the  sea  shore :  so  that, 
to  hold  a  clearer  apprehension  nereof  than  is  commonly 

♦  Sueton,  t  iWoyifibtv  iroXcwj/.  t  Sueton, 

§  Tacit,  Ann,  1. 13. 


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IRICTX.]  OF  TBOAS.  249 

delivered  in  the  discourses  of  Troy,  we  mi^  consider  one 
inland  Troy^  or  old  lUum,  which  was  built  farther  within  the 
land,  and  so  was  removed  from  the  port  where  the  Grecian 
fleet  lay  in  Homer ;  and  another  maritime  Troy,  which  was 
upon  the  sea  coast,  placed  in  the  maps  of  Ptolemy,  between 
Lectum  and  SigsBum  or  Fort  Janizam  southwest  from  the 
old  city,  which  was  this  of  St.  Paul,  and  whereunto  are  ap« 
pliable  the  particular  accounts  of  Bellonius,  when,  not  an 
hundred  years  ago,  he  described  the  ruins  of  Troy  with  their 
baths,  aqueducts,  walls,  and  towers,  to  be  seen  from  the  sea 
as  he  sailed  between  it  and  Tenedos ;  and  where,  upon 
nearer  view,  he  observed  some  signs  and  impressions  of  his 
conversion  in  the  ruins  of  churches,  crosses,  and  inscriptions 
upon  stones. 

Nor  was  this  only  a  famous  city  in  the  days  of  St.  Paul, 
but  considerable  long  after.  For,  upon  the  letter  of  Adria- 
UU8,  Herodes,  Atticus,*  at  a  great  charge,  repaired  their 
baths,  contrived  aqueducts  and  noble  water  courses  in  it. 
As  is  also  collectible  from  the  medals  of  Caracalla,  of  Severus, 
and  Crispina ;  with  inscriptions,  Colonia  Alexandria  Troas^ 
hearing  on  the  reverse  either  an  horse,  a  temple,  or  a  woman ; 
denoting  their  destruction  by  an  horse,  their  prayers  for  the 
emperors  safety,  and  as  some  conjecture,  the  memory  of 
Sibjlla  Phrygia,  or  Hellespontica. 

I^or  wanted  this  city  the  favour  of  Christian  princes,  but 
^ras  made  a  bishop's  see  under  the  archbishop  of  Gyzicum ; 
but  in  succeeding  discords  was  destroyed  and  ruined,  and 
Ae  nobler  stones  translated  to  Constantinople  by  the  Turks 
to  beautify  their  mosques  and  other  buildings. 

Concerning  the  Dead  Sea,  accept  of  these  few  remarks. 

In  the  map  of  the  Dead  Sea  we  meet  with  the  figure  of 
the  cities  which  were  destroyed:  of  Sodom,  Gomorrah, 
Admah,  and  Zeboim ;  but  with  no  uniformity ;  men  placing 
them  variously,  and  from  the  uncertainty  of  their  situation, 
taking  a  fii^  liberty  to  set  them  where  they  please. 

For  Admah,  Zeboim,  and  Gomorrah,  there  is  no  light  from 
the  text  to  define  their  situation.  But,  that  Sodom  could 
not  be  far  from  Segor,  which  was  seated  under  the  mountaina 
sear  the  lake,  seems  inferrible  from  the  sudden  arrival  of 

•  PhUotH/rait.  in  Vita  EtrodM  AtHci. 

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250  '    SODOM  XSD  OOKORBAH,  ETC.  [tBACT  X. 

Lot,  who  coming  firom  Sodom  at  day-breali^,  attjainedtoSegor 
at  sun-rismg^ ;  and  therefore  Sodom  is  to  be  placed  not  many 
miles  from  it,  not  in  the  middle  of  the  lake,  which  against 
that  place  is  about  eighteen  miles  over,  and  so  will  leave 
nine  miles  to  be  gone  in  so  small  a  space  of  time. 

The  valley  bein^  hffgo,  the  lake  now  in  length  about 
seventy  English  miles,  the  river  Jordan  and  divers  others 
running  over  the  plain,  'tis  probable  the  best  cities  weie 
seated  upon  those  streams ;  but  how  the  Jordan  passed  or 
winded,  or  where  it  took  in  the  other  streams,  is  a  point  too 
old  for  geography  to  determine. 

For,  that  the  river  gave  the  fruitfulnass  unto  this  valley  by 
over-watering  that  low  region,  seems  plain  firom  that  expres- 
sion in  the  text,*  that  it  was  watered,  ^  sicut  Paradigus  ei 
.Mgyptus,  like  Eden  and  the  plains  of  l^esopotamia,  where 
Euphrates  yearly  overfloweth ;  or  like  Egypt  where  Nilus 
doth  the  l&e ;  and  seems  probable  also  from  the  same  coarse 
of  the  river  not  far  above  this  valley  where  the  Israelites 
passed  Jordan,  where  'tis  said  that  **  Jordan  overfloweth  its 
banks  in  the  time  of  harvest." 

That  it  must  have  had  some  passage  under  ground  in  the 
compass  of  this  valley  before  the  creation  of  this  lake,  seems 
necessaxy  from  the  great  current  of  Jordan,  and  &om  the 
rivers  Arnon,  Gedron,  Zaeth,  which  empty  into  this  valley ; 
but  where  to  place  that  concurrence  of  waters  or  place  of  its 
absorbition,  there  is  no  authentic  decision. 

The  probablest  place  ma^  be  set  somewhat  southward, 
below  tiie  rivers  that  run  mto  it  on  the  east  or  western 
shore;  and  somewhat  i^reeable  unto  the  account  which 
Brocardu^i  received  from  the  Saracens  which  lived  near  it, 
Jordanem  mgredi  mare  mortmim  et  rwrfum  egrediy  sedpoti 
exMuum  mtervaUtun  a  terra  absorheri. 

Strabo  speaks  naturally  of  this  lake,  that  it  was  first 
caused  by  earthquakes,  by  sulphureous  and  bituminous 
eruptions,  arising  from  the  earth.  But  tiie  Scripture  makes 
it  plain  to  have  been  firom  a  miraculous  hand,  and  by  a 
remarkable  expression,  pluit  daminui  ignem  ei  mtiphur  a 
dommo?    See  also  Deut.  xxiz.  i/n  ardare  talis :  bummg  tiie 

*  Gen.  xiii.  10. 

>  But  He  Scripture,  4sg,]  Dr*  Walls  sopports  Hub  opinion  at  oon- 

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IBiCTXI.]       AKSW£BS   OF   THE  DELPHIAN  OBAOLE.  251 

ehies  and  destroying  all  things  about  the  plain,  destroying 
the  vegetable  nature  of  plants  and  all  living  things,  salting 
and  making  barren  the  wnole  soil,  and,  bj  these  fiery  showers, 
kiiuQing  and  setting  loose  the  body  of  the  bituminous  mines, 
wiiich  showed  their  lower  veins  before  but  in  some  few  pits 
and  openings,  swallowing  up  the  foundation  of  their  cities ; 
opeDiii|;  the  bituminous  treasures  below,  and  making  a  smoke 
Me  a  furnace  able  to  be  discerned  by  Abraham  at  a  good 
distance  from  it. 

If  this  little  may  give  you  satisfSsu^tion,  I  shall  be  glad,  as 
being,  Sir,  Yours,  &c.     • 


TSACTXI. 

OP  iniE  AJTSWEBS   OF  THE   OEACLE   OE  APOLLO  AT  DELPHOS 
I  TO   OB(ESirS,   KINO  OP  LTDIA. 

Sill,! — ^Amongthe  oracles  of  Apollo*  there  are  none  more 
celebrated  than  those  which  he  delivered  unto  Croesus  king 
ofLydia;t  who  seems  of  all  princes  to  have  held  the 
greatest  dependence  on  them.    But  most  considerable  are 

*  See  FW.  Err,  I  vu.  c.  12.  +  Herod.  1.  i.  46,  47,  Ac.  dO,  91. 

"denble  length  and  by  a  series  of  very  satis&ctory  arguments. — See 
I     biography  of  Oie  Old  and  New  Testament,  i.  153. 

'  5ir.]  The  copy  of  this  tract  in  M8.  Sloan,  is  thrown  more  into  the 
^Hm  of  an  essay,  by  the  following  introductory  passage : — "  Men  looked 
upon  ancient  oracles  as  natural,  artificial,  demoniacal,  or  all.  They 
ooDcaved  something  natural  of  them,  as  being  in  places  affording  exha- 
h^uxDB,  which  were  found  to  operate  upon  Sie  brains  of  persons  unto 
iptores,  strange  utterances,  and  divinations;  which  being  observed 
ttd  adinired  by  the  people,  an  advantage  was  taken  thereof;  an  arti- 
^Kial  contrivanoe  made  by  subtle  crafity  persons  confederating  to  cany 
<A  ft  practice  of  divination  ;  pretending  some  power  of  divinity  therein ; 
^t  becaose  they  sometimes  made  very  strange  predictions,  and  above 
^  power  of  human  reason,  men  were  inclined  to  believe  some  demo- 
Bttcil  oo-operation,  and  that  some  evil  spirit  ruled  the  whole  scene  ; 
hftTmg  so  nir  an  opportunity  to  delude  mankind,  and  to  advance  his 
own  wonhip  ;  and  were  thought  to  proceed  from  the  spirit  of  Apollo 
or  other  heathen  deities  ;  so  that  these  oracles  were  not  only  appre- 


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-252         answehs  of  the  belphiak  obaole       [tsact  xi. 

his  plaia  aad  intelligible  replies  which  he  made  uato  the 
same  king,  when  he  sent  his  chains  of  captivity  unto  Del- 
phos,  after  his  overthrow  by  Cyrus,  with  sad  expostulationa 
why  he  encouraged  him  unto  that  fisital  war  by  his  oracle, 
saying,  vpoXiyovaai  K/>oi<r^  Jjy  orfMsreviyrai  ivi  ILiptra^y 
fuyaXriy  apKtiv  jxiv  KaroKvffeiVf  Crcesus,  if  he  wars  against 
the  Persians,  shall  dissolve  a  great  empire.*  Why,  at  least, 
he  prevented  not  that  sad  infelicity  of  his  devoted  and  boun- 
tiful servant,  and  whether  it  were  fair  or  honourable  for  the 
gods  of  Greece  to  be  ungrateful :  which  being  a  plain  and 
open  delivery  of  Delphos,  and  scarce  to  be  paralleled  in 
any  ancient  story,  it  may  well  deserve  your  mrther  consi- 
deration. 

1.  His  first  reply 2  was,  that  Crcesus  suffered  not  for  him- 
self;  but  paid  the  transgression  of  his  fitlh  predecessor,  who 
killed  his  master,  and  usurped  the  dignity  unto  which  he  had 
no  title. 

Now  whether  Croesus  suffered  upon  this  account  or  not, 
hereby  he  plainl v  betrayed  his  insufficiency  to  protect  him ; 
and  also  obliquely  discovered  he  had  a  knowledge  of  his  mis- 
fortune ;  for  knowing  that  wicked  act  lay  yet  unpunished, 
he  might  well  divine  some  of  his  successors  might  smart 
for  it :  and  also  understanding  he  was  like  to  be  the  last  of 
that  race,  he  might  justly  fear  and  conclude  this  infeUcity 
upon  him. 

Hereby  he  also  acknowledged  the  inevitable  justice  of 
Gk)d;  that  though  revenge  lay  dormant,  it  would  not  alw^ays 
sleep;  and  consequently  confessed  the  just  hand  of  God 
♦  Herod.  1.  i.  54. 

hended  to  be  natund,  human,  or  artificial,  but  also  demoniacal,  according' 
to  common  opinion,  and  also  of  learned  men ;  as  Yoesius  hath  declared: 
— *  Constitere  quidem  oracula  fraudibus  vatum,  sed  non  solis  ;  aolertiak 
humana,  sed  sspe  etiam  diabolica.  Cum  multa  predixerint,  ad  qum 
nulla  ratione  humana  mjsntis  acumen  perlegisset  in  natura  humana  non 
est  subsistendum,  sed  assurgendum  ad  causas  superioris  naturae,  quales 
sunt  dsBmones.'  According  to  which  sense  and  opinion  we  shall  enlaige 
upon  this  following  oracle  of  Delphos." 

*  Hufiftt  reply^  This  is  a  mistake  ;  the  oracle  began  his  answer  bj 
alleging  the  impossibility  of  avoiding  the  determination  of  &te.  It  was 
the  second  observation,  that  Croesus  was  expiating  the  crimes  of  Gyges^ 
his  ancestor  in  the  fifth  descent.  (Ardys,  Sadyattes,  and  Atyattes, 
were  the  intervening  descendants.) 


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TBACT  XI.]  TO   CB(ESTJS,    KING  OF  LTBIA.  253 

punishing  unto  the  third  and  fourth  generation,  nor  suffer- 
ing such  iniquities  to  pass  for  ever  unrevenged.^ 

Hereby  he  flatteringly  encouraged  him  in  the  opinion  of 
bis  own  merits,  and  that  he  only  suffered  for  other  men's 
transgressions :  meanwhile  he  concealed  Croesus  his  pride, 
elation  of  mind  and  secure  conceit  of  his  own  unparalleled 
felicity,  together  with  the  vanity,  pride,  and  height  of  luiuir 
of  the  Lydian  nation,  which  the  spirit  of  Delphos  knew  weft 
to  be  ripe  and  ready  for  destruction.  . 

2.  A  second  excuse  was,  that  it  is  not  in  the  power  of 
God  to  hinder  the  decree  of  fate.  A  general  evasion  for  any 
falsified  prediction  founded  upon  the  common  opinion  of 
fiite,  which  impiously  subjecteth  the  power  of  heaven  unto 
it;  widely  discovering  the  folly  of  such  as  repair  unto  him 
concerning  future  events :  wmch,  according  unto  this  rule, 
must  go  on  as  the  fates  have  ordered,  beyond  his  power  to 
prevent  or  theirs  to  avoid ;  and  consequently  teaching  that 
his  oracles  had  only  this  use  to  render  men  more  miserable 
by  foreknowing  thei#  misfortunes ;  whereof  Croesus  himself 
had  sensible  experience  in  that  demoniacal  dream  concern- 
ing his  eldest  son,  that  he  should  be  killed  by  a  spear, 
wmch,  after  all  care  and  caution,  he  found  inevitably  to  befal 
bim. 

3.  In  his  third  apology  he  assured  him  that  he  endea- 
voured to  transfer  the  evil  fate  and  to  pass  it  upon  his 
children ;  and  did,  however,  procrastinate  his  infecility, 
and  deferred  the  destruction  of  Sardis  and  his  own  cap6- 
vity  three  years  longer  than  was  fatally  decreed  upon  it. 

Wherein  while  he  wipes  off  the  stain  of  ingratitude,  he 
leaves  no  small  doubt  whether,  it  being  out  of  his  power  to 
oontradiet  or  transfer  the  fates  of  his  servants,  it  be  not  also 
beyond  it  to  defer  such  signal  events,  and  whereon  the  fates 
of  whole  nations  do  depend. 

As  also,  whether  he  intended  or  endeavoured  to  bring  to 
{ASS  what  he  pretended,  some  question  might  be  made, 
ror  that  he  should  attempt  or  think  he  could  translate  his 

*  wirevenged,]  In  MS.  Sloan,  ocean  here  this  passage: — "The 
Ml,  who  sees  how  things  of  this  nature  go  on  in  kingdoms,  nations, 
and  families,  is  able  to  say  much  on  this  point ;  whereas,  we,  that 
onderstand  not  the  reserved  judgments  of  God,  or  the  due  time  of  their 
«zecations,  are  £un  to  be  doubtmlly  silent.'* 


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254  ANSWJSltS   OF  THE   BILPHIAK  OBACLE       [tJUCTXI. 

infelicitj  upon  his  sons,  it  could  not  consist  with  his  judg- 
ment, whicn  attempts  not  impossibles  or  tbin^  beyond  his 
power;  nor  with  his  knowledge  of  future  things,  and  the 
fates  of  succeeding  generations :  for  he  understood  thiit 
monarchy  was  to  expire  in  himself,  and  could  particularly 
foretell  the  infelicity  of  his  sons,  and*  hath  also  made  re- 
mote predictions  unto  others  concerning  the  fortunes  of 
many  succeeding  descents,  as  appears  in  that  answer  unto 
AttaLus, 

Be  of  good  odumge,  Attaliu,  thou  shalt  reign. 
And  ^7  sons'  sons,  but  not  their  sons  again. 

As^also  unto  Cypselus,  king  of  Corinth. 

Happy  is  the  man  who  at  my  altar  stands, 
Great  Cypselus,  who  Corinth  now  oommanda. 
Happy  is  he  ;  his  sons  shall  happy  be ; 
But  for  their  sons,  unhappy  days  theyll  see. 

Ifow,  being  able  to  have  so  large  a  prospect  of  future 
things,  and  of  the  fate  of  mauy  generations,  it  might  well 
be  granted  he  was  not  ignorant  of  the^ate  of  CriBsus's  sons, 
and  well  understood  it  was  in  vain  to  think  to  translate  his 
misery  upon  them. 

4.  In  the  fourth  part  of  his  reply,  he  clears  hiinaelf  of 
ingratitude,  which  hell  itself  cannot  hear  of;  alleging  that 
he  had  saved  his  life  when  he  was  ready  to  be  bumt^  by 
sending  a  mighty  shower,  in  a  fair  and  cloudless  day,  to 
quench  the  fire  already  kindled,  which  all  the  servants  of 
Cyrus  could  not  do.  Though  this  shower  might  well  be 
granted,  as  much  concerning  his  honour,  and  not  beyond 
his  power  ;*  yet  whether  this  merciful  shower  fell  not  out 
contmgently,  or  were  not  contrived  by  an  higher  power,* 

*  not  he^cnd  his  power,]  MS,  SUxxn.  adds,  ''when  ceantenaneed  by 
divine  permission  or  decree.'^ 

'  or  were  not  contrvved  by  an  higher  power,]  That  is,  'Hh&t  of  the 
devil."  The  whole  course  of  these  observations  on  the  Delphian  oracle 
reminds  us  of  what  in  his  former  works  Sir  Thomas  had  declared  to  be 
his  opinion — ^viz.  that  it  was  a  Satanic  agency.  And  several  pnnnaoi  n 
of  ^digio  Medici  betray  this  sentiment — (see  §§  18  and  46) :  and  inbiB 
h^er  work;  Pseud,  Epid,  he  devotes  a  chapter  (ihe  13th  of  book  vii.)  to 
the  subject  of  the  "cessation  of  oracles ;''  in  which  he  takes  no  pains  to 
prove  them  to  have  existed  in  any  other  way  than  by  the  mere  jugsle 
of  the  priests,  imposing  on  the  ignorance  and  superstition  of  the  peo^e ; 
but,  asgwming  the  &ct  that  a  real  divination,  through  the  agency  of 
Satan,  wa^  permitted  to  exist  in  Pagan  antiquity,  he  only  discusses  tiie 


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TSAOT  XI.-]  TO  CS(BSU8,  KIKft  OF  LTDU.  265 

whieh  hath  often  pitj  upon  Pagans,  and  rewardeth  their 
virtues  sometimes  with  extraordinary  temporal  favours; 
also,  in  no  unlike  case,  who  was  the  author  of  those  few 
fair  minutes,  which,  in  a  showerv  day,  gave  only  time  enough 
for  the  burning  of  SyUa's  boay,  some  question  might  be 
made. 

5.  The  last  excuse  devolveth  the  error  and  miscarriage  of 
the  business  upon  Croesus,  and  that  he  deceived  himself  by 
an  inconsiderate  misconstmction  of  his  oracle ;  that  if  he 
had  doubted,  he  should  not  have  passed  it  over  in  silence, 
but  consulted  again  for  an  exposition  of  it.  Besides,  he 
had  neither-  discussed,  nor  well  perpended  his  oracle  con- 
cerning Cyras,  whereby  he  might  have  understood  not  to 
engine  against  him. 

Wherein,  to  s^eak  indifferently,  the  deception  and  mis- 
carriage seems  chiefly  to  lie  at  Cro8sus*s  door,  who,  if  not 
infibtuated  with  conndence  and  security,  might  justly  have 
doubted  the  construction;  besides,  he  had  received  two 
oracles  before,  which  clearly  hinted  an  unhappy  time  unto 
him :  the  first  concerning  Cyrus. 

Whenever  a  mule  shall  o'er  the  Medians  reign, 
Stay  not,  but  unto  Hermus  fly  amain. 

Herein,  though  he  understood  not  the  Median  mule,  or 
Cyrus,  that  is,  of  his  mixed  descent  from  Assyrian  and 
Medisua  parents,  yet  he  could  not  but  apprehend  some  mis- 
fortune ttom  that  quarter. 

Though  this  prediction  seemed  a  notable  piece  of  divina- 
tion, yet  did  it  not  so  highly  magnify  his  natural  sagacity  or 
knowledge  of  future  events  as  was  by  many  esteemed ;  he 
having  no  small  assistance  herein  from  the  prophecy  of 
Daniel  concerning  the  Persian  monarchy,  and  the  prophecies 
of  Jeremiah  and  Isaiah,  wherein  he  might  read  the  name  of 
Cyrus,  who  should  restore  the  captivity  of  the  Jews,  and 

question  how  and  when  such  permission  was  withdrawn  and  oracles 
ceased  to  exist 

Since  the  preceding  remarks  were  written,  I  turned  to  Dr.  Johnson's 
brief  account  of  these  Miscellany  TracUy  in  his  life  of  the  author,  and  find 
the  following  observation  :  "  In  this  tract  nothing  deserves  notice,  more 
than  titftt  i^wne  considers  the  oracles  as  evidently  and  indubitably 
supernatural,  and  founds  all  lys  disquisition  upon  that  postulate." 


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256  AirSWSBB  of  THS  DELPHIi.N  OBACLS      [tSACT  XI. 

must,  therefore,  be  the  great  monarch  and  lord  of  all  those 
nations. 

The  same  misfortune  was  also  foretold  when  he  demanded 
of  Apollo  if  ever  he  should  hear  his  dumb  sou  speak. 

O  foolish  Groesns !  who  hast  made  this  choice, 
To  know  when  thou  shalt  hear  thy  dumb  son's  voice 
Better  he  still  were  mute,  would  nothing  say ; — 
When  he  first  speaks,  look  for  a  dismal  day ! 

This,  if  he  contrived  not  the  time  and  the  means  of  his 
recovery,  was  no  ordinary  divination :  yet  how  to  make  out 
the  verity  of  the  story,  some  doubts  may  yet  remain.  For, 
though  tniB  causes  of  deafness  and  dumon ^ss  were  removed, 
yet  since  words  are  attained  by  hearing,  and  men  speak  not 
without  instruction,  how  he  should  be  able  immediately  to 
utter  such  apt  and  significant  words,  as  "Aydp^nre,  fiii  Krtivt 
Kpditroyy  "  O  man !  slay  not  Croesus,"  *  it  cannot  escape  some 
doubt :  since  the  story  also  delivers,  that  he  was  deaf  and 
dumb,  that  he  then  mrst  began  to  speak,  and  spake  all  his 
life  a^r. 

Now,  if  CrcBsus^  had  consulted  again  for  a  clearer  expo- 
sition of  what  was  doubtfully  delivered,  whether  the  oracle 
would  have  spake  out  the  second  time,  or  afforded  a  clearer 
answer,  some  question  might  be  made  from  the  examples  of 
his  practice  upon  the  like  demands. 

So,  when  the  Spartans  had  often  fought  with  ill  success 
against  the  Tegeates,  they  consulted  the  oracle,  what  God 
they  should  appease,  to  become  victorious  over  them.  The 
answer  was,  ''That  they  should  remove  the  bones  of  Orestes.'* 
Though  the  words  were  plain,  yet  the  thing  was  obscure,  and 
like  mding  out  the  body  of  Moses.  And,  therefore,  they 
once  more  demanded  in  what  place  they  should  find  the 
same ;  unto  whom  he  retiimed  this  answer, 

When  in  the  Tegean  plains  a  place  thou  find'st 
Where  blasts  are  made  by  two  mipetuous  winds. 
Where  that  that  strikes  is  struck,  blows  follow  blows^ 
There  doth  the  earth  Orestes'  bones  enclose. 

Which  obscure  reply  the  wisest  of  Sparta  could  not  make 

*  Mei^od.  1.  i.  85. 

<  Now,  if  Crcmu.]  MS.  Sloan,  reads,  "  Now,  notwithstanding  this 
plausible  apology  and  evasion,  if  Croesus.", 


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TRACT  U.]  TO   CBCBSXTS,   KTBTO  OP   LTDIA.  257 

out,  and  was  casually  unriddled  by  one  talking  with  a  smith, 
who  had  found  large  bones  of  a  man  buried  about  his 
House ;  the  oracle  implying  no  more  than  a  smith's  forge, 
expressed  by  a  double  bellows,  the  hammer  and  anvil 
therein. 

Now,  why  the  oracle  should  place  such  consideration 
upon  the  bones  of  Orestes,  the  son  of  Agamemnon,  a 
madman  and  a  murderer,  if  not  to  promote  the  idolatry  of 
the  heathens,  and  maintain  a  superstitious  veneration  of 
things  of  no  activity,  it  may  leave  no  small  obscurity. 

Or  why,  in  a  business   so  clear  in  his  knowledge,  he 

should  affect  so  obscure  expressions  it  may  also  be  wondered ; 

if  it  were  not  to  maintain  the  wary  and  evasive  method  in 

his  ffliswers :  for,  speaking  obscurely  in  things  beyond  doubt 

I  within  his  knowledge,  he  might  be  more  tolerably  dark  in 

!  niattera  beyond  his  prescience. 

I     Though  EI  were  mscribed  over  the  gate  of  Delphos,  yet 

i  w«8  there  no  uniformity  in  his  deliveries.     Sometimes  with 

that  obscurity  as  argued  a  fearful  prophecy ;  sometimes  so 

plainlv  as  might  confirm  a  spirit   of  divinity ;  sometimes 

I  morally  deterring  from  vice  and  villany ;  *  another  time 

i  viciously,  and  in  the  spirit  of  blood  and  cruelty ;  observably 

i  modest  in  his  civil  enigma    and  periphrasis  of  that  part 

which  old  Numa  would  plainly,  name,*  and  Medea  would 

i  Jwk  understand,  when  he  advised  jEgeus  not  to  draw  out 

,  Iw  foot  before,  until  he  arrived  upon  the  Athenian  ground ; 

whereas  another  time  he  seemed  too  literal  in  that  un- 

*«nly  epithet  imto  Oyanus,  king  of  Cyprus,t  and  put  a 

IcMtlip^  trouble  upon  all  Egypt  to  find  out  the  urine  of  a 

tnie  Yirgin. 

Sometimes,  more  beholding  unto  memory  than  invention, 
;  ie  delighted  to  express  hitAself  in  the  bare  verses  of  Homer. 
But  that  he  principally  affected  poetry,  and  that  the  priest 
flot  only  nor  always  composed  his  prosal  raptures  into 
i^wse,  seems  plain  from  his  necromantical  prophecies,  whilst 
fte  dead  head  in  Phlegon  delivers  a  long  prediction  in 
Terse;  and  at  the  rising  of  the  ghost  of  Commodus  unto 
Cuaoilla^  when  none  of  his  ancestors  would  speak,  the 
inning  spirit  versified  his  infelicities ;  corresponding  herein 

*  Plut,  in  Thu.  t  F.  Herod, 

TOL.  in.  » 


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25S    .       i.KSWBB8  OF  THE  BUPHIAIT  OBJlOLX.      [TBA.CTXt. 

unto  the  apprehendons  of  elder  times,  who  conoeived  not 
only  a  majesty  but  something  of  divinity  in  poetry,  and, 
aa  in  ancient  times,  the  old  theologians  deliTered  their 
inventions. 

Some  critical  readers  might  expect  in  his  oracnlom 
poems  a  more  than  ordinary  strun  and  true  spirit  of 
4.pollo ;  not  contented  to  find  that  spirits  make  vemes  like 
men,  beating  upon  the  filling  epithet,  and  taking  the  licenoe 
oC  dialects  and  lower  helps,  common  to  human  poetrr; 
wherein,  since  Scaliger,  who  hath  spared  none  o£  the 
Greeks,  hath  thought  it  wisdom  to  be  silent,  we  shall  make 
no  excursion. 

Others  may  wonder  how  the  curiosity  of  elder  lames, 
having  this  opportunity  of  his  answers,  omitted  natural 
questions  ;  or  now  the  old  magicums  diaoovered  no  more 
philosophy ;  and  if  they  had  the  assistance  of  spirits,  coold 
rest  content  with  the  bare  assertions  of  things,  without  the 
knowledge  of  their  causes :  whereby  they  had  made  their 
acts  iterable  by  sober  hands,  and  a  stanmng  part  of  philo* 
sopl^.  Many  wise  divines  hold  a  reality  in  the  vTonders  of 
the  Egyptian  magicians,  and  that  those  numaUa  vrhi<^  thej 
performed  before  Pharaoh  were  not  mere  ctelusiona  of  sense. 
Eightly  to  understand  how  they  made  serpents  out  of  rods : 
ficQgs,  and  blood  of  water,  were  worth  half  Porta's  nugie. 

Hermolaus  Barbarus  was  scarce  in  hia  wits,  when,  upom 
•cQuference  with  a  spirit,  he  would  demand  no  other  question 
than  an  explication  of  Aristotle's  EnUleeheia*  Appion,  the 
grammarian,  that  would  raise  the  ghost  of  Homer  to  decade 
t}ie  controversy  of  his  country,  made  a  frivolous  and  pedantic 
use  of  necromancy,  and  Philostratus  did  as  little,  that  called 
up  the  ghost  of  Achilles  for  a  particular  of  the  story  of  Troy. 
Smarter  curiosities  would  have  been  at  the  great  elixir,  the 
fiux  and  refiux  of  the  «ea,  with  oiiher  noble  obseurities  in 
nature ;  but,  probably,  all  in  vain :  in  matters  cognoadbfe 
and  framed  for  our  disquisition,  our  industry  must  be  oar 
oracle  and  reason  our  ApoUo. 

Not  to  know  things  without  the  arch  of  our  inteUeGtoala, 
or  what  spirits  apprehend,  is  the  imperfection  of  our  nature^ 
not  our  knowledge,  and  rather  inscience  than  ignorance  in 
man.  Eevelation  might  render  a  great  part  of  the  creation 
easy,  which  nowseemai  beyond  the  stretch  of  human  indagm- 


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;rMCT  xu.]  jl  paophbcy,  etc.  5159 

im-y  and  welcome  no  doubt  from  good  haads  mig^t  be  a 
true  almagest,  aad  great  celestial  confitruction ;  a  clear 
gystem  of  the  planetical  bodies  of  the  invisible  and  seeming 
QseleBB  stars  nnto  ns ;  of  the  miinj  suns  in  the  eighth  sphere ; 
what  they  are ;  what  they  contain ;  and  to  what  more  imme- 
diately those  stupendous  bodaea  a«e  serviceable.  But  being 
not  hinted  in  the  authentic  revektbn  of  God,  nor  known 
kcrrftiT  their  discoYeries  are  stinted ;  if  they  should  come 
unto  xa  &om  the  mouth  of  evil  spirits,  the  belief  thereof 
might  be  as  unsafe  as  the  enquiry/ 

This  is  a  copious  subject;    but  hmmg  exceeded  the 
booods  of  a  letter,  I  will  not  now  pursue  it  further. 

I  am,  yours,  Ac. 


TEACTXII.1 

*iw»HicT  (unFcnmraivG  THE  rmrB®  state  oi'  sdtebaxi 
iiMoirs,  nr  a.  ljittbb  weittbtt  jtbon  oocasigit  oir  ait 

0£D  FBOPHSCT   SXITT    TO   THE   AUTHOB  7BOM  A  VBJXJSTD, 
WITH  A  BEQUEST  THAT  HE  WOULD   eOSiSXDEB  IT. 

Bn, — I  take  no  pleasure  in  prophecies,  so  hardly  intel- 

S3)le,  and  pointing  at  future  tmngs  from  a  pretended  spirit 
dirination ;  of  which  sort  this  seems  to  be  whidii  came 
iBsfcoyour  hand,  and  you  were  pleased  to  send  unto  me. 
And  therefore,  for  your  easier  apprehension,  divertisement, 

^  m^tiry,]  MJ3.  SUnm,  adds  this  eentoice,  ''  and  howfiu*  to  evedit  the 
«W  of  darkness  and  great  obsonrer  of  truth,  night  yet  be  ofaseuro 
Qitow/'    H«re  the  iCSL  terminates. 

'  TBi.CT  xn.]  Dr.  Johnson  remarks,  that  in  this  tract  tiie  author 
p>%  discoY-fflrs  his  ezpeatation  to  be  the -same  with  thfti  entertained 
My  with  more  confidenoe  by  Br.  Beckley,  ''that  Amenoa  will  be  thd 
^Mt  of  the  fifth  empire." 

If  this  alludes  to  Berkley's  &vourite  ''  Scheme  for  Converting  the 

Sygs  Americans  to  Christianity,"  no  just  'Comparison  can  be  £awn 

^een  it  and  Browne's  speculations  on  the  possible  adYancement  of  th^ 

Aev  Wodd  in  political  oonsequoice.     I  oan,  howev«r,  find^nothing  in 

S2 


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260  A  PEOPJELECT   COKCEBKING  [tBACT  in. 

and  consideration,  I  present  you  with  a  very  different  kind 
of  prediction :    not  positively  or  peremptorily  telling  you 

Berkley  about  **  America  becoming  the  seat  of  the  fifth  empm,"  unlesg 
it  be  in  his  ''Verses  on  the  prospect  of  planting  arts  and  learning" 
there  ; — ^which  he  closes,  after  an  allusion  to  the  four  ages  (viz.  of  gold, 
silver,  brass,  and  iron),  by  anticipating  the  arrival  of  a  second  age  of 
gold,  virhich  he  terms  the  *'  fifth  act  in  the  course  of  empire." 

Many  of  the  more  important  speculations  of  our  author,  respecting  the 
New  World,  remain,  after  a  lapse  of  nearly  two  centuries,  matter  of 
speculation  still ; — ^though,  perhaps,  to  judge  from  the  course  of  events 
since  Sir  Thomas  wrote,  we  may  not  unreasonably  look  forward  to  their 
more  complete  fulfilment. 

A  very  spirited  writer  in  our  own  days  has  indulged  himself  fin  the 
specimen  number  of  The  Argut  newspaper),  with  a  similar  anticipation 
of  events  yet  (if  ever)  to  come. — By  the  provisions  of  that  abomination— 
in  a  land  of  liberty  and  literature — ^the  stamp  act.  It  was  forbidden  to 
relate  real  incidents,  imless  on  stamped  paper. — ^He  therefore  filled  his 
paper  with  imaginary  events.  Some  of  his  paragraphs  relating  to 
''  Foreign  Affitirs"  may  afford  an  amusing  parallel  to  the  present  tract 

**  Despatches  have  been  this  morning  received  at  tiie  Foreign  Office, 
from  the  allied  Greek  and  Polish  army  before  Moscow,  annomicing  a 
truce  between  the  allies  and  the  besieged,  under  the  mediation  of  the 
federative  republic  of  France.  Negotiations  for  a  "final  pacification  are 
to  be  immediately  entered  on,  under  the  joint  mediation  of  Great 
Britain,  France,  and  Austria ;  and  it  is  confidently  hoped  that  th« 
united  efforts  of  these  powers  to  put  an  end  to  the  destructive  five  yean' 
war,  will  be  finally  successful,  and  will  end  in  the  acknowledgment,  I7 
the  Emperor  Nicholas,  of  the  independence  of  the  crown  of  Warsaw,  in 
the  person  of  Constantine." 

''As  we  gather  these  &cts  from  what  may  be  considered  official 
sources,  we  give  them  this  prominent  place  out  of  the  general  order  of 
our  foreign  news,  on  which  we  now  enter,  however,  in  detsul,  having 
carefully  examined  all  the  letters  of  this  morning's  mail  from  our  esta- 
blished and  exclusive  correspondents ;  not  doubting  but  that  many  will 
be  a  little  surprised  at  the  extent  and  variety,  to  say  nothing  of  the 
novelty  and  interest,  of  the  fiicts  thus  for  the  first  time  made  public." 

"  United  Emmre  of  America, — Since  the  last  census  of  the  United 
Empire  of  Nortn  and  South  America,  it  has  been  found  that  the  popular 
tion  now  amounts  to  180,620,000  inhabitants,  including  the  whole 
country,  from  Cape  Horn  to  the  Frozen  Sea ;  Upper  and  Lower  Canada, 
as  well  as  Peru  and  Patagonia,  being  now  incorporated  in  the  TJnioa. 
The  General  Senate  still  holds  its  Parliament  in  the  magnificent  city  of 
Columbus,  which  reaches  quite  across  the  Isthmus  of  Barien,  and  has 
its  fortifications  washed  by  the  Atlantic  on  one  side,  and  the  Pacific  on 
the  other,  while  the  two  provincial  senates  are  held  at  Washington  fhr 
the  north,  and  at  BDlivar  for  the  south,  thus  preserving  %i<b  memoiy  of 
the  first  great  discoverer,  and  the  two  greatest  patriots,  of  this  magni- 
ficent quarter  of  the  rfobe." 

'*  Twrheilf, — Since  toe  elevation  of  Count  Capo  d^Istria  to  the  thro"^ 


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TBACTXn.]  SETEBAL  ITi^TIOKS.  261 

wbat  shall  come  to  pass,  yet  pointing  at  things  not  without 
aD  reason  or  probability  of  their  eyents ;  not  built  upon 
&tal  decrees  or  ineyitable  designations,  but  upon  conjectural 
foundations,  whereby  things  wished  may  be  promoted,  and 
such  as  are  feared  may  more  probably  be  prevented. 


O^e  Prophecy. 

When  New  England  shall  trouble  2  New  Spain ; 

When  Jamaica  shall  be  lady  of  the  isles  and  the  main ; 

When  Spain  shall  be  in  America  hid, 

And  Mexico  shall  prove  a  Madrid ; 

When  Mahomet's  ships  on  the  Baltic  shall  ride, 

And  Turks  shall  labour  to  have  ports  on  that  side  ;^ 

When  Africa  shall  no  more  sell  out  their  blacks, 

To  make  slaves  and  drudges  to  the  American  tracts ;  ^ 

When  Batavia  the  Old  shall  be  contemn'd  by  the  New  ; 

When  a  new  drove  of  Tartars  shall  China  subdue ; 

When  America  shaU  cease  to  send  out  *  its  treasure, 

of  the  Kew  Greek  Kingdom  of  the  East,  tranquillity  reigns  at  Con- 
itantinople,  and  that  d^  promises  again  to  be  the  centre  of  commerce 
mi  the  arts." 

"China. — Letters  from  the  capital  of  China  state,  thai  there  are  now 
Mt  leas  than  fifty  commission-hoiises  qi  Liverpool  merchants  established 
ilPekin  alone,  besides  several  agents  from  London  establishments,  and 
tfew  depdts  for  Birmingham  and  Manchester  goods.  The  English 
ttnkeens  are  much  preferred  by  the  Chinese  over  their  own,  and  Staf- 
^I'dshh^  porcelain  is  sold  at  nearly  twice  the  price  of  the  original  china 
BttQ&cture,  in  the  bazaars." 

"^^frto. — ^Lady  Hester  Stanhope  had  left  her  beautiful  residence  be- 
^eenl^re  and  Sidon,  as  well  as  her  summer  retreat  amid  the  snows  and 
^^^  of  Lebanon,  and  taken  up  her  new  abode  in  the  valley  of 
Jehoshaphat,  between  the  iK^ount  of  Olives  and  Mount  Zion,  at  Jeru- 
■fen.  Her  ladyship,  though  growing  old,  still  retained  all  her 
|i«Myolence  and  vivacity  ;  and  her  house  was  the  chief  resoi*t  of  all  the 
intdlurent  visitors  to  the  Jewish  capital,  which  was  increasmg  in 
^Wonr  every  day." 

|fctmife.]    "Terrify."— 3f 5.  iZawZ.  58. 
Ani  Turks,  dkc]    "  When  we  shall  have  ports  on  the  Pacific  side.^' 
-US.  JtawL  58. 

*  To  make  daves,  dE;c.]  "But  slaves  must  be  had  from  incognita 
*«cte."— if5f.  Jiawl.  58. 

*<w/.]    "Forth."— JfiSf.iZawZ.  58. 


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262  A  psoFHxcT  ooHcsiorxEra  [tbact  xtr. 

But  emvloj  it  at  home  in  ^  American  pleasure ; 

When  tbe  new  world  ehall  the  old  invade, 

Nor  count  them  their  lords  but  their  leUows  in  trade ; 

When  men  shall  almost  pass  to  Yenioe  bj  land, 

'Not  in  deep  water  but  from  saad  to  sand ; 

When  Nova  Zembla  shajl  be  no  stay 

TJnto  those  who  pass  to  or  from  Cathay ; — 

Then  think  strange  things  are  come  to  light. 

Whereof  but  few^  have  had  a  foresight. 


T^ie  Exposition  of  the  Propliecy, 

When  New  England  shall  trouble  New  Spain ; 

That  is,  when  that  thriving  colony,  which  hath  so  much 
increased  in  our  days,  and  in  the  space  of  about  fifty  years, 
that  they  can,  as  they  report,  raise  between  twenty  and 
thirty  thousand  men  upon  an  exigency,  shall  in  prooeas  rf 
time  be  so  advanced,  as  to  be  able  to  send  forth  ships  and 
fleets,  and  to  infest^  the  American  Spanish  ports  and  nnori- 
time  dominions  by  depredations  or  assaults;  for  which 
attempts  thej  are  not  like  to  be  unprovided,  as  al>onndna|^ 
in  the  materials  for  shipping,  oak  and  fir.  And  when  l^g(£ 
of  time  shall,  so  far  increase  that  industrious  people,  that  the 
neighbouring  country  will  not  contain  .than,  they  will  mn^a 
still  &rther,  and  be  able,  in  time,  to  set  forth  great  armies^ 
seek  for  new  possessions,  or  make  considerable  and  conjoiDed 
migrations,  accordine;  to  the  custom  of  swarming  noiihem 
nations ;  wherein  it  is  not  likely  that  they  will  move  north- 
ward, but  toward  the  southern  and  richer  oountnes,  wUdi 
are  either  in  the  dominions  or  frontiers  of  the  Spaniards : 
and  may  not  improbably  erect  new  dominions  in  places  not 
yet  thought  of,  and  yet,  for  some  centuries,  beyond  their 
power  or  ambition. 

When  Jamaica  shall  be  lady  of  the  isles  and  the  main ; 
,    That  is,  when  that  advantageous  island  shall  be  weD  peo- 

«  t».]     "For."— iffif.  Sawl.  58. 

7  few.']    "  Few  eyes."— MS,  Rawl  68. 

•  infest.]    "  Be  a  terror  to,"-~MS,  Rawl.  58. 


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XXACT  XH.]  8STSBJLL  SAfnOVB. 

pled,  it  may  become  ao  stvcmg  and  potent  as  to  oyerpower 
the  iimglilwurmg  isles,  and  also  a  part  of  the  mainland, 
especially  the  maritime  parts.  And  already  in  their  infancy 
they  liave  given  testimony  of  their  power  and  courage  in 
their  bold  attempts  upon  Campeche  and  Santa  Martha ;  and 
in  tliat  notable  attempt  upon  Panama  on  the  western  side 
of  America:  especially  considering  this  island  is  sufficiently 
large  to  contain  a  numerous  peopk,  of  a  northern  and  war- 
like descent,  addicted  to  martial  affiurs  both  by  sea  and  land, 
and  advantageously  cheated  to  infest  their  neighbours  both  of 
the  isles  and  the  contin^at,  and  like  to  be  a  receptacle  for 
oolordes  of  the  same  originals  &om  Barbadoes  and  the 
neighboiir  isles. 

"When  Spain  shall  be  in  America  hid, 
And  Mexico  shall  prove  a  Madrid ; 

That  is,  when  Spain,  either  by  unexpected  disasters  or 
eontinued  emissions  of  people  into  America,  which  have 
alreadj  thinned  the  country,  shall  be  farther  exhausted  at 
home  ;  or  when,  in  process  of  time,  their  colonies  shall  grow 
by  many  accessions  more  than  their  originals,  then  Mexico 
may  become  a  Madrid,  and  as  considerable  in  people,  wealth, 
and  splendour:  wherein  that  place  is  abeady  so  well  advanced, 
that  accounts  scarce  credible  are  given  of  it.  And  it  is  so  ad- 
vantageously seated,  that,  bjr  Acapulco  and  other  ports  on  the 
South  Sea,  they  may  maintam  a  communication  and  commerce 
with  the  Indian  isles  and  territories,  and  with  China  and 
Ja^paxkf  and  on  this  side,  by  Porto  Bello  and  others^  hold 
eorrespondence  with  Europe  and  Africa. 

Whai  Mahomet*a  ships  in  the  Baltic  shall  ride. 

Of  this  we  cannot  be  out  of  all  fear ;  for  if  the  Turk  should 
master  Poland,  he  would  be  soon  at  this  sea.  And  from  the 
odd  constitution  of  the  Polish  government,  the  divisions 
among  themselves.  Jealousies  between  their  kingdom  and 
republic ;  vicinity  of  the  Tartars,  treachery  of  the  Cossacks, 
and  the  method  of  Turkish  policy,  to  be  at  peace  with  the 
emperor  of  Germany  when  he  is  at  war  with  the  Poles, 
there  may  be  cause  to  fear  that  this  may  come  to  pass.  And 
then  he  would  soon  endeavour  to  have  ports  upon  that  sea^ 


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264  A.  PEOPHEcr  coircKBiraro         [tbact  xn. 

as  not  wanting  materials  for  shipping.  And,  haying  a  new 
aoquist  of  stoat  and  warlike  men,  may  be  a  terror  unto  the 
confiners  on  that  sea,  and  to  nations  which  now  conoeiye 
themselves  safe  from  such  an  enemy .^ 

"When  Africa  shall  no  more  sell  out  their  blacks,^ 

That  is,  when  African  countries  shall  no  longer  make  it  a 
common  trade  to  sell  away  their  people  to  serve  in  the 
drudgery  of  American  plantations.  And  that  may  come  to 
pass  whenever  they  shall  be  well  civilized,  and  acquainted 
with  arts  and  affairs  sufficient  to  employ  people  in  their 
countries :  if  also  they  should  be  converted  to  Christianity, 
but  especially  unto  Mahometism;  for  then  thev  would  never 
sell  those  of  their  religion  to  be  slaves  unto  Christians.^ 

When  Batavia  the  Old  shall  be  contemn'd  by  the  New; 

When  the  plantations  of  the  Hollander  at  Batavia  in  tbe 
East  Indies,  and  other  places  in  the  East  Indies,  shall,  by 
their  conquests  and  advancements,  become  so  powerful  in 
the  Indian  territories;  then  their  original  countries  and 
states  of  Holland  are  like  to  be  contemned  by  them,  and 
obeyed  only  as  they  please.  And  they  seem  to  oe  in  a  way 
unto  it  at  present  by  their  several  plantations,  new  acquists, 
and  enlargements :  and  they  have  lately  discovered  a  part 
of  the  southern  continent,  and  several  places  which  may  be 
serviceable  unto  them,  whenever  time  shall  enlarge  them 
unto  such  necessities.  ^ 

*  enemy.]  MS,  Jtawl.  58,  proceeds  thus  ; — ''  When  we  shall  have 
ships,  &c.  on  the  Pacific  side,  or  west  side  of  America,  which  may  come 
to  pass  hereafter,  upon  enlargement  of  trade  or  industrious  navigation, 
when  the  Straits  of  Magellan,  or  more  southerly  passages  be  well  known, 
and  frequently  navigated/' 

*  When  Africa,  dsc]  The  abolition  of  the  slave  tiadet,  and  the 
American  efforts  to  colonize  and  evangelize  Africa,  may  be  regarded  as 
two  important  steps  towards  the  fulfilment  of  this  prophecy.  One 
measure  remains  to  be  adopted, — ^the  emancipation  of  ihe  slaves  in  the 
West  Indies : — a  measure  of  equity — ^whlch,  if  not  carried  by  legislatioo, 
will,  ere  long,  be  effected  by  means  &r  less  desirable. — ^Dec.  1832. 

'  Christiana,']  MS,  JRawL  adds  this  sentence; — ''then  slaves  most 
be  sought  for  in  other  tracts,  not  yet  well  known,  or  perhaps  from  some 
parts  of  terra  incognita,  whenever  hereafter  they  shaU  be  discovered  and 
conquered,  or  else  when  that  trade  shall  be  left,  and  slaves  be  made 
from  captives,  and  from  male&ctors  of  the  respective  countries. 


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TRACT  Xn.]  SEYEBAL  KATIOKS.  265 

And  a  new  droye  of  Tartars  shall  China  subdue ; 

Whi«h  is  no  strange  thing  if  we  consult  the  histories  of 
China,  and  successive  inundations  made  by  Tartarian  nations. 
For  when  the  invaders,  in  process  of  time,  have  degenerated 
mto  the  effeminacy  and  softness  of  the  Chinese,  then  they 
themselves  have  suffered  a  new  Tartarian  conquest  and  in- 
undation. And  this  hath  happened  from  time  beyond  our 
histories:  for,  according  to  their  account,  the  famous  wall 
of  China,  buOt  against  the  irruptions  of  the  Tartars,  was 
hegun  above  a  hundred  years  before  the  incarnation. 

When  America  shall  cease  to  send  forth  its  treasure, 
But  employ  it  at  home  in  American  pleasure ; 

That  is,  when  America  shall  be  better  civilized,  new  poli- 
ced and  divided  between  great  princes,  it  may  come  to  pass 
that  they  will  no  longer  suffer  their  treasure  of  gold  and 
silver  to  be  sent  oilt  to  maintain  the  luxury  of  Europe  and 
other  parts  :  but  rather  employ  it  to  their  own  advantages, 
in  great  exploits  and  undertamngs,  magnificent  structures, 
wars,  or  expeditions  of  their  own. 

When  the  new  world  shall  the  old  invade, 

That  is,  when  America  shall  be  so  well  peopled,  civilized, 
and  divided  into  kingdoms,  they  are  like  to  have  so  little 
regard  of  their  originaLi,  as  to  acknowledge  no'subjection  unto 
them :  thev  may  sJso  have  a  distinct  commerce  between  them- 
selves, or  out  independently  with  those  of  Europe,*  and  may 
hostilely  and  piratically  assault  them,  even  as  the  Qreek  and 
Boman  colonies  after  a  long  time  dealt  with  their  original 
countries. 

When  men  shall  almost  pass  to  Venice  by  land, 
Not  in  deep  water  but  from  sand  to  sand ; 

That  is,  when,  in  long  process  of  time,  the  silt  and 
sands  shall  so  choke  and  shallow  the  sea  in  and  about  it. 
And  this  hath  considerably  come  to  pass  within  these  four- 
score years:  and  is  like  to  increase  from  several  causes, 

*  Europe.]    Here  ends  the  MS.  Jtawl.  58. 

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266  A  PBOITHIBCT,  XTC,  ["nuc^  xtr. 

especiallybj  the  toniiig  of  the  rirar  Brenta,  as  ike  leamed 
Castelli  Wh  declared. 

When  Xova  Zambia  eludl  be  no  staj 
Unto  those  who  pass  to  or  from  Cathay ; 

That  is,  wheneyer  that  often  sought  for  north-east  paa- 
sage^  unto  China  and  Japan  shw  be  discovered;  the 
hinderance  whereof  was  imputed  to  Nots  Zembla ;  for  this 
was  conceived  to  be  an  excursion  of  land  shooting  oat 
directly,  and  so  far  northward  into  the  sea,  that  it  discou- 
raged from  all  navigation  about  it.  And  therefore  adven- 
turers took  in  at  the  southern  part  at  a  strait  by  Wavgatz 
next  the  Tartarian  shore :  and  sailing  forward  the j  n>und 
that  sea  frozen  and  full  of  ice,  and  so  gave  over  the  attempt. 
But  of  late  years,  by  the  diligent  enquiry  of  some  Musco- 
vites, a  better  discovery  is  made  of  these  parts,  and  a  map 
or  chart  made  of  them.  Thereby  Nova  Zembla  is  found  to 
be  no  island  extending  very  far  northward,  but,  winding 
eastward,  it  joineth  to  the  Tsurtarian  continent,  and  so  makes 
a  peninsula :  and  the  sea  between  it  which  they  entered  at 
W aygatz,  is  found  to  be  but  a  large  bay,  apt  to  be  frozen  by 
reason  of  the  great  river  of  Oby,  and  other  fresh  waters, 
entering  into  it ;  whereas  the  main  sea  doth  not  freeze  upon 
the  north  of  Zembla  except  near  unto  shores ;  so  that  if  the 
Muscovites  were  skilful  navigators,  they  might,  with  less 
difficulty,  discover  this  passage  unto  Chma ;  but,  howerer, 
the  Engtish,  Duteh,  and  Danes,  are  now  like  to  attempt  it 
again. 

But  this  is  conjecture,  and  not  prophecy ;  and  so  (I  know) 
you  will  take  it.    I  am,  Sir,  &c. 

*  north-east  passage.]  These  speculations  may  well  be  contrasted 
with  some  observations  of  Mr.  iBarrow  on  the  same  subject,  in  his 
Chronological  History  of  Voyages  into  tho  Arctic  Begions,  p.  370.  *'  Of 
the  three  directions  in  which  a  passage  has  been  sought  for  from  the 
Atlantic  to  the  Pacific,  that  by  the  north-east  holds  out  the  least 
encouraging  hope;  indeed  the  yatious  unsuccessful  attempts  by  the 
Emglish  and  the  Dutch  on  the  one  side,  and  by  the  Bussians  on  the 
other,  go  fsr  to  prove  the  utter  impracticability  of  a  navigable  passage 
round  the  northern  extremity  of  Asia ;  though  the  whole  of  this  ooast^ 
with  the  exception  perhaps  of  a  single  pomt,  has  been  navigated  in 
several  detached  parts,  and  at  different  times." 


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TEACTXIILi 

HUS^UM  CXATTSUM,  OB,  BIBLIOTHECi.  ABBCONBITA:  COK- 
TAIKUia  BOMB  BBMABKABLB  BOOKS,  ANTIQUITIBS, 
PICTTJBES,  AKI)  BABITIES  OE  SEYEBAL  KnTBfl,  SCABCS 
OB  UETBB  SEEK  BY  ANY  MAK  NOW  LIVING. 

Sib, — ^With  many  thanks  I  return  thaet  noble  catalogue 
of  books,  rarities,  and  singularities  of  art  and  nature,  which 
you  were  pleased  to  communicate  uixto  me.  There  are 
many  collections  of  this  kind  in  Europe.  And,  besides  the 
printed  accounts  of  the  Museum  Aldrovandi,  Calceola- 
lianum,  Moscardi,  TVormianiun ;  the  Casa  Abbellita  at 
Loretto,  and  Tresor  of  St.  Dennis,  the  Eepository  of  the 
duke  of  Tuscany,  that  of  the  duke  of  Saxony,  and  that 
nolde  one  of  the  emperor  at  Vienna,  and  many  more,  are 
of  singular  note.  Of  what  in  this  kind  I  have  by  me  I 
shall  wake  no  repetition,  and  you  having  already  had 
a  view  thereof,  I  am  bold  to  present  you  with  the  list  of 
a  collection,  which  I  may  justly  say  you  have  not  seen 
before. 

The  title  is  as  above : — Musceum  Clausmn,  or  Bibliotheca 
Alfscondita ;  contaimng  some  remarkable  books,  antiquities, 
pictores,  and  rarities  of  several  kinds,  scarce  or  never  seen 
by  any  man  now  living. 

»  Tbaot  xra.l  This  curiooa  Tracst  is  weU  characterised  by  Mr. 
Croeeley,  as  "  the  sport  of  a  sin^lar  scholar.  Warburton,  in  one  of 
his  notes  on  Pope,  is  incMned  to  bdiiere  that  this  list  was  imitated  from 
Babelais's  Cotalogae  of  the  Books  in  the  library  of  St.  Victor ;  bat  the 
dedlgn  of  the  two  pieces  appears  so  different,  that  this  sug]geetion  seems 
entitled  to  little  re^;ard.  "—Prc/acc  to  Troxix,  18mo.  Edin.  1822. 

Bishop  Warburton's  opinion  seems  to  me,  nevertheless,  highly  pro- 
bable. It  had  been  suggested  to  me  by  a  passage  in  Hdigio  Medici 
(Part  i.  §  21) ;  and  seems  to  be  in  perfect  consonanoe  with  Sir  Thomas's 
charaeter  as  a  writer.  He  delighted,  perhaps  from  the  yery  originality 
of  hiB  own  mind,  to  emulate  the  singularities  of  others.  The  preceding 
Tract  was  occasioned  by  some  similar  production  which  had  been  sub> 
initted  to  his  criticism.  His  Christiem  MoraJts  appears  to  have  been 
written  on  the  model  of  the  Booh  of  Proverbs ;  see  an  allusion,  in  his 
2l8t  sectioD. 


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268  MUSiEUM  CLJlTTSUM.  [TBi.CTIUI. 


1.  Bare  and  generalhf  unknown  Boohs.^ 

1.  A  Poem  of  Ovidius  Naso,^  written  in  the  Qetick  lan- 
guage,* during  his  exile  at  Tomes ;  found  vrapt  up  in  wax, 
at  Sabaria,  on  the  frontiers  of  Hungary,  where  there  remains 
a  tradition  that  he  died  in  his  return  towards  Some  from 
Tomos,  either  after  his  pardon  or  the  death  of  Augustus. 

2.  The  Letter  of  Quintus  Cicero,  which  he  wrote  in 
answer  to  that  of  his  brother,  Marcus  Tullius,  desiring  of 
him  an  account  of  Britany,  wherein  are  described  the  coun- 
try, state,  and  manners  of  the  Britans  of  that  age. 

3.  An  ancient  British  Herbal,  or  description  of  divers 
plants  of  this  island,  observed  by  that  famous  physician 
Scribonius  Largus,  when  he  attenaed  the  Emperor  Claudius 
in  his  expedition  into  Britany. 

4.  An  exact  account  of  the  Life  and  Death  of  Avicenna, 
confirming  the  account  of  his  death  by  taking  nine  clysters 
together  in  a  fit  of  the  cholic,  and  not  as  Marius,  the  Italian 
poet,  delivereth,  by  being  broken  upon  the  wheel :  lefb  with 
other  pieces,  by  Benjamin  Tudelensis,  as  he  travelled  from 
Saragossa  to  Jerusalem,  in  the  hands  of  Abraham  Jarchi, 
a  femous  rabbi  of  Lunet,  near  Montpellier,  and  found  in  a 
vault  when  the  walls  of  that  city  were  demolished  by  Louis 
the  Thirteenth. 

5.  A  punctual  relation  of  Hannibal's  march  out  of  Spain 
into  Italy,  and  &r  more  particular  than  that  of  Livy:  where- 
about he  passed  the  river  Ehodanus,  or  Bhone ;  at  what 
place  he  crossed  the  Isura,  or  L'Isere ;  when  he  marched 
up  towards  the  confluence  of  the  Soane  and  the  E.hone,  or 
the  place  where  the  city  of  Lyons  was  afterward  built: 
how  wisely  he  decided  the  difierence  between  King  Brancus 
and  his  brother ;  at  what  place  he  passed  the  Alps ;  what 

*  Ah  pudet  et  scripsi  G^etico  sennone  libelliun. 

*  Bwika.']  The  Iriali  antiquAVies  mention  pvMic  librartes  that  were 
before  the  flood :  and  Paul  Christian  Ilsker,  with  profounder  erudition, 
has  given  an  exact  catalogue  of  Adam's ! — D'lsraeH't  Cur.  of  LU,  7tk 
edit.  vol.  ii.  250. 

*  A  Poem  of  OvidvaSf  <fcc.]  Mr.  Taylor,  in  his  Historic  Survey  of 
Oemum  Poetry,  has  a  curious  section  on  this  poem  of  Ovid,  whom  he 
considers  as  the  earliest  Grerman  poet  on  record. — See  voL  i.  §  2. 


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TKACT  XIII.]  MUSJEI^M   CLATIStTM.  269 

vinegar  he  used ;  and  where  he  obtained  such  a  quantity  as 
to  break  and  calcine  the  rocks  made  hot  with  fire. 

6.  A  learned  comment  upon  the  Periplus  of  Hanno  the 
Carthaginian ;  or  his  navigation  upon  the  western  coast  of 
Africa^  with  the  several  places  he  landed  at ;  what  colonies 
he  settled ;  what  ships  were  scattered  from  his  fleet  near  the 

Xinoctial  line,  which  were  not  afterward  heard  of,  and 
ch  probably  fell  into  the  trade  winds,  and  were  carried 
over  into  the  coast  of  America. 

7.  A  particular  Narration  of  that  famous  Expedition  of 
the  English  into  Barbary,  in  the  ninety-fourth  year  of  the 
Hegira,  so  shortly  touched  by  Leo  Africanus,  whither  called 
by  the  Cloths,  they  besieged,  took  and  burnt  the  city  of 
Arzilla  possessed  by  the  Mahometans,  and  lately  the  seat  of 
Guyland ;  with  many  other  exploits,  delivered  at  large  in 
Arabic,  lost  in  the  ship  of  books  and  rarities  which  the  king  of 
Spain  took  from  Siddy  Hiimet,  king  of  Fez,  whereof  a  great 
part  were  carried  into  the  Escunal,  aad  conceived  to  be 
gathered  out  of  the  relations  of  Hibnu  Nachu,  the  best  his- 
torian of  the  African  affairs. 

8.  A  Fragment  of  PythsBas,  that  ancient  traveller  of 
Marseilles ;  which  we  suspect  not  to  be  spurious ;  because, 
in  the  description  of  the  northern  countries,  we  find  that 
paasage  of  lythseas  mentioned  by  Strabo ;  that  all  the  air 
beyond  Thule  is  thick,  condensed  and  gelHed,  looking  just 
like  sea  lungs.  ' 

•  9.  A  Submarine  Herbal,  describing  the  several  vegetables 
{bund  on  the  rocks,  hills,  valleys,  meadows,  at  the  bottom  of 
the  sea,  with  many  sorts  of  algay  fticua,  quertms,  polygonum, 
gramen,  and  others  not  yet  described. 
.  10.  Some  Manuscripts  and.  Earities  brought  from  the 
libraries  of  ^thiopia^  by  Zaga  Zaba,  and  afterwards  trans- 
ported to  Borne,  and  scattered  by  the  soldiers  of  the  duke  of 
Bourbon,  when  they  barbarously  sacked  that  city^ 

11.  Some  Pieces  of  Julius  Scaliger,  which  he  complains  to 
hare  been  stolen  from  him^  sold  to  the  bishop  of  Mende,  in 
Languedoc,  and  afterward  taken  away  and  sold  in  the  civil 
wars  under  the  duke  of  Eohan. 

12.  A  Comm^it  of  Dioscorides  upon  Hippocrates,  pro- 
cored  from  Constantinople  by  Amatus  Lusitanus,  and  left  in 
the  hands  of  ft  Jew  of  F 


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270  KX78JE1JM   CLAXTSITH.  [tBJlCT  XHL 

13.  MarcuB  TuUiua  Cicero  hia  Qeog^tsphj ;  as  also  a  part 
of  that  magnified  piece  of  his,  De  Eeprnklieay  yerj  little 
answering  the  great  expectation  of  it,  aad  short  of  pieces 
under  the  same  name  h  j  Bodinus  and  ISiolosaaus. 

14.  King  Mithridates  his  Oneirscritiea, 
Aristotle,  De  FreeationUnu, 

Democritius,  de  hi»  qiice  fivM  apud  oreum,  et  eeum  dr" 
emMumgatio,^ 

Epicurus  De  JPietate, 

A  Tragedy  of  Threstes,  and  another  of  Medea,  writ  Ij 
Diogenes  the  CynicK. 

King  Alfred,  upon  Aristotle  de  Fkmi^. 

Seneca's  Epistles  to  St.  Paul. 

King  Solomon,  de  Th^hii  Idasaervmy  whkh  Chieus  A^m- 
lamus,  in  his  comment  upon  Johannes  de  Sacroboseo,  would 
make  us  believe  he  saw  in  the  library  of  the  doke  of 
Bayaria. 

15.  ArtemidoTi  Oneiroeriiiei  Geo^frof^m, 
Pythagoras,  de  Mare  Mvlro. 

The  works  of  Confucius,  the  famous  philosopher  of  Chinay 
translated  into  Spanish. 

16.  Josephus,  in  Hebrew,  written  by  himself. 

17.  The  Commentaries  of  Sylla  the  Dictator. 

18.  A  Commentazy  of  Qraleu  u^on  the  Plague  of  ASd/bbs^ 
described  by  Thucydides. 

19.  Duo  GcBsark  Anti-Oatones,  or  the  two  notable  books 
writ  by  Juliua  Caesar  against  Cato ;  mentioned  by  Liyy,  Sal- 
lustius,  and  Juvenal;  which  the  cardinal  of  liege  told  Lndo- 
vicus  Vives  were  in  an  old  library  of  that  city. 

MazTiapha  Umolc,  or  the  prophecy  of  Enoch,  which  .XgUios 
Lochiensis,  a  learned  eastern  trayell^,  told  Peireachins  tbat 
he  had  found  in  an  old  Ebrary  at  Alexandria  containiiig  ei^ 
thousand  volumes. 

20.  A  collection  of  Hebrew  Epiatles,  which  passed  between 
the  two  learned  women  of  our  age,  Maria  Molinea  of  Sedan, 
and  Maria  Schurman  of  Utrecht. 

A  wondrous  collection  of  some  writings  of  Lodprica 
Saracenica,  daughter  of  Philibertos  Saraoenicus,  a  physician 

*  Demoeritus,  dec.']  MS,  Sloan.  1847,  adds  the  following  article  :— 
Adefeace  of  Arnoldus  de  Tilk  Nova,  whom  the  learned  PoeteJIns  oon- 
ceived  to  be  the  author  oiDe  Tribtus  ImpoHoribua, 


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TBACT  XEH.]  BABinXS  IS  FICTtrBBS.  271 

of  Lyons,  wlio,  at  eight  yeara  of  age,  bad  made  a  good 
progi^iess  in  tbe  Hebrew,  Greek,  and  Latin  tongues. 

2.  SariHes  in  JPictures, 

1.  A  picture  of  the  three  remarkable  steeples  or  towers  in 
Europe,  built  jAirposely  awry,  and  so  as  they  seem  felling. 
Torre  Pisana  at  Pisa,  Torre  Garisenda  in  Bononia,  and  that 
other  in  the  city  of  Colein. 

2.  A  draught  of  all  sorts  of  sistroms,  crotaloes,  cymbals, 
tympans,  &c,  in  nse  among  the  ancients. 

3.  Large  submarine  pieces,  well  delineating  the  bottom  of 
the  Mediterranean  Sea ;  the  prairie  or  large  sea-meadow  upon 
the  coast  of  Prorence ;  the  coral  fishing ;  the  gathering  of 
sponges ;  the  mountains,  valleys,  and  deserts ;  the  subter- 
raneous Tents  and  passages  at  the  bottom  of  that  sea.^ 
Together  with  a  lively  draught  of  Cola  Pesce,  or  the  famous 
Sicilian  swimmer,  diving  into  the  Yoragos  and  broken  rocks 
by  Charybdis,  to  fetch  up  the  golden  cup,  which  Prederiek, 
kfng  of  Sicily,  had  purposely  thrown  into  that  sea. 

4.  A  moon  piece,  describing  that  notable  battle  between 
Axalla^  general  of  Tamerlane,  and  Camares  the  Persian, 
fought  by  the  light  of  the  moon. 

5.  Another  remarkable  fight  of  Inehimmi,  the  Florentine, 
with  the  Turkish  galleys,  by  moonli^t ;  who  being  for  three 
hoars  grappled  with  the  Sasha  galley,  concluded  with  a 
agnal  victory. 

6.  A  delineation  of  the  great  fair  of  Abaachara  in  Arabia, 
which,  to  avoid  the  great  heat  of  the  sun,  is  kept  in  the 
night,  and  by  the  light  of  the  moon. 

7.  A  snow  piece,  of  land  and  trees  covered  with  snow  and 
ice,  and  mountains  of  ice  floating  in  the  sea,  with  bears, 
bmAb,  foxes,  and  variety  of  rare  fowls  upon  them. 

8.  An  ice  piece,  describing  the  notable  battle  between  the 
Jaziges  and  the  Eomans,  fought  upon  the  frozen  Danubius ; 
the  Bomans  settling  one  foot  upon  their  targets  to  hinder 
them  from  slipping ;  their  fighting  with  the  Jaziges  when 

*  parages,  dsc]  MS,  Slocm.  1874,  reads — 'Hhepassa^  of  Kircherus 
in  his  Iter  Subma/rvMts  when  he  went  down  about  £^;ypt,  and  rose  again 
in  the  Red  Sea." 


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272  babxthbb  nr  pictubes.         [tbacxxui. 

they  were  fallen ;  and  their  advantages  therein,  by  their  art 
in  volutation  and  rolling  contention  or  wrestling,  according 
to  the  description  of  Dion. 

9.  Socia,  or  a  draught  of  three  persons  notably  resembling 
each  other.  Of  king  Henry  the  Fourth  of  France  and  a 
miller  of  Languedoc;  of  Sforza,  duke  of  Milan,  and  a 
soldier ;  of  Malatesta,  duke  of  Eimini,  and  Marchesinus  the 
jester.* 

10.  A  picture  of  the  great  fire  which  happened  at  Con- 
stantinople in  the  reign  of  Sultan  Achmet.  The  janizaries 
in  the  mean  time  plundering  the  best  houses,  Nassa  Bassa, 
the  vizier,  riding  about  with  a  cimeter  in  one  hand  and  a 
janizary's  head  in  the  other  to  deter  them ;  and  the  priests 
attempting  to  quench  the  fire,  by  pieces  of  Mahomet's  shirt 
dipped  in  holy  water  and  thrown  into  it. 

11.  A  night  piece  of  the  dismal  supper  and  strange  en- 
tertain of  the  senators  by  Domitian,  according  to  the 
description  of  Dion. 

12.  A  vestal  sinner  in  the  cave,  with  a  table  and  a  candle. 

13.  An  elephant  dancing  upon  the  ropes,  with  a  negro 
dwarf  upon  his  back. 

14.  Another  describing  the  mighty  stone  falling  from  the 
clouds  into  JBgospotamos  or  the  goats'  river  in  Greece; 
which  antiquity  could  believe  that  Anaxagoras  was  able  to 
foretel  half  a  year  before. 

15.  Three  noble  pieces  ;  of  Yercingetorix,  the  Gaul,  sub- 
mitting his  person  unto  Julius  Caesar ;  of  Tigranes,  king  of 
Armenia^  humbly  presenting  himself  unto  Pompey ;  and  of 
Tamerlane  ascending  his  horse  from  the  neck  of  Bajazet. 

16.  Draughts  of  three  passionate  looks ;  of  Thyestes  when 
he  was  told  at  the  table  that  he  had  eaten  a  piece  of  his  own 
son ;  of  Bajazet  when  he  went  into  the  iron  cage;  of  (Edipus 
when  he  firat  came  to  know  that  he  had  killed  his  father  and 
married  his  own  mother. 

17.  Of  the  Cymbrian  mother  in  Plutarch,  who,  after  the 
overthrow  by  Marius  hanged  herself  and  her  two  children 
at  her  feet. 

18.  Some  pieces  delineating  singular  inhumanities  in 

•  jeaUr.]    "  Of  Charles  the  First,  and  one  Osburn,  an  hedger, 
I  often  employ."— if/Su  note  by  Evelyn. 


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TBACTHII.]  lUKITlES   IN  PICTUKES.  273 

tortures.  The  Scapbismus  of  tbe  Persians.  The  living 
truncation  of  the  Turks.  The  hanging  sport  at  the  feast 
of  the  Thraoians.  The  exact  method  of  flaying  men  alive, 
begiimmg  between  the  shoulders,  according  to  the  descrip- 
tion of  Thomas  Minadoi,  in  his  Persian  war.  Together  with 
the  studied  tortures  of  the  French  traitors  at  Pappa,  in 
Hungaria :  as  also  the  vnld  and  enormous  torment  invented 
hy  Tiberius,  designed  according  unto  the  description  of 
Suetonius.  JSxcogitaverunt  inter  genera  critciatils,  ut  largd 
^fieri  potione  per  fallaciam  oneratos  repente  veretrU  deligatis 
fidiculamm  simul  urinmque  tormento  distenderet, 

19.  A  picture  describing  how  Hannibal  forced  his  pas- 
sive over  the  river  Ebone  with  bis  elephants,  baggage,  and 
mixed  array ;  with  tbe  army  of  tbe  Qauls  opposing  him  on 
tbe  contrary  shore,  and  Hanno  passing  over  ^^'ith  his  horse 
much  above,  to  fall  upon  tbe  rear  of  the  Ga.uls. 

20.  A  neat  piece  describing  tbe  sack  of  Pundi  by  tbe 
fleet  and  soldiers  of  Barbarossa,  the  Turkish  admiral,  tbe 
confusion  of  tbe  people,  and  their  flying  up  to  tbe  mountains, 
*nd  Julia  G-onzaga,  tbe  beauty  of  Italy,  flying  away  with  her 
Wies  half  naked  on  horseback  over  the  bills. 

21.  A  noble  head  of  Franciscus  Gonzaga,  who,  being 
imprisoned  for  treason,  grew  grey  in  one  night,  with  this 
inscription, 

0  nox  quam  longa  est  quae  facit  una  senem. 

22.  A  large  picture  describing  tbe  siege  of  Vienna  by 
Solyman  the  Magnificent,  and  at  tbe  same  time  the  siege 
of  Florence,  by  tbe  Emperor  Charles  tbe  Fifth  and  Pope 
Clement  the  Seventh,  with  this  subscription, 

Turn  vacui  capitis  populum  Phseaca  putares  ? 

23.  An  exquisite  piece  properly  delineating  the  first 
course  of  MeteUus's  pontificial  supper,  according  to  the 
description  of  Macrobms ;  together  with  a  dish  of  Fisces 
Fomles,  garnished  about  with  tbe  little  eels  taken  out  of  the 
Wks  of  cods  and  perches ;  as  also  with  the  shell  fishes  found 
in  stones  about  Ancona. 

24.  A  picture  of  the  noble  entertain  and  feast  of  tbe 
iike  of  Chausue  at  the  treaty  of  CoUen,  1673,  when  in  a 
Yeiy  large  room,  with  all  the  windows  open,  and  at  a  very 

TOL.  m.  T 


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274  EABiTTES  IN  MCTUKEd.  [teact  nn. 

large  table,  lie  sat  himself,  with  many  great  persons  and 
ladies ;  next  about  the  table  stood  a  row  of  waiters,  then  a 
row  of  musicians,  then  a  row  of  musketeers. 

26.  Miltiades,  who  overthrew  the  Persians  at  the  battle 
of  Marathon,  and  deliyered  Greece,  looking  out  of  a  prison 
grate  in  Athens,  wherein  he  died,  with  this  inscription, 

Nod  hoc  terribiles  Cyzubri  non  Briiones  unquam, 
Sauromatseve  truces  aut  immanes  Agathyrsi. 

26.  A  fair  English  lady  drawn  Al  Ne^o,  or  in  the 
Ethiopian  hue  excelling  the  original  white  and  red  beauty, 
with  this  subscription, 

Sed  quandazn  vdo  nocte  nigriorem. 

27.  Pieces  and  draughts  in  carieatwra^  of  princes,  car- 
dinals, and  famous  men ;  wherein,  among  others,  the  painter 
hath  singularly  hit  the  signatures  of  a  Hon  and  a  fox  in  i^ 
face  of  Pope  Leo  the  Tenth. 

28.  Some  pieces  a  la  ventura,  or  rare  chance  pieces,  either 
drawn  at  random,  and  happening  to  be  like  some  person,  or 
drawn  for  some,  and  happening  to  be  more  like  another; 
while  the  face,  mistaken  by  the  painter,  proves  a  tolerable 
pictxire  of  one  he  never  saw. 

29.  A  draught  of  famous  dwarfs  with  this  inscription, 

Nos  faclmus  Bruti  puerum  nos  Xiagona  vivum. 

30.  An  exact  and  proper  delineation  of  aU  sorts  of  dogs 
upon  occasion  of  the  practice  of  Sultan  Achmet ;  who  in 
a  great  plague  at  Constantinople,  transported  all  the  dogs 
therein  imto  Pera,  and  from  thence  into  a  little  island, 
where  they  perished  at  last  by  famine :  as  also  the  manner 
of  the  priests  curing  of  mad  dogs  by  burning  them  in  the 
forehead  with  St.  Bellin's  key. 

31.  A  noble  picture  of  Thorismund,  king  of  the  Gteths, 
as  he  was  killed  in  his  palace  at  Tholouse,  who  being  let 
blood  by  a  surgeon,  while  he  was  bleeding,  a  stander-by  took 
the  advantage  to  stab  him. 

32.  A  picture  of  rare  fruits  with  this  inscription, 

Credere  quse  t>08Bi8  surrepia  sororibus  A&is. 


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TKACT  rril.]  ANTIQUITIES  AND  BABITlISS,  275 

33.  An  handsome  piece  of  deformity  expressed  in  a 
notable  hard  face,  with  this  inscription, 

Ora 

Julius  in  Satjris  qualia  Bufus  habet. 

34.  A  noble  picture  of  the  famous  duel  between  Paul 
Manessi  and  Caragusa  the  Turk,  in  the  time  of  Amurath 
the  Second  ;  the  Turkish  army  and  that  of  Scanderbeg  look- 
ing on  ;  wherein  Manessi  slew  the  Turk,  cut  off  his  head,  and 
carried  away  the  spoils  of  his  body: 

3.  Antiquities  and  Rarities  (^several  sorts. 

1.  Certain  ancient  medals  with  Greek  and  Eomau  inscrip^ 
tions,  found  about  Crim  Tartary :  conceived  to  be  left  m 
those  parts  by  the  soldiers  of  Mithridates,  when  overcome 
by  Pompey,  lie  marched  round  about  the  north  of  the 
Eoxine  to  come  about  into  Thracia. 

2.  Some  ancient  ivory  and  copper  crosses  found  with 
many  others  in  China ;  conceived  to  have  been  brought  and 
left  there  by  the  Greek  soldiers  who  served  under  Tamerlane 
in  his  expedition  and  conquest  of  that  country. 

3.  Stones  of  strange  and  illegible  inscriptions,  found  about 
the  great  ruins  which  Vincent  le  Blanc  describeth  about 
Cephala  in  Africa,  where  he  opinioned  that  the  Hebrews 
raised  some  buildings  of  old,  and  that  Solomon  brought  from 
thereabout  a  good  part  of  his  gold. 

4.  Some  handsome  engraveries  and  medals  of  Justinus 
and  Justinianus,  found  in  the  custody  of  a  Banyan  in  the 
remote  parts  of  India,  conjectured  to  have  been  left  there  by 
the  friars  mentioned  in  Procopius,  who  travelled  those 
parts  in  the  reign  of  Justinianus,  and  brought  back  into 
Europe  the  discovery  of  silk  and  silk  worms. 

6.  An  original  medal  of  Petrus  Aretinus,  who  was  called 
fiagellwn  principum,  wherein  he  made  his  own  figure  on  the 
obverse  part  with  this  inscription, 

n  Divino  Aretino. 

On  the  reverse  sitting  on  a  throne,  and  at  his  feet  ambas- 
T  2 


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276  JUfTIQUITIES  AKD  HAEITIBS.  [T11A.CT  XIII. 

eadors  of  kings  and  princes  bringing  presents  unto  liim,  with 
this  inscription, 

I  Principi  tributati  dai  Popoli  tributano  il  Servitor  loro. 

6.  Mummia  Tkolosana  ;  or  the  complete  head  and  body 
of  father  Crispin,  buried  long  ago  in  the  vault  of  the  Corde- 
liers at  Tholouse,  where  the  skins  of  the  dead  so  dry  and 
parch  up  without  corrupting,  that  their  persons  maybe 
known  yery  long  after,  with  this  inscription, 

Ecce  iterum  Grispinus. 

7.  A  noble  quandros  or  stone  taken  out  of  a  vulture's 
head. 

,  8.  A  large  ostrich's  egg,  whereon  is  neatlj  and  fully 
wrouo;ht  that  famous  battle  of  Alcazar,  in  which  three  kings 
lost  their  lives. 

9.  An  JEtiudros  Alherti  or  stone  that  is  apt  to  be  always 
moist :  useful  unto  dry  tempers,  and  to  be  held  in  the  hand 
in  fevers  instead  of  crystal,  eggs,  lemons,  cucumbers. 

10.  A  small  vial  of  water  taken  out  of  the  stones  there- 
fore called  Enhydri,  which  naturallj^  include  a  little  water  in 
them,  in  like  manner  as  the  ^tites  or  Eagle  stone  doth 
another  stone. 

11.  A  neat  painted  and  gilded  cup  made  out  of  the  eon- 
Jiti  di  TivoU,  and  formed  up  with  powdered  egg-shells ;  as 
Nero  is  conceived  to  have  made  his  piscina  admirabUiSf 
singular  against  fluxes  to  drink  often  therein. 

12.  The  skin  of  a  snake  bred  out  of  the  spinal  marrow  of 
a  man. 

13.  Vegetable  horns  mentioned  by  Linschoten,  which  set 
in  the  ground  grow  up  like  plants  about  Goa. 

14.  An  extract  of  the  ink  of  cuttle  fishes,  reviving  the  old 
remedy  of  Hippocrates  in  hysterical  passions. 

15.  Spirits  and  salt  of  Sargasso,  made  in  the  western 
ocean  covered  with  that  vegetable ;  excellent  against  the 
scurvy. 

16.  An  extract  of  Caehunde  or  Liherans^  that  famous  and 
highly  magnified  composition  in  the  East  Indies  against 
melancholy. 


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TBACTXIII.]      •     AJfTIQTTITIES  SKD   BABITIES.  277 

17.  DiarrMzon  mvrijicum  ;  or  an  unparalleled  composition 
of  the  most  effectual  and  wonderful  roots  in  nature. 
R  Bad.  ButusB  Cuamensis. 
Sad.  Moniche  Cuamensis. 
!Rad.  Mongus  Bazainensis. 
Ead.  Casei  Bazainensis. 
Ead.  ColumbsB  Mozambiguensis. 
Gim.  Sem.  Sinicae. 
!Fo.  Lim.  lac.  Tigridis  dictae. 
Po.  seu  Cort.  Ead.  SoldaB. 
Ead.  Ligni  Solorani. 

Ead.  Malacensis  madrededios  dicta)  an.  5IJ. 
M.  fiat  pulvis,  qui  cum  gelatina  Comu  Cervi  Moschati 
Chinensis  formetur  in  massas  oviformes. 

18.  A  transcendant  perfume  made  of  the  richest  odorates 
of  both  the  Indies,  kept  in  a  book  made  of  the  Muschie 
atone  of  Niarienburg,  with  this  inscription, 

Deoa  rogato. 


Totum  ut  te  faciant^  Fabulle^  ^asum. 


19.  A  Clepselaa,  or  oil  hour-glass,  as  the  ancients  used 
those  of  water. 

20.  A  ring  found  in  a  fish's  belly  taken  about  Gorro ;  con- 
ceived to  be  the  same  wherewith*  the  duke  of  Venice  had 
wedded  the  sea. 

21.  A  neat  crucifix  made  out  of  the  cross  bone  of  a  frog's 
head. 

22.  A  large  agath,  containing  a  Tarious  and  careless 
figure,  which  looked  upon  by  a  cylinder  representeth  a  per- 
fect centaur.  By  some  such  advantages  King  Pyrrhus  might 
find  out  Apollo  and  the  nine  Muses  in  those  agaths  of  his 
whereof  Plmy  maketh  mention. 

23.  JBatrachomyomachia,  or  the  Homerican  battle  between 
fe)gs  and  mice,  neatly  described  upon  the  phisel  bone  of  a 
large  pike's  jaw. 

24.  JPyxis  Fandora  or  a  box  which  held  the  ^nguentum 
pegtiferum,  which  by  anointing:  the  garments  of  several  perr 
Bons  begat  the  great  and  horrible  plagi;e  of  MilaQ. 

25.  A  glass  of  spirit9  in^de  pf  ^thejrpal  salt,  hermetically 


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278  ANTIQUITIES  XSJ>  Bi-RITISa.  [tBJlCTXIIL 

sealed  up,  kept  contmuall j  in  quicksilver;  of  so  volatile  a 
nature  t^at  it  will  scarce  endure  the  light,  and  therefore  only, 
to  be  shown  in  winter,  or  by  the  light  of  a  carbuncle,  or 
bononian  stone. 

He  who  knows  where  all  this  treasure  now  is,  is  a  great 
Apollo.    I'm  sure  I  am  not  he.    However,  I  am, 

Sir,  yours,  &c. 


yGoogk 


REPERTORIUM: 

OK  SOME  ACCOUNT 
OF  TEE  TOMBS  AND  MONUMENTS  IN  THE  CATHEDRAL  CHUBCH  OF  NORWICH. 

[The  Repebtobium  was  one  of  the  very  last  of  Sir  Thomas's  productions ; 
his  especial  object  in  drawing  it  up,  was  to  preserve  from  oblivion^ 
as  fiur  as  possible,  the  monuments  in  the  Cathedral  of  Norwich,  many 
of  which  nad  been  defaced  during  the  civil  wars.  It  pretends  not  to 
the  character  of  a  history  of  the  antiquities  of  the  church,  and  there- 
fore neither  deserves  the  sneer  bestowed  by  Bagford  (in  his  MS. 
ooUections  in  the  British  Museum,  No.  8858),  that  "  it  rather  feared 
than  deserved  publication  ;"  nor  justified  the  anxiety  of  the  author's 
friends  to  prevent  its  publication,  on  the  ground  alleged  by  Arch- 
bishop Tenison  (Preface  to  Miscdlcmy  Tracts),  that  "  matter  equal  to 
the  skill  of  the  antiquary  was  not  afforded."  The  volume  containing 
it  has  afforded  a  &vourite  subject  of  illustration  for  topographers : 
the  list  of  monuments  was  continued  to  the  date  of  publication  by 
the  editor  (ssud  to  have  been  John  Hase,  Esq.,  Biehmond  Herald), 
and  very  many  copies  exist  with  numerous  manuscript  additional 
continuations  and  notes,  some  of  which  I  have  availed  myself  ofi 
The  most  valuable  is  that  of  the  late  Mr.  John  Kirkpatrick,  now  in 
the  hands  of  Dr.  Sutton,  to  whom  I  beg  to  offer  my  thanks  for  his 
kindness  in  affording  me  the  use  of  it.] 

Is  the  time  of  the  late  civil  wars,  there  were  about  an 
hundred  brass  inscriptions  stolen  and  taken  away  from 
grave-stones  and  tombs,  in  the  cathedral  church  of  Nor- 
wich; as  1  was  informed  by  John  Wright,  one  of  the  clerks, 
above  eighty  years  old,  and  Mr.  John  Sandlin,  one  of  the 
choir,  who  lived  eighty-nine  years ;  and,  as  I  remember, 
told  me  that  he  was  a  chorister  in  the  reign  of  Queen  Eli- 
zabeth. 

Hereby  the  distinct  places  of  the  burials  of  many  noble 
and  consideKible  persons  become  unknown ;  and,  lest  they 
should  be  quite  buried  in  oblivion,  I  shall,  of  so  many,  set 
down  only  these  following  that  are  most  noted  to  passen- 
gers, with  some  that  have  been  erected  since  those  unhappy 
times. 


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280  THE  ANTIQUITIES   Or   IfOEWICH. 

Mrst,^  in  the  body  of  the  church,  between  the  pillars  of 
the  south  aisle,  stands  a  tomb,  covered  with  a  kind  of  touch- 
stone ;  which  is  the  monument  of  Miles  Spencer,  LL.D., 
and  chancellor  of  Norwich,  who  lived  unto  ninety  years. 
The  top  stone  was  entire,  but  now  quite  broken,  split,  and 
depressed  by  blows.  There  was  more  special  notice  taken 
of  this  stone,  because  men  used  to  try  their  money  upon  it; 
and  that  the  chapter  demanded  certain  rents  to  be  paid  on  it. 
He  was  lord  of  the  manor  of  Bowthorp  and  Colney,  which 
came  unto  the  Taxleys  from  him ;  also  owner  of  Chapel  in 
the  Field. 

The  next  monument  is  that  of  Bishop  Bichard  Nicks, 
alias  Nix,  or  the  Blind  Bishop,  being  quite  dark  many  years 
before  he  died.  He  sat  in  this  see  thirty-six  years,  in  the 
reigns  of  King  Henry  VII.  and  Henry  VUI.  The  arches 
are  beautified  above  and  beside  it,  where  are  to  be  seen 
the  arms  of  the  see  of  Norwich,  impaling  his  own,  viz., 
a  chevron,  between  three  leopards'  heads.  The  same  coat 
of  arms  is  on  the  roof  of  the  north  and  south  cross  aisle; 
which  roofs  he  either  rebuilt  or  repaired.  The  tomb  is  low 
and  broad,^  and  'tis  said  there  was  an  altar  at  the  bottom 
of  the  eastern  pillar.  The  iron-work,  whereon  the  bell 
hung,  is  yet  visible  on  the  side  of  the  western  pillar. 

Then  the  tomb  of  Bishop  John  Parkhurst,  with  a  legible 
inscription  on  the  pillar,  set  up  by  Dean  Gardiner,  running 
thus : 

Johannes  Parkhurst,  Theol.  Professor,  Guilfordiae  natus, 
OxoniaB  educatus,  temporibus  Marisd  BeginsB  pro 
Nitida  conscieniia  tuenda  Tiguiinae  vixit  exul 
Voluntarius  :  Postea  presul  factus,  sanctissime 
Hanc  rexit  Ecclesiam  per  16  an.     Obiit  secundo  die 
Febr.  1574. 

A  person  he  was  of  great  esteem  and  veneration  in  the 
reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth.  His  coat  of  arms,  is  on  the 
pillars,  visible  at  the  going  out  of  the  bishop's  hall.^ 

*  FirstJ\    Beginning  from  the  west  end. — Kirhpatnck, 
'  lroad.'\    It  fills  up  all  the  space  between  the  two  pillars,  and  on 
the  two  sides  there  was  a  rail  of  iron,  the  going  up  (on  the  platform  of 
the  monument)  was  at  the  west  end  of  the  south  side. — Kwhp, 

^  bishop's  hall.]  Bishop  Parkhurst  '*  having  lived  much  at  his  palace, 
at  Norwich,  which  he  beautified  and  repaired,  placing  arms  on  the 


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THE  AITTTQTJITIES   OF   NOBWICH.  281 

Between  the  two  uppermost  pillars,  on  the  same  side, 
stood  a  handsome  monument  of  Bishop  Edmund  Seamier, 
thus: 

Natus  apud  Gressingham,  in  Com.  Lane.  SS.  Theol.  Prof, 
apud  Cantabrigienses.     Obiit  ^tat.  85.  an.  1594  nonis  Mali. 

He  was  household  chaplain  to  the  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury, and  died  1594.  The  monument  was  above  a  yard  and 
a  half  high,  with  his  effigies  in  alabaster,  and  all  enclosed 
with  a  high  iron  grate.  In  the  late  times  the  grate  was 
taken  away,  the  statue  broken,  and  the  free-stone  pulled 
down  as  far  as  the  inward  brick-work ;  which  being  unsightly, 
was  afterwards  taken  away,  and  the  space  between  the  pillars 
left  void,  as  it  now  remaineth. 

In  the  south  side  of  this  aisle,  according  as  the  inscription 
denoteth,  was  buried  George  Gardiner,  sometime  dean. 

Georgius  Gardiner  Barvici  natus,  Cantabrigise  educatns, 
Primo  minor  Canonicus,  secundo  Pnebendarius,  tertio  Arcbbidiaconus 
NordoTici,  et  demum  28  Nov.  an.  1573,  fiactus  est  Sacellanus 
Dominse  Beginse,  et  Decanus  hujus  Eoclesise,  in  quo  loco  per  16 
Annos  rexit. 

Somewhat  higher  is  a  monument  for  Dr.  Edmund  Porter, 
a  learned  prebendary  sometime  of  this  church. 

Between  two  pillars  of  the  north  aisle  in  the  body  of  the 
church,  stands  the  monument  of  Sir  James  Hobart,  attor- 
ney-general to  King  Henry  VII.  and  VIII.  He  built 
Loddon  church,  St.  Olave's  bridge,  and  made  the  causeway 
adjoining  upon  the  south  side.  On  the  upper  part  is  the 
achievement  of  the  Hobarts,  and  below  are  their  arms; 
as  also  of  theNantons  (viz.  three  martlets),  his  second  lady 
being  of  that  family.  It  is  a  close  monument,  made  up  of 
handsome  stone-work :  and  this  enclosure  might  have  been 

pillars  going  out  of  the  hall,  which  lately  were  visible  there,  he  died 
FebruaxT  2nd,  1574,  and  was  buried  in  the  nave  of  the  cathedral,  on 
tiie  Bouth  side,  between  the  eighth  and  ninth  pillars.  Against  the  west 
part  of  the  latter  is  a  monument  erected  to  his  memoiy,  engraved  by 
Hulsberg,  in  Browne's  posthumous  works ;  but  his  figure  in  a  gown 
and  square  cap,  with  his  hands  in  a  praying  posture,  and  the  following 
inscription  (that  in  the  text) was  taken  away  in  the  civil  war." — Genttm 
Mag.  1807.  vol.  77,  p.  510. 


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282  THi  A^nnQuiTiss  ot  jtoewich. 

employed  aa  an  oratory.*  Some  of  the  family  of  the  Hobaits 
have  been  buried  near  this  monument ;  as  Mr.  James  Hobart 
of  Holt.  On  the  south  side,  two  young  sons  and  a  daughter 
of  dean  Herbert  Astley,  who  married  Barbara,  daughter  of 
John,  only  son  of  Sir  John  Hobart  of  Hales. 

In  the  middle  aisle,  under  a  very  large  stone,  almost  over 
which  a  branch  for  lights  hangeth,^  was  buried  Sir  Erancis 
Southwell,  descended  from  those  of  great  name  and  estate 
in  Norfolk,  who  formerly  possessed  Woodrising. 

Under  a  fair  stone,  by  Bishop  Parkhurst*s  tomb,  wa* 
buried  Dr.  Masters,  chanceUor. 

Gul.  Maister,  LL.  Doctor  GurisB  Cons.  Epatua  Norwiceiu 
0%ialis  principalis.     Obiit  2  Feb.  1589. 

At  the  upper  end  of  the  middle  aisle,  under  a  large  stone, 
was  buried  Bishop  Walter  de  Hart,  alias  le  Hart,^  or  Lyg- 
hard.  He  was  bishop  twenty-six  years,  in  the  times  cl 
Henry  VI.  and  Edward  IV.  He  built  the  transverse  stone 
partition  or  rood  loft,  on  which  the  great  crucifix  was  placed, 
beautified  the  roof  of  the  body  of  the  church,  and  paved  it. 
Towards  the  north  side  of  the  partition  wall  are  his  arms, 
the  buU,  And  towards  the  south  side,  a  hart  in  water,  as  a 
rebus  of  his  name,  Walter  Hart.  Upon  the  door,  under  the 
rood  loft,  was  a  plate  of  brass,  contaming  those  verses : 

Hie  jaoet  abflconsas  tub  marmore  presul  honestas. 
Anno  miUeno  C  quater  cum  Beptuageno 
Annexis  binie  instabat  ei  pro^  finis. 
Septima  cum  decima  lux  Maij  sit  numerata 
Ipsius  est  anima  de  corpore  tunc  separata. 


*  onttory.]  The  enclosure  to  this  monument  was  of  stone-work,  in 
liie  form  of  windows,  having  an  entrance  on  the  north  side,  the  south 
side  was  surmounted  by  the  arms  which  are  now  placed  against  the  inside 
the  pillar  opposite  the  monument ;  the  tomb  was  also  yisible  on  thia 
side,  having  an  arch  or  canopy  over,  the  upright  wall  of  which  vae 
covered  with  stars,  on  the  top  the  arms  of  Hobart,  sah.  a  star  of  eight 
points,  or  between  two  flaunches,  erm.,  in  the  stor  a  crescent  for  di^ 
ference,  and  on  the  dexter  side  of  the  shield  a  bull  (the  crest  of  Hobart) 
as  one  supporter,  and  on  the  sinister,  a  martlet  from  the  Nanton's  coat 
as  the  other  supporter. 

*  licmgeth,]  This  branch  must  have  hung  opposite  Bishop  Nix'a 
monument,  and  directly  in  front  of  the  ancient  stone  pulpit,  the  remains 
of  which  are  still  visible  against  the  pillar,  at  the  east  end  of  the  said 
monument. 

*  le  Hart.]    Spelt  Hert,  or  de  Hert,  in  MS,  Slotm,  1885. 


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THB  AKTIQUITIKS   OF  NOBWICIT.    .  283 

Between  this  partition^  and  the  choir  on  the  north  side, 
is  the  monument  of  Dame  Elizabeth  Calthorpe,  wife  of  Sir 
Francis  Calthorpe,  and  afterwards  wife  of  John  Cole- 
pepper,^  Esq. 

In  the  same  partition,  behind  the  dean's  staU,  was  buried 
John  Crofts,  lately  dean,  son  of  Sir  Henry  Crofts,  of  Suf* 
folk,  and  brother  to  the  Lord  William  Crofts.  He  was 
some  time  fellow  of  All-Souls  College,  in  Oxford,  aad  the 
first  dean  after  the  restoration  of  his  majesty  King 
Charles  II.,  whose  predecessor.  Dr.  John  Hassal,  who  was 
dean  many  years,  was  not  buried  in  this  church,  but  in  that 
of  Creek.  He  was  of  New  College,  in  Oxford,  and  chap- 
lain to  the  Lady  Elizabeth,  queen  of  Bohemia,  who  obtained 
this  deanery  for  him. 

On  the  south  side  of  the  choir,  between  two  pillars, 
stands  the  monument  of  Bishop  James  GoldweU,  dean  of 
Salisbury,  and  secretary  to  King  Edward  IV.,  who  sat  in 
this  see  twenty-five  years.  His  effigies  is  in  stone,  with  a 
lion  at  his  feet,  which  was  his  arms,  as  appears  on  his  coat 
aboTO  the  tomb,  on  the  choir  side.  His  arms  are  also  to  be 
seen  in  the  sixth  escutcheon,  in  the  west  side  over  the  choir; 
as  also  in  St.  Andrew's  church,  at  the  deanery,  in  a  window ; 
at  Trowse,  Newton  Hall,  and  at  Charta-magna,  in  Kent, 
the  place  of  his  nativity ;  where  he  also  buUt  or  repaired 
the  chapel.  He  is  said  to  have  much  repaired  the  east  end 
of  this  church ;  did  many  good  works,  lived  in  great  esteem, 
and  died  ann.  1498  or  1499. 

Next  above  Bishop  Goldwell,  where  the  iron  grates  yet 
stand,  Bishop  John  Wakering  is  said  to  have  been  buried. 
He  was  bishop  in  the  reign  of  King  Henry  V.,  and  was 
sent  to  the  coimcil  of  Constance :  he  is  said  also  to  have 
built  the  cloister  in  the  bishop's  palace,  which  led  into  it 
from  the  church  door,  which  was  covered  with  a  handsome 
roof,  before  the  late  civil  war.  Also  reported  to  have  built 
the  chapter-house,  which  being  ruinous  is  now  demolii^ed, 
and  the  decayed  parts  ab6ve  and  about  it  handsomely 
repaired  or  new  built.     The  arms  of  the  see  impaling  his 

^  partition.']  This  partition  was  taken  away  in  1806  (when  the  in* 
tenor  of  the  church  was  repaired),  and  the  monument  removed  to  the 
north  aisle  of  the  choir  near  the  confessional. 

•  Oolepepper.]    Gullpeper  on  the  monument. 


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284  THE   A2fTIQUITIES   0¥  NOBWICfl. 

own  coat,  the  three  Fleur  des  Zy*,  are  yet  visible  upon  the 
wall  by  the  door.^  He  lived  in  great  reputation,  and  died 
1426,  and  is  said  to  have  been  buried  before  St.  Greorge*s 
altar. 

On  the  north  side  of  the  choir,  between  the  two  arches, 
next  to  Queen  Elizabeth's  seat,  were  buried^  Sir  Thomas 
Erpingham,  and  his  wives  the  Lady  Joan,  &c.,  whose  pic- 
tures were  in  the  painted  glass  windows,  next  luito  this 
place,  with  the  arms  of  the  Erpinghams.  The  insides  of 
both  the  pillars  were  painted  in  red  colours,  with  divers 
figures  and  inscriptions,  from  the  top  almost  to  the  bottom, 
which  are  now  washed  out  by  the  late  whiting  of  the  pillars. 
He  was  a  knight  of  the  garter  in  the  time  of  Henry  rV. 
and  some  part  of  Henry  V.,  and  I  find  his  name  in  the  list 
of  the  lord  wardens  of  the  Cinque  Ports.  He  is  said  to 
have  built  the  Black  Friars  church,  or  steeple,  or  both,  now 
called  New  Hall  Steeple.  His  arms  are  often  on  the  steeple, 
which  are  an  escutcheon  within  an  orle  of  martlets,  and 
also  upon  the  outside  of  the  gate,^  next  the  school-house. 
There  was  a  long  brass  inscription  about  the  tomb-stone, 
which  was  torn  away  in  the  late  times,  and  the  name  of 
Erpingham  only  remaining,  Johannes  Dominus  de  3i*pingha7n, 
Miles,  was  buried  in  the  parish  church  of  Erpingham,  as  the 
inscription  stiU  declareth. 

In  the  north  aisle,  near  to  the  door,  leading  towards 
Jesus'  chapel,  was  buried  Sir  "William  Denny,  recorder 
of  Norwich,  and  one  of  the  counsellors  at  law  to  King 
Charles  I. 

In  Jesus'  chapel  stands  a  lai^  tomb  (which  is  said  to 
have  been  translated  from  our  Lady's  chapel,  when  that  grew 

'  The  arms,  d;c,]  By  him  within  the  rayles  under  two  great  mxrble 
Btones,  lye  two  of  the  fomily  of  the  BuUeyns,  of  which  &mily  Qaeea 
Elizabeth  was. — MS.  note  in  Bodleian  copy, 

'  it(Te  buried."]  In  removing  the  pavement  of  the  north  aisle  (near 
this  place)  to  make  a  vault  for  the  remains  of  Dr.  Goodall,  in  1781,  » 
tombstone,  thought  to  be  that  of  Sir  Thomas  Erpingham,  was  found, 
with  its  fkce  downward ;  it  is  of  purbeck  marble,  ridge  formed,  and 
having  a  Calvary  cross  on  the  ridge  ;  the  rivets  of  a  brass  inscription  on 
the  edge  of  the  stone  are  still  visible :  it  remains  near  the  place  where 
it  was  found. 

'  gate.']  In  a  niche  of  the  wall  above  the  gates  is  an  armed  knight  on 
his  knees. — MS.  note  in  a  copy  in  Bib.  Bodl, 


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THE  ANTIQUITIES   OF   NOBWICH.  285 

ruinous,  and  was  taken  down),  whereof  the  brass  inscription 
about  it  is  taken  away ;  but  old  Mr.  Spendlow,  who  was  a 
prebendary  fifty  years,  and  Mr.  Sandlin,  used  to  say,  that  it 
was  the  tombstone  of  the  Windhams ;  and,  in  all  probability, 
might  have  belonged  to  Sir  Thomas  Windham,  one  of  King 
Henry  VIII. 's  counsellors,  of  his  guard,  and  vice-admiral ; 
for  I  find  that  there  hath  been  such  an  inscription  upon  the 
tomb  of  a  Windham  in  this  church.^ 

Orate  pro  anima  Thome  Windham,  militis,  Elianore,  et  Domine 
Elizabethe,  uxonim  ejus^  &.G.  qui  quidem  Thomas  fait  unus  consilia* 

riorum 
Begig  Henrici  YIII.  et  unus  militum  pro  corpore,  ejusdem  Domini, 
nee  non  Yice  Admirallus. 

And  according  to  the  number  of  the  three  persons  in  the 
inscription,^  there  are  three  figures  upon  the  tomb. 

On  the  north  wall  of  Jesus'  chapel  there  is  a  legible  brass 
inscription*  in  Latin  verses ;  and  at  the  last  line  Pater  Nosier, 
This  was  the  monument  of  Bandulfus  Pulvertoff,  custos 
earonelle.  Above  the  inscription  was  his  coat  of  arms,  viz. 
ai  ears  of  wheat  with  a  border  of  cinque-foils ;  but  now 
washed  out,  since  the  wall  was  whitened. 

At  the  entrance  of  St.  Luke's  chapel,  on  the  left  hand,  is 

*  InJetm*  chapel,  <fc<?.]  "  That  Sir  Thomas  Windham,  knight,  by  his 
will,  dated  22nd  October,  18  H.  8.  1521,  willed  that  his  body  be  buried 
in  the  middle  of  the  chapel  of  the  blessed  virgin,  within  the  scite  of  the 
monastery  of  the  holy  Trinity  of  the  city  of  Norwich  ;  where  he  would 
bave  a  tomb  for  him,  with  his  arms  and  badges,  and  his  two  wives,  if  his 
vi&  Elizabeth  will  be  there  buried,  &c. — See  his  will  among  my  papers 
ofFdbryffe." — MS.  Note  in  Bodl.  copy. 

*  inKiipeum.']  Weever  saith  that  this  (in  his  time  maimed)  inscrip- 
tion was  upon  a  goodly  tomb  in  the  Chapter-house. — Kirkp.  MS. 

*  fcroM  inscription.']  Inserted  from  Burton's  Account  of  the  Free- 
«hool,  p.  22. 

En  morior,  prodest  michi  quid  prius  hoc  quod  habebam. 
Preterit  omne  quod  est,  eo  nudus,  sic  veniebam, 
Sola  michi  requies  manet,  hie  non  sunt  mea  plura, 
Antea  nulla  quies,  mode  pro  nichilo  michi  cura, 
Sed  fleo,  dum  fueram  Qiodicum  vel  nil  bene  gessi, 
Crimina  roulta  feram  fuerant  mea  quando  recess!, 
Pulvertoft  Radulphus  eram  Gustos  Garonelle, 
Christe  Deu8  pro  me  passus  mea  crimina  pelle, 
tiic  ezoro  petas  qui  mea  scripta  legas.  Pater  noster 


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286  THE  AVTIQUITISS   07  I^OKWICH. 

an  arched  monument,  said  to  belong  to  one  of  tlie  family  of 
the  Bosviles  or  BoswiU^  sometime  prior  of  the  convent.  At 
the  east  end  of  the  monument  are  the  arms  of  the  church 
(the  cross)  and  on  the  west  end  another  (three  bolt  arrows), 
which  is  supposed  to  be  his  paternal  coat.  The  same  coat 
is  to  be  seen  in  the  sixth  escutcheon  of  the  south  side,  \mder 
the  belfiy.  Some  inscriptions  upon  this  monument  were 
washed  out  when  the  church  was  lately  whitened ;  as  among 
the  rest,  O  morieris  !  O  morieris  !  O  morieris  !  The  three 
bolts  are  the  known  arms  of  the  Bosomes,^  an  ancient 
family  in  Norfolk ;  but  whether  of  the  Bosriles,  or  no,  I  am 
imcertain. 

Next  unto  it  is  the  monument  of  Richard  Brome,  Esq. 
whose  arms  thereon  are  ermines ;  and  for  the  crest,  a  bunch 
or  branch  of  broom  with  golden  flowers.  This  might  be 
Eichard  Brome,  Esq.  whose  daughter  married  the  heir  of 
the  Taxleys  of  Yaxley,  in  the  time  of  Henry  VII.  And 
one  of  the  same  name  founded  a  chapel  in  the  field  in 
Norwich. 

There  are  also  in  St.  Luke's  chapel,  amongst  the  seats  on 
the  south  side,  two  substantial  marble  and  crossed  tombs, 
very  ancient,  said  to  be  two  priors  of  this  convent.^ 

At  the  entrance  into  the  cloister,  by  the  upper  door  on 
the  right  hand,  next  the  stairs,  was  a  handsome  monument 
on  the  wall,  which  was  pulled  down  in  the  late  times,  and  a 
void  place  still  remaineth.  Upon  this  stone  were  the 
figures  of  two  persons  in  a  praying  posture,  on  their  knees. 
I  was  told  by  Mr.  Sandlin,  that  it  was  said  to  be  the  monu- 
ment for  one  of  the  Bigots,  who  built  or  beautified  that  arch 
by  it,  which  leadeth  into  the  church. 

In  the  choir  towards  the  high  altar,  and  below  the  ascents, 
there  is  an  old  tomb,  which  hath  been  generally  said  to  hare 
been  the  monument  of  Bishop  "William  Herbert,  founder  of 
the  church,  and  commonly  known  by  the  name  of  the  foun- 
der's tomb.  This  was  above  an  ell  high ;  but  when  the 
pulpit,  in  the  late  confusion,  was  placed  at  the  pillar,  where 
Bishop  Overall's  monument  now  is,  and  the  aldermen's  seats 
were  at  the  east  end,  and  the  mayor's  seat  in  the  middle  at 

*  Boaomes.l    Bozouns. — MS.  note  in  Bodl.  copy. 
^  There  are  also,  <fcc.]   Taken  away  about  1738  to  make  room  for  sats. 
— MS.  note  in  Bodl,  copy. 


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THB  AKTIQTJITIBS   OP  NOBWICH,  287 

the  high  aJtar,  the  height  of  the  tomb  being  a  hinderance  tinto 
the  people,  it  was  taken  down  to  such  a  lowness  as  it  now 
remains  in.^  He  was  bom  at  Oxford,*  in  good  favour  with 
King  William  Kufus,  and  King  Heniy  I.  removed  the  epis- 
copid  see  from  Thetford  to  Norwich,  built  the  priory  for  sixty 
monks,  the  cathedral  church,  the  bishop's  palace,  the  church 
of  St.  Leonard,  whose  ruins  still  remain  upon  the  brow  of 
Mousehold  hiU ;  the  church  of  St.  Nicholas  at  Yarmouth, 
of  St.  Margaret  at  Lynn,  of  St.  Maiy  at  Elham,  and  insti- 
tuted the  Cluniack  monks  at  Thetford.  Malmsbury  saith 
he  was  vir  pecuniosus,  YrhiGk  his  great  works  declare,  and 
had  always  this  good  saying  of  St*  Hierom  in  his  mouth, 
erravimus  juveneSf  emendemus  senes. 

Many  bishops  of  old  might  be  buried  about,  or  not  far 
from  the  founder,  as  William  Turbus,  a  Norman,  the  third 
bishop  of  Norwich,  and  John  of  Oxford  the  fourth,  accounted 
among  the  learned  man  of  his  time,  who  built  Trinity  church 
in  Ipswich,  and  died  in  the  reign  of  King  John  ;  and  it  is 
delivered,  that  these  two  bishops  were  buried  near  to  Bishop 
Herbert,  the  founder. 

In  the  same  row,  not  far  off,  was  buried  Bishop  Heniy  le 
Spencer,  as  lost  brass  inscriptions  have  declared.  And  Mr. 
Sandlin  told  me,  that  he  had  seen  an  inscription  on  a  grave- 
stone thereabouts,  with  the  name  of  Henricus  de,  or  le 
Spencer  r^  he  came  young  unto  the  see,  and  sat  longer  in  it 
than  any  before  or  after  him :  but  his  time  might  have  been 
shorter,  if  he  had  not  escaped  in  the  fray  at  Lennam^  (a 
town  of  which  he  was  lord),  where  forcing  the  magistrate's 

*  as  it  now  remains  tn.]  The  present  tomb  was  built  by  the  dean  and 
prebendaries  in  1682,  and  the  Latin  inscription  thereon  is  said  to  have 
beea  composed  by  the  learned  Dr.  Prideanx,  who  was  at  that  time  one 
of  the  prebendaries. — See  £l<miefield*8  Hiskyry  of  Norwich,  part  i.  p.  471. 

*  Oxford.l  The  present  inscription  says,  **  qui  Oximi  in  Normania 
n&tus ;"  this  is  understood  to  allude  to  Hiems  near  Caen. 

*  Spencer.]  The  stoute  and  warlike  Henry  Spencer,  Bishop  of  Nor- 
wich, who  supprest  by  his  courriage  and  valour,  that  dangerous  rebel- 
lion ;  and  about  North  Walsham,  overthrew  Litster  the  captaine,  hath 
(as  it  is  to  be  seene  upon  his  monument  in  the  body  of  the  quire  of  Christ- 
church,  in  Norwich)  over  his  proper  coate  of  Spencer,  upon  an  helmet, 
his  episcopall  miter,  and  upon  that  Michael,  the  archangell,  with  a 
drawn  sword.-^Peackem^s  CompUat  Oent.  p.  164.    Ed.  1634. 

»  Lennam,]    Lynn. — See  Blo7nefiel<Jp8  Noinoich,  part  i.  p.  516. 


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288       .         THB  AirriQuiTiEs  or  noewich. 

tipstaff  to  be  carried  before  him,  the  people  with  stares, 
stones,  and  arrows,  wounded  and  put  his  servants  to  flight. 
He  was  also  wounded,  and  left  alone,  as  John  Pox  hath  set 
it  down  out  of  the  chronicle  of  St.  Albans. 

In  the  same  row,  of  late  times,  was  buried  Bishop  Richard 
Montague,  as  the  inscription,  Depostum  Mantacutii  JSpiscopi^ 
doth  declare. 

For  his  eminent  knowledge  in  the  Greek  language,  he 
was  much  countenanced  by  Sir  Henry  Savile,  provost  of 
Eaton  college,  and  settled  in  a  fellowship  thereof:  afterwards 
made  bishop  of  Chichester ;  thence  translated  unto  Norwich, 
where  he  lived  about  three  years.  He  came  unto  Norwich 
with  the  evil  effects  of  a  quartan  ague,  which  he  had  about  a 
year  before,  and  which  accompanied  him  to  his  grave  ;  yet 
he  studied  and  wrote  very  much,  had  an  excellent  library  of 
books,  and  heaps  of  papers,  fairly  written  with  his  own  hand, 
concerning  the  ecclesiastical  history.  His  books  were  sent 
'  to  London ;  and,  as  it  was  said,  his  papers  against  Baronius 
and  others  transmitted  to  Home ;  from  whence  they  were 
never  returned. 

On  the  other  side  was  buried  Bishop  John  Overall,  fellow 
of  Trinity  College  in  Cambridge,  master  of  Catherine  Hail, 
regius  professor,  and  dean  of  St.  Paul's :  and  had  the  honour 
to  be  nominated  one  of  the  first  governors  of  Sutton  hospital, 
by  the  founder  himself,  a  person  highly  reverenced  and 
beloved ;  who  being  buried  without  any  inscription,  had  a 
monument  lately  erected  for  him  b}*^  Dr.  Cosin,  Lord  Bishop 
of  Durham,  upon  the  next  pillar. 

Under  the  large  sandy-coloured  stone  was  buried  Bishop 
Eichard  Corbet,  a  person  of  singular  wit,  and  an  eloquent 
preacher,  who  lived  bishop  of  this  see  but  three  years,  being 
before  dean  of  Christ-church,  then  bishop  of  Oxford.  The 
inscription  is  as  follows : — 

Bichardus  Corbet  Theologiae  Doctor, 
Ecclesiae  Gathedralis  Christi  Oxoniensis 
Primum  alumnua,  iade  Decanus,  exinde 
Episcopus,  illinc  hue  translatus,  et 
Hinc  in  coelum,  Jul.  28,  Ann.  1635. 

The  arms  on  it,  are  the  see  of  Norwich,  impaling,  or,  a  raven 
sab.  Corbet. 


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THE  AISTTIQITITIES  OV  KOBWICH.  ^289 

Towards  the  upper  end  of  the  choir,  and  on  the  south 
side,  under  a  fair  large  stone,  was  interred  Sir  Willimn 
Boleyn,  or  Bullen,  great  grandfather  to  Queen  Elizabeth. 
The  inscription  hath  been  long  lost,  which  was  this : — 

Hie  jaoet  corpus  Willelmi  Boleyn,  militiBy 
Qui  obiit  z  Octobris,  Ann.  Dom.  MCCGCCY. 

And  I  find  in  a  good  manuscript  of  the  ancient  gentry  of 
JS^orfolk  and  Sum>lk  these  words.  Sir  William  Boleyn,  heir 
imto  Sir  Thomas  Boleyn,  who  married  Margaret,  daughter 
and  heir  of  Thomas  Butler,  Earl  of  Ormond,  died  in  the 
year  1505,  and  was  buried  on  the  south  side  of  the  chancel 
of  Christ-church  in  Norwich.  And  surely  the  arms  of  few 
fiunilies  have  been  more  often  found  in  any  church,  than 
those  of  the  Boleyns,  on  the  walls,  and  in  the  windows  of 
the  east  part  of  this  church.  Many  others  of  this  noble 
fSunilj  were  buried  in  Blickling  church. 

Manj  other  bishops  might  be  buried  in  this  church,  as  we 
find  it  so  asserted  by  some  historical  accounts ;  but  no  his- 
tory or  tradition  remaining  of  the  place  of  their  interment, 
in  Tain  we  endeavour  to  design  ana  point  out  the  same. 

As  of  Bishop  Johannes  de  Gray,  who,  as  it  is  delivered, 
was  interred  in  this  church,  was  a  favourite  of  King  John, 
and  sent  by  him  to  the  pope  :  he  was  also  lord  deputy  of 
Ireland,  and  a  person  of  great  reputation,  and  built  Qaywood 
Hall,  by  Lynn. 

As  also  of  Bishop  Bo&;er  Skerewyng  [or  de  Skeming], 
in  whose  time  happened  tnat  bloody  contention  between  the 
monks  and  citizens,  begun  at  a  &ir  kept'  before  thegate ; 
when  the  church  was  fired :  to  compose  which,  King  Henij 
m.  came  to  Norwich,  and  William  de  Brunham,  prior,  was 
mucli  to  blame. — See  Holvngshedy  Sfe, 

Or  of  Bishop  "William  .Middleton,  who  succeeded  him,  aad 
was  buried  in  this  church ;  in  whose  time  the  church  that 
was  burnt  while  Skerewyng  sat  was  repaired  and  conse- 
crated, in  the  presence  of  K^g  Edward  I. 

Or  of  Bishop  John  Salmon,  sometime  lord  chancellor  of 
England,  who  died  1325,  and  was  here  interred ;  his  works . 

*  fair  2^.]  This  oceutred  on  the  9ih  of  August,  1272.~See  BUm^ 
fitUP9  Normch,  part  i.  p.  58. 

TOL.  IlL  V 


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290  THE  AimQT?IXIS8  OT  KOXWIOH. 

were  noble.  He  built  the  great  hall  in  the  bishop's  palace ; 
the  bishop's  long  chapel  on  the  east  side  of  the  pauioe,  wMdi 
was  no  ordinary  fabric ;  and  a  strong  handsome  chapel  at 
the  west  end  of  the  ^uich,^  and  appointed  four  priests  for 
the  daily  service  therein.  Unto  wnich  great  woAs  he  was 
the  better  enabled  by  obtaining  a  grant  of  the  first  finite 
fix)ni  Pope  Clement. 

Or  of  Bishop  Thomas  Percv,  brother  to  the  earl  pf 
Northumberlano,  in  the  reign  of  Richard  II.  who  gave  raito 
a  chantry  the  lands  about  Carlton,  Kimberly,  and  Widde- 
wood ;  in  whose  time  the  steeple  and  bemy  were  blo^ni 
down,  and  rebuilt  by  him  and  a  contribution  fix)m  the  clergy. 

Or  of  Bishop  Anthony  de  Beck,  a  person  of  an  unqmet 
spirit,  very  much  hated,  and  poisoned  by  his  servants. 

Or  likewise  of  Bishop  Thomas  Browne,  who,  being  bishop 
of  Eochester,  was  chosen  bishop  of  Norwich,  while  he  was 
at  the  council  of  Basil,  in  the  reign  of  King  Henry  VI.,  was 
a  strenuous  assertor  of  the  rights  of  the  church  against  the 
citizens.  

Or  of  Bishop  William  Eugge,^  in  whose  last  year  happened 

Kett's  rebellion,  in  the  reign  of  Edward  \1.    I  find  his 

name  Ghiil.  Norwicensis  among  the  bishops  who  subscribed 

'  unto  a  declaration  against  the  pope's  supremacy,  in  the  time 

of  Henry  Vin. 

Or  of  Bishop  John  Hopton,  who  was  bishop  in  the  time 
of  Queen  Mary,  and  died  the  same  year  with  her.  He  is 
mentioned,  together  with  his  chancellor,  Duiming,  'by  John 
'Fox,  in  his  Martyrotogy, 

Or  lastly,  of  Bishop  William  Eedman,  of  Trinity  College, 
in  Cambridge,  who  was  archdeacon  of  Canterbury.  His 
arms  are  upon  a  board  on  the  north  side  of  the  choir,  siear 
to  the  pulpit. 

Of  the  K)ur  bishops  in  Queen  EBzabeth's  reign,  Parkhxurst^ 
!Preake,  Seamier,  and  Eedman,  Sir  John  Harrington,  in  bis 
JHhtory  of  the  Bishops  in  her  Time,  writeth  thus: — ^Por 
the  four  bishops  in  the  queen's  days,  they  liv'd  as  bishops 
should  do,  and  were  not  warriours,  like  Bishop  Spencer, 
their  predecessor. 

*  a  strong  hcmdsofne  cfiapd  <U  the  west  end  of  the  church.]  St.  John's 
chapel,  now  the  Free-schooL 

*  Bmgge.']    He  ties  in  tiie  midst  of  the  choir.— if5.  in  BoH.  ee^. 


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/<FHS  AKTII^uITOS  07  KOBWICH.  291 

Some  bishops  were  buried  neither  in  the  body  of  the 
cburcli  nor  in  the  choir,|but  in  our  Lady's  chapel^  at  the  east 
end  of  the  church,  bmlt  by  Bishop  Walter  de  Suthfield^* 
(in  the  reign  of  Henry  III.)  wherein  he  was  buried,  and 
miracles  said  to  be  wrought  at  his  tomb,  he  being  a  person 
of  great  charity  and  pie^. 

Wherein  also  was  Duried  Bishop  Simeon  de  Wanton,  yel 
Walton,  and  Bishop  Alexander,  wno  had  been  prior  of  the 
conyent ;  and  also,  as  some  think,  Bishop  Boger  Skerewrlig, 
and  probably  other  bishops  and  persons  of  quality,  whose 
tombs  and  monuments  we  now  in  vain  enquire  after  in  the 
church. 

This  was  a  handsome  ehapel;  and  there  was  a  fair  entrance 
into  it  out  of  the  chim^h,  of  a  considerable  height  also,  as 
may  be  seen  by  the  outside,  where  it  adjoined  unto  the  wall 
^  1^6  churcli.  But,  being  ruinous,  it  was,  as  I  have  heard, 
damoHshed  in  the  time  of  Dean  Qardiner ;  but  what  became 
of  the  tombs,  monuments,  and  grave-stones,  we  have  no 
Mcount.  In  this  chapel  the  bishop's  consistory,  or  court, 
aught  be  k^t  in  (dd  time :  for  we  find  in  Fox's  Martvrology, 
that  divers  persons  accused  of  heresy  were  examined  by  the 
l^hop,  or  his  chanoeUor,  in  St.  Mary's  chapel.  This  fEonous 
t^hop,  Walter  de  Suth^ld,'  who  Duilt  this  chapel,  is  also 
said  to  have  built  the  hospital^  not  far  off. 

Again,  divers  bishops  sat  in  this  see,  who  left  not  their 
hones  in  this  church ;  for  some  died  not  here,  but  at  distant 
places;  some  were  translated  to  other  bishopricks;  and 
some,  though  they  lived  and  died  here,  were  not  buried  in 
.4il  chtuHjb. 

Some  ^ed  at  distant  nlaces,  as  Bishop  Bichard  Gourtn^, 
^dumcellor  of  Oxford^  and  in  great  favour  with  King  Henry  V. 
b^  whom  he  was  sent  unto  the  king  of  France,  to  challenge 
his  right  unto  that  crown ;  but  he  dying  in  France,  his  body 
'  wiuf  brought  into'  England,  and  interred  in  Westminster- 
"Abbey,  among  the  kings. 

Bishop  William  Bateman,  LL.D.,  bom  in  Norwich,  who 
■inrnded  Tiinily-hall,  in  Cambridge,  i^d  persuaded  G-onvil  to 

,  *  iM^SeZd.]  Or  Saffifild.--^.  Wd.    HebaUtthe  ho^ital  of  St.  Giles 
in  Norwich.  P.L.K. — M8,  note  hy  Le  Neoty  im,  BodL  ccpy. 
'  hotpUal.1    3^t  Giles's  ^lepital,  BiahopsgaieHiireet. 
V  2 


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.'292  THX  AJPriQiriTiBs  of  iroBWKni. 

'  build  Gk)iivil-college,  died  at  Avignon,  in  France,  being  sent 
by  the  king  to  Eome,®  and  was  buried  in  that  citj. 

Bishop  William  Ayermin  died  near  London. 

Bishop  Thomas  Thirlby,  doctor  of  law,  died  in  ArcHbisbop 
Matthew  Parker's  house,  and  was  buried  at  Lambeth,  with 
this  inscription : — Hie  jacet  Thomas  Thirlby,  olim  Episcopus 
Eliensis,  qui  obiit  26  die  Augusti,  Anno  Domini  1570. 

Bishop  Thomas  Jann,  who  was  prior  of  Ely,  died  at  Folk- 
ston-abbey,  near  Dover,  in  Kent.^ 

Some  were  translated  unto  other  bishopricks ;  as  Bisbc^ 
William  Balegh  was  removed  unto  Winchester,  by  Xing 
Herny  HI. 

Bishop  Ealph  de  Walpole  was  translated  to  Ely,  in  the 
time  of  Edward  I. ;  he  is  said  to  have  begun  the  bmlding  of 
the  cloister,  which  is  esteemed  the  fairest  in  England. 

Bishop  William  Alnwick  built  the  church  gates  at  the 
west  end  of  the  church,  and  the  great  window,  and  was 
translated  to  Lincoln,  in  the  reign  of  Heniy  VI. 

And  of  later  time,  Bishop  Edmund  Ereake,  who  succeeded 
Bishop  Parkhurst,  was  removed  unto  Worcester,  and  theie 
lieth  entombed. 

Bishop  Samuel  Harsnet,  master  of  Pembroke-hall,  in  Cam* 
bridge,  and  bishop  of  Chichester,  was  thence  translated  to 
York. 

Bishop  Erancis  White,  almoner  unto  the  king,  formerly 
bishop  of  Carlisle,  translated  unto  Ely, 

Bishop  Matthew  Wren,  dean  of  the  chapel,  translated 
also  to  Ely,  and  was  not  buried  here. 

Bishop  John  Jegon,  who  died  1617,  was  buried  at  Aylslumiy 
near  ^Norwich.  He  was  master  of  Bennet-college,  and  deaa 
of  l^orwich,  whose  arms,  two  chevrons  with  an  eagle  on  m 
canton,  are  yet  to  be  seen  on  the  west  side  of  the  bi^op^*» 
throne. 

My  honoured  fnend,  Bishop  Joseph  Hall,  dean  of  W<mv 
cester,  and  bishop  of  Exon,  translated  to  Norwich,  was  bnried 

^  to  Rome.']  Eiikpatrick,  in  his  copy,  has  struck  out  these  frmrdh^ 
and  substituted  "  thither/'  adding  the  following  explanatory  ohserv»* 
tion,  "viz.  to  Pope  Clement  VI.,  who  Kved  at  Avignon." 

»  Kent,]  In  Blom^fidtrs  Norufidh  part  i.  p.  543,  it  is  stated,  «h«t 
what  is  here  said  of  his  having  been  prior  of  Ely,,  and  in  Le  Neve**  AuA( 
of  his  dying  at  FoUuton-abbey,  is  a  mistake*. 


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THE  AKTIQTTITHSS  OP  NOEWIOH.  203  . 

at  Heigham,  near  Norwich,  where  he  hath  a  monument. 
When  the  revenues  of  the  church  were  alienated,  he  retired 
onto  that  suburban  parish,  and  there  ended  his  days,  beiDg 
above  eighty  years  of  age.  A  person  of  singular  humiliiy, 
patience,  and  piety :  his  own  works  are  the  best  monument 
and  character  of  himself,  which  was  also  very  lively  drawn 
in  his  excellent  funeral  sermon,  preached  by  my  learned  and 
fiithful  old  Mend,  John  Whiteioot,  rector  or  Heigham,  a 
TCry  deserving  clerk  of  the  convocation  of  Norfolk.  His 
anna,  in  the  Begister  Office  of  Norwich,  are  sable,  three 
tftlbots'  heads  erased,  argent. 

My  honoured  friend  also,  Bishop  Edward  Beynolds,  was 
not  buried  in  the  church,  but  in  the  bishop's  chapel ;  which 
was  built  by  himself.  He  was  bom  at  Southampton,  brought . 

S>  at  Merton-colle^e,  in  Oxford,  and  the  mrst  bishop  of 
opwich  after  the  king's  restoration :  a  person  much  of  the 
temper  of  his  predecessor,  Dr.  Joseph  Hall,  of  singular  aflBsi- 
^mj,  meekness,  and  humility;  of  great  learning;  a  frequent 
peacher,  and  constant  resident.  He  sat  in  this  see  about 
ttrenteen  years ;  and,  though  buried  in  his  private  chapel, 

Ehis  funeral  sermon  was  preached  in  the  cathedral,  by 
.Benedict  Eively,  now  minister  of  St.  Andrew's.  He  was 
'  ancceeded  by  Dr.  Anthony  Sparrow,  our  worthy  and 
IiODoured  diocesan. 

It  is  thought  that  some  bishops  were  buried  in  the  old 
bishop's  chapel,  said  to  be  built  by  Bishop  John  Salmon 
[demolished  in  the  time  of  the  late  war],  fer  therein  were 
Bttny  grave-stones,  and  some  plain  monuments.  This  old 
diapel  was  higher,  broader,  and  much  larger  than  the  said 
8ew  chapel  built  by  Bishop  Eeynolds ;  but  being  covered 
vith  lead,  the  lead  was  sold,  and  taken  away  in  the  late 
lebellious  times ;  and,  the  £Eibric  growing  ruinous  and  use- 
loss,  it  was  taken  down,  and  some  of  the  stones  made  use 
rf  in  the  building  of  the  new  chapel. 

I^ow,  whereas  there  have  been  so  many  noble  and  ancient 
faulies  in  these  parts,  yet  we  find  not  more  of  them  to  have 
Wen  buried  in  this,  the  mother  church.  It  may  be  considered, 
ibat  no  small  numbers  of  them  were  interred  in  the  churches 
Vfi  chapels  of  the  monasteries  and  religious  houses  of  this 
city,  especially  in  three  thereof;  the  Austin-friars,  the 
Black-frmrs,  the  Carmelite,  or  White-friars ;  for  therein  wero 


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294  THE  AJfTIQUITISS  OF  STOBWIOK. 

buried  many  persons  of  both  sexes,  of  great  and  good  &mi> 
lies,  whereof  there  are  few  or  no  memonals  in  the  cathedral 
And  in  the  best  preserved  reg^isters  of  such  intermenta  of 
old,  from  moniunents  and  inscriptions,  we  find  the  names  of 
men  and  women  of  many  ancient  &milies ;  as  of  Ufford, 
Hastings,  Eaddiffe,  Morley,  Windham,  Qeney,  Clifton, 
Pigot,  Hengraye,  Ghimey,  Howell,  Ferris,  Bacon,  Boys, 
Wichingham,  Soterley ;  of  Falstolph,  Ingham,  Pelbri^ 
Talbot,  Harsick,  Pagrave,  Bemey,  "Woodhouse,  Howldich;  of 
Argenton,  Somerton,  G^ros,  Benhall,  Banyard,  Fasten,  Oiunf 
thorpe.  Withe,  Colet,  Gerbrigge,  Berry,  Calthorpe,  Evewd, 
Hetherset,  Wachesham.  AU  lords,  knights,  and  esqdies, 
with  divers  others.  Beside  the  great  and  noble  families  of 
the  Bigots,  Mowbrays,  Howards,  were  the  most  part  interred 
at  Thetford,  in  the  religious  houses  of  which  they  were 
founders  or  benefactors.  The  Mortimers  were  bimed  at 
Attleburgh ;  the  Aubeneys  at  Wymondham,  in  the  prioiy 
or  abbey  founded  by  them.  And  Oamden  says,  tW  a 
great  part  of  the  nobility  and  gentry  of  those  parts  woe 
buried  at  Pentney  abbey.  Many  others  were  buried  dia- 
p^sedly  in  churches  or  religious  houses,  founded  or  endowed 
by  themselyes ;  and,  therefore,  it  is  the  less  to  be  wondeied 
at,  that  so  many  great  aad  considerable  persons  of  ftia 
country  were  not  interred  in  this  chiurch. 

There  are  twenty-four  escutcheons,  yiz.,  six  on  a  side  on 
the  inside  of  the  steeple  oyer  the  choir,  with  seyeral  coats  of 
arms,  most  whereof  are  memorials  of  things,  persons,  and 
&milies,  well-wishers,  patrons,  benefactors,  or  such  as  were 
in  special  veneration,  honour,  and  respect,  from  the  chuich. 
As  particularly  the  arms  of  England,  of  Edward  the  Cofr 
fessor;  an  hieroglyphical  eseutdieon  of  the  Trinity,  imto 
which  this  church  was  dedicated.  Three  cups  witMn  a 
wreath  of  thonks^  the  arms  of  My,  the  arms  of  the  see  of 
Canterbury  impaling  the  coat  of  the  fiunous  and  magnific^ 
John  Morton,  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  who  was  bishop  of 
Ely  before ;  of  Bishop  James  Goldwell,  that  honoured  biawy 
of  Norwich.  The  three  lions  of  England,  St-  Georgia 
oross,  the  arms  of  ihe  church  impaled  with  Prior  Boflv3e*a 
coat,  the  arms  of  the  church  impaled  with  the  private  ooate* 
of  three  priors,  the  arms  of  the  city  of  Norwich. 


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THS  JJSTLS^mjl^B  OP  KOSWIOH.  29{l^ 

ISieie  are  here  Hkewiise  the  coats  of  «ome  great  and  wor- 
thy fumiliea;  as  of  Yere,  Stanley,  Be  la  Pole,  Winefield,; 
adoii,Town8heiid,Bedizigfield,JBruce,  Glere;  which  being 
)  taken  notice  of,  and  time  being  still  like  to  obscure, 
and  make  them  past  knowledge,  I  w<»dd  not  omit  to  have  u 
dnaght  th^^eof  set  down,  wluch  I  keep  by  me. 

Thoe  are  also  many  coats  of  arms  on  the  walls,  and  in 
tihe  wBidows  of  the  east  ^id  of  the  chuich ;  but  none  so 
often  as  those  of  the  Boleyns,  viz.  in  a  field  argent,  a  dberron, 
gules,  between  three  bulls'  heads^uped,  sSble,  armed,  or ; 
wfaexeof  some  are  quaitered  with  the  arms  of  noble  £uniliesv 
As  also  about  the  church,  the  arms  of  Hastings,  Be  la  Pole, 
H^don,  Stapleton,  Windham,  Wickingham,  Glifbon,  Heyen- 
mffaaoiy  Bokenham,  Inglos. 

In  the  norfch  window  of  Jesus'  chapel  are  iiie  arms  of 
Badcliif  and  GecU ;  4md  in  the  east  window  of  the  same 
ciiapd  the'  coats  of  Branch  and  of  Beate. 

l^eie  are  sev^ml  escutcheon  boards  £Eustened  to  the  npper 
seats  of  the  choir;  upon  the  three  lowest  on  the  south  side 
are  tiie  arms  of  Bismm  Jegon,  of  the  Pastons,  and  of  the 
Hobarts ;  and  in  one  above  the  arms  of  the  Howards.  On 
the  board  on  the  north  side  are  the  arms  of  Bishop  Bedmayh; 
SDd  c£  ihe  £[owards. 

Upon  the  outside  of  the  gate,  next  to  the  school,  az«  the 
eaeatdiecmB  and  aims  of  !firpmgham,  who  built  the  gates 
[dflo  the  coats  of  Glopton  and  Waltcm],  being  an  orle  of 
BHxtiete;  or  such  families  who  niamed  with  the  Slzpinghams. 
The  word  pcetui^  often  upon  the  gates,  shows  it  to  have 
beean  built  upon  p^iance. 

.  At  tiie  west  end  of  the  church  are  cfaiefiy  observable  the 
figure  of  King  William  Eufiis,  or  King  Henry  I.,  and  a 
hahop  on  hffi  knees  receiving  the  charter  from  him :  or  else 
of  K'tTig  Henry  YI.,  in  whose  reign  this  gate  and  &ir  window 
wore  built.  Also  the  mfdmed  statues  of  bishops,  whose 
copes  are  garnished  and  charged  with  a  cross  moline :  and  at 

^  IMBMl]  This  word  k  not  poena  but  }»etlft.  tk<o  old  way  of  writings 
l&tittb  (this  was  first  snggeBtedby  the  late  Dr.  Sayera),  it  appeans  to  have 
hmm.  mtended  for  hk  motto  ;  as  was  also  the  word  ISf  tear  on  a  braes 
hbel  ai  tiie  oommr  of  his  tomb8tone.-*-Sea  JBlmM^idd's  Norw^  part  ii. 
pu  S»,  Mid  i}ri0o»'«  iVoriffteA  (MUcftt^ 


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296!  Txx  AirriQurriES  or  itorwioh. 

their  feet,  escutcheons,  mth  the  arms  of  the  chuidi:  aiid 
also  escutcheons  with  crosses  molines.  That  these,  or  some 
of  them,  were  the  statues  of  Bishop  William  Alnwick,  seems 
more  than  probable ;  for  he  built  the  three  gates,  and  the 
great  window'  at  the  west  end  of  the  church ;  and  where  the 
arms  of  the  see  aie  in  a  roundele,  are  these  words — 

Orate  pro  anima  Domini  Willelmi  Alntoyh, ^Also  in 

another  escutcheon,  charged  with  a  cross  moUne,  there  is 
the  same  motto  round  about  it. 

TJpon  the  wooden  dooi^on  the  outside,  there  are  also  the 
three  mitres,  which  are  the  arms  of  the  see  upon  one  lea^ 
and  a  cross  moline  on  the  other. 

Upon  the  outside  of  the  end  of  the  north  cross  aisle, 
there  is  a  statue  of  an  old  person ;  which,  being  formerlj 
coyered  and  obscured  bj  plaster  and  mortar  oyer  it,  was 
discoyered  upon  the  late  reparation  or  whitening  of  that  end 
of  the  aisle.  This  may  probably  be  the  statue  of  Bishop 
Bichard  Nicks,^  or  the  Blind  Bishop;  for  he  built  the 
aisle,  or  that  part  thereof,  and  also  the  roo^  where  bis 
arms  are  to  be  seen,  a  cheyron  between  three  leopards'  heada^ 
gules. 

The  roof  of  the  church  is  noble  and  adorned  with  figures. 
In  the  roof  of  the  body  of  the  church  there  are  no  coats 
of  arms,  but  representations  from  scripture  story,  as  the 
story  of  Pharaoh ;  of  Sampson  towards  the  east  end ;  figures 
of  the  last  supper,  and  of  our  Sayiour  on  the  cross,  towards 
the  west  end  f  besides  others  of  foliage  and  the  hke  anmr 
mental  figures. 

The  north  wall  of  the  cloister  was  handsomely  beautified, 
with  the  arms  of  some  of  the  nobility  in  their  proper  colouis, 

'  the  great  mndow.]  Hie  ^reat  west  window  hu  been  fbmid  on  alate 
Burvej  to  have  been  put  in  bke  a  frame  into  the  west  fronts  and  heing 
ready  to  fiiU  out  was  fiwtened  with  irons ;  Dean  Bnllock,  aJx>ut  17iS, 
chipt  off  all  the  outer  ornament  of  the  west  front  and  new  cased  it. — 
MS,  noteprciboNiy  by  Ivea, 

*  Nich,]  Bishop  IHx  only  re-bnilt  the  rooi^  the  e£Bgy  is  of  Herbei^ 
the  fonnder,  it  being  exactly  in  the  same  manner  as  that  on  his  seaL— 
BUmefiMe  Hittwy  ofNonmck,  part  i.  p.  546. 

'  end.]  This  purt  was  done  in  the  time  oi^  if  not  by  Bishop  Lybsrt^ 
as  appears  by  his  arms  and  his  rebus  alternately  upon  the  pillan  on 
each  side,  where  the  foundations  of  the  vaulted  roof  begin  upon  the  old 
work.— JTtri^palridk't  MS.  note$. 


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T3U  AKTIQ17ITIXS  07  KOBWICH.  297  ' 

with  their  jcrests,  mantliiigs,  supporterB,  and  the  whole 
achievement  quartered  with  the  several  eoats  of  their  matches, . 
drawn  very  large  from  the  upper  part  of  the  wall,  and  took  up 
about  half  of  the  wall.  They  are  eleven  in  number,  parti- 
cularly these :  1.  An  emp^  escutcheon.  2.  The  achievement . 
of  Howard,  duke  of  Norrolk.  8.  Of  Clinton.  4.  Eussel. 
5.  Cheyney.  6.  The  queen's  achievement.  7.  Hastings, 
a  Dudley.    9.  Cecil.    10.  Carey.    11.  Hatton. 

They  were  made  sqon  after  Queen  Elizabeth  came  to 
Norwich,  ann.  1758,  where  she  remained  a  week,  and  lodged 
afc  the  bishop's  palace,  in  the  time  of  Bishop  Ereake,  attended 
by  many  of  the  nobility,  and  particularly  by  those  whose 
ams  are  here  set  down. 

They  made  a  rery  handsome  show,  especially  at  that  time, . 
when  the  cloister  windows  were  painted  unto  the  cross  bars. 
The  figures  of  those  coats,  in  their  distmguishable  and 
diBcemable  colours,  are  not  beyond  my  remembrance.  But 
in  the  late  times,  when  the  lead  was  faulty  and  the  stone 
work  decayed,  the  rain  falling  upon  the  wall  washed  them 
away. 

The  pavement  also  of  the  cloister  on  the  sam^  side  was 
broken  and  the  stones  taken  away,  a  floor  of  dust  remaining : 
but  that  side  is  now  handsomely  paved  by  the  beneficence 
of  my  worthy  friend  William  Burleigh,  Esq. 

At  the  stone  cistern*  in  the  cloister,  there  is  yet  per- 
ceivable a  lion  rampant,  argent,  in  a  fleld  sable,  wmch  coat . 
IB  now  quartered  in  the  arms  of  the  Howards. 

In  the  painted  glass  in  the  cloister,  which  hath  been 
above  the  cross  bars,  there  are  several  coats.  And  I  find  by 
an  account  taken  thereof  and  set  dovni  in  their  proper 
colours,  that  here  were  these  following,  viz.  the  arms  of 
Korley,  Shelton,  Scales,  Erpingham,  uoumay,  Mowbray, 
Savage,  now  Bivers,  three  coats  of  Thorpes  and  one  of  a 
Hon  rampant,  gules  in  a  field  or,  not  well  knovni  to  what 
&mily  it  belongeth. 

Between  the  lately  demolished  chapter-house  and  St.Luke's 
chapel,  there  is  an  handsome  chapel,  wherein  the  consistory 
or  bishop's  court  is  kept,  vrith  a  noble  ^ded  roof.  This 
goeth  under  no  name,  but  may  well  be  called  Beauchampe'a 

'  cittern.}    The  lavatories  at  the  aouth-west  angle. 

.     Digitized  by  VjOOQIC       '"^ 


208  THs  AimQuiTns  of  vobwioh. 

cliapel  or  the  cliapel  of  ouv  Lady  and  All  Saints,  as  being 
built  W  William  Seauchampe,  aooording  to  this  inseriplaov 
— In  ionore  Beate  Maru  VhyiniSy  et  wnmum  mndorum 
WiUelmuBBeauchampe  capeUam  hone  ordmavit^  et  expropriit 
9uniptiln$9  comtruxii.  This  inscription  is  in  old  letters  on 
the  outside  of  the  wall,  at  the  south  side  of  the  chapel,  and 
almost  obliterated.  He  was  buried  under  an  arch  in  Ae 
wall  which  was  richly  gilded  ;  and  some  part  of  the  giMing 
is  yet  to  be  perceived,  though  obscured  and  blinded  by  the 
bench  on  the  inside.  I  hx^e  heard  there  is  a  vault  belov 
gilded  like  l^e  roof  of  the  chapel.  The  founder  of  this 
chi^l,  WiUiam  Beauchampe  or  de  BeOo  Campo,  might  be 
one  of  the  Beauchampes  wno  were  lords  oi  AbergaTennf ; 
for  William  lord  Abergavenny  had  kods  and  manors  m 
this  counfar.  And  in  the  register  of  institutions  it  is  to  be 
seen,  that  ^William  Beauchampe,  lord  of  Abergav^my,  wis 
lord  patron  of  Berg-cum-Apton,  five  nulee  distant  £com 
Norwich,  and  presented  derks  to  that  living,  1406,  ani 
afterward :  so  toat  if  he  lived  a  few  years  after,  he  might  be 
buried  in  the  latter  end  of  Henry  IV.,  or  in  the  reign  rf 
Henry  V.,  or  in  the  beginning  of  Henry  TI.  Where  to 
find  Heydon*s  chapel^  is  more  obaeoro,  if  not  altogeite 
unknown ;  for  such  a  place  there  was,  and  known  by  the 
name  of  Heydon's  chapel,  as  I  find  in  a  manuscript  cosf 
ceming  some  ancient  fiaonilies  of  Norfolk^  in  these  words  :— 
John  Meydon  of  Baean^thofj^  Sef^  died  4n  ike  reign  (f 
JSdward  IF.,  ann.  1479.  lu  buUt  a  ehapd  on  ikemwtheiie 
of  the  cathednd  ehureh  of  Norwiohy  wher$  he  vms  buried, 
BJe  woe  in  great  faieowt  with  Kmg  Henry  VI.,4mdtookpmi 
taith  ike  honee  ^Laneaster  agamet  that  qf  York, 

Henry  Heydon,  Knight,  his  heir,  built  the  church  of 
Salthouse,  and  nuMle  the  causey  between  Thursford  and 

7  iMcription.]  Kirkpatripk,  in  his  MS»  notes  to  his  copy  of  ^ 
PosthumooB  Works  (now  in  the  possession  of  Dr.  Sutton),  says,  "thit. 
it  was  oertainlj  William  Bauchun  who  was  the  founder  of  this  dofA 
and  gaue  lands  to  it,  in  the  Utter  end  of  King  Edwsrd  the  SeoonTs 
time,  as  oat  of  the  records  of  the  churoh  may  be  collected.  The  wi 
William  Bauchun  being  often  mentioned  therein,bat  Beaachan^  nerer." 
It  also  appears,  from  £irkpatrick's  sketch  of  the  inscription,  that  thoS' 
was  not  sufficient  space  on  the  stone  for  more  than  ''Bauchun." 

®  ffeydorCs  chapel.]  This  chapel  is  placed  on  the  west  side  of  Besn- 
champe's  or  Bau<^un's  ofaap^— ^  plan  in  Blom^klSs  iVorvt^. 

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THS  AlirTIQUITHES  OF  3!rOBWI0H.  209 

Tf  alsingham,  at  his  own  charge.  He  iied  in  the  time  of 
Henry  VII.,  and  was  buried  in  Heydon's  chapel,  joining  to 
ike  cathedral  aforesaid.  The  arms  of  the  Heydons  are 
argent,  and  gules  a  cross  engrailed  counter-changed,  make 
the  third  escutcheon  in  the  north-row  oyer  the  choir,  and 
are  in  seyeral  places  in  the  glass  windows,  especially  on  the 
south  side,  and  once  in  the  deanery. 

There  w^  a  chapeP  to  the  south  side  of  the  gaol  or 
prison,  into  which  there  is  one  door  out  of  the  entry  of  the 
ctoister ;  and  there  was  another  out  of  the  cloister  itself, 
which  is  now  made  up  of  brick  work :  the  stone  work  which 
remaineth  on  the  inside  is  strong  and  handsome.  This 
seems  to  have  been  a  much-frequented  chapel  of  the  priory 
by  the  wearing  of  the  steppings  unto  it,  which  are  on  the 
cloister  side. 

Many  other  diapels  there  were  within  the  walls  aaid 
circuit  of  the  priory,  as  of  St.  Mary  of  the  Marsh,  of  St. 
Sthelbert,  and  others.^  But  a  strong  and  handsome  fabric 
of  one  is  still  remaining,  which  is  the  chapel  of  St.  John  the 
SvsDgelist,  said  to  have  been  founded  by  Bishop  John 
Sahnon,  who  died  ann.  1325,  and  four  priests  were  enter- 
tained for  the  daily  service  therein :  that  which  was  pro- 
perly the  chapel,  is  now  the  free-school:  the  adjoining 
buildings  made  up  the  refectory,  chambers,  and  offices  of 
tlie  society. 

Huder  the  chapel,  there  was  a  diamel-house,  which  wa& 
a  remarkable  one  m  former  times,  and  the  name  is  still  re- 
tsined.  In  an  old  manuscript  of  a  sacrist  (^  the  church, 
communicated  to  me  by  my  worthy  friend,  Mr.  John  Burton, 

•  There  teas,  &c,]  There  can  be  little  doubt  but  that  this  was  the 
onginal  efaapter-house ;  its  octangnlar  east  end  and  its  situation  eorro- 
noDding  with  those  of  the  cathedrals  of  Durham,  Heieford,  Worcester, 
GloooeBter,  Lincoln,  &a 

^  and  odier9.]  The  chapel  of  St.  Edmund  has  been  placed  by  Blome-. 
field  on  the  site  of  the  chapter-house.  In  the  late  repairs,  part  of  the 
old  gaol  has  been  appropriated  to  the  dean's  yestry,  in  the  centre  of' 
wliich,  in  the  intersecting  groins  is  a  boss,  containing  the  represoitation 
of  the  head  of  a  king,  which  I  think  can  hie  no  other  than  that  of 
8t.  Edmund,  and  that  we  may  with  propriety  consider  this  place  as  the 
chapel  dedicated  [to  St.  Edmund.  Adjoining  this,  north,  was  another 
chapel,  with  a  semicircular  east  end ;  corresponding  with  that  on  the 
6Mt  ade  of  tiie  north  transept.    This  was  probably  the  Priors'  chi^. 


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900  THB  AimQtJITISS  OF  VCfR-WIGK. 

the  learned  and  yery  deserying  master  of  the  free-school, 
I  fbd  that  the  priests  had  a  provisional  allowance  from  the 
rectory  of  Westhall,  in  Suffolk.  And  of  the  charnel-house 
it  is  delivered,  that  with  the  leave  of  the  sacrist,  the  bones 
of  such  as  were  buried  in  Norwich,  might  be  brought  into  it. 
In  eamario  subius  didam  eapellam  saneti  Jbhanms  eon' 
stUuto,  089a  hunuma  in  cwHate  Norwici  humatUy  de  licenHa 
iocrista,  qui  dicti  eamarii  clavem  et  eustodiam  hahehU 
gpeeialem  ut  usque  ad  resurreetionem  generaUm  ionegte  eon' 
servewtur  a  camihus  integre  denudata  rtmoni  volwma  et 
obiignari.  Probably  the  bones  were  piled  in  good  order, 
the  skulls,  arms,  and  leg  bones,  in  their  distinct  rows  and 
courses,  as  in  many  charnel-houses.  How  these  bones  were 
afterwards  disposed  of  we  bave  no  account ;  or  whether 
they  had  not  the  like  removal  with  those  in  the  charnel- 
house  of  St.  Paul,  kept  under  a  chapel,  on  the  north  side  of 
St.  Paul's  churchvard :  for  when  the  chapwel  was  demolished, 
the  bones  which  lav  in  the  vault,  amounting  to  more  than  a 
thousand  cart  loads,  were  conveyed  into  Finsbury  Eields, 
and  there  laid  in  a  moorish  place,  with  so  much  soil  to  cover 
them  as  raised  the  ground  for  three  windmills  to  stand  on, 
which  have  since  been  built  there,  according  as  John  Stow 
hath  delivered  in  his  survey  of  London. 

There  was  formerly  a  fair  and  large  but  plain  organ  in  the 
church,  and  in  the  same  place  with  this  at  present.  (It  was 
agreed,  in  a  chapter  by  the  dean  and  prebends,  that  a  new 
organ  be  made,  and  timber  fitted  to  make  a  loft  for  it, 
June  6,  ann.  1607,  repaired  1626,  and  £10  which  Abel  Colls 
gave  to  the  church,  was  bestowed  upon  it.)  That  in  the  late 
tumultuous  time  was  pulled  aown,  broken,  sold,  and  made 
away.  But  since  his  majesty's  restoration,  another  &ir, 
well-tuned,  plain  organ,  was  set  up  by  Dean  Crofts  and  the 
chapter,^  and  afterwards  painted,  and  beautifully  adorned  by 
the  care  and  cost  of  my  honoured  friend  Dr.  Herbert  Astiey, 
the  present  worthy  dean.  There  were  also  five  or  six  copes 
belonging  to  the  church;  which,  though  they  looked 
somewhat  old,  were  richly  embroidered.  These  were 
formerly  carried  into  the  market-place  f  some  blowing  the 

'  another  organ,  JkeJ]    Finished  in  1664. — MS.  Kirip, 

'  marka-place,]    This  occurred  on  the  9ih  of  March,  1644 ;  of  which 


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THB  AKTIQtriTISB  07  KOBWICH.  801 

organ  pipes  before  them,  and  were  cast  into  a  fire  provided 
for  that  purpose,  with  shouting  and  rejoicing :  so  that,  at 
present,  there  ia  but  one  cope  belonging  to  the  church, 
which  was  presented  thereunto  bj  Philip  Harbord,  Esq., 
the  present  high  sheriff  of  [^Torfolk,  my  honoured  Mend. 

Before  the  late  times,  the  combination^  sermons  were 
preached  in  the  summer  time  at  the  cross  in  the  green-yard, 
where  there  was  a  good  accommodation  for  the  auditors. 
The  mayor,  aldermen,  with  their  wives  and  oflScers,  had  a 
well-contrived  place  built  against  the  wall  of  the  bishop's 
palace,  covered  with  lead ;  so  that  they  were  not  offended  t>y 
raia.  Upon  the  north  side  of  the  church,  places  were 
built  gallery-wise,  one  above  another;  where  the  dean, 
prebends,  and  their  wives,  gentlemen,  and  the  better  sort, 
very  well  heard  the  sermon :  the  rest  either  stood,  or  sat  in 
the  green,  upon  long  forms  provided  for  them,  paying  a 
penny,  or  hal^enny  apiece,  as  they  did  at  St.  Faul's-cross  in 
London.  The  bishop  and  chancellor  heard  the  sermons  at 
the  windows  of  the  bishop's  palace :  the  pulpit  had  a  large 

the  following  curious  aooount  ia  given  in  Bishop  Hall's  ffard  Meoiure, 
p.  63. 

"  It  is  tragical  to  relate  the  furious  sacrilege  committed  under  the 
authority  of  Linsey,  Toffcs  the  sheriff  and  Greenwood ;  what  clattering 
of  glasses,  what  beating  down  of  walls,  what  tearing  down  of  monu> 
ments,  what  pulling  down  of  seats,  and  wrestine  out  of  irons  and  brass 
from  ike  windows  and  graves  ;  what  de&cing  of  arms,  what  demolishing 
of  curious  stone-work,  that  had  not  any  representation  in  the  world, 
but  of  the  cost  of  the  founder  and  skill  of  the  mason  ;  what  piping  on 
the  destroyed  organ  pipes ;  vestments,  both  copes  and  surplices,  to- 
gether with  the  leaden  cross,  which  had  been  newly  sawed  down  from 
over  the  greenyard  pulpit,  and  the  singing  books  and  service  books  were 
carried  to  the  fire  in  the  public  market-place  ;  a  lewd  wretdi  walking 
before  the  train  in  his  cope  trailing  in  the  dirt,  with  a  service  book  in 
his  hand,  imitating,  in  an  impious  scorn,  the  tune,  and  usurping  the 
words  of  the  litany,  the  ordnance  being  discharged  on  the  Guild-day, 
the  cathedral  was  filled  with  musketeers,  drinkmg  and  tobacconing  as 
freely  as  if  it  had  turned  alehouse." 

*  combination,'}  Dr.  Littleton  thus  defines  the  word;  "A  combi- 
nation, or  circle  of  preachers  in  a  cathedral  or  university  church." — 
'  Vide  Lot.  Diet, 

The  combination  preachers  were  appointed  by  the  bishops  from  the 
clergy  of  the  diocese ;  to  come  and  preach  a  sermon  in  the  cathedral,  or 
its  preaching  yard,  at  their  own  charges :  the  Suffolk  preachers  in  the 
summer  hal^year  and  the  Norfolk  in  the  winter ;  which  is  stiU  con- 
tionedk 


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802  SHB  AJriiQimiES  or  itobwich. 

oovering  of  lead  over  it,  aad  a  cross  upon  it ;  and  there  weie 
eight  or  ten  stairs  of  stone  about  it,  upon  which  the  hospital 
boys  and  oilers  stood.  The  preacher  had  his  face  to  the 
south,  and  there  was  a  paintea  board,  of  a  foot  and  a  half 
broad,  and  about  a  yard  and  a  half  long,  hanging  oyer  hk 
head  before,  upon  which  were  painted  the  arms  of  the  bene- 
factors'^ towards  the  combination  sermon,  which  he  pa^ 
ticularly  commemorated  in  his  prayer,  and  tiiey  were  these; 
Sir  John  Suckling,  Sir  John  Fettus,  Edward  Nuttel,  Heniy 
Fasset,  John  Myngay.  But  when  the  church  was  ae- 
ouestered,  and  the  service  put  down,  this  pulpit  was  taken 
down,  and  placed  in  New  Ball-green,  which  had  been  tbe 
artillery-yara,  and  the  public  sermon  was  there  preached. 
But  the  heirs  of  the  benefactors  denying  to  pay  the  wonted 
beneficence  for  any  sermon  out  of  Chnst-church  (the 
cathedral  being  now  commonly  so  eddied),  some  other  ways 
were  found  to  provide  a  minister,  at  a  yearly  saLaTy,  to 
preach  every  Sunday,  either  in  that  pulpit  in  the  summer, 
or  elsewhere  in  the  winter. 

I  must  not  omit  to  say  something  of  the  shall;  or  spire  of 
this  church,  commonly  called  the  pmnacle,  as  being  a  hand- 
some and  well-proportioned  fabric,  and  one  of  the  highest 
in  England,  higher  than  the  noted  spires  of  Li(Meld, 
Ohichester,  or  Grantham,  but  lower  than  that  of  Sahsbniy 
(at  a  general  chapter,  holden  June  4,  1633,  it  was  agreed 
that  the  steeple  should  be  mended*),  for  that  spire  being 
raised  upon  a  very  high  tower,  becomes  higher  £rom  the 
ground ;  but  this  spire,  considered  by  itself  seems,  at  least, 
to  equal  that.  It  is  an  hundred  and  five  yards  and  two  feet 
from  the  top  of  the  pinnacle  unto  the  pavement  of  the  choir 
under  it.  The  spire  is  very  strongly  built,  though  the  inside 
be  of  brick.  The  upper  aperture,  or  window,  is  the  highest 
ascent  inwardly ;  out  of  which,  sometimes  a  long  str^mer 
hath  been  hanged,  upon  the  guild,  or  mayor's  day.  But  at 
his  majesty's  restoration,  when  the  top  was  to  be  mended, 

'  henrfactorsJ]   These  gentlemen,  in  consideration  of  the  ezpeue 
,.  aecestorilj  incuired  by  the  preachers  in  ooming  to  Norwich,  devised 
certain  estates,  &c.  to  the  corporation  in  trust,  out  of  wUch  etch 
preacher  is  paid  one  goinea  towards  his  expenses. 

^ata  general  chapter,  dfc]  Christ-church  pinnacle  was  re-edified 
1636.— if5.  Starlmg.  KirHp. 


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TBM  AlRTHIUinXB  OF  KOBWICH.  M3 

and  a  new  gilded  weatbereock  was  to  be  placed  m<m  it, 
tiiere  were  stayings  made  at  tbe  upper  window,  and  divers 
persons  went  up  to  the  top  of  tne  pinnacle.  They  first 
went  up  into  the  belfry,  and  then  by  eiffht  ladders,  on  the 
inside  of  the  spire,  till  they  came  to  the  upper  hole,  or 
window ;  then  went  out  unto  the  outside,  where  a  staying 
was  set,  and  so  ascended  up  unto  the  top  stone^  on  which 
the  weathercock  standeth. 

The  cock  is  three-quarters  of  a  yard  high,  and  one  yard 
and  two  inches  long ;  as  is  also  the  cross  bar,  and  top  rtone 
dT  the  spire,  which  is  not  jQat,  but  consists  of  a  haa  globe 
and  channel  about  it ;  and  from  thenee  are  eight  leaves  of 
stone  spreading  outward,  under  which  begin  tli^  eight  rows 
of  crocketsy  which  go  down  the  spire  at  five  feet  distance. 

TpTom  the  top  there  is  a  prospect  all  about  the  country* 

Household-hill  seems  low,    and  flat  ground.    The  Casue 

hill,  andhigh  buildings,  do  very  much  diminish.  •  The  river 

«looks  like  a  ditch.    The  dty^,  with  the  streets,  make  a 

pleasant  show,  like  a  garden  with  several  walks  in  it.^ 

Though  this  churdi,  for  its  spire,  may  compare,  in  a 
manner,  with  any  in  England,  yet  in  its  tombs  and  monu- 
ments it  is  exceeded  by  many. 

No  kin^s  have  honoured  the  same  with  their  ashes,  and 
but  few  with  their  presence.^    And  it  is  not  without  some 

f  fifdlks  in  it]  The  sea  is  also  to  be  seen  from  the  north-west  towards 
WeUs,  to  the  south-east  off  the  Suffolk  coast ;  and  with  the  aid  of  a 
felesoope,  vessels  are  to  be  seen  sailing  along  the  coast  between  Hap- 
fttilmigli  and  LowMtoft. 

•  presence.]    This  is  certainly  an  error : — 
Heniy  I.  spent  his  Christmas  at  Norwich. — Sax.  Chr&n,  1122. 
mduurd  I.  yisited  Norwich. — Kiri^MUridc^a  MS,  notet. 
King  John  was  at  his  castle  in  Norwich  on  the  12th  and  13th  of  October, 

1205. — ArchcBologia,  vol.  zxii.  p.  142. 
Henry  III.  visited  Norwich,  1256  and  1272.— See  Bhaieiield. 
Edward  I.  kept  his  Easter  at  Norwich,  1277»—SU)we, 
Inward  n.  was  at  Norwich  in  January  1327. — Blome/idd. 
Edward  III.  held  a  tournament  at  Norwich  1841,  and  was  there  again 

in.l342  and  1344. 
Sicbiard  II.  visited  Norwich  in  1383,  according  to  HoUi'ngahed. 
Benry  IV.  visited  the  city  in  1406,  as  appears  by  the  Norwich  Assembly 

Book.— -fffowK/foW. 
Heniy  V.  visited  Norwich. — Kvrhp<arick*9  MS.  notes. 
Heniy  YI.  visited  Norwich  in  1448  and  lUd.—BlomJield. 


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804  THE  AimQXTITlSS  OF  KOBWICH. 

wonder,  that  Norwich  having  been  for  a  long  time  so  con- 
siderable a  place,  bo  few  kings  have  visited  it ;  of  wbic^i 
number,  among  so  many  monarchs  since  the  conquest,  we 
find  but  four,  viz.  King  Heniy  m.,  Edward  I.,  Queen 
Elizabeth,  and  our  gracious  sovereign  now  reigning,  King 
Charles  II.,  of  which  I  had  particular  reason  to  take  notice.* 

The  castle  was  tf^en  by  the  forces  of  King  William,  the 
Conqueror;  but  we  find  not  that  he  was  here.  King 
Henry  yn.  by  the  way  of  Cambridge,  made  a  pilgrimage 
unto  W alsingham ;  but  records  tell  us  not  that  he  was  at 
Norwich.^  King  James  I.  came  sometimes  to  Thetford  for 
his  hunting  recreation,  but  never  vouchsafed  to  advance 
twenty  miles  farther. 

Not  long  after  the  writing  of  these  papers,  Dean  Herbert 
Astley  died,  a  civil,  generous,  and  public-minded  person, 
who  had  travelled  in  France,  Italy,  and  Turkey,  and  was  in- 
terred near  the  monument  of  Sir  James  Hobart :  unto  whom 
succeeded  my  honoured  friend  Dr.  John  Sharpe,  a  prebend 
of  this  church,  and  rector  of  St.  GKles's  in  the  fi^ds, 
London;  a  person  of  singular  worth,  and  deserved  es- 
timation, the  honour  and  love  of  all  men ;  in  the  first  yeilr 
of  whose  deanery,  1681,  the  prebends  were  these : 


Mr.  Joseph  Loveliuid, 
Dr.  Hezekiah  Burton, 
Dr.  WilUam  Hawkins, 


Dr.  WilUam  Smith, 
Mr.  Nathaniel  Hodges, 
Mr.  Humphrey  Prideaux. 


(But  Dr.  Burton  dying  in  that  year,  Mr.  Bichard  Kidder 
succeeded),  worthy  persons,  learned. men,  and  very  good 
preachers. 

Edward  IV.  was  in  Norwich  in  li^Q.—BlorM^field. 

Bichard  III.  was  in  Norwich  in  1483. — Ibid. 

Henry  VII.  kept  his  Christmas  at  Norwich  in  1486. — Ibid. 

Elizabeth  came  on  her  progress  to  Norwich  in  1578. — Ibid. 

Charles  II.  visited  Norwich  in  1671,  and  is  the  last  sovereign  who  visited 

that  city. 

^  Sir  Thomas  being  then  knighted. 

^  bi£t  records,  t&c]  From  the  authorities  cited  by  Blomefield  (i^TortoMly 
part  i.  p.  174)  there  can  be  no  doubt  but  that  this  sovereign  yisited 
Norwich  in  his  way  to  Walsingham. 


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305 


ADDENDA. 

I  HATE  by  me  the  picture  of  Chancellor  Spencer,  drawn 
when  be  was  ninety  years  old,  as  the  inscription  doth  dedare, 
which  was  sent  unto  me  firom  Colney. 

Though  Bishop  Nix  sat  long  in  the  see  of  Norwich,  yet 
is  not  there  much  delivered  of  him  :  Fox  in  his  Martyrology 
hath  said  something  of  him  in  the  story  of  Thomas  Bilney, 
who  was  burnt  in  Lollard's  pit,  without  Bishopsgate,  in  his 
time. 

Bishop  Spencer  lived  in  the  rei^  of  Eichard  II.  and 
Henry  lY.,  sat  in  the  see  of  Norwich  thirty-seven  years : 
of  a  soldier  made  a  bishop,  and  sometimes  exercising  the  life 
of  a  soldier  in  his  episcopacy ;  for  he  led  an  army  into 
Handers  on  the  behalf  of  rope  TTrban  VI.  in  opposition  to 
Clement  the  anti-pope;  and  also  overcame  the  rebellious 
forces  of  Litster,  tne  dyer,  in  Norfolk,  by  North  "Walsham, 
in  the  reign  of  King  Eichard  11. 

Those  that  would  know  the  names  of  the  citizens  who 
were  chief  actors  in  the  tumult  in  Bishop  Skerewyng's 
time,  may  find  them  set  down  in  the  bull  of  Pope  Gre- 
gory X. 

Some  bishops,  though  they  lived  and  died  here,  might  not 
be  buried  in  this  church,  as  some  bishops  probably  of  old, 
more  certainly  of  later  time.  r 

Sere  concludes  Sir  Thomas  Broume^s  MS, 


TOL.  III. 


yGoogk 


Digitized  byCjOOglC 


MISCELLANIES. 


COKCBENIlfa  THE  TOO  IflCB  CUBIOSITX  OF  CEySUEIKG  THB 
I        TBMSSTy  on  JUDGUTG  IKTO  TUTXIBB  DISFSITSATXOKS.^ 

I  [posthumous  WOBKSy  p.  28.     MB,  SLOAV.  1685  1 1869.] 

Wi  hare  enougli  to  do  rightly  to  apprehend  and  consider 
tiimgB  88  they  are,  or  hare  been^  without  amusing  oiu»elye« 
haw  they  might  have  been  otbemnae,  or  what  variations^ 
eonsequences,  and  difiirarenoes  nnght  have  otherwise  arisen 
nfoa  a  different  £EM3e  oi  things^  if  tiiey  had  otharwiae  &llen 
\  oat  in  tiie  state  or  actions  of  the  worid.  • 

The  learned  Xing  iJpfaonso  would  hare  had  ihe  calf  of  a 
I  Bttn'a  leg  phiced  befiire  rather  than  behind:  and  thizdw  he 
:  eould  &m  maxry  commodities  firom  that  position. 

I^  in  the  tenaqueons  globe^  all  that  now  is  land  had  been 
10%  and  all  that  is  aea  wexe  load,  what  wide  difference  there 
irpald  be  in  all  thinga,  aa  to  eonatitnticm  of  climes,  tide% 
di^arity  of  navigation,  and  many  other  concerns,  were  a 
lou  eoBsideration. 

u  SertoriuB  had  pnrsued  his  designa  to  paaa  his  days  in 
tibe  Fortmiate  Islands,  who  can  tell  Imt  we  might  have  had 
nuuqr  noble  discoveries  of  the  neighbouring  coasts  of  Africa) 
and  perhaps  America  had  not  been  so  long  imknown  to  us. 

'  Concerning,  ike]  This  most  incorrect  title  I  strongly  incline  to 
nsMct  is  not  genuine. 

This  piece  and  the  following  are  mere  extracts  firom  Sir  Thomas's 
CoDunon  Place  Book. — ^Different  copies  of  the  first  occur  in  two  vplumes 
of  BfSS.  in  the  Slgonian  Collection^  from  which  I  have  inserted  several 
additional  passages. 

x2 


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AGi.T3irST  CEirSXTBE. 

If  Nearchus,  admiral  to  Alexander  the  G-reat,  setting  out 
£rom  Persia,  bad  sailed  about  AMca,  and  come  into  the 
Mediterranean,  by  the  straits  of  Hercules,  as  was  intended, 
we  might  have  heard  of  strange  things,  and  had  probably  a 
better  account  of  the  coast  of  Africa  than  was  lost  by 
Hanno. 

If  King  Perseus  had  entertained  the  barbarous  nations 
but  stout  warriors,  which  in  so  great  numbers  offered  their 
service  unto  him,  some  conjecture  it  might  be,  that  Paulns 
Emilius  had  not  conquered  Macedon. 

If  [Antiochus?]  had  followed  the  coimsel  of  Sannibal, 
and  come  about  by  GhJlia  upon  the  Eomans,  who  knows  what 
success  he  might  have  had  against  them  P 

K  Scanderbeg  had  joined  his  forces  with  Hunniades,  as 
might  have  been  expected  before  the  battle  in  the  plains  of 
Cossoan,  in  good  probability  they  might  have  mined  Ma- 
homet, if  not  the  Turkish  empire. 

'  Ti  Alexander  had  marched  westward,  and  warred  witli  the 
Somans,  whether  he  had  been  able  to  subdue  that  little  but 
valiant  people,  is  an  uncertainty :  we  are  sure  he  overcame 
Persia;  histories  attest  and  prophecies  foretell  the  same. 
It  was  decreed  that  the  Persians  should  be  conquered  by 
Alexander,  and  his  successors  by  the  Bomans,  in  ^vrhom 
Providence  had  determined  to  settle  the  fourth  monarchy, 
which  neither  Pyrrhus  nor  Hannibal  must  prevent ;  thou^ 
Hannibal  came  so  near  it,  that  he  seemed  to  miss  it  hy  f&tel 
infiituation :  which  if  he  had  effected,  there  had  been  auch  a 
traverse  and  confusion  of  affairs,  as  no  oracle  could  have 
predicted.  But  the  Eomans  must  reign,  and  the  course  ci 
things  was  then  moving  towards  the  advent  of  Christ,  and 
blessed  discovery  of  the  Qt)spel :  our  Saviour  must  suffer  at 
Jerusalem,  and  be  sentenced  by  a  Boman  judge;  St.  Pan], 
a  Eoman  citizen,  must  preach  in  the  Boman  provinces,  and 
St.  Peter  be  bishop  of  Bome,  and  not  of  Carthage. 


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UPOK  BXADIKa  HTra>IBBi.8. 

'a  trPOK  BEiDIira  HTTDIBBAS. 

[posthumous  wobkb,  p.  24.] 

TvHE  way  of  burlesque  poems  is  very  ancient,  for  there 
was  a  ludicrous  mock  way  of  transferring  verses  of  famous 
poets  into  a  jocose  sense  and  argument,  apd  thej  were  called 
QiUai,  or  Parodia;  divers  examples  of  which  are  to  be 
fomid  in  AthensBUS. 

The  first  inventor  hereof  was  Hipponactes,  but  Hegemon, 
Sopater,  and  many  more  pursued  the  same  vein ;  so  that  the 
parodies  of  Ovid's  Buffoon,  MjBtamorphoses,  Burlesques, 
Le  Eneiade  Travastito,  are  no  new  mventions,  but  old 
fancies  revived. 

An  excellent  parody  there  is  of  both  the  Scaligers  upon  an 
epigram  of  Catullus,  which  Stephens  hath  set  down  in  his 
Discourse  of  Parodies :  a  remarkable  one  among  the  Greeks 
is  l^t  of  Matron,  in  the  words  and  epithets  of  Homer,  de- 
smbing  the  feast  of  Xenocles,  the  Atnenian  rhetorician,  to 
be  found  in  the  fourth  book  of  Athensdus,  page  134,  edit. 
Casaub. 


AN  ACCOUNT   OP  ISLAND,   alioS  ICELAND,  IN  THE   TEAE 
MDCLXn.l 

[fosthuhous  WOBES,  p.  1.] 

Gbeat  store  of  drift-wood,  or/  float-wood,  is  every  year 
cast  up  on  their  shores,  brought  down  by  the  northern 
winds,  which  serveth  them  for  fuel  and  other  uses,  the  greatest 
part  whereof  is  fir. 

'  An  accotint,  tkc."]  The  following  brief  notices  respecting  Iceland 
were  collected  at  the  request  of  the  Boyal  Society.  They  were  partly 
obtained  through  correspondence  with  Theodore  Jonas,  a  Lutheran 
minister,  resident  in  the  island ; — ^three  of  whose  letters  have  been  pre- 
served in  the  British  Museum.  These  letters  I  have  preferred  to  place 
immediately  after  the  paper  to  which  they  relate,  rather  than  in  the 
Correspondence. 


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810  Air  XCCOXTBfT  07  IGEIiAITB. 

Of  bears  there  are  none  in  the  country,  but  sometimes 
they  are  brought  down  from  the  north  upon  ice,  while  they 
follow  seals,  and  bo  are  carried  away.  Two  in  this  mamier 
came  over  and  landed  in  the  north  of  Island,  this  last  year, 
1662. 

No  conies  or  hares,  but  of  foxes  great  plenty,  whose  white 
skins  are  much  desired,  and  brought  o^er  into  this  counfay. 

The  last  winter,  1662,  so  cpld  and  lasting  with  us  m 
England,  was  the  mildest  they  have  had  for  many  yean  in 
Island. 

Two  new  eruptions,  with  slime  and  smoke,  were  obserred 
the  last  year  in  some  mountains  about  Mount  Heda. 

Some  hot  mineral  springs  they  have,  and  very  effeetail, 
but  they  make  but  rude  use  thereof. 

The  rivers  are  large,  swift,  and  rapid,  but  have  manyfaik, 
which  render  them  less  commodious ;  they  chiefly  aboimd 
with  salmons. 

They  sow  no  corn,  but  receive  it  from  abroad. 

They  have  a  kind  of  large  lichen,  which  dried,  becomeA 
hard  and  sticky,  growing  very  plentifully  in  many  places; 
whereof  they  make  use  for  food,  either  in  decoction  or 
powder,  some  whereof  I  have  by  me,  different  from  any 
vnth  us. 

In  one  part  of  the  country,  and  not  near  the  sea,  there  ia 
a  large  black  rock,  which,  polished,  resembleth  touchstone, 
as  I  have  seen  in  pieces  thereof,  of  various  figures. 

There  is  also  a  rock,  whereof  I  received  one  fragment 
which  seems  to  make  it  one  kind  of  pisolithes  or  rather 
orobites,  as  made  up  of  small  pebbles,  m  the  bigness  and 
shape  of  the  seeds  of  ermm  or  orobtta. 

They  have  some  large  well-grained  white  pebbles,  and 
some  kind  of  white  cornelian  or  agath  pebbles,  on  the  shores 
which  polish  well.  Old  Sir  Edmund  Bacon,  of  these  parts, 
made  use  thereof  in  his  peculiar  art  of  tinging  and  colooriog 
of  stones. 

Eor  shells  found  on  the  sea  shore,  such  as  have  beat 
brought  imto  me  are  but  coarse,  nor  of  many  kinds^  « 
ordinary  turbiues,  chamas,  aspers,  lasves,  &e. 

I  have  received  divers  kinds  of  teeth  and  bones  of 
cetaceous  fishes,  unto  which  they  could  assign  no  name. 

An  exceeding  fine  russet  down  is  sometimes  brought  unto 


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OV  IfOBTOliK  BIBBS.  311 

wif  which  their  great  number  of  fowls  afford,  and  sometimeB 
store  of  feathers,  consisting  of  the  feathers  of  small  birds. 

Beside  shocks  and  little  hairy  dogs,  they  brin^  another 
sort  oyer,  headed  like  a  fox,  which  they  say  are  bred  betwixt 
dogs  and  foxes ;  these  are  desired  by  the  shepherds  of  this 
country. 

Green  plorers,  which  are  plentiM  here  in  the  winter,  are 
found  to  breed  there  in  the  beginning  of  summer. 

Some  sheep  have  been  brought  oyer,  but  of  coarse  wool, 
and  some  horses  of  mean  stature,  but  strong  and  hardy ;  one 
whereof,  kept  in  the  pastures  by  Yarmouth,  in  the  summer, 
would  offcen  take  the  sea,  swimming  a  great  way,  a  mile  or 
two,  and  return  the  same :  when  ite  provision  jiedled  in  the 
ship  wherein  it  was  brought,  for  many  days  fed  upon  hoops 
and  cask ;  nor  at  the  land  would,  for  many  months,  be 
bronght  to  feed  upon  oats. 

These  accounts  I  received  from  a  native  of  Ishind,  who 
comes  yearly  into  England ;  and  by  reason  of  mj  long  ac- 
quamtance  and  directions  I  send  unto  some  of  his  friends 
against  the  elephantiasis  (leprosy),  constantly  visits  me 
before  bis  return ;  and  is  retMdy  to  perform  for  me  what  I 
shall  desire  in  his  country;  wherein,  as  in  other  ways,  Ishall 
be  yerj  ambitious  to  serve  the  noble  socieiy,  whose  most 
honouring  servant  I  am.  ^ 

fnoMAS  Bbowitb.  ^ 

Nmiffieh,  JamuairylS,  1668. 


ANACCOTJNT  OP  BIRDS  POTTKD  IN  NOBFOLK. 

[ks.  bloav.  1880>  fol.  5—22 ;  and  31.] 

I  wUiLXKOLT  obey  your  command ;  in  setting  down  such 
birds,  fishes,  and  other  animals,  which  for  many  years  I  have 
obsenred  in  Norfolk.  ^  f^"/^^^. 

Besides  the  ordinary  birds,  which  keep  constantly  in  the 
country,  many  are  discoverable,  both  in  winter  and  summer, 
which  are  of  a  migrant  nature,  and  exchange  their  seats 


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312  OK  irOSFOLE  BIBDS. 

according  to  the  season.  Those  which  come  in  the  spring, 
coming  for  the  most  part  &om  the  southward ;  those  which 
oome  in  the  autumn  or  winter,  from  the  northward ;  so  that 
thej  are  observed  to  come  in  great  flocks,  with  a  north-east 
wind,  and  to  depart  with  a  south-west :  nor  to  come  only  in 
flocks  of  one  kmd,  but  teal,  woodcocks,  fleld£Eures,  thrushes, 
and  small  birds,  to  come  and  light  together ;  for  the  most 
part  some  hawks  and  birds  of  prey  attending  them. 

The  great  and  noble  kind  of  eagle,  called  aquila  Gemeri} 
I  have  not  seen  in  this  country ;  but  one  I  met  with  in  this 
country,  brought  from  Ireland,  which  I  kept  two  years, 
feeding  with  whelps,  cats,  rats,  and  the  like ;  in  all  that  while 
not  giving  it  any  water ;  which  I  afterward  presented  unto 
my  worthy  friend  Dr.  Scarburgh. 

Of  other  sorts  of  eagles,  there  are  several  kinds,  especiallj 
of  the  halycBtus  or  fen  eagles ;  some  of  three  yards  and  a 
quarter  from  the  extremity  of  the  wings  ;^  whereof  one  being 
taken  alive,  grew  so  tame,  that  it  went  about  the  yard  feed- 
ing on  fish,  red  herrings,  flesh,  and  any  oflkU,  without  the 
least  trouble. 

There  is  abo  a  lesser  sort  of  eagle,  called  an  osprey,^  which 
hovers  about  the  fens  and  broads,  and  will  dip  his  claw,  and 
take  up  a  flsh,  ofttimes ;  for  which  his  foot  is  made  of  an 
extraordinary  roughness,  for  the  better  fastening  and  holding 
of  it ;  and  the  like  they  will  do  unte  coots. 

Aldrovandus  takes  particular  noticp  of  the  great  number 
of  kites  ^  about  London  and  about  the  Thames.  We  are  not 
without  them  here,  though  not  in  such  numbers.  Here  are 
also  the  grey*^  and  bald^  buzzard ;  of  all  which  the  great 

*  tiquUa  GeafMri.'l  Falco  chrytcetos,  the  golden  eagle  ;  the  hagest  of 
the  genus,  known  to  breed  in  the  mountainous  parts  of  Ireland. 

'  8ome,  d:c.]  SdLioBtus  niaua,—fcd€Q  ossifroffus,  Lin.  The  sea  eagle. 
Few  specimens,  however,  measure  more  than  seven  or  eight  feet  from 
the  extremities  of  the  wings. 

A  specimen  of  F,  falms,  the  ring-tailed  eagle,  has  been  caught  at 
Cromer.—  O. 

^  osprey."]  Falco  halicettis,  lAn,  The  osprey.  Sometimes  met  with 
near  Cromer. — 0. 

*  hitea.]    F.  milvus,  L. 

*  grey!     Probably  F.  Imteo. 

.  6  hcdd.]  The  bald  buzzard  is  a  name  usually  given  to  the  oaprey. 
Dr.  Browne,  however,  having  just  spoken  of  the  osprey,  must  here  refer 
to  some  other  species — perhaps  F.  csruginosm. 


yGoogk 


Oir  VOUEOLK  BIBDS.  813 

number  of  broad  waters  and  warrens  make  no  small  number^ 
and  more  than  in  woodland  counties. 

Cranes  are  often  seen  here  in  hard  winters,  especially 
aboiit  l^e  champian  and  fieldy  part.  It  seems  they  have 
been  more  plen^ul ;  for,  in  a  bill  of  &re,  when  the  mayor 
entertained  the  duke  of  Norfolk,  I  met  with  cranes  in  a 
dish/ 

In  hard  winters,  elks,^  a  kind  of  wild  swan,  are  seen  in  ho 
small  number ;  in  whom,  and  not  in  common  swans,  is  re- 
markable that  strange  recurvation  of  the  wind  pipe  through 
the  stemon — and  the  same  is  also  observable  in  cranes.^  It 
is  probable  they  come  very  far ;  for  all  the  northern  dis- 
coverers have  observed  them  in  the  remotest  parts ;  and 
like  divers  and  other  northern  birds,  if  the  winter  be  mild, 
they  commonly  come  no  farther  southward  than  Scotland ; 
if  very  hard,  they  go  lower,  and  seek  more  southern  places  ; 
which  is  the  cause  that,  sometimes,  we  see  them  not  before 
duistmas  or  the  hardest  time  of  winter. 

A  white  large  and  strong-biUed  fowl,  called  a  sanet,- 
which  seems  to  be  the  greater  sort  of  larus  ;  whereof  I  met 
with  one  killed  by  a  greyhound,  near  Swaffham ;  another  in 
Marshland,  while  it  fought,  and  would  not  be  forced  to  take 
wing:  another  entang&d  in  a  herring-net,  which,  taken 
alive,  was  fed  with  herrings  for  a  while.  It  may  be  named 
larus  fnqjoTy  leucophaoptertis';  as  being  white  and  the  top  of 
the  wings  brown. 

In  hard  winters  I  have  also  met  with  that  large  and 
strong-billed  fowl,  which'  Clusius  describeth  by  the  name  of 
skua  JEEotferi?  sent  him  from  the  Faro  Islands,  by  Hoierus, 
a  physician ;  one  whereof  was  shot  at  Sickling,  while  two 
thereof  were  finding  upon  a  dead  horse. 

As  also  that  large  and  strong-billed  fowl,  spotted  like  a 
starling,  which  Clusius   nameth  mergus  major  Farrensis? 

^  dithJ]    Cranes  are  no  longer  met  with  in  this  country. 

•  dkt,^    Elk ;  one  of  the  popular  names  given  to  the  wild  swan,  A. 

ClfffMU. 

•  crami.]   Willoughby, 

>  ffcmetX  Pdecamu  hcusanuSf  L. 

'  skua  Jffoyeri.']  Larus  catarractes,  L.  Lestris  catarractes,  Temm. 
Skua  guU,  Latham,  Pennant,  and  Bewiok. 

•  merffus  major  Farrensis.]  Dr.  Browne's  description  leaves  little 
doubt  that  he  refers  to  colymhus  glacialis,  L.  the  great  northern  diver ; 


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814  OK  KOBFOXE  BIB3HI. 

as  frequenting  the  Faro  Islands,  seated  aboye  Shetland ;  one 
whereof  I  sent  unto  my  worthy  friend  Dr.  Scarburgh. 

Here  is  also  the  pica  marina,'^  or  searpie. 

Many  sorts  of  Iciri,  sea-mews,  and  cobs.  The  larus  major f 
in  great  abundance,  in  herring  time,  about  Yarmouth. 

Laru9  cXba^  or  pewits,  in  such  plenty,  about  Horsey,  tbat 
they  sometimes  bring  them  in  carts  to  Norwich,  and  sell 
them  at  small  rates ;  and  the  country  people  make  use  of 
their  eggs  in  puddings,  and  otherwise ;  great  plenty  thereof 
hare  bi^d  about  Scoulton  Meers,  and  from  tiience  sent  to 
London. 

lMru9  cinereus/  greater  and  smaller,  but  a  coarse  meat, 
commonly  called  stems. 

Hirundo  marina^  or  sea-swallow,  a  neat  white  and  forked- 
tail  bird ;  but  much  longer  than  a  swallow. 

The  cieonia  or  stork,  I  have  seen  in  the  fens ;  and  some 
hare  been  shot  in  the  marshes  between  this  and  Yarmouth. 

The  platea  or  shovelard,®  which  build  upon  the  tops  of 
high  trees.  They  have  formerly  built  m.  the  Hemery,  at 
C&xton  and  Eeedham ;  now  at  Trimley,  in  Suffolk.  They 
come  in  March,  and  are  shot  by  fowlers,  not  for  their  meat, 
but  the  handsomeness  of  the  same;  remarkable  in  their 
white  colour,  copped  crown,  and  spoon  or  spatule-like  bifl. 

(hrvns  mariwue,^  cormorants ;  building  at  Beedham,  upon 
trees  from  whence  King  Charles  the  Fu»t  was  wont  to  be 

{hough  Ms  ayiiOiijfia  is  not  oorr^ctly  gtr^n.  It  is  caQed  by  CliMiis, 
eolymbm  maacimm  ferromtit,   mm  arcticuf; — hj  WUloiigblr|r,  merfm 

^  pica  marma,]    ffcematopus  ostrcUegvs,  L.    The  oyster-catcher. 

*  Umu  major.]  This  name  was  given  long  after,  by  Catesby,  to  Z, 
cUriciUa,  L.  Dr.  Browne,  quoting  from  memory,  may  probably  reisr 
to  Zr.  futcuBf  L.    Z.  cinereuB  maseimus,  Will.   The  wagel  gw. 

'  Umu  alba.]    Lama  rid^witdus,  L.    The  pewit  guU. 

^  laruu  cmerem.]  It  seems  not  very  easy  to  determine  the  species 
here  referred  to  : — certainly  not  the  ''greater  and  lesser"  steorn,  ttena 
hinmdo  and  tnimUa,  the  former  of  wluch  is  certainly  the  biid  nsxt 
mentioned ;  and  neither  of  which  is  called  the  stem,  which  is  iUma 
fissipes.  He  may  refer  to  S.  mimUa  and  fissipea  ;  or  possibly,  but  not  so 
probably,  to  L.  cmerarms  and  cam/M,  L.  the  red-legged  and  oonuaoQ 
gulls,  L.  cmerem  major  aiid  miohor  of  Aldrovandus. 

^  hvrundo  Tiuvrma.]    Sterna  TUrwndOf  L. 

'  thovdavrd.]    Platalea  leucorodia,  L.     Spoonbill. 

^  corfmsmafrimu,]    Pdecamts  carbo,  li.    The  oonnoTaai 


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OK  KOBirOIiK  BIBBfiU  81S 

sappHed.  Beside  the  rock  connorant,^  which  breedeth  in 
the  rocks,  in  northern  countries,  and  cometh  to  us  in  the 
winter,  somewhat  differing  &om  the  other  in  largeness  and 
whiteness  under  the  wings. 

A  sea-fowl  called  a  sherewater,^  somewhat  billed  like  a 
cormorant,  but  much  lesser ;  a  strong  and  fierce  fowl,  hovering 
about  ships  when  they  deanse  their  fish.  Two  were  kept 
six  weeks,  cramming  them  with  fish  which  they  would  not 
feed  on  of  themselves.  The  seamen  told  me  they  had  kept 
them  three  weeks  without  meat ;  and  I,  giving  over  to  feed 
them,  found  they  lived  sicteen  days  without  taking  anything* 

Bemacles,  brants,  (hrantay  are  common. 

Sheldrakes.     Sheledracus  Jonstoni, 

Barganders,  a  noble-coloured  fowl  (vulpamerY  which  herd 
in  coney-burrows  about  !N^orrold  and  other  places. 

"Wild  geese.     Anser  ferus.^ 

Scotch  goose.     Jjuer  woticug. 

Goosander.     Merganser? 

JBdergua  ocuUrtMtris  spedoaus  or  loon,  a  handsome  and 
specions  fowl,  cristated,^  and  with  divided  fin  feet  placed 
very  backward,  and  after  the  manner  of  all  such  which  the 
Dutch  call  artvoote.  They  have  a  peculiar  formation  in  the 
leg  bone,  which  hath  a  long  and  sharp  process  extending 
above  the  thigh  bone.  They  come  about  April,  and  breed 
in  tlie  broad  waters ;  so  making  their  nest  on  the  water,  that 
their  eggs  are  seldom  dry  while  th^  are  set  on. 

Mergu9  acuHrastris  em&reus?  which  seemeth  to  be  a  dif- 
ference of  the  former. 

Mergu8  minor}  the  smaller  divers  or  dab-chicks,  in  rivers 
and  broad  waters. 

'  rock  oormor<mt.'\  Probably  the  crested  cormorant^  thought  to  be 
but  a  variety  of  the  preceding. 

s  sherewaier.']    ProedUma  'pfafiima,  L.     The  shearwater. 

•  hra/nta']  Anas  eryikropus  and  lemida,  L.  The  bemacle  and  brent 
goose. 

•  vulpamer.]  Anas  tadoma,  L.  Vtdpanser,  Gesner  and  Aldrov. 
Sheldrake  or  burrow  duck.  ''Barganders/'  the  name  given  this  species 
by  Dr.  Browne,  may  possibly  be  a  corruption  of  hmrow-gomders, 

•  anser  ferua!]    Anas  anserferus,  L.    The  grey  lag  or  grey  leg. 
f  fnerganaer.]    Mergxa  mergcmaer,  L. 

•  cristated.]    Podiwps  cristatus,  Lath.     Colymims,  L.  ' 

•  mergibs  aciUirostria  cvnereus.']    Podicepa  vHnator,  Lath. 
1  mergvA  minor.']    Podioepi  mmor,  lb. 


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816  OK  irOBFOIiC  BIBBS. 

Mergua  serratus,^  the  saw-billed  diver,  bigger  and  longer 
than  a  duck,  distinguished  from  other  divers  bj  a  notable 
saw-bill,  to  retain  its  slippery  prey,  as   living  much  upon 

fai'  '        


eels,  whereof  we  have  seldom  failed  to  find  some  in  their 
bellies. 

Divers  other  sorts  of  dive-fowl;  more  remarkable  the 
mustela  fu8ca?  and  mustela  variegatay^  the  grej  dun,  and  the 
variegated  or  party-coloured  weazel^  so  c^ed  from  the  re- 
semblance it  beareth  unto  a  weasel  in  the  head. 

Many  sorts  of  wild  ducks  which  pass  under  names  well 
known  unto  fowlers,  though  of  no  great  signification,  as 
smee,  widgeon,  arts,  ankers,  noblets : — 

The  most  remarkable  are,  anasjplatyrhmchosf  a  remarkably 
broad-billed  duck. 

And  the  sea-pheasant,^  holding  some  resemblance  unto 
that  bird  in  some  feathers  in  the  tail. 

Teals,  querquedula^  wherein  scarce  any  place  more  abonnd- 
ing.  The  condition  of  the  country,  and  the  verymanj 
decoys,  especially  between  Norwich  and  the  sea,  makmgthia 
place  very  much  to  abound  in  wild  fowl. 

IktliccB  cottcB^  coots,  in  very  great  flocks  upon  the  broad 
waters.  Upon  the  appearance  of  a  kite  or  buzzard,  I  have 
seen  them  unite  from  all  parts  of  the  shore,  in  strange  num- 
bers ;  when,  if  the  kite  stoops  near  them,  they  wiU  fling  up, 
and  spread  such  a  flash  of  water  with  their  wings,  that  thej 
will  endanger  the  kite,  and  so  keep  him  off  again  and  again 
in  open  opposition ;  and  a  handsome  provision  they  make 
about  their  nest  against  the  same  bird  of  prey,  by  bending 
and  twining  the  rushes  and  reeds  so  about  them,  that  they 
cannot  stoop  at  their  young  ones,  or  the  dam  while  ahe 
sitteth. 

^  mergu99err(Uus,'\    Probably  wcr^rtM  ^crrotor,  L. 

'  mustdafvsca.']    Mergus  castor,  L.    The  dun  diver  t 

*  mustela  variegata,]  Probably  mergus  atbeUus,  L.  The  smew ;  which 
Gesner  calls  M.  musteknis. 

'  platyrhiiicJios.']    A.  clypeaia,  L.    The  shoveller. 

'  sea-pheasaM.']  A.  acuta,  L.  The  pintail  duck.  Sometimes  taken 
in  the  Hempstead  decoy. — O, 

'^  querqueduta."]  A.crecca,lj.  Qtterqu>edtda  of  Gesaer.  AldroTandns 
and  Bay  scarcely  distinguished  the  teal  from  the  gargany,  A,  qtierqvc- 
dula,  L. 

^fuliccB  cottce,']    F»  aira,  L.    The  coot. 


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Oy  N0B70LE  BIBBS.  817 

-  GalUnula  aquaiica?  moor  hen,  and  a  kind  of  ralla  aquo" 
ilea}  or  water  rail. 

An  onocrotahuy  or  pelican,  shot  upon  Horsejr  Pen,  May 
22, 1663,  which,  stuffed  and  cleansed,  I  yet  retain.  It  was 
throe  yards  and  a  half  between  the  extremities  of  the  wings ; 
the  chowle  and  beak  answering  the  usual  description ;  the 
extremities  of  the  wings  for  a  span  deep  brown ;  the  rest  of 
the  •  body  white ;  a  fowl  which  none  could  remember  upon 
this  coast.  About  the  same  time  I  heard  one  of  the  king's 
pelicans  was  lost  at  St.  James's  ;^  perhaps  this  might  be  tho 
same. 

Anas  arctica  Cluni^  which  though  he  placeth  about  the 
Taro  Islands,  is  the  same  we  call  a  pufiEn,  common  about 
Anglesea,  in  Wales,  and  sometimes  taken  upon  our  seas,  not 
sufficiently  described  by  the  name  oipuffiwus;  the  bill  being 
so  remarkably  differing  &om  other  ducks,  and  not  hori- 
zontally, but  meridions^y,  formed,  to  feed  in  the  clefts  of  the 
rocks,  of  insects,  shell-fish,  and  others. 

The  great  number  of  rivers,  rivulets,  and  plashes  of  water 
makes  hems  and  hemeries  to  abound  in  these  parts ;  young 
hema  being  esteemed  a  festival  dish,  and  much  desired  by 
some  palates. 

The  ardea  stellarisy  hotaurusj  or  bitour,  is  also  common, 
and  esteemed  the  better  dish.  In  the  belly  of  one  I  found 
a  frog  in  a  hard  frost  at  Christmas.  Another,  kept  in  a 
carden  two  years,  feeding  it  with  fish,  mice,  and  firogs ;  in 
defect  whereof^  making  a  scrape^  for  sparrows  and  small 
birds,  the  bitour  made  slufb  to  maintain  herself  upon  them. 

Bistardcd,  or  bustards,  are  not  unfi*equent  in  the  champian 
and  field^  part  of  this  country.  A  large  bird,  accounted  a 
damlnr  dish,  observable  in  the  strength  of  the  breast-bone 
and  short  heel.    Lays  an  egg  much  larger  than  a  turkey. 

*  gaUifwla  aquaHea.l    The  moor  hen  is  gaUinvla  ehhromu,  Lath. 

'  rcUla  aquaiieti,]    JRaUtu  aquaticus,  L.     O,  oquaHea,  of  some  authors. 

*  Si.  Jamei'tA  Bat  Ibr  this  informaUon,  the  pelican  might  probt^ly 
have  been  added  to  our  Famna  on  the  authority  of  Dr.  Browne. — See 
Braij^i  Evdyn,  i.  878. 

*  ima»  aretiea  ClutU,']    Alea  areUea,  L. 

*  icrapeA  A  acrape,  or  »crap,  is  a  term  used  in  Norfolk,  for  a  quan- 
tity of  fhail,  mixed  with  grain,  frequently  laid  be  a  decoy  to  attract 
nydl  biidi,  for  the  purpoae  of  shootmg  or  netting  them. 


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S18  ov  vomroLK  bibbs. 

MoriHeUu$f  or  dotteiell,  about  Thet£)rd  and  the  cbam- 
pian,  which  comes  unto  us  in  September  and  March,  etayiBg 
not  long,  and  is  an  excellent  disL 

There  is  also  a  sea  dottetell,  somewhat  less  but  better 
coloured  than  the  former. 

Oodwyts ;  taken  chiefly  in  Marshland ;  though  other  pEnts 
are  not  without  them ;  aooounted  the  dsui.tiest|dish  in  Eng* 
land ;  and,  I  think,  for  the  bigness,  of  the  biggest  price. 

Onats,  or  knots,^  a  small  biro,  which,  taken  with  iiets,  grow 
ezcessivelj  fat,  being  mewed  and  fed  with  com.  A  cuidk 
lighted  in  the  room,  they  feed  daj  and  night;  and  when  thej 
are  at  their  height  of  fiitoess,  th^  begin  to  grow  lame,  anil 
are  then  killed,  as  at  their  prime,  and  apt  to  decline. 

J^^^}*op«f,  or  redshank;^  a  bird  common  in  the  marahei^ 
and  at  common  food,  but  no  daintj  dish* 

A  maf  chit,^  a  sbdaQ  dark  grey  bird,  little  bi|^gmr  than  a 
stint,  of  fiitoess  bejond  an j.  It  comes  m  Maj  into  Mank* 
land  and  other  parts,  and  abides  not  above  a  month  w  vi 
wedu. 

Stints^  in  great  number  about  the  sea  shore  and  manhes, 
about  Stiff  key,  Bumham,  and  other  parts. 

Another  small  bird,  somewhat  larger  than  a  stint,  called  a 
dimr^  and  is  commonly  taken  amcmg  them. 

FhmalUy  or  plover,^  green  and  gr^,  in  great  pl^ity  about 
Thetford,  cmd  many  othi^  heaths.  They  breed  not  wiA  iifl> 
but  in  some  ports  of  Scotland,  and  plentifully  in  Iceland. 

The  lapwing  or  vanellusf  common  oter  all  the  heaths. 

CudLoos  of  two  sorts;  the  one  far  exceeding  the  other ifl 
bigness.^  Some  have  attempted  to  keep  them  in  waimiooins 
all  the  winter^  but  it  hath  not  succeeded.  In  their  migratioo 
they  range  veiy  fSnr  northward;  for  in  the  summer  thejaie 
to  be  found  as  high  as  Icdand. 

^  mormeUus,]    Charadrius  mormdluty  L. 

*  iiMto.]    Trmg^cmmtm,  L. 

^  ndrtkomk^l    Scotopaz  wUdrit,  L. 

*  a  may  cJdt,]    PtobaUy  ooe  of  tho  genua  tnnga, 

*  s^ti.]    Tringa  cindtts. 
'  chwrr.]    Or  purret 

'  l>2otw.]    Charetdrhu  plwviaUi,  L. 

^  ifondlus.]    Tringa  wimdlm,  L. 

^  higneta.']    Differing  only  in  ag9  or  aex. 


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OV  VOAFOIiK  Blim.  819 

Am9  pugnaiBs  1^  TvSe  \  a  marsh  bird  of  the  ^jieatoit  variety 
of  CQlourSy  evetrj  one  therein  somewhat  yarymg  from  other. 
The  female  is  ctuled  a  reeye,  without  any  ruff  about  the  neck, 
lo—er  than  the  other»  and  hardly  to  be  got>  They  are  almost 
all  cocks,  and,  put  together,  ^ht  and  destroy  each  oth^ ; 
and  prepare  themselves  to  fight  like  cocks,  though  they  seem 
to  have  no  other  o&nsive  part  but  the  biU.  They  lose  their 
rufTs  about  the  autumn,  or  beginning  of  winter,  as  we  ^have 
observed,  keeping  them  in  a  garden  from  May  till  the  next 
spring.  They  most  abound  in  MsrsUand,  but  are  also  in 
good  number  in  the  marshes  between  Norwich  and  Yar* 
moiith. 

Of  picm  marHuiy^  or  woodspeck,  maay  kinds.  The  greeiii 
file  red/  the  UucomelamtMf  or  neatly  marked  black  and  white^ 
and  the  cUnwewi^  or  dun^oloured  little  bird,  called  a  nut* 
hack.  Eemarkabk^  in  the  hirger,  are  the  hardness  of  ^ 
bill  and  skull,  and  the  Iokm^  nerves  which  tend  unto  the 
tongne,  whereby  it  shooteth  out  the  tongue  above  an  inch 
out  of  the  mouthy  and  so  licks  up  insects*  They  make  th^ 
holes  in.  trees  without  any  c<ninderation  of  the.winds  or 
quarters  of  heaven ;  but  as  the  rottenness  thereof  best 
affordeth  convenience. 

Black  heron.^  Black  on  the  sides,  the  bottcon  of  the  neck, 
with  white  grey  on  the  outside,  spotted  aU  along  with  bkck 
on  the  inside.  A  black  ooppe  of  small  feathers^  some  a  q>aa 
lon^ ;  bill  pointed  and  yellow,  three  inches  long ;  backi 
heron-coloured,  intormized  with  long  white  feathers  ^  the 
strong  feathers  black;  the  breast  black  and  white>  most 
Uack ;  the  legs  and  fi^et  not  green,  but  an  osrdinary  dark 
coA.  colour. 

The  number  of  rivulets,  becks,  and  streams,  whose  banky 
are  beset  with  willows  and  alders,  which  give  occasion  of 
easier  fishing  and  stooping  to  the  water,  makes  that  hand- 
some-coloured bird  abound,  which  is  called  aleedo  upida^  or 

»  mm»-puffnem8,1    lHi^gapugnasf,li. 

•  picus  maartim,]  The  Slack  woodpecker,  extreiiiel^  fnr#  In  tfais 
oountiy.     "  MdbitcU  vix  m  AnMi"  mya  Liimew. 

7  red,]    Pk-obablj  P.  mo/or,  L. 

•  leucomdamu  .1  P.  minor,  L. 

•  dnereutJ]    B&taEmiHipea,  lin.  Kmthatoh. 

>  hUu^  keronJ]  No  British  species  appears  to  ^onmipcnA  so  tausAf 
-with  Dr.  Browne's  description  as  Ardea  Pwpuarea. 


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820  OK  urosFOLK  Bna>8. 

tlie  kingfisher.  They  build  in  >holes  about  gravel-pits, 
wherein  is  to  be  found  a  great  quantity  of  small  fish-bones; 
and  lay  very  handsome  round  and,  as  it  were,  polished  eggs. 

An  hobby-bird  {^  so  called  because  it  comes  either  vith, 
or  a  little  before,  the  hobbies,  in  the  spring.  Of  the  bigness 
of  a  thrush,  coloured  and  paned  like  a  hawk ;  marvellouslj 
subject  to  the  vertigo,  and  are  sometimes  taken  in  those 
fits. 

Upupa^  or  hoopebird,  so  named  ^m  its  note ;  a  gallant 
marked  bird,  which  I  have*  often  seen,  and  it  is  not  hard  to 
shoot  them. 

Binglestones,'  a  small  white  and  black  bird,  like  a  wagtail, 
and  seems  to  be  some  kind  of  moiacilla  marina,  common 
about  Yarmouth  sands.  They  lay  their  eggs  in  the  sand  and 
shingle,  about  June,  and,  as  the  Eringo  aggers  tell  me,  not 
set 'them  flat,  but  upright,  like  eggs  in  salt. 

The  arcnatt^  or  curlew,  frequent  about  the  sea-coast. 

There  is  also  a  handsome  tall  bird,  remarkably  eyed,  and 
with  a  bill  not  above  two  inches  long,  commonly  called  a 
stone  curlew  ;^  but  the  note  thereof  more  resembleth  that 
of  a  green  plover,  and  breeds  about  Thetford,  about  the 
stone  and  shmgle  of  the  rivers. 

Avoaeta,  called  [a]  shoeing-hom,  a  tall  black  and  white 
bird,  with  a  bill  semidrcularly  reclining  or  bowed  upward; 
so  that  it  is  not  easy  to  conceive  how  it  can  feed ;  an8we> 
able  unto  the  avoseta  Ihaloruniy  in  Aldrovandus,  a  summer 
mfn*shbird,  and  not  unfrequent  in  Marshland. 

A  yarwhelp,®  so  thought  to  be  named  from  its  note,  a 
grey  bird  intermingled  with  some  whitish  yellowish  feathers, 
somewhat  lon^-legged,  and  the  bill  about  an  inch  and  a  half; 
esteemed  a  dainty  dish. . 

'  hMy'lifird,'\  Surely  this  may  be  ywix  torquiUa,  L.  the  vrryneck ; 
the  singular  motion  of  its  head  and  neck  was  probably  attributed  to 
vertigo. 

3  ringUstonet.]  Charadriiu  hioHcula,  "L.  The  ring  dottereL  PlentiM 
neilr  Blakeney.— (7. 

*  arcuata.]    Scolopax  arguatOt  I4. 

*  curlew.]  Charadmu  adicnemm,  L.  The  great  or  Norlblk  ploretf 
or  thick-kneed  bustard. 

'  yaarwhd^.]  Soohpax  jBffoc^j^ala,  L.  is  called  the  yarwhelp  :-M 
the  bill  is  four  inohes  long. 


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ON  NOBFOLK  BIBDS.  321 

I/oxid^  or  curvirostra,  a  bird  a  little  bigger  than  a  tbrush, 
of  fine  colours,  and  pretty  note,  differently  from  other  birds, 
the  upper  and  lower  bill  crossing  each  other ;  of  a  very  tame 
nature;  comes  about  the  beginning  of  summer.  I  have 
known  them  kept  in  cages ;  but  not  to  outlive  the  winter. 

A  kind  of  coccothraustes?  called  a  coble-bird,  bigger  than 
a  thrush,  finely  coloured  and  shaped  like  a  bunting.  It  is 
chiefly  seen  in  summer,  about  cherry-time.. 

A  small  bird  of  prey,  caUed  a  birdcatcher,  about  the  big- 
ness of  a  thrush,  and  linnet-coloured,  with  a  longish  white 
bill,  and  sharp ;  of  a  very  fierce  and  wild  nature,  though 
kept  in  a  cage,  and  fed  with  flesh ; — a  kind  of  lanius. 

A  dorhawk^  or  kind  of  accipiter  muscarius,  conceived  to 
have  its  name  from  feeding  upon  flies  and  beetles ;  of  a  wood- 
cock colour,  but  paned  like  a  hawk ;  a  very  little  pointed 
bill :  large  throat ;  breedeth  with  us ;  and  lays  a  marvellous 
handsome  spotted  egg.  Though  I  have  opened  many,  I 
could  never  find  anything  considerable  in  their  maws.  Co- 
frimulgus. 

Avis  trogloditica^  or  chock,  a  small  bird,  mixed  of  black 
and  white,  and  breeding  in  coney-burrows ;  whereof  the 
warrens  are  Aill  from  Apnl  to  September ;  at  which  time 
they  leave  the  country.  They  are  taken  with  an  hobby  and 
a  net ;  and  are  a  very  good  dish. 

Spermalegous  rooks,  which,  by  reason  of  the  great  quan- 
tity of  corn-fields  and  rook  groves,  are  in  great  plenty.  The 
young  ones  are  commonly  eaten ;  sometimes  sold  in  Nor- 
wich market,  and  many  are  killed  for  their  livers,  in  order  to 
the  cure  of  the  rickets. 

Crows,  as  everywhere;  and  also  the  corvus  variegatus,^ 
or  pied  crow,  with  dun  and  black  interchangeable.  They 
come  in  the  winter,  and  depart  in  the  summer ;  and  seem  to 
be  the  same  which  Clusius  describeth  in  the  Faro  Islands, 
from  whence  perhaps  these  come.     I  have  seen  them  very 

^  loxias,]    The  crossbill.    Loxia  curvirostra,  L. 

*  eoecothrarates,']    Loxia  coccothraugtes,  L.    The  grossbeak. 

'  dorJuiwk.']    Caprim/uigus  Ewropoeus,  L.    The  goat-sucker. 

'  avis  trogioditica,]  By  the  term  avis  troglodiHca,  Dr.  Browne  pro- 
bably intended  a  kind  of  vnren.  He  refers  very  possibly  to  the  wheatejup, 
MotaciUa  cena/iUhey  L. 

«  corotit  vaaiegatus,']    Corvus  comix,  L.     The  hooded  crow. 

VOX.  III.  T 


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322  ON  IfOBFOLE  BIBDS. 

common  in  Ireland;  but  not  known  in  many  parts  of 
England. 

Corvm  major ;  ravens ;  in  good  plenty  about  tlie  city ; 
which  makes  bo  few  kites  to  be  seen  hereabout.  They  build 
in  woods  very  early,  and  lay  eggs  in  February. 

Among  the  many  monedulaa  or  jackdaws,  I  could  never  in 
these  parts  observe  the  pyrrhocorax  or  Cornish  chough,  vith 
red  legs  and  bill,  to  be  commonly  seen  in  Comwdl ;  and, 
though  there  be  here  very  great  store  of  partridges,  yet  the 
Prench  red-legged  partridge  is  not  to  be  met  with.^  The 
ralla  or  rail,  we  have  counted  a  dainty  dish ;  as  also  no  small 
number  of  quails.  The  heathpoult,^  common  in  the  noith, 
is  imknown  here,  as  also  the  grouse ;  though  I  have  heard 
some  have  been  seen  about  Lynn.  The  calaoidrier  or  great- 
crested  lark  (galerita),  I  have  not  met  with  here,^  though 
with  three  other  sorts  of  larks; — ^the  ground-lark,  wood-lan[, 
and  tit-lark. 

Stares  or  starlings,  in  great  numbers.  Most  remarkable 
in  their  numerous  flocks,  which  I  have  observed  about  the 
autumn,  when  they  roost  at  night  in  the  msfshes,  in  safe 
places,  upon  reeds  and  alders ;  which  to  observe,  I  went  to 
the  marshes  about  sunset ;  where  standing  by  their  usual 
place  of  resort,  I  observed  very  many  flocks  flying  from  all 
quarters,  which,  in  less  than  an  hour's  space,  came  all  in, 
and  settled  in  innumerable  numbers  in  a  small  compass. 

Great  variety  of  finches  and  other  small  birds,  wheieot 
.one  very  small,  called  a  whin-bird,  marked  with  fine  yeSow 
spots,  and  lesser  than  a  wren.  There  is  also  a  small  bird, 
called  a  chipper,  somewhat  resembling  the  former,  which 
comes  in  the  spring,  and  feeds  upon  the  first  buddings  of 
birches  and  other  early  trees. 

A  kind  of  anthus,  goldfinch,  or  fool's  coat,  commonly  called 
a  draw-water,  finely  marked  with  red  and  yellow,  and  a  white 
bin, '  which  they  take  with  trap-cages,  in  Norwich  gardens, 
and,  fastening  a  chain  about  them,  tied  to  a  box  of  water,  it 
makes  a  shift,  with  bill  and  leg,  to  draw  up  the  water  in  to 

^  French,  ibc."]    Our  Norfolk  sportsmen  can  bear  witness  that  this 
^species  is  now  to  be  found  in  various  parte  of  the  county. 
*  heathpouit.].   Or  black  grouse.' 

'  here,']  Nor  any  one  else,  in  England,  if  he  refers  to  alauda  erUMOi 
which  is  the  A.  aymstrk  galerita  of  Frisch. 


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OF   FISHES.  •  323 

it  from  the  little  pot,  hanging  by  the  chain  about  a  foot 
below. 

On  the  14th  of  May,  1664,  a  very  rare  bird  was  sent  me, 
killed  about  Crostwick,  which  seemed  to  be  some  kind  of 
jay.  The  bill  was  black,  strong,  and  bigger  than  a  jay's; 
somewbiat  yellow  claws,  tipped  black  ;  three  before  and  one 
claw  behind.    The  whole  bird  not  so  big  as  a  jay. 

The  head,  neck,  and  throat,  of  a  violet  colour ;  the  back 
and  upper  parts  of  the  wing,  of  a  russet  yellow ;  the  fore 
part  of  the  wing,  azure ;  succeeded  downward  by  a  greenish 
blue;  then  on  the  flying  feathers,  bright  blue;  the  lower 
parts  of  the  wing  outwardly,  of  a  brown ;  inwardly,  of  a 
merry  blue  ;  the  belly,  a  light  faint  blue  ;  the  back,  toward 
the  tail,  of  a  purple  blue ;  the  tail,  eleven  feathers  of  a 
greenish  colour ;  the  extremities  of  the  outward  feathers 
thereof,  white  with  an  eye  of  green. — Garrulm  argentora- 
iensisfi 


IAN  ACCOUNT  OF  FISHES,  Ac.  FOUND  IN    ' 
NOEFOLK  AND  ON  THE  COAST.] 

[MS.  SLOAN.  1830,  fol.  23—30,  &  32—38 ;  &  1882/  fol.  145,  6.] 

It  may  weU  seem  no  easy  matter  to  give  any  considerable 
account  of  fishes  and  animals  of  the  sea ;  wherein,  'tis  said, 
that  there  are  things  creeping  innimierable,  both  small  and 
great  beasts,  because  they  live  in  an  element  wherein  they 
are  not  so  easily  discoverable.  Notwithstanding,  probable  it 
ia  that  after  this  long  navigation,  search  of  the  ocean,  bays, 
creeks,  estuaries,  and  rivers,  that  there  is  scarce  any  fish  bui 

*  ffCMimltts  argetUoroOensig.]    Coradaa  garrula,  L.    The  roller. 

1  1882]     The  first  paragraph  of  this  paper  I  met  with  in  1882  MS, 

Sloan,  preceded  by  the  words  *'  /  wUlmgly  obey  your  co "  which 

were  left  xmfinished,  and  struck  through  with  the  pen.  The  author 
pfobably  at  one  time  intended  the  account  of  fishes,  ftc,  to  be  distinct 
firom  that  of  birds,  and  wrote  this  as  an  introductory  paragraph.  I  have 
therefore  so  preserved  it  ;  though  both  subjects  are  mentioned  in  the 
first  paragraph  of  the  tract  on  birds. 

x2 


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324  •  OF  PISHES. 

hath  been  seen  by  some  man ;  for  the  large  and  breathing 
sort  thereof  do  sometimes  discover  themselves  above  water, 
and  the  other  are  in  such  numbers  that  at  one  time  or  oth» 
they  are  discovered  and  taken,  even  the  most  barbarous 
nations  being  much  addicted  to  fishing :  and  in  America  and 
the  new  discovered  world  the  people ,  were  well  acquainted 
with  fishes  of  sea  and  rivers,  and  the  fishes  thereof  have 
been  since  described  by  industrious  writers.  Pliny  seems 
too  short  in  the  estimate  of  their  number  in  the  ocean,  who 
reckons  up  but  one  hundred  and  seventy-six  species :  but 
the  seas  being  now  farther  known  and  searcheo,  BeUonius 
much  enlargeth;  and  in  his  book  of  birds  thus  .delivereth 
himself: — "Although  I  think  it  impossible  to .  reduce  the 
same  unto  a  certain  number,  yet  I  may  freely  say,  that  'tis 
beyond  the  power  of  man  to  find  out  more  than  five  hundred 
species  of  fishes,  three  hundred  sorts  of  birds,  more  than 
three  hundred  sorts  of  four-footed  animals,  and  forty  diver- 
sities of  serpents."^ 

Of  fishes  sometimes  the  larger  sort  are  taken,  or  come 
ashore.  A  spermaceti  whale,  of  sixty-two  feet  long,  near 
"Wells ;  another  of  the  same  kind,  twenty  years  beibre,  at 
Hunstanton ;  and,  not  far  off,  eight  or  nine  came  ashore,  and 
two  had  young  ones  after  they  were  forsaken  by  the  water.' 

^  serpenia.]  NaturaliBts  now  enumerate  800  species  of  beasts ;  and  at 
least  60,000  of  insects.— 6^y. 

^  sometimes,  <bc.]  A  whale,  58  feet  long,  was  cast  ashore  at  Overstrand, 
in  the  spring  of  1822  (I  think) ;  and  another  went  spouting  past  Cromer, 
in  the  autumn  of  the  same  year.   . 

Towards  the  end  of  1829,  a  whale,  only  24  feet  long,  was  cast  ashore 
and  killed  at  Bunton.  He  was  of  tiie  JBaUma  divimon,  '^th'  'a  whale- 
bone mouth,  and  no  teeth ;  and  as  fitr  as  I  could  mJake  out;  I  think  it 
was  one  of  the  hoops  hcdama  species — as  the  man  who  made' the  capture 
told  me,  the  nose  was  very  sharp  pointed — but'it  was. much  hacked 
before  I  saw  it.  I  found  the  extreme  width  of  the  tail  was  3  feet  11 
inches.  It  was  dark,  nearly  black  on  the  back,  and  white  below  in 
folds.  There  were  two  spout-holes  close  together  in  the  middle  of  the 
head.  Almost  an  inch  and  half  thickness  of  blubber ;  and  the  oil 
which  has.  been  made  from  it  is  remarkably  fine.  The  WkdU-bome  firings 
in  its  mouth,  was  nearly  white :  the  length  of.  the  jaw-bones^  3  ibet 
7  inches.  It  did  not  look  tempting  enough.'  to  make  ine  bring  any  of 
the  meat  away ;  but  at  Northrepps  hall,  a  steak  was  cooked,  an  ~ 
like  tender  beef. — (?. 


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or  nsHEs.  325 

A  grampus,  above  sixteen  feet  long,  taken  at  Yarmouth, 
four  jeors  ago.* 

The  tursiOf  or  porpoise,*  is  common.  The  dolphin®  more 
rare,  though  sometimes  taken,  which  many  confound  with 
the  porpoise ;  but  it  hath  a  more  waved  line  along  the  skin ; 
sharper  toward  the  tail ;  the  head  longer,  and  nose  more  ex- 
tended ;  which  maketh  good  the  figure  of  Eondeletius ;  the 

:  flesh  more  red,  and  well  cooked,  of  very  good  taste  to  most 
palates;  and  exceedeth  that  of  porpoise. 

The  vitulus  marinus/  sea-calf,  or  seal,  which  is  oftisn  taken 
sleeping  on  the  shore.  Five  years  ago,  one  was  shot  in  the 
river  of  Norwich,  about  Surlingham  ferry,  having  continued 

V  in  the  river  for  divers  months  before.  Being  an  amphibious 
animal,  it  may  be  carried  about  alive,  and  kept  long  if  it  can 
be  brought  to  feed.    Some  have  been  kept  for  many  months 

:  in  ponds.  The  pizzell,  the  bladder,  the  cartilago  enaiformis; 
the  figure  of  the  throttle,  the  clustered  and  racemose  form 
of  the  kidneys,  the  flat  and  compressed  heart,  are  remark- 

;  able  in  it.  In  stomachs  of  all  that  I  have  opened,  I  have 
found  many  worms. 

I  have  fidso  observed  a  seolopendra  eetacea  of  about  ten 
[inches]  long,  answenng  the  figure  in  Bondeletius,  which 

-    the  mariners  told  me  was  taken  in  these  seas. 

A  pristis  terra?  or  saw-fish,  taken  about  Lynn,  commonly 
mistaken  for  a  sword-fish,  and  answers  the  figure  in  Bonde- 
letius. 

A  sword-fish  (vphias,  or  gladius^),  entangled  in  the  her- 

'  ring-nets  at  Yarmouth,  agreeable  unto  the  icon  in  John- 
stoniiSy  with  a  smooth  sword,  not  imlike  the  gladius  of  Bon- 
deletius, about  a  yard  and  a  half  long ;  no  teeth ;  eyes  very 
remarkable ;  enclosed  in  a  hard  cartilaginous  covercle,  about 
the  bigness  of  a  good  apple;  the  vitreous  humour  plentiful; 
the  crystalline  larger  than  a  nutmeg,  remaining  clear,  sweet, 

*  grampus,  Ac.'\  Oct.  1827,  the  fishermen  saw  a  fish  which  they 
cail^  a  grampus. — Q, 

*  turtio  cr porpoise,']    Ddphinus pkoccma,  L. 

*  dolphin.]    D,  Ddpku,  L. 

'  vUvSlmrMurvMLi!\    Phoca  vitvlma,  L. 

*  pristis  serra,]  Squahts  prittia,  L. 

*  ijphicu  or  glcidiua,]    Xiphias  gladius,  L. 


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326  OF  FI8HSS. 

and  untainted,  when  the  rest  of  tbe  eye  was  xmder  a  deep 
corruption,  which  we  kept  clear  and  limpid  many  months, 
until  an  hard  frost  split  it,  and  manifested  the  foliations 
thereof. 

It  is  not  unusual  to  take  several  sorts  of  eanisy  or  dog-fish, 
great  and  small,  which  pursue  the  shoal  of  herrings  and  other 
fish ;  hut  this  year  [1662]  one  was  taken  entangled  in  the 
herring-nets,  ahout  nine  feet  in  length,  answering  the  last 
figure  of  Johnstonus,  lib.  vii.  under  the  name  of  cants  carcha- 
rias  alter  ;  and  was,  by  the  teeth  and  five  gills,  one  kind  of 
shark,  particularly  remarkable  in  the  yastness  of  the  optic 
nerves  and  three  conical  hard  pillars,  which  supported  the 
extraordinary  elevated  nose,  which  we  have  reserved  with 
the  skull.     The  seamen  called  this  kind,  a  scrape. 

Sturio,  or  sturgeon,  so  common  on  the  other  side  of  the 
sea,  about  the  mouth  of  the  Elbe,  come  seldom  into  our 
creeks,  though  some  have  been  taken  at  Yarmouth,  and  more 
in  the  great  Ouse,  by  Lynn ;  but  their  heads  not  so  sharp 
as  represented  in  the  ieom  of  Bondeletius  and  Johnstonus. 

Sometimes  we  meet  with  a  Tnola,  or  moon-fish,^  so  called 
from  some  resemblance  it  hath  of  a  crescent  in  the  extreme 
part  of  the  body  from  one  fin  unto  another.  One  being 
taken  near  the  shore  at  Tarmouth,  before  break  of  day, 
seemed  to  shiver  and  grunt  like  a  hog,  as  authors  deliver  of 
it.  The  fiesh  being  hard  and  nervous,  it  is  not  like  to  afibrd 
a  good  dish ;  but  from  the  liver,  which  is  large,  white,  and 
tender,  somewhat  may  be  expected.  The  gills  of  these  fish 
we  found  thick  beset  with  a  kind  of  sea-louse.  In  the 
year  1667,  a  mola  was  taken  at  Monsley,  which  weighed 
200  pounds. 

The  rana  piseatrix^  or  frog-fish,^  is  sometimes  found  in  a 
very  large  magnitude,  and  we  have  taken  the  care  to  have 
them  cleaned  and  stufied,  wherein  we  observed  all  the  ap- 
pendices whereby  they  catch  fishes,  but  much  larger  than 
are  described  in  the  icons  of  Johnstonus,  lib.  xi.  fig.  8. 

T^he  sea-wolf,^  or  lupris  nostras^  of  Schoneveldus,  remark- 
able for  its  spotted  skm  and  notable  teeth, — indsores,  dog- 
teeth and  grinders.     The  dog-teeth,  both  in  the  jaws  and 

'  mola  or  moon-fisk]  Tetraodon  mola,  L.     Sun-fish. 
^frog-fish.']    Lophius  pi8CcUoriu8t  Jj. 
'  seat-teolf.j    Anarhicas  lupus,  L. 


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0?  viSHXs.  327 

palates,  scarce  answerable  bj  any  fish  of  tliat  bulk,  for  the 
like  disposuie,  strength,  and  solidity. 

Musiela  marina;^  called  by  some  a  weazel  ling,  which^ 
salted  and  dried,  becojnes  a  good  Lenten  dish. 

A  lump,  or  Iwmmu  anglarum;^  so  named  by  Aldrovandus, 
by  some  esteemed  a  festival-fish,  though  it  afibrdeth  but  a 
glutinous  jeUy,  and  the  skin  is  beset  with  stony  knobs,  aftw 
no  certain  order.  Ours  most  answereth  the  first  figure  in 
the  13th  table  of  Johnstonus,  but  seems  more  round  and 
arcuated  than  that  figure  makes  it. 

Before  the  herrings,  there  commonly  cometh  a  fish,  about 
a  foot  long,  by  fishermen  called  a  horse,  resembling,  in  all 
points,  the  trachwrutfi  of  Eondeletius,  of  a  mixed  shape, 
between  a  mackerel  and  a  herring ;  observable  &om  its  greeai 
eyes,  rarely  sky-coloured  back,  after  it  is  kept-  a  day,  and  an 
oblique  bony  hne  running  on  the  outside  from  the  giUs  unto 
the  tail ;  a  dry  and  hard  £sh,  but  makes  a  handsome  picture. 

The  rubelliones,  or  rochets,  but  thinly  met  with  on  this 
coast.  The  gomart  eueulus^  or  Itfca  specie*/  more  often ; 
which  they  seldom  eat,  but  bending  the  back  and  8|>reading 
the  fins  mto  a  large  posture,  do  hang  them  up  in  their 
houses. 

Beside  the  common  mulhis,  or  mullet,®  there  is  another 
not  unfrequent,  which  some  call  a  cunny-fish,  but  rather  a 
red  mullet,^  of  a  flosculous  red,  and  somewhat  rough  on 
the  scales,  answering  the  description  and  iconoi  Bonddetius, 
under  the  name  of  mullusy  ruber  asper;  but  not  the  taste  of 
the  ujsuaily-known  mullet,  as  afic»*ding  but  a  dry  and  lean 
bit. 

Several  sorts  of  fishes  there  are  which  do  or  may  bear  the 
names  of  sea-woodcocks ;  as  the  aans  fiu^or  scoUpax,  and 


*  mtutda  marini.]  Perhaps  gadus  mustela,  L.  or  petromyzon  marinus, 
L.    The  Uunprey. 

'  lumpus  anglorum.]  Cyc^opterus  humpus,  L.  The  lump-fish  or  lump- 
sucker. 

'  trcKhurus.]  Scovnher  Trtxcfiwna,  L.  The  scad  or  horse-mackerel : 
caught  with  the  mackerel. — Q. 

'  lyca  fpecieaJ]    Trigla  cuculus,  L.    The  red-gurnard.    • 

*  mtUlet.'}    Mugil  cephcdtu,  L. 

*  redmuUet,]  MuUut  hwhoUus,  L.  Sur-mullet.  Sometimes  caught 
at  Cromer. — O. 


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328  or  FISHES. 

Mowrua}  The  Baurus  we  Bometimes  meet  witli  young.  Eon- 
deletius  confesseth  it  a  very  rare  fish,  somewhat  resembling 
the  acus  or  needle-fish  before,  and  mackerel  behind.  We 
have  kept  one  dried  many  years  ago. 

The  acu9  mqfar,^  called  by  some  a  garfish,  and  greenback, 
answering  the  figure  of  Bondeletius,  under  the  name  of  actu 
prima  species,  remarkable  for  its  quadrangular  figure,  and 
verdigrease-green  backbone. 

A  scohpaa^  or  sea-woodcock,  of  Eondeletius,  was  given 
me  by  a  seaman  of  these  seas.  About  three  inches  long,  and 
seems  to  be  one  kind  of  acus  or  needle-fish,  answering  the 
description  of  Eondeletius. 

The  acua  of  Aristotle,*  lesser,  thinner,  corticated,  and  sei- 
angular;  by  divers  called  an  addercock,  and  somewhat 
resembling  a  snake ;  ours  more  plainly  finned  than  Eonde- 
letius describeth  it. 

A  little  corticated  fish,  about  three  or  four  inches  long, 
answering  that  which  is  named  piscia  octangularis,  by  Wor- 
mius;  cataphractus,  by  Schoneveldeus.  Octagonius  vemu 
caput  ;  versus  cdudam  hexaganius.^ 

T)aefaher  marinus^  sometimes  found  very  large,  answer- 
ing the  figure  of  Eondeletius,  which  though  he  mentioneth 
as  a  rare  fish,  and  to  be  found  in  the  Atlantic  and  Gaditane 
ocean,  yet  we  often  meet  with  it  in  these  seas,  commonly 
called  a  peter-fish,  having  one  black  spot  on  either  side  the 
body ;  conceived  the  perpetual  signature,  from  the  impression 
of  St.  Peter's  fingers,  or  to  resemble  the  two  pieces  of 
money  which  St.  Peter  took  out  of  this  fish ;  remarkable 
also  from  its  disproportionable  mouth,  and  many  bard 
prickles  about  other  parts. 

A  kind  of  scorpius  marinus  ;^  a  rough,  prickly,  and  mon- 
strous headed  fish,  six,  eight,  or  twelve  incnes  long,  anawe^ 
able  unto  the  figure  of  Schoneveldeus. 

>  scmnu.]    Esox  saunu,  L.  t 

•  acu8  major,']    SyjigcUkus  acm,  L.  Needle-fish. 
^  iCdlopax,']    Centrisctai  scolopcuc,  L. 

^  acus  of  Arittotle.]   SyngcUkus  typhU,  L.  ? 

•  hexagoniwJ]    Possibly  a  gurnard,  W^rZa  caiaphracta^  L. 

•  faher  m<mnvm,'\    Zeus  faSer,  L.    John  Doree  or  Dory. . 
^  tcorpitu  marinue.]    C<fttU8  scorpio,  L.     Father  Laaher 


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OE  PISHES.  329 

A  sting-fish,  wiver,  op  kind  of  opthidion,^  or  araneus ; 
slender ;  narrow-headed ;  •  about .  four  inches  long,  with  a 
sharp,  small,  prickly  fin  along  the  back,  which  often  yenom- 
ously  pricketh  the  hands  of  fishermen. 

Aphia  cebites  marina,  or  a  sea-loche. 

Belennus  :  a  sea  miller's  thumb. 

JBhinduli  mcmni  ;  sea  gudgeons. 

Alasa,  or  chads  ;^  to  be  met  with  about  Lynn. 

Spirinehes,  or  smelt,^  in  great  plenty  about  Lynn ;  but 
where  they  have  also  a  small  fish,  called  a  priame,  answering 
in  taste  and  shape  a  smelt,  and  perhaps  are  but  the  younger 
sort  thereof. 

Ajselli,  or  cod,  of  several  sorts. — Asellus  alhus,  or  whitings,^ 
in  great  plenty. — Asellus  niger,  carhonarius,  or  coal-fish.^ — 
Asellus  minor  Schoneveldei  (callarias  JPlinii),  or  haddocks  ;* 
with  many  more.  Also  a  weed-fish,  somewhat  like  a  had- 
dock, but  larger,  and  drier  meat.  A  basse,^  also  much 
resembling  a  flatter  kind  of  cod. 

Scomibri,  or  mackerel;  in  great  plenty.  A  dish  much 
desired :  but  if,'  as  Eondeletius  affirmeth,  they  feed  upon  sea- 
etars  and  squalders,  there  may  be  some  doubt  whether  their 
flesh  be  without  some  ill  quality.  Sometimes  they  are  of  a. 
very  large  size ;  and  one  was  taken  this  year,  1668,  which 
was  by  measure  an  ell  long ;  and  of  the  length  of  a  good 
salmon,  at  Lowestoft. 

-  Herrings  departed,  sprats,  or  saf'dig,  not  long  after  suc- 
ceed in  great  plenty,  which  are  taken  with  smaller  nets,  and 
smoked  and  dried  like  herrings,  become  a  sapid  bit,  and 
yendible  abroad. 

Among  these  are  found  bleak,  or  hlica^  a  thin  herring- 
like fish,  which  some  will  also  take  to  be  young  herrings  .- 

*  opihidion.']  Probably  trachinus  draco,  L.  The  sting-bull  or  com- 
mon weaver. 

*  ckadg.]    Clupea  alosa^  L.  Shad. 

*  smdt.']    Salmo  eperianus,  L.  Smelt. 
'  taJiitinffs.']    Gadua  merlangiis,  L. . 

'  coal-fi^,']    Q.  carhonarius,  L.       * 

*  haddoch.]    O,  ceglesiwus,  L. 

*  hcuteA    Perca  labrax,  L. 

-  '  bliocB.}  Cypinvs  dlburniis,  L.  Ble&k. 


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330  07  7ISHIS. 

And  though  this  sea  aboundeth  not  with  pilchards,  yet  ibey 
Ikre  commonly  taken  among  herrings ;  but  few  esteem  theie- 
of,  or  eat  them. 

Congers  are  not  so  common  on  these  coasts  as  in  many 
seas  about  England ;  but  are  often  found  upon  the  north  coast 
of  Norfolk,  and  in  frosty  weather  left  in  pulks  and  plashes 
upon  the  ebb  of  the  sea. 

The  sand  eels  {Anghnei  of  Aldrovandus,  or  Tdbiamu  of 
Schoneveldeus)  commonly  called  smoulds,^  taken  out  of  the 
sea-sands  with  forks  and  rakes  about  Blakeney  and  Bum- 
ham  :  a  small  round  slender  fish,  about  three  or  four  inches 
long,  as  big  as  a  small  tobacco-pipe ;  a  very  dainty  dish. 

Fungilius  marinuSy  or  sea-bansticle,  having  a  pnekle  on 
each  side.  The  smallest  fish  of  the  sea,  about  an  inch  long, 
sometimes  drawn  ashore  with  nets,  together  with  weeds  sod 
fragments  of  the  sea. 

Many  sorts  of  fiat  fishes.  The  pastinaca  axyrinchuSf  wiih 
a  long  and  strong  aculeus  in  the  tail,  conceived  of  special 
venom  and  virtues. 

Several  sorts  of  raias  (skates),  and  thombacks.  The 
rata  elavata  oxyrinchiba ;  raia  oculata,  aspera,  ^inota, 
fallonica. 

The  great  rhombus,  or  turbot,^  aculeatus  et  levis. 

The  passeTy  or  plaice. 

Butts,  of  various  kinds. 

The  passer  sqiMmostM  ;  bret,  bretcock,  and  skulls ;  com- 
parable in  taste  and  delicacy  unto  the  sole. 

The  huglossm  solea,  or  sole,  plana  et  oculaia  ;  as  also  the 
linffula,  or  small  sole ;  all  in  very  great  plenty. 

Sometimes  a  fish  about  half  a  yard  long,  like  a  but  or 
sole,  called  asprage^  which  I  have  known  taken  about 
Cromer. 

7  9m/&M9,'\    Ammodyte»  tobioMU,  L.  Sand  launce. 
^  twhot.']    In  MS.  Sloan.  1784,  I  find  this  distich,  with  the  sobMf 
quent  explanatory  notes  attached : — 

Of  wry-moTithed  fish  !  give  me  the  left  side  black,* 
Except  the  sole^f  which  hath  the  noblest  smack. 


*  As  turbot,  hret,  hretcochy  sJcvlls. 

t  Which  is  black  on  the  right  tide  ;  as  also  htOts,  wndaps,  andfcmr 
"ders. 


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07  WISHES.  831 

Sepia^  or  cuttle-fish,  and  great  plenty  of  the  bone  or  shelly 
substance,  which  sustaineth  the  whole  bulk  of  that  soft  fish 
found  commonly  on  the  shore. 

The  loligo  sieve,  or  calamar^  found  often  upon  the  shore, 
from  head  to  tail  sometimes  about  an  ell  long,  remarkable 
for  its  parrot-like  bill ;  the  glctdiolvs  or  celanus  along  the 
back,  and  the  notable  crystalline  of  the  eye,  which  equ^eth, 
if  not  exceedeth,  the  lustre  of  oriental  pearl. 

A  polypus,  another  kind  of  themoUia,  sometimes  we  have 
met  with. 

Lobsters  in  great  number,  about  Sherringham  and  Cromer, 
&om  whence  idl  the  country  is  supplied. 

Astacus  marinus  pedicuU  marini  facie,  found  also  in  that 
place.  "With  the  advantage  of  the  long  fore  claws  about 
four  inches  long. 

Crabs,  large  and  well-tasted;  found  also  on  the  same 
coast. 

Another  kind  of  crab,  taken  for  canis  Jltmalis ;  little, 
slender,  and  of  a  very  quick  motion,  found  in  the  river 
'  running  through  Yarmouth,  and  in  Bliburgh  river. 

Oysters  exceeding  large  about  Bumham  and  Hun- 
stanton, like  those  of  Pool,  St.  Mallows,  or  Civita  Vecchia, 
whereof  many  are  eaten  raw ;  the  shells  being  broken  with 
cleavers ;  the  greater  part  pickled,  and  sent  weekly  to  London 
and  other  parts. 

Mitulij  or  muscles,  in  great  quantity,  as  also  ehams  or 
'Cockles,  about  Stiifkay  and  the  north-west  coast. 

I^ectines  jpectuncuU  varii,  or  scallops  of  the  lesser  sort. 

Turbines,  or  smaller  wilks,  leves,  striati,  as  also  trochi, 
irochili,  or  sea  tops,  finely  variegated  and  pearly.  Likewise 
purpura  minores,  nerites,  eochlece,  tellitue, 

Lepades,  patelUe :  limpits,  of  an  univalve  shell,  wherein 
an  animal  like  a  snail  cleaving  fast  unto  the  rocks. 

SoleneSy  "cappe  lunge'*  Venetorum;  commonly  a  razor- 
fish  ;  the  shell  thereof  dentalia,  by  some  called  pin-patches, 
1;>ecau8e  the  pin-meat  thereof  is  taken  out  with  a  pin  or 
needle. 

*  loligOy  «fec.]  In  digging  for  soles  and  shrimps,  I  have  taken  num- 
bers of  little  tepictf  an  inch  or  two  in  length,  in  July  and  August,  and 
have  se^i  others  (I  believe  of  the  species  loligo),  about  twelve  or 
eighteen  inches  long  in  the  sleeve  or  trimk,  in  the  autumn  ;  Cromer, — O. 


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882  or  FISHES. ' 

Oancellua  turhinum  et  neritis,  Bernard  the  hermit  of 
Bondeletius.  A  kind  of  crab,  or  aataeus ;  living  in  a  for- 
saken wilk  or  nerites, 

Uehinus  UehinometriteSy  sea  hedgehog,  whose  neat  shells 
are  common  on  the  shore.  The  fish  alive  often  taken  by 
the  drags  among  the  oysters. 

JSalani,  a  smaller  sort  of  univalve  growing  commonlj  in 
clusters.  The  smaller  kinds  thereof  to  be  found  ofttimes^^ 
upon  oysters,  wilks,  and  lobsters. 

Concha  anatiferay  or  ansifera,  or  barnacle-shell,  whereof 
about  four  years  past  were  found  upon  the  shore  no  small 
number  by  Yarmouth,  hanging  by  slender  strings  of  a  kind 
of  aha  unto  several  splinters  or  cleavings  of  fir-boards,  unto 
whicn  they  were  severally  fastened,  and  hanged  like  ropes  of 
onions :  their  shell  flat,  and  of  a  peculiar  form,  difiTeringfirom 
other  shells ;  this  being  of  four  divisions ;  containing  a  small 
imperfect  animal,  at  the  lower  part  divided  into  many  shoots 
or  streams,  which  prepossessed  spectators'  fancy  to  be  the 
rudiment  of  the  tail  of  some  goose  or  duck  to  be  produced 
from  it.  Some  whereof  in  the  shell,  and  some  taken  out  and 
spread  upon  paper,  we  still  keep  by  us. 

Stella  marina,  or  sea-stars,  in  great  plenty,  especially 
about  Yarmouth.  "Whether  they  be  bred  out  of  the  urticus, 
squalders,  or  sea-jellies,  as  many  report,  we  cannot  confirm ; 
but  the  squalders  in  the  middle  seem  to  have  some  lines  or 
first  draughts  not  unlike.  Our  stars  exceed  not  five  points, 
though  I  have  heard  that  some  with  more  have  been  found 
about  Hunstanton  and  Bumham ;  where  are  alsofound  steUa 
marina  testacea,  or  handsome  crusted  and  brittle  sea-stars, 
much  less. 

The  jpediculus  and  culex  marinus,  the  sea  louse  and  fiy,  are^ 
also  no  strangers. 

Physsalus  Bondeletii,  or  eruca  marina  physsalaides,  ac- 
cording to  the  icon  of  Eondeletius,  of  very  orient  green  and 
purple  bristles. 

Urtica  marina  of  divers  kinds ;  some  whereof  called  squal- 
ders. Of  a  burning  and  stinging  quality,  if  rubbed  in  the- 
hand..   The  water  thereof  may  affowl  a  good  cosmetic. 

Another  very  elegant  sort  there  is  often  found  cast  up  by 
shore  in  great  numbers,  about  the  bigness  of  a  button,  clear 
and  welted,  and  may  be  called^&t;^  marina  crystallina:    - ' 


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or  IT8HE8. 

•  IjRrudines  mariniy  or  sea-leeches. 

Yermea  marini,  very  lar^e  worms,  digged  a  yard  deep  out 
of  tlie  sands  at  ebb,  for  bait.  It  is  known  where  they  are  to 
be  found  by  a  little  flat  pver  them,  on  the  surface  of  the 
sand.  As  also  vermes  in  tubulistestacei.  Also  tethi/a,  ot 
sea-dogp ;  some  whereof  resemble  fritters.  The  vesicaria 
marina  sIbo,  anifandffo,  sometimes  very  large ;  conceived  to 
proceed  &om  some  testaceous  animals,  and  particularly  from 
the  purpura ;  but  ours  more  probalily  from  other  testaceous, 
.we. have  not  met  with  any  large  purpura  upon  this  coast. 

'  Many  river  fishes  also  and  animals.  Salmon  no  common 
fish  in  our  rivers,  though  many  are  taken  in  the  Ouse ;  in 
the  Bure  or  North  river ;  in  the  "Waveney  or  South  river ; 
in  the  Norwich  river  but  seldom,  and  in  the  winter.  But 
four  years  ago  fifteen  were  taken  at  Trowse  mill,  at  Christ- 
mas, whose  mouths  were  stuck  with  small  worms  or  horse 
leeches,  no  bigger  than  fine  threads.  Some  of  these  I  kept 
in  water  three  months.  If  a  few  drops  of  blood  were  put  to 
the  water,  they  would  in  a  little  time  look  red.  They 
sensibly  grew  bigger  than  I  first  found  them,  and  were 
killed  by  a  hard  frost  freezing  the  water.  Most  of  our 
salmon  have  a  recurved  piece  of  flesh  in  the  end  of  the  lower 
jaw,'  which,  when  they  shut  their  mouths,  deeply  enters  the 
upper^  as  Scalieer  hath  noted  in  some. 

The .  rivers,  lakes,  and  broads,  abound  in  the  lucius  or 
pikes  of  a  very  large  size,  where  also  is  found  the  hrama  or 
bream,  large  and  well  tasted.  The  tinea  or  tench ;  the  au- 
lecula,  roach ;  as  also  rowds  and  dare  or  dace ;  ^erca  or  perch, 
great  and  small ;  whereof  such  as  are  taken  in  Breydon,  on 
this  side  Yarmouth,  in  the  mixed  water,  make  a  dish  very 
dainty  ;  and,  I  think,  scarce  to  be  bettered  in  England.  But 
theblea,  the  chubbe,  the  barbie,  to  be  found  in  divers  other 
rivers  in  England  I  have  not  observed  in  these.  As  also 
fewer  minnows  than  in  many  other  rivers. 

The  trutta  or  trout ;  the  gammarus  or  craTj^fish ;  but  scarce 
in  oiir  rivers ;  but  frequently  taken  in  the  Bure  or  North 
;river,  and  in  the  several  branches  thereof.  And  very  re- 
markable large  crawfishes  to  be  found  in  the  river  which  runs 
by  Castleacre  and  Nerford. 

The  aspredoperca  minor y  and  probably  the  cernua  of  Car- 
dan, commonly  called  a  ruff;  in  great  plenty  in  Norwich 


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334  or  riSHES. 

river,  and  even  in  the  stream  of  the  city ;  which  though 
Camden  appropriates  unto  this  city,  yet  they  are  also  found 
in  the  rivers  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge. 

Lampetray  lampreys,  great  and  small,  found  plentifully  in 
Norwich  river,  and  even  in  the  city,  about  May ;  whereof 
some  are  very  large ;  and,  well  cooked,  are  counted  a  dainty- 
bit  collared  up,  but  especially  in  pies. 

Muitelafluviatilis  or  eel-pout,  to  be  had  in  Norwich  river, 
and  between  it  and  Yarmouth,  as  also  in  the  rivers  of 
Marshland ;  resembling  an  eel  and  a  cod ;  a  very  good  dish; 
and  the  liver  whereof  well  answers  the  commendations  of 
the  ancients. 

Gudgeons  or  fiinduli  fluviatiles ;  many  whereof  may  be 
taken  within  the  river  in  the  city. 

Gapitonesfltmatiles  or  miller's  thumb ;  pungituusjluviatilii 
or  stanticles.  Aphia  cohites  fluviatilis  or  loches.  In  Nor- 
wich river,  in  the  runs  about  Heveningham  Heath,  in  the 
North  river  and  streams  thereof. 

Of  eels,  the  common  eel,  and  the  glot,  which  hath  some- 
what a  different  shape  in  the  bigness  of  the  head  and  is 
affirmed  to  have  young  ones  often  found  within  it ;  and  we 
have  found  an  uterus  in  the  same,  somewhat  answering  the 
icon  thereof  in  Senesinus. 

Carpiones,  carp  ;  plentiful  in  ponds,  and  sometimes  hffge 
ones  in  broads.  Two  of  the  largest  I  ever  beheld  were  taken 
in  Norwich  river. 

Though  the  woods  and  drylands  abound  with  adders  and 
vipers,  yet  are  there  few  snakes  about  our  rivers  or  meadows ; 
more  to  be  found  in  Marshland.  But  ponds  and  plashes 
abound  in  lizards  or  swifts. 

The  aryllotalpa  or  fen  cricket,  common  in  fenny  placea  j 
but  we  have  met  with  them  also  in  dry  places,  dunghifis,  and 
churchyards,  of  this  city. 

Besides  [horseleeches  and  periwinkles,  in  plashes  and 
standing  waters,  we  have  met  with  vermes  setacei  or  hard 
worms:  but  could  never  convert  horsehairs  into  them  by 
laying  them  in  water.  As  also  the  great  hydrocantharus  or 
black  shining  water-beetle,  the  forficula,  sq^uilla^  corculum^ 
and  notonecton,  that  swimmeth  on  its  back. 

Camden  reports  that  in  former  time  there  have  been 
beavers  in  the  river  of  Cardigan  in  Wales.     This  we  are  too 


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ON  THE   OSTBICH.  335 

sure  of,  that  the  rivers,  great  broads,  and  carrs,  afford  great 
store  of  otters  with  us ;  a  great  destroyer  of  fish,  as  feeding 
but  from  the  vent  downwards  ;  not  free  from  being  a  prey 
itself ;  for  their  young  ones  have  been  found  in  buzzards* 
nests.  They  are  accounted  no  bad  dish  by  many ;  are  to 
be  mada  very  tame ;  and  in  some  houses  have  served  for 
turnspits.  ' 


ON  THE  OSTEICH.i 

[MS.  SLOAN.  I830i  fol.  10, 11 ;  1847.] 

The  ostrich  hath  a  compounded  name  in  G-reek  and  Latin 
— Struthio-Camelus,  borrowed  from  a  bird  and  a  beast,  as 
being  a  feathered  and  biped  animal,  yet  in  some  ways  like  a 
camel ;  somewhat  in  the  long  neck ;  somewhat  in  the  foot ; 
and,  as  some  imagine,  from  a  camel-like  position  in  the  part 
of  generation. 

It  is  accounted  the  largest  and  tallest  of  any  winged  and 
feathered  fowl ;  taUer  than  the  gruen  or  cassowary.  Thi» 
ostrich,  though  a  female,  was  about  seven  feet  high,  and  some 
of  the  males  were  higher,  either  exceeding  or  answerable 
unto  the  stature  of  the  great  porter  imto  king  Charles  the^ 
Pirst.     The  weight  was  a^  in  grocer's  scales. 

"Whosoever  shall  compare  or  consider  together  the  ostrich 
and  the  tomineio,  or  himibird,  not  weighing  twelve  grains, 
may  easily  discover  under  what  compass  or  latitude  the  ere* 
ation  of  birds  hath  been  ordained. 

The  head  is  not  large,  but  little  in  proportion  to  the  whole 
body.  And,  therefore,  Julius  Scaliger,  when  he  mentioned 
birds   of  large  heads   (comparativdy  unto  their  bodies)  ^ 

'  On  the  ostrich,']  This  was  drawn  up  for  his  son  Edward,  to  be  de- 
livered in  the  course  of  his  lectures.  It  occurs  in  the  middle  of  the 
piper  on  Birds ;  but  evidently  was  inserted  by  mistake  in  the  binding ;. 
it  IB  written  on  larger  paper. 

'a  .....  ]    Utterly  undecypherable  in  the  original. 


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336  OK  THE  OSTBICH. 

named  the  sparrow,  tlie  owl,  and  the  woodpecker ;  aad, 
reckoning  up  oirds  of  small  heads,  instanceth  in  the  hen, 
the  peacock,  and  the  ostrich.* 

The  head  is  looked  upon  by  discerning  spectators  to  re- 
semble that  of  a  goose  rather  than  any  kind  of .  trrpouOoc,  or 
passer :  and  so  may  be  more  properly  called  cheTUheamelutf 
or  ansero-camelus. 

There  is  a  handsome  figure  of  an  ostrich  in  Mr.  "Wil- 
loughby's  and  Eay*s  Omithologia  :  another  in  Aldrovandus 
an(f  Jonstonus,  and  [Bellpnius ;  but  the  heads  not  exactly 
ageeing.  ^'Eostrum  habet  exiguum,  sed  acutum,"  saith 
Jonstoun;  "un  long  bee  et  poinctu,"  saith  Bellonius;  mea 
describing  such  as  they  have  an  opportunity  to  see,  and 
perhaps  some  the  ostriches  of  yery  different  countries, 
wherem,  as  in  some  other  birds,  there  may  be  some  yariety. 

In  AMca,  where  some  eat  elephants,  it  is  no  wonder  that 
some  also  feed  upon  ostriches.  They  flay  them  with  their 
feathers  on,  which  they  sell,  and  eat  the  nesh.  But  Gralen 
and  physicians  have  condemned  that  flesh,  as  hard  and  indi- 
gestible.^ The  emperor  Heliogabalus  had  a  fancy  for  the 
brains,  when  he  brought  six  hundred  ostriches'  heads  to  one 
supper,  only  for  the  brains'  sake ;  yet  Leo  Afrieanus  saith 
that  he  ate  of  young  ostriches  among  the  Numidians  with  a 
good  gust ;  and,  perhaps,  boiled,  and  well  cooked,  after  the 
art  of  Apicius,  with  peppermint,  dates,  and  other  good 
things,  they  might  go  down  with  some  stomachs. 

I  do  not  find  that  the  strongest  eagles,  or  best-spirited 
hawks,  will  off*er  at  these  birds ;  yet,  if  there  were  such  gyr- 
falcons  as  Juliuer  Scaliger  saith  the  duke  of  Sayoy  and  Henij, 
king  of  Nayarre,  had,  it  is  like  they  would  strike  at  them, 
and,  making  at  the  head,  would  spoil  them,  or  so  disable 
them,  that  they  might  be  taken.f 

If  these  had  been  brought  oyer  in  June,  it  is,  perhaps^ 

*  See  Scaliger's  Extrdtaiioni. 

+  See  Scaliger's  EeerdtcUions,  and  in  his  Comment,  on  Aria,  De  Hit 
toria  Animal, 

'  cbB  hardamd  iiidAgestihh.']  "And,  therefore,  when,  according  to 
LampridiuB,  the  emperor  Heliogabalus  forced  the  Jews  to  eat  ostridies, 
it  was  a  meat  not  omy  hard  of  digestion  to  their  stomachs,  but  also  to 
their  consciences,  as  being  a  forbidden  meat  food. " — A  ddition  flvm  MS, 
Sloan.  1847. 


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Om  THE  OSTBICH.  837 

likelj  we  might  have  met  with  eggs  in  some  of  their  bellies, 
whereof  they  lay  very  many :  but  they  are  the  worst  of  eggs 
for  food,  vet  serviceable,  unto  many  other  uses  in  their 
country ;  for,  being  cut  transversely,  they  serve  for  drinking 
cups  and  skull-caps ;  and,  as  I  have  seen,  there  are  large 
cinsles  of  them,  and  some  painted  and  gilded,  which  hang  up 
in  Turkish  mosques,  and  also  in  G^reek  churches.  They  are 
preserved  with  us  for  rarities ;  and,  as  they  come  to  be  com- 
mon, some  use  will  be  found  of  them  in  physic,  even  as  of 
other  eggshells  and  other  such  substances. 

When  it  first  came  into  my  garden,  it  soon  ate  up  all  the 
gilliflowers,  tulip-leaves,  and  fed  greedily  upon  wnat  was 
green,  as  lettuce,  endive,  sorrell;  it  would  feed  on  oats, 
barley,  peas,  J)eans ;  swallow  onions ;  eat  sheep's  lights  and 
livers. — Then  you  mention  what  you  know  more.* 

When  it  took  down  a  large  onion,  it  stuck  awhile  in  the 
gullet,  and  did  not  descend  directly,  but  wound  backward 
behind  the  neck ;  whereby  I  might  perceive  that  the  gullet 
turned  much ;  but  this  is  not  peculiar  imto  the  ostrich ;  but 
the  same  hath  been  observed  m  the  stork,  when  it  swallows 
down  frogs  and  pretty  big  bits. 

It  made  sometimes  a  strange  noise ;  had  a  very  odd  note, 
especially  in  the  morning,  and,  perhaps,  when  hungry. 

According  to  Aldrovandus,  some  hold  that  there  is  an  an- 
tipathy between  it  and  a  horse,  which  an  ostrich  will  not 
endure  to  see  or  be  near ;  but,  while  I  kept  it,  I  could  not 
confirm  this  opinion ;  which  might,  perhaps,  be  raised  be- 
cause a  common  way  of  hunting  and  taking  them  is  by 
swift  horses. 

It  is  much  that  Cardanus  should  be  mistaken  with  a  ^at 
part  of  men,  that  the  coloured  and  dyed  feathers  of  ostriches 
were  natural ;  as  red,  blue,  yellow,  and  green ;  whereas,  the 
natural  colours  in  this  bird  were  white  and  greyish.  Of  [the] 
fiisbion  of  wearing  feathers  in  battles  or  wars  by  men,  and 
women,  see  Scaliger,  Contra  Cardan,  Exercitat,  220. 

If  wearing  of  father-fans  should  come  up  again,  it  might 
much  increase  the  trade  of  plumage  firom  Barbar3^  Bello- 
nius  saith  he  saw  two  hundred  skins  with  the  feathers  on 
in  one  shop  of  Alexandria. - 

*  Then  you  mention,  <fec.]  This  must  be  considered  as  spoken  "aside" 
to  his  son^ 

TOL.  in.  Z 


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388  BOTJLIMXA  GESrrXKAJUA. 

BOULIMIA  CENTENAEIA.1 

[MS.  SLOAN.  1833,  an4  MS.  VJlWL.  ltux.] 

There  is  a  woman  now  living  in  Yarmouth,  named  Eliza- 
beth Michell,  an  hundred  and  two  years  old ;  a  person  of 
four  feet  and  half  hi^h,  very  lean,  very  poor,  and  liying  in 
a  mean  room  with  pitiful  accommodation.  She  had  a  son 
after  she  was  past  nftj.^  Though  she  answers  well  enough 
unto  ordinary  questions,  yet  she  apprehends  her  eldest 
daughter  to  be  her  mother ;  but  what  is  most  remarkabk 
concerning  her  is  a  kind  of  houlimia  or  dog«|ippetite ;  she 
greedily  eating  day  and  night  what  her  allowsaice,  fiiendfi, 
or  charitable  persons  afford  her,  drinking  beer  or  water,  and 
making  little  distinction  or  refusal  of  any  food,  either  of 
broths,  flesh,  fish,  apples,  pears,  and  ^ny  coarse  food,  which 
she  eateth  in  no  small  quantity,  insomuch  that  the  ovaneeis 
for  the  poor  have  of  late  been  fain  to  augment  her  weekly 
allowance.  She  sleeps  indifferently  well,  till  hunger  awakes 
her ;  then  she  must  nave  no  ordinaj:^  supply  whether  in  the 
day  or  night.  She  vomits  not,  nor  is  Yery  laxative.  This  is 
the  oldest  example  of  the  sal  esurinmm  chymicarum^  which  I 
have  taken  notice  of;  though  I  am  ready  to  afford  my 
charity  unto  her,  yet  I  shoiJd  be  loth  to  spend  a  piece  of 
ambergris  I  have  upon  her,  and  to  allow  six  grains  to  every 
dose  tHl  I  found  some  effect  in  moderating  her  ap{>etite : 
though  that  be  esteemed  a  great  specific  in  her  conation. 

*  Baidimia.']  Brutus  was  attacked  with  this  disease  on  his  march 
to  Durachium. — Plutarch. 

^  She  had  a  son,  dsc]  A  duplicate  copy  of  this  paper  in  the  Bodleian 
{M8,  Bawl.  Iviii.)  reads  "  her  yoimgest  son  is  forty-five  yean  oki" 


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TTPON  THE  DAEK  THICK  MIST. 


UPON    THE  DAEK    THICK    MIST   HAPPENING 
ON  THE  27th  OF  NOVEMBER,  1674. 

[MS.  SLOAN.  1838,  fol.  136.] 

Though  it  be  not  strange  to  see  frequent  mists,  clouds, 
and  rains,  in  England,  as  many  ancient  describers  of  this 
country  have  noted,  yet  I  could  not  [but]  take  notice  of  a 
very  great  mist  which  happened  upon  the  27th  of  the  last 
November,  and  from  thence  have  taken  this  occasion  to  pro- 

Sose  something  of  mists,  clouds,  and  rains,  unto  your  can- 
id  considerations. 

Herein  mists  may  well  deserve  the  first  place,  as  being,  if 
not  the  first  in  nature,  yet  the  first  meteor  mentioned  in 
Scripture,  and  soon  after  the  creation,  for  it  is  said.  Gen.  ii. 
that  "  God  had  not  yet  caused  it  to  rain  upon  the  earth,  but 
a  mist  went  up  from  the  earth,  and  watered  the  whole  face 
of  the  ground,"  for  it  might  take  a  longer  time  for  tie  ele- 
Tation  of  vapours  sufficient  to  make  a  congregation  of  clouds 
able  to  afford  any  store  of  showers  and  ram  in  so  early  days 
of  the  world. 

Thick  vapours,  not  ascending  high  but  hanging  about  the 
earth  and'  covering  the  surface  of  it,  are  commonly  called 
mists ;  if  they  ascend  high  they  are  termed  clouds.  They 
remain  upon  the  earth  till  they  either  fkll  down  or  are 
attenuated,  rarified,  and  scattered. 

The  great  mist  was  not  only  observable  about  London, 
but  in  remote  parts  of  England,  and  as  we  hear,  in  Holland, 
BO  that  it  was  of  larger  extent  than  mists  are  commonly 
apprehended  to  be ;  most  men  conceiving  that  they  reach 
not  much  beyond  the  places  where  they  behold  them.  Mists 
make  an  obscure  air,  but  they  beget  not  darkness,  for  the 
atoms  and  particles  thereof  admit  the  light,  but  if  the  matter 
thereof  be  veiy  thick,  close,  and  condensed,  the  mist  grows 
considerably  obscure  and. like  a  cloud,  so  the  miraculous  and 
palpable  darkness  of  Egypt  is  conceived  to  have  been  effected 
by  an  extraordinary  dense  and  dark  mist  or  a  kind  of  cloud 
spread  over  the  land  of  Egypt,  and  also  miraculously 
xestrained  from  the  neighbour  land  of  Goshen. 

z2 


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340  UPOK  THE  DABK  THICK  MIST. 

Mists  and  fogs,  containing  commonly  vegetable  spirits, 
when  they  dissolye  and  return  upon  the  earth,  may  lecun- 
date  and  add  some  fertilitjr  unto  it,  but  they  may  m  more 
unwholesome  in  great  cities  than  in  country  habitations': 
for  they  consist  of  vapours  not  only  elevated  from  simple 
watery  and  humid  places,  but  also  the  exhalations  of  draughts, 
common  sewers,  and  fcetid  places,  and  decoctiDns  used  by 
unwholesome  and  sordid  manufactures :  and  also  hindering 
the  sea-coal  smoke  from  ascending  and  passing  away,  it  is 
conjoined  with  the  mist  and  drawn  in  by  the  breath,  all 
which  may  produce  bad  effects,  inquinate  the  blood,  and 
produce  catanrhs  and  coughs.  Sereins,  well  known  in  hot 
countries,  cause  headache,  toothache,  and  swelled  &ce8; 
but  they  seem  to  have  their  original  from  subtle,  invisible, 
nitrous,  and  ^iercinff  exhalations,  caused  by  a  strong  heat  of 
the  sun,  which  fsming  after  sunset  produce  the  effects 
mentioned. 

There  may  be.  also  subterraneous  mists,  when  heat  in  the 
bowels  of  the  earth,  working  upon  humid  parts,  makes  an 
attenWtion  thereof  and  consequently  nebulous  bodies  in  the 
cavities  of  it. 

There  is  a  kind  of  a  continued  mist  in  the  bodies  of  ani- 
mals, especially  in  the  cavous  parts,  as  may  be  observed  in 
bodies  opened  presently  after  death,  and  some  think  that  in 
sleep  there  is  a  kind  o/  mist  in  the  brain ;  and  upon  exceed- 
ing motion  some  animals  cast  out  a  mist  about  them. 

When  the  cuttle  fish,  polypus,  or  loligo,  make  themselves 
invisible  by  obscuring  the  water  about  them ;  they  do  it  not 
by  any  vaporous  emission,  but  by  a  black  humour  ejected, 
which  makes  the  water  black  and  dark  near  them:  but  upon 
excessive  motion  some  annuals  are  able  to  afford  a  mist  about 
them,  when  the  air  is  cool  and  fit  to  condense  it,  as  horses 
after  a  race,  so  that  they  become  scarce  visible. 


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THXTSTDEB   STOBM.  341 


[ACCOUNT  OF  A  THUNDER  STOEM  AT  NOE- 
WICH,  1665.] 

[MS.  SLOAN.  1866,  fol.  96.] 

JwM  28,  1665. 

Afteb  seven  o'clock  in  the  evening  there  was  ahnost  a 
continued  thunder  until  eight,  wherein  the  tonitru  aadjulj^tir, 
the  noise  and  lightning,  were  so  terrihle,  that  they  put  the 
whole  city  into  an  amazement,  and  most  unto  their  prayers. 
The  clouds  went  low,  and  the  cracks  seemed  near  over  our 
heads  during  the  most  part  of  the  thunder.  A^out  eight 
o'clock,  an  i^is  fuhnineuSy  pila  ignea  fuhnmans,  telttm  ig» 
neum  Jfnhnineum,  or  fire-b&Q,  hit  against  the  little  wooden 
pinnacle  of  the  high  leucome  window  of  my  house,  toward 
the  market-place,  broke  the  flue  boards,  and  carried  pieces 
thereof  a  stone's  cast  off;  whereupon  many  of  the  tiles  fell 
into  the  street,  and  the  windows  in  adjoming  houses  were 
broken.  At  the  same  time  either  a  part  of  that  close-bound 
fire,  OP  another  of  the  same  nature,  fell  into  the  court-yard, 
and  whereof  no  notice  was  taken  till  we  began  to  examine 
the  house,  and  then  we  found  a  freestone  on.  the  outside  of 
the  wall  of  the  entnr  leading  to  the  kitchen,  half  a  foot  from 
the  ground,  fallen  from  the  wall ;  a  hole  as  big  as  a  foot-ball 
bored  through  the  wall,  which  is  about  a  foot  thick,  and  a 
chest  which  stood  against  it,  on  the  inside,  split  and  carried 
about  a  foot  from  the  wall.  The  wall  also,  behind  the  leaden 
dstem,  at  five  yards  distance  from  it,  broken  on  the  inside 
and  outside ;  the  middle  seeming  entire.  The  lead  on  the 
edges  of  the  cistern  turned  a  little  up ;  and  a  great  washing- 
bowl,  that  stood  by  it,  to  recover  the  rain,  turned  upside 
down,  and  split  quite  through.  Some  chimneys  and  tiles 
were  struck  down  in  other  parts  of  the  city.  A  fire-ball  also 
struck  down  the  walk  in  the  market-place.  And  all  this,  God 
be  thanked !  without  mischief  unto  any  person.  The  greatest 
terror  was  from  the  noise,  answerable  unto  two  or  three 
cannon.  The  smell  it  left  was  strong,  like  th%t  after  the 
discbarge  of  a  cannon.    The  balls  that  flew  were  not  like 


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342  OK   DBBAM8. 

fire  in  the  fiame,  but  the  coal ;  and  the  people  said  it  was 
like  the  sun.  It  was  discutiens,  terebrans^  but  not  urens. 
It  burnt  nothings  nor  any  thing  it  touched  smelt  of  fire ;  nor 
melted  any  lead  of  window  or  cistern,  as  I  found  it  do  in  the 
great  storm,  about  nine  years  ago,  at  Melton-hall,  four  miles 
off,  at  that  time  when  the  hail  broke  three  thousand  pounds 
worth  of  glass  in  Norwich,  in  half-a-quarter  of  an  hour. 
About  four  days  afber,  the  like  fulminous  fire  killed  a  man 
in  Erpingham  church,  by  Aylsham,  upon  whom  it  broke,  and 
beat  down  divers  which  were  within  the  wind  of  it.  One  also 
went  off  in  Sir  John  Hobart's  gallery,  at  Blickling.  He  was 
so  near  that  his  arm  and  thigh  were  numbed  about  an.  hour 
after.  Two  or  three  days  after,  a  woman  and  horse  were 
killed  near  Bungay  ;  her  hat  so  shivered  that  no  piece  re- 
mained bigger  than  a  groat,  whereof  I  had  some  pieces  sent 
unto  me.  Granades,  crackers,  and  squibs,  do  much  resemble 
the  discharge,  and  auo'um  fukninans  the  fury  thereof.  Of 
other  thunderbolts  or  Icmidea  fuhninei^  I  have  little  opinion. 
Some  I  have  by  me  under  that  name,  but  they  are  e  ffenere 

^**^*«^-  Thomas  Beowke. 

Norwich,  1665. 


[ON  DEEAMS.] 
[MS.  SLOAK.  1874,  fol.  112, 120.] 

Half  our  days  we  pass  in  the  shadow  of  the  earth ;  and 
the  brother  of  death  exacteth  a  third  part  of  our  lives.  A 
good  part  of  our  sleep  is  peered  out  with  visions  and  fimtas- 
tieal  objects,  wherein  we  are  confessedly  deceived.  The  day 
supplieth  us  with  truths ;  the  night  with  fictions  and  Mse- 
hoods,  which  uncomfortably  diyide  the  natural  account  of 
our  beings.  And,  therefore,  having  passed  the  day  in  sob^ 
labours  and  rational  enquiries  of  truth,  we  are  fain  to  betake 
ourselves  unto  such  a  state  of  being,  wherein  the  soberest 
heads  have  acted  all  the  monstrosities  of  melancholy,  and 
which  unto  open  eyes  are  no  better  than  folly  and  madness. 

Happy  9fe  they  that  go  to  bed  with  grand  music,  like 
Pythagoras,  or  have  ways  to  compose  the  fimtastical  spirit^ 


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OlS  SBEAICS.  343 

whose  unruly  wanderings  take  off  inward  sleep,  filling  our 
heads  with  St.  Anthony's  visions,  and  the  dreams  of  Lipara 
in  the  sober  chambers  of  rest. 

Virtuous  thoughts  of  the  day  lay  up  good  treasures  for  the 
night ;  whereby  the  impressions  of  imaginary  forms  arise  into 
sober  similitudes,  acceptable  unto  our  slumbering  selves  and 
preparatoiy  unto  divine  impressions.^  Hereby  Solomon's 
sleep  was  nappy.  Thus  prepared,  Jacob  might  well  dream 
of  angels  upon  a'pilloW  of  stone.  And  the  best  sleep  of 
Adam  might  be  the  beat  of  any  afber.^ 

That  there  should  be  divine  dreams  seems  unreasonably 
doubted  by  Aristotle.  That  there  are  demoniacal  dreams 
we  have  little  reason  to  doubt.  Why  may  there  not  be  an- 
geheal?  If  there  be  guardian  spirits,  they  may  not  be 
inactively  about  us  in  sleep ;  but  may  sometnnes  order  our 
dreams  :  and  many  strange  hints,  instigations,  or  discourses, 
which  axe  so  amazing  unto  us,  may  arise  from  such  founda- 


Bot  the  phantasms  of  sleep  do  commonljr  walk  in  the  great 
road  of  natural  and  animal  dreams,  wherein  the  thoughts  or 
actions  of  the  day  are  acted  over  and  echoed  in  the  night. 
Who  can  therefore  wonder  that  Chrysostom  should  dream  of 
Bt.  Paul,  who  d«Qy  read  his  epistles ;  or  that  Cardan,  whose 
head  was  so  taken  up  about  the  stars,  should  dream  that  his 
sonl  was  in  the  moon. !  Pious  persons,  whose  thoughts  are 
daily  busied  about  heaven^  and  ^e  blessed  state  thereof,  con 
hardly  escape  the  nightly  phantasms  of  it,  which  though 
sometimes  taken  for  illuminations,  or  divine  dreams,  yet 
rightly  perpended  may  prove  but  animal  visions,  and  naturid 
night-scenes  of  their  awaking  contemplations. 

Many  dreams  are  made  out  by  sagacious  exposition,  and 
from  the  signatore  of  their  subjects  ;  carrying  their  interpre- 
tation in  their  fundamental  sense  and  mystery  of  similitude, 
whereby,  he  that  understands  upon  what  natural  ftmdamentai 
every  notion  dependeth,  may,  by  symbolical  adaptation,  hold 

'  Virttiotts  ihoughUf  Sec.']  See  an  exquisite  passage  in  Rdigio  Medici, 
pp.  446,  447. 

'  the  best  sleep  of  Adam,  tfcc]  The  only  sleep  of  Adam  recorded,  is 
that  which  Grod  caused  to  fall  upon  him,  and  which  resulted  in  the 
creation  of  woman.  It  does  not  very  clearly  appear  whether  Sir  Thomas 
<»Il8  it  the  best  i^eep  of  Adam,  in  aUusion  to  its  origin,  or  its  result. 


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344  OK  BSSAMS. 

a  ready  way  to  read  the  ebaracters  of  Morpheus.  In  dreams 
of  such  a  nature,  Artemidorus,  Achmet,  and  Astrampsichus, 
from  Greek,  Egyptian,  and  Arabian  oneiro-critieisn),  may 
hint  some  interpretation :  who,  while  we  read  of  a  ladder  in 
Jacob's  dream,  will  tell  us  that  ladders  and  scalaiy  ascents 
signify  preferment ;  and  while  we  consider  the  dream  of 
Pharaoh,  do  teach  us  that  rivers  overflowing  speak  plenty, 
lean  oxen,  famine  and  scarcity;  and  therefore  it  was  but 
reasonable  in  Pharaoh  to  demand  the  interpretation  from 
his  magicians,  who,  beins^  Egyptians,  should  have  been  well 
versed  in  symbols  and  the  lueroglyphical  notions  of  things. 
The  greatest  tyrant  in  such  divinations  was  Nabuchodonosor, 
while,  besides  the  interpretation,  he  demanded  the  dream 
itself;  which  being  probably  determined  by  divine  immission, 
might  escape  the  conmion  road  of  phantasms,  that  might 
have  been  traced  by  Satan. 

"When  Alexander,  going  to  besiege  Tyre,  dreamt  of  a 
Satyr,  it  was  no  hard  exposition  for  a  Grecian  to  say,  "  Tyre 
will  be  thine."  He  that  dreamed  that  he  saw  his  father 
washed  by  Jupiter  and  anointed  by  the  sun,  had  cause  to 
fear  that  ne  might  be  crucified,  whereby  his  body  would  be 
washed  by  the  rain,  and  drop  by  the  heat  of  the  sun.  The 
dream  of  Vespasian  was  of  harder  exposition ;  as  also  that 
of  the  emperor  Mauritius,  concerning  nis  successor  Phocas. 
And  a  man  might  have  been  hard  put  to  it,  to  interpret  the 
language  of  ^sculapius,  when  to  a  consmnptive  person  he 
held  forth  his  fingers ;  implying  thereby  that  his  cure  lay  in 
dates,  from  the  homonomy  of  the  Greek,  which  signifies 
dates  and  fingers. 

We  owe  unto  dreams  that  Galen  was  a  physician,  XHon 
an  historian,  and  that  the  world  hath  seen  some  notable 
pieces  of  GOTdan ;  yet,  he  that  should  order  his  affiiirs  by 
dreams,  or  make  the  night  a  rule  unto  the  day,  might  be 
ridiculously  deluded ;  wherein  Cicero  is  much  to  be  pitied, 
who  having  excellently  discoursed  of  the  vanity  of  dreams, 
was  yet  undone  by  the'flattery  of  his  own,  which  urged  him 
to  apply  himself  unto  Augustus. 

However  dreams  may  be  fallacious  concerning  outward 
events,  yet  may  they  be  truly  significant  at  home ;  and  where- 
by we  may  more  sensibly  understand  ourselves.  Men  act 
in  sleep  with  some  conformity  unto  their  awaked  senses  > 


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ON  DBEAMS.  845 

and  consolations  or  discouragements  may  be  drawn  from 
dreams  which  intimately  tell  us  ourselves.  Luther  was  not 
like  to  fear  a  spirit  in  the  night,  when  such  an  apparition 
would  not  terrtfy  him  in  the  day.  Alexander  would  hardly 
have  run  away  in  the  sharpest  combats  of  sleep,  nor  Demos- 
thenes have  stood  stoutly  to  it,  who  was  scarce  able  to  do  it 
in  his  prepared  senses.  Persons  of  radical  integrity  will  not 
easily  be  perverted  in  their  dreams,  nor  noble  minds  do  piti- 
ful things  in  sleep.  Crassus  would  have  hardly  been  boun- 
tiful in  a  dream,  whose  fist  was  so  close  awake.  But  a  man 
might  have  lived  all  his  life  upon  the  sleeping  hand  of  Anto- 
niua.* 

There  is  an  art  to  make  dreams,  as  well  as  their  interpre- 
tations ;  and  physicians  will  tell  us  that  some  food  makes 
tmrbulent,  some  gives  quiet,  dreams.  tJato,  who  doated  upon 
cabbage,  might  find  the  crude  effects  thereof  in  his  sleep^ ; 
whereui  the  Egjrptians  might  find  some  advantage  by  their 
superstitious  abstinence  from  onions.  Pythagoras  might 
have  [had]  calmer  sleeps,  if  he  [had]  totally  abstained  from 
beans.  Even  Daniel,  the  ffreat  interpreter  of  dreams,  in  his 
leguminous  diet,  seems  to  have  chosen  no  advantageous  food 
for  quiet  sleeps,  according  to  Grecian  physic. 

To  add  unto  the  delusion  of  dreams,  the  fantastical  ob- 
jects seem  greater  than  they  are ;  and  being  beheld  in  the 
vaporous  state  of  sleep,  enlarge  their  diameters  unto  us ; 
whereby  it  may  prove  more  easy  to  dream  of  giants  than 
pigmies.  Democritus  might  seldom  dream  of  atoms,  who  so 
often  thought  of  them.  He  almost  might  dream  himself  a 
bubble  extending  unto  the  eighth  sphere.  A  little  water 
makes  a  sea ;  a  small  puff  of  wind  a  tempest.  A  grain  of 
sulphur  kindled  in  the  blood  may  make  a  flame  like  ^tna ; 
ana  a  small  spark  in  the  bowels  of  Olympias  a  lightning  over 
all  the  chamber. 

But,  beside  these  innocent  delusions,  there  is  a  sinful  state 
of  dreams.  Death  alone,  not  sleep,  is  able  to  put  an  end 
unto  sin ;  and  there  may  be  a  night-book  of  our  iniquities ; 
for  beside  the  transgressions  of  the  day,  casuists  will  tell 

•  deeping  hand  of  Antonitu,]  Who  awake  was  open-handed  and  libe- 
nl,  in  contrast  with  the  close-fittedness  of  Crassus,  and  therefore  would 
have  been  munificent  in  his  dreams. 


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346  OBSEBTATioirs  oir  aBAFTiya. 

IIS  of  mortal  sins  in  dreuna,  annng  from  evil  preoogitations ; 
meanwhile  human  law  regards  not  noctambulos;  and  if  a 
night-walker  should  break  his  neck,  or  kill  a  man,  takes  no 
notice  of  it. 

Dionysius  was  absurdly  tyrannical  to  kill  a  man  for  dreams 
ing  that  he  had  killed  him ;  and  really  to  take  away  his  life, 
who  had  but  fantastically  taken  sway  his.  Lamia  was  ridi- 
culously unjust  to  sue  a  young  man  for  a  reward,  who  had 
confessed  that  |deasure  worn  her  in  a  dream  which  she  had 
denied  unto  hia  awaking  senses :  conceivu^  that  she  had 
merited  somewhat  firom  his  fantastical  fruition  and  shadow 
of  herself.  If  there  be  such  debts,  we  owe  deeply  unto 
sympathies ;  but  the  comrncm  spirit  of  the  wcffld  must  be 
ready  in  such  arrearages. 

If  some  have  swooned,  they  may  have  also  died  in  dfeams, 
since  death  is  but  a  confirmed  swooning.  Wheth^  Ilato 
died  in  a  dream,  as  some  deliver,  he  must  rise  again  to  infoim 
us.  That  some  have  never  dreiuned,  is  as  im|Hrobable  as  that 
some  have  never  laughed.  That  children  dr^m  not  the  first 
half-year ;  that  men  dream  not  in  some  countries,  with  many 
more,  are  unto  me  Aiak  men's  dreams ;  dreams  out  of  the 
ivory  gate,^  and  visions  before  midnight. 


[OBSERVATIOjJ^S  on  GEAFTING.i] 

[MS.  SLOAN.  1848,  fol.  44 — 18  ;  1882,  fol.  136,  |137 ;  and  additionak 
MSB.  NO.  5233,  fol.  58.] 

In  the  doctrine  of  all  insitions,  those  are  esteemed  most 
successful  which,  are  practised  under  these  rules : — 

That  there  be  some  consent  or  similitude  of  parts  and 
nature  between  the  plants  conjoined. 

*  the  ivory  gate.]  The  poets  suppose  two  gates  of  sleep,  the  one  of 
horn,  from  which  true  dreams  proceed ;  the  other  of  ivory,  which  aeuds 
forth  £alse  dreams. 

'  Observaitiong,  dsc]  "  Generation  ofplcHits"  was  the  title  gi^en  by  Dr. 
Ayscough  to  this  paper  :  which,  in  aU  probability,  was  written  for  sod 
addressed  to  Evelyn. 


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OBSEBTATIONS   OV   GSAJTIKO.  347 

That  insitioii  be  made  between  trees  not  of  very  different 
\mrks ;  nor  yer^  differing  fruits  or  forms  of  fructification ; 
nor  of  widely  mfferent  ages. 

That  the  scions  or  buds  be  taken  from  the  south  or  east 
part  of  the  tree. 

That  a  rectitude  and  due  position  be  observed ;  not  to  in- 
sert the  south  part  of  the  scions  unto  the  northern  side  of 
the  stock,  but  according  to  the  position  of  the  scions  xxp<m 
his  first  matrix. 

Now,  though  these  rules  be  considerable  in  the  usual  and 
practised  coiurse  of  insitions,  yet  were  it  but  reasonable  for 
searching  spirits  to  urge  the  operatkms  of  nature  by  conjoin- 
ing plants  of  very  different  natures  in  parts,  barks,  lateness, 
ai^  precocities,  nor  to  rest  in  the  experiments  of  hortensial 
plants  in  whom  we  chiefly  intend  the  exaltation  or  variety  of 
t^eir  finiit  and  flowers,  but  in  all  sorts  of  shrubs  and  trees 
applicable  unto  physic  or  mechanical  uses,  whereby  we  might 
alter  their  tempers,  moderate  or  promote  thdr  virtues,  ex- 
change their  softness,  hardness,  and  colour,  and  so  render 
them  considerable  beyond  their  known  and  trite  employments. 

To  which  intent  curiosity  may  take  some  rule  or  hint  from 
these  or  the  like  following,  according  to  the  various  ways  of 
pnmagation : — ^ 

Colutea  upon  anagris — arbor  judse  upon  anagris — cassia 
poetica  upon  cytisus — cytisus  upon  periclymenum  rectum — 
woodbine  upon  jasmine — cystus  upon  rosemary — ^rosemaiT 
upon  ivy— sage  or  rosemary  upon  cystus — ^myrtle  upon  gt^ 
or  rhus  myrtifolia — ^whortle-berry  upon  gall,  heath,  or  myrfcle 
— coccygeia  upon  alatemus — mezereon  upon  an  almond — 
gooseberry  and  currants  upon  mezereon,  barberry,  or  black- 
th<»n — ^barberry  upon  a  currant  tree — bramble  upon  goose- 
berry or  raspberry — ^yellow  rose  upon  sweetbrier — ^phyllerea 
upon  broom — ^broom  upon  furze — anonis  lutea  upon  furze — 
hoDy  upon  box — ^bay  upon  hoUy — holly  upon  pyraeantha — 

'  propagation.]  A  brief  memorandum  occurs  here  in  the  original,  ia 
these  words  : —  **  To  inaert  the  Catalogue"  evidently  showing  that  the 
anthor  intended  the  list  of  his  proposed  experiments  to  be  here  intro- 
dnoed.  Having  met  with  such  a  Catalogue  (in  MS.  Sloan.  1843,  fol. 
44 — 48)  I  have  not  hesitated  to  transplant  it  hither  as  the  one  intended. 
Several  of  the  names  are  so  illegible  that  it  is  impossible  not  to  fwt  thej* 
may  be  incorrectly  given. 


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848  OBSEBTATIOKS   OK   GBAFTIS^a. 

a  fig  upon  cbesnut — a  fig  upon  mulberry — ^peach  upon 
mulberry — mulberry  upon  buektbom — ^wabiut  upon  cbesnut 
— savin  upon  juniper — ^vine  upon  oleaster,  rosefnary,  ivy — 
an  arbutus  upon  a  fig — a  peacb  upon  a  fig — ^wbite  poplar 
upon  black  poplar — asp  upon  wbite  poplar — ^wych  elm  upon 
common  elm — hazel  upon  elm — sycamore  upon  wycb  elm- 
cinnamon  rose  upon  nipberry — a  whitethorn  upon  a  bhick- 
thom — ^hipberry  upon  a  sloe,  or  skeye,  or  bullace — apricot 
upon  a  mulberry — ^arbutus  upon  a  mulberry — cherry  upon  a 
peach — oak  upon  a  cbesnut — ^katherine  peach  upon  a  quince 
— ^a  warden  upon  a  quince — a  cbesnut  upon  a  beech— a 
beech  upon  a  cbesnut— -an  hornbeam  upon  a  beech — a  maple 
upon  an  hornbeam — a  sycamore  upon  a  maple — ^a  medlar 
upon  a  service  tree — a  sumack  upon  a  quince  or  medlar— an 
hawthorn  upon  a  service  tree — a  quicken  tree  upon  an  ash 
— ^an  ash  upon  an  asp — ^an  oak  upon  an  ilex — a  popmr  upon  an 
elm — a  black  cherry  tree  upon  a  tilea  or  lime  tree — ^tilea  upon 
beech — ^alder  upon  birch  or  poplar — a  filbert  upon  an  aimoiyi 
— an  almond  upon  a  willow — a  nux  vesicaria  upon  an  almond 
or  pistachio — ^a  cerasus  avium  upon  a  nux  vesicaria — ^a  cor- 
nelian' upon  a  cherry  tree — a  cherry  tree  upon  a  cornelian 
— ^an  hazel  upon  a  willow  or  sallow — a  lilac  upon  a  sage  tree 
— a  syringa  upon  lilac  or  tree-mallow — a  rose  elder  upon 
syringa — a  water  elder  upon  rose  elder — ^buckthorn  upon 
elder — ^frangula  upon  buckthorn — hirga  sanguinea  upon 
privet — ^phyllereaupon  vitex — vitex  upon  evonymus — evony- 
mus  upon  viburnum — ^ruscus  upon  pyracantha-»-paleuras 
upon  hawthorn — tamarisk  upon  birch — erica  upon  tamarisk 
— ^polemonium  upon  genista  hispanica — genista  hispanica 
upon  colutea. 

Nor  are  we  to  rest  in  the  frustrated  success  of  some  single 
experiments,  but  to  proceed  in  attempts  in  the  most  un- 
likely imto  iterated  and  certain  conclusions,  and  to  pursue 
the  way  of  ablactation  or  inarching.  Whereby  we  might 
determine  whether,  according  to  the  ancients,  no  fir,  pine,  or 
picea,  would  admit  of  any  incision  upon  them ;  whether  yew 
will  hold  society  with  none  ;  whether  walnut,  mulberry,  and 
cornel  cannot  be  propagated  by  insition,  or  the  &g  and 
quince  admit  almost  of  any,  with  many  others  of  doubtful 
truths  in  the  propagations. 

'  cornelian.]     Cornel-tree. 


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XXTBACTS  TBOM  COMMON  PLACE  BOOKS.  *    340 

And  while  we  seek  for  varieties  in  stocks  and  scions,  we 
are  not  to  omit  the  ready  practice  of  the  scion  upon  its  own 
tree.  Whereby,  having  a  sufficient  number  of  good  plants, 
we  may  improve  their  fruits  without  translative  conjunction, 
that  is,  by  msition  of  the  scion  upon  his  own  mother,  whereby 
an  handsome  variety  or  melioration  seldom  faileth — ^we 
might  be  stiU  advanced  by  iterated  insitions  in  proper  boughs 
and  positions.  Insition  is  also  made  not  onry  with  scions 
and  buds,  but  seeds,  by  inserting  them  in  caobage  stalks, 
turnips,  onions,  &c.,  and  also  in  ligneous  plants. 

Within  a  mile  of  this  city  of  Norwich,  an  oak  groweth 
upon  the  head  of  a  pollard  willow,  taller  than  the  stock,  and 
about  half  a  foot  in  diameter,  probably  by  some  acorn  falling 
JOT  fastening  upon  it.  I  could  show  you  a  branch  of  the 
same  willow  which  shoots  forth  near  the  stock  which  beareth 
both  willow  and  oak  twigs  and  leaves  upon  it.  Tn  a  meadow 
I  use  in  Norwich,  beset  with  willows  and  sallows,  I  have 
observed  these  plants  to  grow  upon  their  heads ;  bylders,* 
currants,  gooseberries,  cynocramhe^  or  dog's  mercury,  bar- 
"berries,  bittersweet,  elder,  hawthorn. 


MS.  SLOAN.  1869,  fol.  12—60, 6^—118,  collated  with  1874  and  1885.] 

\^Hints  and  JExtracts  ;  to  his  Son,  Dr,  Edumrd  Browne,'] 

Setebal  hints  which  may  be  serviceable  unto  you  and  not 
ungrateful  unto  others  I  present  you  in  this  paper ;  they  are 
not  trite  or  vulgar,  and  vety  few  of  them  anywhere  to  be 
met  with.  I  set  them  not  down  in  order,  but  as  memory, 
iancy,  or  occasional  observation  produced  them;  whereof 
you  may  take  the  pains  to  single  out  such  as  shall  conduce 
unto  your  purpose. 

That  Elias  was  a  type  of  our  Saviour,  and  that  the  mock- 
ing and  railing  of  the  children  had  reference  imto  the  deri- 
sion and  reviling  of  our  Saviour  by  the  Jews,  we  shall  not 
jdeny,  but  whether  their  calling  of  him  bald  pate,  crying, 

*  hyUeri,]    Qu.  bilberry  ? 

Digitized  by  CjOOQI^ 


350  EXTKACTS  T£OK 

iiteende  ealve,  had  any  relation  unto  Mount  Calvaiy,  we  shall 
not  be  ready  to  affirm. 

That  Charles  the  Fifth  was  crowned  upon  the  day  of  his 
nativity  carrieth  no  remarkable  consideration,  but  that  he 
also  took  King  Francis  prisoner  upon  that  day,  was  a  con- 
currence of  accidents  which  must  make  that  day  observable. 

Antipater,  that  died  on  his  birth-day,  had  an  anniversazy 
fever  all  his  life  upon  the  day  of  his  nativity,  needed  not  an 
astrological  revolution  of  his  nativity  to  know  the  day  of  lus 
death. 

Who  will  not  commend  the  wit  of  astrology? — ^Venus  bom 
out  of  the  sea  hath  her  exaltation  in  Pisces. 

Whosoever  understandeth  the  fructifying  quality  of  water 
will  quickly  apprehend  the  congruity  of  that  invention  which 
made  the  cornucopia  to  be  filled  with  flowers  by  the  naiades 
or  water  nymphs. 

Who  can  but  wonder  that  Fuchsius  should  doubt  the 
purging  quality  of  manna,  or  derive  aloe  sucotina  from  auccuf 
citrintts,  which  every  novice  now  knows  to  be  from  Socotara, 
an  island  from  whence  'tis  brought  ? 

Take  heed  of  confidence  and  too  bold  an  opinion  of  your 
work:  even  the  famous  Phidias  so  erred  in  that  notable 
statua  of  Jupiter  made  in  a  sitting  posture,  yet  so  that  if  he 
had  risen  up  he  had  borne  up  the  top  of  the  temple. 

Transcriptional  erratas,  ignorance  in  some  particulars,  ex- 
pedition, inadvertency,  make  not  only  moles  but  wens  in 
learned  works,  which  notwithstanding  being  judged  by  their 
better  parts  admit  not  of  reasonable  disparagement.  I  will 
not  say  that  Cicero  was  slightly  versed  in  Homer,  because 
in  his  books  JDe  Gloria  he  ascribeth  those  verses  unto  Ajax 
which  were  delivered  by  Hector.  In  the  account  of  Hercules, 
Plautus  mistakes  nativitjr  for  conception.  Pliny,  who  was 
well  seen  in  Homer,  denieth  the  art  of  picture  in  the  Trojan 
war,  and  whereas  it  is  plainly  said,  Iliad  2, 483,  that  Yulcan 
engraved  in  the  arms  of  AchiUes  the  earth  and  stars  of 
heaven.  And  though  I  have  no  great  opinion  of  Machiavell's 
learning,  yet  am  I  unwilling  to  say  he  was  but  a  weak  his- 
torian, because  he  commonly  exemplified  in  CsBsar  Borgia 
and  the  petty  princes  of  Italy ;  or  that  he  had  but  a  slight 


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knowledge  in  Soman  story,  because  he  was  mistaken  in 
placing  Commodus  afber  the  emperor  Severas. 

Wonderfiil  without  doubt  and  of  excellent  signification 
are  iiie  mysteries,  allegories,  and  figures  of  Holy  Scripture, 
had  we  a  true  intelligence  of  them,  but  whether  they  signi- 
fied any  such  thing  as  Gramaliel,  Eampegnoli,  Venetus,  and 
others,  do  put  upon  them,  is  a  great  obscurity  and  Urim  and 
Thummim  unto  me. 

That  the  first  time  the  Creator  is  called  the  Lord,  in  holy 
Scripture,  was  twenty-eight  times  a^er  he  was  called  God, 
seems  an  excellent  propriety  in  Scripture ;  which  gave  him 
the  relative  name  after  the  visible  frame  and  accomplishment 
of  the  creation,  but  the  essential  denomination  and  best 
agreeable  unto  him  before  all  time  or  ere  the  world  began. 

•  Whether  there  be  any  numerical  mystery  in  the  omission 
of  the  benediction  of  the  second  day,  because  it  was  the  first 
zecess  &om.  unitnr  and  beginning  of  imperfection :  and  ac- 
cording to  which  myst^y  three  angels  appeared  unto 
Abraham  to  bring  him  happy  tidings,  but  two  at  the  destruc- 
tion of  Sodom. 

Whether  Tubal  Cain,  the  inventor  of  smith's  work,  be 
therefore  joined  with  Jubal,  the  father  of  musicians,  because 
musical  consonances  were  first  discovered  from  the  stroke 
of  hammers  upon  anvils,  the  diversities  of  their  weights  dis- 
covering the  proportion  of  their  sounds,  as  is  also  reported 
fiom  the  observation  of  Pythagoras,  is  not  readily  to  be 
believed. 

The  symbolical  mysteries  of  Scripture  sacrifices,  cleansings, 
feasts,  and  expiations,  is  tolerably  made  out  by  Eabbins  and 
ritual  comm^itators,  but  many  things  are  obscure,  and  the 
Jews  th^nselves  will  say  that  Solomon  understood  not  the 
mystery  of  the  red  cow.  Even  in  the  Pagan  lustration  of 
the  people  of  Borne,  at  the  palUia,  why  they  made  use  of  the 
ashes  (s  a  calf  taken  out  of  the  belly  of  the  dam,  the  blood 
of  an  horse,  and  bean  straw,  hath  not  yet  found  a  convincing 
or  probable  conjecture. 

Certainly  most  things  are  known  as  many  are  seen,  that 
is,  by  parallaxes,  and  in  some  difierence  &om  their  true  and 
proper  beings ;  the  superficial  regard  of  things  being  of  dif- 


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ferent  aspect  from  tbeir  central  natures;  and  therefore 
following  the  common  view,  and  living  by  the  obvious  track 
of  sense,  we  are  insensibly  imposed  upon  by  consuetude,  and 
only  wise  or  happy  by  coestimation ;  the  received  appreben- 
sions  of  true  or  good  having  widely  confounded  tbe  substantial 
and  inward  verity  thereof,  which  now  only  subsisting  in  the 
theory  and  acknowledgment  of  some  few  wise  or  good  men, 
are  looked  upon  as  antiquated  paradoxes  or  sullen  theorems 
of  tbe  old  world :  wbereas  indeed  trutb,  which  is  said  not 
to  seek  comers,  lies  in  the  centre  of  things;  the  area  and 
.^xterous  part  being  only  overspread  with  legionary  vanities 
of  error,  or  stuffed  with  the  meteors  and  imperfect  mixtures 
of  trutb. 

Discoveries  are  welcome  at  all  hands ;  yet  he  that  found 
out  the  line  of  the  middle  motion  of  the  planets,  holds  an 
higher  mansion  in  my  thoughts  than  he  that  discovered  the 
Indies,  and  Ptolemy,  that  saw  no  ftirther  than  the  feet  of  the 
centaur,  than  he  that  hath  beheld  the  snake  by  the  southern 
pole.  The  rational  discovery  of  things  transcends  their 
simple  detections,  whose  inventions  are  often  casual  and 
secondary  unto  intention. 

Cupid  is  said  to  be  blind;  affection  should  not  be  too 
sharp-sighted,  and  love  not  to  be  made  by  magniWng  glasses ; 
if  things  were  seen  as  they  are,  the  beauty  of  bodies  would 
be  much  abridged ;  and  therefore  the  wisdom  of  Q-od  hath 
drawn  the  pictures  and  outsides  of  things  softly  and  amiably 
Tinto  the  natural  edge  of  our  eyes,  not  able  to  discover  those 
unlovely  asperities  which  make  oystersheUs  in  good  faces, 
and  hedgehogs  even  in  Y  ehus'  moles. 

When  God  commanded  Abraham  to  look  up  to  heaven 
and  number  the  stars  thereof,  that  he  extraordinarily 
^enlarged  his  sight  to  behold  the  host  of  heaven,  and  the  in- 
numerable heap  of  stars  which  telescopes  now  show  unto  us, 
some  men  might  be  persuaded  to  believe.  Who  can  think  that 
when  'tis  said  that  the  blood  of  Abel  cried  unto  heaven,  Abd 
fell  a  bleeding  at  the  sight  of  Cain,  according  to  the  observa- 
tion of  men  slain  to  bleed  at  the  presence  of  the  murderer  ? 

The  learned  Gaspar  Schottus  dedicates  his  Thaumaturgus 
Mathematicus  unto  his  tutelary  or  guardian  angel ;  in  which 
epistle  he  useth  these  words:  cut,  j^ost  Deum  condkorem 


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Deique  magnam  matrem  Mariam,  omnia  debeo.  Now,^  though 
we  must  not  lose  Ghxi  in  good  angels,  and  because  they  are 
always  supposed  about  us,  hold  lesser  memory  of  him  in  our 
prayers,  addresses,  and  consideration  of  his  presence,  care, 
and  protection  over  us,  yet  they  which  do  assert  them  have 
both  antiquity  and  Scripture  to  confirm  them ;  but  whether 
the  angel  that  wrestled  with  Jacob  were  Esau's  good  angel ; 
whether  our  Saviour  had  one  deputed  him,  or  whether  that 
was  his  good  an^el  which  appeared  and  strengthened  hiiri 
before  his  passion ;  whether  antichrist  shall  have  any ; 
whether  all  men  have  one,  some  more,  and  therefore  there 
must  be  more  angels  than  ever  were  men  together ;  whether 
angels  assist  successively  and  distinctly,  or  whether  but  once 
and  singly  to  one  person,  and  so  there  must  be  a  greater 
number  of  them  than  ever  of  men  or  shall  be ;  whether  we 
are  under  the  care  of  our  mother's  good  angel  in  the  womb, 
or  whether  that  spirit  imdertakes  us  when  the  stars  are 
thought  to  concern  us,  that  is,  at  our  nativity,  men  have  a 
liberty  and  latitude  to  opinion. 

Aristotle,  who  seems  to  have  borrowed  many  things  from 
Hippocrates,  in  the  most  favourable  acceptation,  makes  men- 
tion but  once  of  him,  and  that  by  the  bye,  and  without 
reference  unto  his  doctrine.  Virgil  so  much  beholding  imto 
Homer  hath  not  his  Dame  in  his  works ;  and  PHny,  that 
seems  to  borrow  many  authors  out  of  Dioscorides,  hath  taken 
no  notice  of  him.  Men  are  still  content  to  plume  themselves 
with  others'  feathers.  Fear  of  discovery,  not  single  inge- 
nuity, makes  quotations  rather  than  transcriptions  ;  of  which, 
notwithstanding,  the  plagiarism  of  many  nolds  little  con- 
sideration, whereof,  though  great  authors  m&j  complain, 
small  ones  cannot  but  take  notice.  Mr.  Philips,  in  his 
VtUare  Gcmticmum,  transcribes  half  a  side  of  my  Hyd/rotaphia, 
or  Urn  Bwrial^  without  mention  of  the  author.^ 

Many  things  are  casually  or  favourably  superadded  unto 
the  best  authors,  and  the  lines  of  many  made  to  contain  that 
advantageous  sense  which  they  never  intended.  It  was 
handsomelv  said,  and  probably  intended  by  Virgil,  when  on 
every  word  of  that  verse  he  laid  a  significant  emphasis,  v/na 

'  T%e  learned  Gcupar  Schottus,  <l*c.]  This  passage  is  from  a  duplicate 
of  the  present  paragraph  in  MS,  Sloan.  1874. 

'  Mr,  PlUli^  dErc]  This  paragraph  has  amarkof  erasure  in  the  original. 

Toil.  in.  2  a 


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dolo  divum  nfamina  capta  duorum  ;  and  'tis  not  unlikely  that 
in  that  other,  consisting  altogether  of  slow  and  heaTiBg 
spondees,  he  intended  to  hnmoup  the  massive  and  heading 
strokes  of  the  gigantic  forgers,  illi  inter  sese  ma^  n 
hraehia  tollunt ;  but  in  that  which  admitteth  so  numerouB 
a  transposition  of  words,  as  abnost  to  equal  the  ancient 
number  of  the  noted  stars,  I  cannot  believe  he  had  any  such 
scope  or  intention,  much  less  any  numerical  magic  in  another, 
as  to  be  a  certain  rule  in  that  numeration  practised  in  tije 
handsome  trick  of  singling  Christians  and  Turks,  whickis 
due  unto  later  invention ;  or  that  Homer  any  otherwise  than 
casually  began  the  first  ai^d  last  verse  of  his  Diad  wilii  the 
same  letter. 

Some  plants  have  been  thought  to  have  been  proper  unto 
peculiar  countries,  and  yet  upon  better  discovery  the  same 
have  been  found  in  distant  countries  and  in  all  community 
of  parts. 

Jul.  Scalig.  in  Questionibus  Mimiliarihtis  ; — 
Extra  i^rtunam  est  quicquid  donatur  amicis. 

Many  things  are  casually  or  favourably  superadded  unte 
the  best  authors,  and  sometimes  conceits  and  expreasioDa 
common  unto  them  with  others,  and  that  not  by  imitation 
but  coincidence,  and  conciurrence  of  imagination  upon  ha^ 
mony  of  production.  Scaliger  observes  how  one  Itaiiaapoet 
feU  upon  the  verse  of  another,  and  one  that  understood  not 
metre,  or  had  ever  read  Martial,  fell  upon  one  of  hia  veraea. 
Thus  it  is  not  strange  that  Homer  should  Hebraise,  and  that 
many  sentences  in  human  authors  seem  to  have  their  original 
in  Scripture.  In  a  piece  of  mine,  published  long  ago,^  ^ 
learned  annotator  hath  paralleled  many  passages  withothera 
of  Montaigne's  Essays,  whereas,  to  deal  clearly,  when  I 
penned  that  piece,  I  had  never  read  three  leaves  of  that 
author,  and  scarce  any  more  ever  since. 

Truth  and  falsehood  hang  almost  equilibriously  in  aome 
assertions,  and  a  few  grains  of  truth  which  bear  doim  the 
balance. 

To  begin  our  discourses  like  Trismegistus  of  old,  wiw 
"verum  certe  verum  atque  verissimum  est,"  would  soand 
arrogantly  unto  new  ears,  in  this  strict  enquiry  of  thinga; 

*  ina  piece  o/mtw.}  Vias.  Meliffio  Medici ;  see  vol.  ii.  page  826,  whtfc 
this  passage  has  been  introduced  in  a  note. 


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wherein,  for  the  most  part,  probably  and  perh^s,  will  hardly 
terve  the  tum,  or  starve  to  moll%  the  spirits  of  positive 
contradictors. 

If  Garden  saith  a  parrot  is  a  beautiful  bird,  Scaliger  will 
set  his  wits  on  work  to  prove  it  a  deformed  animal. 

Few  men  expected  to  find  so  ,  grave  a  philosopher  of 
Polemo,  who  spent  the  first  part  of  his  life  in  all  exorbitant 
vices.  Who  could  imagine  that  Diogenes  in  his  younger 
days  should  be  a  falsifier  of  money,  who  in  the  afbercourse 
of  his  life  was  so  great  a  contemner  of  metal,  as  to  laugh  at 
all  that  loved  it  ?  But  men  are  not  the  same  in  all  divisions 
of  their  ages:  time,  experience,  contemplation,  andphilo- 
Bophy,  make  in  many  well-rooted  minds  a  translation  before 
deatn,  and  men  to  vary  from  themselves  as  well  as  other 
persons.  Whereof  old  philosophy  made  many  noble  ex- 
amples, to  the  infamy  of  later  times :  wherein  men  merely 
live  by  the  line  of  their  inclinations:  so  that  without  any- 
astral  prediction,  the  first  day  gives  the  last,  "  primusque 
dies  dedit  extremum."— /Sen^&a.  Men  are  as  they  were ; 
and  according  as  evil  dispositions  run  into  worse  habits, 
being  bad  in  the  first  race,  prove  rather  worse  in  the  last. 

We  consider  not  sufficiently  the  good  of  evils,  nor  £urly 
compare  the  mercy  of  providence,  in  things  that  are  afflictive 
at  first  hand.  The  famous  Andreas  D*Ona,  invited  to  a  feast 
by  Aloisio  Pieschi,  vnth  intent  to  despatch  him,  fell  oppor-. 
timely  into  a  fit  of  the  gout,  and  so  escaped  that  mischief. 
When  Cato  intended  to  kill  himself,  vnth  a  blow  which  he 
gave  his  servant  that  would  not  bring  him  his  sword,  his 
hand  so  swelled  that  he  had  much  ado  to  effect  it,  whereby 
any  but  a  resolved  stoic  might  have  taken  a  hint  of  con-, 
sideration,  and  that  some  merciful  genius  would  have  conn 
trived  his  preservation. 

The  virtues,  parts,  and  excellences  both  of  men  and  nations 
are  allowable  by  aggregation,  and  must  be  considered  by 
concervation  as  well  as  single  merit,  r  The  Eomans  made 
much  of  their  conquests  by  the  conquered ;  and  the  valour 
of  all  nations,  whose  acts  went  under  their  names,  made  up 
the  glory  of  Home.  So  the  poets  that  vmt  in  Latin  built  up 
the  creiit  of  Latium,  and  passed  for  Boman  wits  ;  whereas 
if  Carthage  deducted  Terence,  Egypt  Claudian,  if  jSeneca, 

2  A  2 


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356  EXTBACTS  rBOH 

Lucan,  Martial,  Statius,  were  restored  unto  Spain,  if  Mar- 
seilles should  call  borne  Petronius,  it  would  much  abridge 
the  glory  of  pure  Italian  fency ;  and  even  in  Italy  itself,  if 
the  Cisalpine  Gauls  should  take  away  their  share,  if  Yerona 
and  Mantua  should  challenge  Catullus  and  Virgil,  and  if  in 
other  parts  out  of  Campagna  di  Eoma,  the  Venusine  Apu- 
lians  snould  pull  away  their  Horace,  the  TJmbrians  their 
Plautus,  the  Aquinatians  Juvenal,  Volaterrani  Persius,  and 
the  Pelignians  of  Abruzzo  their  Ovid,  the  rest  of  Borne  or 
Latium  would  make  no  large  volume. 

Where  'tis  said  in  the  book  of  Wisdom  that  the  earth  is 
unto  Grod  but  as  a  sand,  and  as  a  drop  of  morning  dew, 
therein  may  be  implied  the  earth  and  water  or  the  whole 
terraqueous  globe ;  but  when  'tis  delivered  in  the  Apocalypse 
that  the  angel  set  his  right  foot  upon  the  sea  and  his  left 
upon  the  euiih,  what  farther  hidden  sense  there  is  in  that 
distinction  may  farther  be  considered. 

Of  the  seven  wise  men  of  Q-reece  'twas  observed  by 
Plutarch,  that  only  Thales  was  well  versed  in  natural  things, 
the  rest  obtained  that  name  for  their  wisdom  and  knowle^ 
in  state  affairs. 

Whether  the  ancients  were  better  architects  than 
their  successors  many  discourses  have  passed.  That  they 
were  not  only  good  builders,  but  expedite  and  skilful  de- 
molishers,  appears  by  the  fiamous  palace  of  Publicola,  which 
they  pulled  down  and  rased  to  the  ground  by  his  order  in 
one  day. 

Whether  great  ear'd  persons  have  short  necks,  long  feet, 
and  loose  bellies  ? 

Whether  in  voracious  persons  and  gourmands  the  distance 
between  the  navel  and  the  stemon  be  greater  than  from  the 
stemon  unto  the  neck  ? 

Since  there  be  two  major  remedies  in  physic,  bleeding  and 
purging,  which  thereof  deserves  the  pre-eminency ;  since  in 
the  general  pur^g  cures  more  diseases :  since  the  whole 
nation  of  the  CMnese  use  no  phlebotomy,  and  many  other 
nations  sparingly,  but  all  some  kind  of  purgative  evacuation : 
and  since  besides  in  man  there  are  so  lew  hints  for  bleeding 


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from  any  natural  attempt  in  horses,  cows,  dogs,  birds,  and 
other  creatures. 

Whether  it  be  safe  for  obtaining  a  bass  or  deep  Toice  to 
make  frequent  use  of  vitriol,  and  whether  it  hath  such  an 
effect? 

To  observe  whether  the  juice  of  the  fruit  oificua  Indica^ 
taken  inwardly,  will  cause  the  urine  to  have  a  red  and 
bloody  colour,  as  is  delivered  by  some  and  commonly  re- 
ceived in  parts  of  Italy  where  it  plentifully  groweth ;  and 
whether  the  juice  of  the  prickly  fig  from  America  will  not 
do  the  like  ? 

•  That  if  a  woman  with  child  looks  upon  a  dead  body,  the 
child  will  be  pale  complexioned. 

Why  little  lap-dogs  have  a  hole  in  their  heads,  and  often 
other  little  holes  out  of  the  place  of  the  sutures  ? 

Why  a  pig's  eyes  drop  out  in  roasting  rather  than  other 
snimau'P 

Why  a  pig  held  up  by  the  tail  leaves  squeaking  ? 

Why  a  low  signed  horse  is  commonly  a  stumbler  ? 

What  is  the  use  of  dew  claws  in  dogs  ? 

Whether  that  will  hold,  which  I  have  sometimes  observed, 
thaif  lice  combed  out  of  the  head  upon  a  paper,  will  turn  and 
move  towards  the  body  of  the  party,  ana  so  as  often  as  the 
paper  is  turned  about  r 

What  kind  of  motion  swimming  is,  and  to  which  to  be 
referred ;  whether  [not  compounded  of  a  kind  of  salition, 
and  volation,  the  one  performed  by  the  hands,  the  other  by 
the  legs  and  feet  P  What  kind  of  motion  sliding  is  ;  whether 
it  imitateth  not  the  motus  prcjectorum  upon  a  plane,  wherein 
the  earptta  motum  is  not  separated  a  motore  ? 

Whether  the  name  of  &  palatium,  or  palace,  began  first  to 
be  used  for  princes'  houses  in  the  time  of  Augustus,  when 
he  dwelt  in  Monte  Falatino,  as  Dion  delivereth,  or  whether 
the  word  is  not  to  be  found  in  authors  before  his  time  ? 

Whether  the  heads  of  all  mummies  have  the  mouth  open, 
and  why  ? 


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858  BXTEACTS  TBOM 

Why  Bolipeds,  op  whole  hoofed  animals,  arise  with  thw 
fore  legs  first,  bisulcous  with  their  hinder  ? 

Whether  Noah  might  not  be  the  first  man  that  compaased 
the  globe  ?  Siace,  if  the  flood  covered  the  whole  earth,  and 
no  lands  appeared  to  hinder  the  current,  he  must  be  oarried 
with  the  wind  and  current  according  to  the  sun,  and  so  in 
the  space  of  the  deluge,  might  near  make  the  tour  of  the 
globe.  And  since,  if  there  were  no  continent  of  America, 
and  all  that  tract  a  sea,  a  ship  setting  out  fh>m  Africa 
without  other  help,  would  at  last  fall  upon  some  part  of 
India  or  China. 

Whether  that  of  David,  "  convertentur  ad  vesperam  et 
£;unem  patientur  ut  canes,"  miaybe  prophetkaUy  applied  to 
the  late  conversion  of  the  wild  Americans,  as  it  is  delivered 
in  Qhriosus  Frcmcisous  Bedipivus^  or  the  Chronicles  of  the 
Acts  of  the  JFmnciscans^  Hb.  iii, 

Piogenes,  the  cynick,  being  asked  what  was  the  best 
remedy  against  a  blow,  answered  a  helmet.  This  answer  he 
gave,  not  from  any  experience  of  his  own,  who  scarce  wore 
any  covering  on  his  head  ;  yet  he  that  would  see  how  well  a 
helmet  becometh  a  cyniek,  may  behold  it  in  that  draught  of 
Diogenes,  prefixed  to  his  life,  in  the  new  edition  of  the 
JShntome  of  Plutarch's  Idves,  in  English ;  wherein,  in  the 
additional  lives,  he  is  set  forth,  soldier-like,  with  a  helmet 
and  a  battle-axe. 

Aristotle,  lib.  animal. 

Whether  till  after  forty  days,  children,  though  they  cry, 
weep  not ;  or,  as  Scahger  expresseth  it,  ^^  vagiunt  sed  ocuhs 
siocis." 

Whether  they  laugh  not  upon  tickling  f 
'  Why  though  some  children  have  been  heard  to  cry  in  the 
womb,  yet  so  few  cry  at  their  birth,  though  their  heads  be 
out  of  the  womb? 

.  Whether  the  feeding  on  carp  be  so.  apt  to  bring  oxx  fits  of 
the  gout,  as  Julius  Alexandrinus  affinneth  P 

Cardanus,  to  try  the  alteration  of  the  air,  ei^oseth  a 
sponge,  which  groweth  dark  when  the  air  is  inclined  to 
moisture.  Another  way  I  have  made  more  exact  trial ;  by 
putting  a  dry  piece  of  sponge  into  one  balance  of  a  gold 


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scale,  80  equally  poised,  "with  weiglits  in  the  other  balance, 
that  it  will  hang  without  inclining  either  way.  Eor  then 
upon  alteration  of  the  air  to  moisture,  the  scale  with  the 
sponge  will  fall,  and  when  the  air  grows  hot  and  dry  will 
nse  again.  The  like  may  be  done  Djfavago  marina,  found 
commonly  on  the  sea  shore.  The  change  of  the  weather 
I  have  also  observed  by  hanging  up  a  dry  aplyssalus  marimis, 
which  grows  moist  and  dry  according  to  the  air ;  as  also 
jphasganium  marinum,  sea  laces,  and  others. 

To  observe  that  insect  which  a  coimtryman  showed  Bari- 
«ellus,  found  in  the  flowers  of  Eryngium  cichoreum,  which 
readily  cure  warts ;  est  coloris  Thaiassini  cummaculis  ruhris, 
et  assimulatur  proporfione  corporis  cantharidi,  licet  parvth 
lum  sit.  Ajcceperat  ea  rusticus,  et  singula  in  svnguUs  ver^ 
rucis  digitis  expressit  unde  exibat  liquor. 

To  make  trial  of  this;  whether  live  crawfish  put  into 
spirits  of  wine  will  presently  turn  red,  as  though  they  had 
been  boiled,  and  taken  out  walk  about  in  that  colour. 

'Tis  a  ludicrous  experiment  in  Baricellus ;  to  rub  nap- 
kins and  handkerchiefs  with  powder  of  vitriol  for  such  as 
sweat  or  have  used  to  wipe  their  faces ;  for  so  they  become 
black  and  sullied.  Whether  shirts  thus  used  may  not  do 
something  against  itch  and  lice.  Whether  shirts  washed  or 
well  rubbed  in  quicksilver  would  not  be  good  to  that  end. 

Whether  a  true  eme];ald  feels  colder  in  the  mouth  than 
another. 


Since  these  few  observations  please  you,  for  your  farther 
discourse  and  consideration,  I  would  riot  omit  to  send  you  a 
larger  list,  scatteringly  observed  out  of  good  authors,  rela- 
ting unto  medical  enquiry,  and  whereof  you  may  single  out 
one  daily  to  discourse  upon  it ;  which  may  be  a  daily  recre- 
ation unto  you,  and  employ  your  evening  hours,  where  your 
affairs  afford  you  the  conversation  of  studious  and  learned 
friends. 

Plut.  in  vita  Cleomenis. 

It  chanced  that  Cleomenes  marching  thither,  being  very 


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hot,  drank  cold  water,  and  fell  on  such  a  bleeding  withal 
that  his  voice  was  taken  from  him  and  he  almost  stifled. 

Hippotus  pricked  Cleomenes  in  the  heel,  to  see  if  he  were 
yet  alive ;  whether  this  were  not  a  good  way  of  trial  upon 
so  sensible  a  part  ? 

Ammianus  Marcellinus  in  vita  Jovicmi. 

He  was  found  dead  in  his  bed.  It  is  said  he  could  not 
endure  the  smell  of  his  bedchamber  newly  plastered  with 
mortar  made  of  lime,  or  that  he  came  to  his  end  occasioned 
by  an  huge  fire  kindled  of  coals,  others  that  he  crammed  his 
belly  so  full  that  he  died  of  a  surfeit.  Whether  all  these 
causes  be  not  allowable  ? 

JPlut,  in  vita  Julii  Casaris. 

There  fell  a  pestilent  disease  among  them,  which  came  hy 
ill  meats  which  hunger  drove  them  to  eat ;  but  after  he  had 
taken  the  city  of  G-omphes,  in  Thessalie,  he  met  not  only 
with  plenty  of  victuals,  but  strangely  did  rid  them  of  thi 
disease :  for  the  soldiers  meeting  with  plenty  of  wine,  drank 
hard,  and  making  merry,  drank  away  the  infection  of  the 
pestilence :  in  so  much  that  drinking  drunk  they  overcame 
their  disease  and  made  their  bodies  new  again.  The 
soldiers  were  driven  to  take  sea  weeds,  called  algfie,  and 
washing  away  the  brackishness  thereof  with  sea  water, 
putting  to  it  a  little  herb,  called  dogstooth,  to  cast  it  to  their 
horses  to  eat. 

That  America  was  peopled  of  old  not  from  one,  but  se- 
veral nations,  seems  probable  from  learned  discourses  con- 
cerning their  originals :  and  whether  the  Tyrians  and  Car- 
thaginians had  not  a  share  therein  may  be  well  considered : 
and  if  the  periplus  of  Hanno  or  his  navigation  about  A£nca 
be  warily  perpended,  it  may  fortify  that  conjecture ;  for  he 
passed  the  straits  of  Hercmes  with  a  great  fleet  and  many 
thousand  persons  of  both  sexes  ;  founded  divers  towns,  and 
placed  colonies  in  several  parts  of  that  shore  ;  and  sailed  in 
tolerable  account  as  far  about  as  that  place  now  called  Caho 
de  Tres  Puntas. 

To  these  there  is  little  question  but  the  CarthaginianB 
sometimes  repaired,  and  held  communication  with  them. 
The  colonies  j^lso  being  a  people  of  civility  could  not  hut 


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continue  the  use  of  nayigation ;  so  that  either  the  Carthagi- 
nians in  their  after  researches  might  be  earned  away  by  the 
trade-winds  between  the  tropics,  or  finding  therein  no  diffi- 
cult nayigation  might  adventure  upon  such  a  voyage ;  and 
also  their  colonies  left  on  so  convenient  a  shore  might 
casually,  if  not  purposely,  make  the  same  adventure. 

The  Chinese  also  could  hardly  avoid,  at  least  might  easily 
have,  a  part  in  their  originals.  Eor  the  east  winds  being 
very  rare,  and  the  west  almost  constantly  blowing  from  their 
shore,  being  once  at  sea  they  were  easily  carried  to  the  back 
part  of  America. 

If  there  were  ever. such  a  great  continent  in  the  western 
ocean,  as  was  hinted  of  old  by  Plato,  and  the  learned  Kir- 
cherus  considers  might  by  subterraneous  eruptions  be  partly 
swallowed  up  and  overthrown,  and  partly  leave  the  islands 
yet  remaining  in  the  ocean,  it  is  not  impossible  or  improba- 
ble that  fi*om  great  antiquity  some  might  be  carried  from 
thence  upon  the  American  coast,  or  some  way  be  peopled 
from  those  parts. 

While  Attahualpa,  king  of  Peru,  and  Montezuma,  king 
of  Mexico,  might  owe  their  originals  imto  Asia  or  Africa. 

Since  the  Indian  inhabitants  are  found,  at  least  conceived, 
to  have  peopled  the  southern  continent,  whether  these,  after 
debating  over  terra  incognita,  might  not  pass  or  be  carried 
over  into  Magellaoica  or  the  south  of  America,  may  also  be 
enquired,  and  some  might  not  come  in  at  this  door. 

If  any  plantations  of  civil  nations  were  ever  made  from 
civil  nations,  how  it  comes  to  pass  that  letters  and  writing 
was  unknown  unto  all  the  parts  of  America. 

Why  no  wonder  is  likewise  made  how  the  Islas  de  los  La- 
drones,  or  islands  of  thieves,  were  peopled,  since  they  are  so 
far  removed  from  any  nieighbour  continent. 

Aristot.  lib.  viii.  cap.  22,  de  hist,  Animalium, 
How  to  make  out  that  of  Aristotle  that  all  creatures  bit 
by  a  mad  dog  became  mad,  excepting  man :  since  by  un- 
happy experience  so  many  men  have  been  mischieved  there- 
by ;  or  whether  it  holdeth  not  better  at  second  than  at  first 
hand,  so  that  if  a  dog  bite  a  horse,  and  that  horse  a  man,  the 
evil  proves  less  considerable,  as  we  seem  to  have  observed  in 
many.      Whether  St.  Bellin's  priests  cure  any  after  the  hy- 


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362  XXTJU.0T8  7B0K 

drophobia ;  whether  hellebore,  tin,  |;arlick,  treade,  and  onMt 
palmarii  be  the  prime  remedies  agamst  this  poison ;  and  why 
the  use  of  aiytsum ^aleni  is  not  more  in  request;  and  how 
the  cornel  and  semce  tree  become  such  mischievous  promo- 
ters of  that  venom ;  and  how  £sur  this  venom  takes  place  in 
Ireland,  where  they  have  no  venomous  creature,  and  not 
long  ago  very  few  quartan  agues. 

Whether  that  passage  ofDeut  xxviii.  verse  68,  "  classibus 
reducet  in  -Egyntum,"  be  not  sufficiently  made  out  by  the 
record  of  Josepnus,  when  Titus,  after  the  taking  of  Jeru- 
salem, sent  all  or  most  under  seventeen  years  of  age  into 
Egypt. 

If  the  prophet  Jonah  were  contemporary  imto  Jeroboam 
and  Osias,  as  good  commentators  determine,  it  is  in  vain  to 
think  he  was  the  woman  of  Sareptha's  son. 

Whether,  when  he  intended  from  Joppa  unto  Tarsis,  he 
was  bound  for  Tarsis  in  Cilicia,  Tartessus  m  Baetica,  of  Spain, 
or  Tarsis  by  which  sometimes  Carthage  is  called,  it  is  not  of 
moment  to  decide.  'Tis  plain  thli;t  thdj  were  strangers  of 
the  ship,  since  every  one  called  upon  his  Gt>d,  and  since 
they  demanded  from  whence  he  was ;  which,  although  th^ 
did  not  by  an  interpreter,  yet  if  they  were  of  the  colonies  of 
the  FhcBuicians,  either  of  Tartessus  or  Carthage,  their  lan- 
guage having  no  small  affinity  with  the  Hebrew,  they  might 
have  been  understood. 

The  story  of  Jonah  might  afford  the  hint  unto  that  of 
Andromeda,  and  the  sea  monster  that  should  have  devoured 
her ;  the  scene  being  laid  at  Joppa  by  the  fabulists :  as  alao 
unto  the  fable  of  ifercules  out  of  Lycophron,  three  nights 
in  the  whale's  belly,  that  is  of  Hercules  Fhoenicius. 

Some  nations  of  the  Scythians  affected  only  or  chiefly  to 
make  use  of  mares  in  their  wars,  because  they  do  not  stop 
in  their  course  to  stale  like  horses.     Quffire. 

Flutwrch, — ^To  render  their  iron  money  unserviceable  to 
other  uses,  the  Laoedeemonians  quenched  it  in  vinegar.  This 
way  might  make  it  brittle,  but  withal  verv  apt  to  rust.  In- 
quire fiEffther  of  their  drinking  cup  named  eotlum* 

Whether  that  rigid  commonwealth  were  not  more  strict  in 
the  rule  and  order,  than  measure,  of  their  diet,  or  how  their 


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pTOviBion  Cometh  short  of  a  regular  and  oollegian  diet,  when 
^yery  one  brought  .monthly  into  the  hall  one  bushel  of  meal, 
eight  gallons  of  wine,  five  pounds  of  cheese,  ^ad  two  pounds 
jind  half  of  fig;s,  beside  money  for  sudden  and  firesh  diet. 

What  to  judge  of  that  law  that  permitted  them  not  to  have 
lights  to  guide  them  home  from  the  common  hall  in  the 
night,  that  so  they  might  be  emboldened  to  walk  and  shift 
in  the  dark. 

Though  many  things  in  that  state  promoted  temperance, 
fortitude,  and  prudence ;  yet  were  there  many  also  culpable 
to  high  degrees ;  as  justifying  theft,  adultery,  and  murder ; 
while  they  encouraged  men  to  steal,  and  the  grand  crime 
thereof  was  to  be  taken  in  the  action :  while  they  admit  of 
others  to  lie  with  their  wiyes,  and  had  not  the  eaucation  of 
their  own  children :  while  they  made  no  scruple  to  butcher 
their  slayes  in  great  numbers :  and  while  they  nad  apothetes 
or  places  to  make  away  with  their  children  which  seemed 
weak  or  not  so  strongly  shapen  aa  to  promise  lusty  men : 
and  therefore  well  needed  that  Pagan  fallacy  that  these 
ways  were  confirmed  and  ratified  by  the  oracle  of  Delphos. 

It  wajB  the  custom  of  their  midwiyes  not  to  wash  their 
children  with  water  but  with  wine  and  water,  whereby,  if 
they  were  weak,  they  extenuated  and  much  pined.  Which 
whether  a  reasonable  test  of  constitutions  may  be  doubted. 

Cato  TJtican  being  to  convey  a  great  treasure  from  Cyprus 
unto  Eome,  he  made  divers  little  chests,  and  put  into  every 
one  two  talents  and  five  hundred  drachms,  and  tied  unto 
eacTi  a  long  rope  with  a  large  piece  of  cork,  that  if  the  ship 
should  miscarry,  the  corks  might  show  where  the  chests  laid 
at  the  bottom  of  the  sea.  A  good  piece  of  providence,  and 
done  like  Cato.  Whether  not  still  to  be  practised,  if  the 
make  of  our  ships,  with  deck  upon  deck,  would  admit  of  it. 

How  the  ancients  made  the  north  part  of  Britain  to  bend 
so  unseasonably  eastward,  according  to  the  old  map,  agree- 
able unto  Ptolemy  ?  Or  how  PUny  could  so  widely  mistake 
as  to  place  the  Isle  of  Wight  between  Ireland  and  England, 
if  it  be  not  mistaken  for  the  Isle  of  Man  or  Anglesea. 

Julius  CaBsar  being  hard  put  to  it  near  Alexandria,  leaped 
into  the  sea^  and,  laying  some  books  on  his  head,  made  shift 
to  swim   a  good  way  with  one  hand.     Sertorius  being 


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364  EXTBAOTS  TBOM 

wounded  in  a  battle  with  the  Cimbrians,  with  his  corslet  and 
target  swam  over  the  river  Ehosne.  He  that  hath  seen  that 
river  may  doubt  which  was  the  harder  exploit. 

Upon  the  memorable  overthrow  of  the  Cimbrians,  not  far 
from  Verona,  bj  Marius  and  Catullus,  the  contention  arose 
whose  soldiers  were  most  effective  to  the  victory.  Eor  that 
decision  Catullus  conducted  the  ambassadors  of  Parma,  then 
in  the  camp,  to  view  the  bodies  of  the  dead,  where  they  might 
behold  the  pila,  or  Eoman  javelots,  in  their  bodies,  which 
Plutarch  saith  had  CatuUus's  name  upon  them.  Whether 
this  were  not  extraordinary,  for  we  read  not  of  such  a  con- 
stant custom  to  set  their  leader's  names  upon  them. 

St.  Vincent,  whose  name  the  noble  cathedral  of  Lisbon 
beareth,  was  a  courageous  and  undaunted  martyr  in  the 
persecution  of  Dioclesianus  and  Maximianus.  Attacked  at 
Evora,  by  Dacianus  the  Eoman  governor,  and  afterwards 
racked  and  tortured  to  death  at  Abyla,  the  Moors  dispersed 
his  bones  at  St.  Vincent's,  a  place  upon  the  JPromontorium 
Sacrum  of  Ptolemy,  now  called  the  Cape  of  St.  Vincent,  the 
most  western  headland  of  Europe.  Upon  my  print  of  St. 
Vincent  these  few  lines  may  be  mscribed : — 

Extorque,  si  potes,  Mem, 

Tormenta,  career,  uneulse, 

Stridensque  flammis  kmina, 

Atque  ipsa  poenarum  ultima, 

Mors,  Christianis  Indus  est. 

Frudentius  in  hymno  St  Tincentii. 

Though  in  point  of  devotion  and  piety,  physicians  do  meet 
with  common  obloquy,  yet  in  the  Eoman  calendar  we  find  no 
less  than  twenty-nine  saints  and  martyrs  of  that  profession^ 
in  a  small  piece  expressly  described  by  Bzovius  (in  his 
Nomenclatv/ra  scmctorum  professione  medicorum).  A  clear 
and  naked  history  of  holy  men,  of  all  times  and  nations,  is  a 
work  yet  to  be  wished.  Many  persons  there  have  been,  of 
high  devotion  and  piety,  which  have  no  name  in  the  received 
canon  of  saints ;  and  many  now  only  live  in  the  names  of 
towns,  wills,  tradition,  or  fragments  of  local  records.  Where- 
in Cornwall  seems  to  exceed  any  place  of  the  same  circuit, 
if  we  take  an  account  of  those  obscure  and  probably  Irish 
saints  to  be  found  in  Carew's  survey  of  that  country,  afford- 


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ing  names  unto  the  churches  and  towns  thereof;  which  clearly 
to  historify  might  prove  a  successless  attempt.  Even  in 
Prance,  many  places  bear  the  names  of  saints,  which  are  not 
commonly  understood.  St.  Malo,  is  Maclovius;  Disier, 
Desiderius ;  St.  Arigle,  St.  Agricola ;  St.  Omer,  St.  Audo- 
marus.  Many  more  there  are,  as  St.  Chamas,  St.  TJrier,  St. 
Loo,  Saincte  Menehoud,  St.  Saulye,  St.  Trouve,  St.  Eiquier, 
St.  Papoul,  St.  Oaen ;  and  divers  others  which  may  employ 
your  enquiry. 

The  punishment  of  such  as  fled  from  the  battle,  whom 
they  called  at  Sparta  trepidante^,  was  this.  They  can  bear  no 
office  in  the  commonwealth ;  it  is  a  shame  and  reproach  to 
give  them  any  wives,  and  also  to  marry  any  of  theirs ;  whoso- 
ever meeteth  them  may  lawfully  strike  them,  and  they  must 
abide  it,  not  giving  them  any  word  again ;  they  are  compelled 
to  wear  poor  tattered  cloth  gowns,  patched  with  cloth  of 
divers  colours ;  and  worst  of  all,  to  shave  one  side  of  their 
beards  and  the  other  not.  "Whether  the  severity  of  this  law 
of  Lacedsdmon,  and  which  sometimes  they  durst  not  put  in 
execution,  were  ingenious,  rational,  and  commodious,  or  to 
be  drawn  into  example  P 

Plut  in  vita  Grassi, 

Hyrodes  the  king  fell  into  a  disease  that  became  a  dropsy 
after  he  had  lost  his  son  Pacorus.  Phraates,  his  second  son, 
thinking  to  set  his  father  forwards,  gave  him  drink  of  the 
juice  of  aconitum.  The  dropsy  received  the  poison,  and  one 
drove  the  other  out  of  Hyrodes'  body,  and  set  him  on  foot 
again. 

Turkish  History,  in  the  Life  of  Morah,  p.  1483. 

Count  Mansfield  died :  the  news  whereof  coming  to  duke 
John  Emestus,  already  weakened  with  a  fever  fourteen  days, 
he  fell  into  an  apoplexy.  His  body  was  opened,  and  not  one 
drop  of  blood  found,  but  his  heart  withered  to  the  smallness 
of  a  nut. 

Olearius, 

In  the  travels  of  Olearius,  and  in  his  description  of  Persia, 
he  delivers  that  the  Persians  commonly  cure  the  sting  of  a 
scorpion  by  appljring  a  piece  of  copper  upon  the  wound ;  and 
that  himself,  bemg  stung  in  the  throat  by  a  scorpion,  was 
cured  by  the  application  of  oil  of  scorpions,  and  taking 


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treacle  inwardly;  but  that  for  some  years  after  he  was 
troubled  witb  a  pricking  in  that  part,  when  the  sun  was  in 
Scbrpius. 

The  princess  of  Coreski,  taken  prisoner  by  the  Tartars^ 
received  a  precious  stone  of  rare  virtue,  which  applied  unto 
the  eyes  of  the  brother  of  the  Tartar,  whose  prisoner  she 
was,  in  a  short  time  recovered  his  sight.  Whether  any  such 
virtue  probable  or  possible  by  that  means  ?  7\irk.  Mist  in 
the  Life  of  Achmet, 


\0n  Coagulation, "l 

So^  many  coagulations  there  are  in  nature ;  and  though 
we  content  ourselves  with  one  in  the  running  of  milk,  yet 
many  will  perform  the  same. 

The  maws  or  stomachs  of  other  animals,  as  of  pigeons. 

The  inner  coat  of  the  gizzard  of  wild  ducks  and  teal,  not 
the  pike,  or  maw  of  a  pike,  which  seems  of  strong  digestion. 

Several  seeds  may  do  it,  the  best  the  seeds  of  carthamus, 
not  too  much  dried. 

Many  others  not,  as  not  the  seed  of  pseony.  Myrobalans 
powdered  do  it. 

The  milk  of  spurge  doth  it  actively ;  the  milk  of  fig ;  that 
of  lettuce;  succory;  tragopogon;  apocinon.  Whether 
salerdine  ? 

Whereby  whey  and  cheese  might  be  made  more  medical; 
milk  of  lettuce  and  sowthistle  will  not  hold  the  colour,  but 
grow  black  and  gummy,  yet  strongly  coagulate  milk. 

The  opium  and  scammony. 

The  inward  skin  of  the  gizzard  of  turkeys  will  actively 
coagulate ;  so  will  the  crop ;  the  chylus  or  half  dilated 
matter  in  the  crop  did  the  like,  and  strongly.  That  m  the 
gizzard  was  too  dry. 

The  milk  of  a  woman  full  of  the  jaundice,  that  nxirsed  a 
child,  infected  the  same ;  yet  the  milk  was  blue  and  a  land- 
able  colour,  and  would  not  be  coagulated  by  runnet,  nor  after 
long  stirring  did  manifest  any  colour  or  febrioal  tincture. 

To  try  and  observe  the  several  sorts  of  coagulations  or 
runnets ;  whether  ouy  will  turn  all  kinds  of  milk,  or  whether 


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the^  be  appropriate*  That  of  a  hare  we  find  will  turn  that 
of  the  cow.  To  observe  further  whether  it  will  coagulate 
that  of  a  mare  or  ass,  or  woman,  and  how  the  coagulum  stands 
in  multifidous  anifnals ;  as  in  whelps  and  kittens,  and  also 
in  swine  and  bats.  The  runnet  of  cows  is  strong,  for  it 
coagulates  the  milk  of  herbs.  The  milk  in  whelps'  maws 
did  the  milk  of  cows,  but  the  runnet  of  cows,  as  we  have 
tried  in  several  women's  milk,  will  not  coagulate' the  same. 
The  runnet  of  rabbit  coagulates  well  the  milk  of  a  cow. 
I^either  that  nor  calf's  runnet  did  make  a  good  coagulum 
of  mare's  milk,  leaving  only  a  gross  thickness  therein,  with- 
out serous  separation. 

Of  the  several  sorts  of  milk  and  la<;ical  animals ;  of  the 
several  sorts  of  coagulums ;  of  aU  kinds  of  mineral  coagula^ 
tion. 

Of  tin  with  aquafortis 

of antimony 

of  soap 

of  the  coagulum  of  blood 

of  Tnilk 

How  far  the  coagulating  principle  operateth  in  generation 
is  evident  from  eggs  which  will  never  incrassate  without  it ;: 
from  the  incrassation  upon  incubiture,  when  heat  diffuseth 
the  coagulum,  from  the  chalaza  or  gelatine,  which  sometime 
three  nodes,  the  head,  heart,  and  liver. 

What  runnet  the  Scythians  used  to  sejparate  mare's  milk 
is  uncertain ;  cow's  runnet  we  have  not  found  to  do  it,  but 
the  same  we  have  effected  by  the  maws  of  turkeys.  Whe- 
ther the  buttons  of  figs  or  the  milk  of  spurge  which  are 
strong  coagttlators  P     Qu^re. 

Coagulum  in  the  first  digestion,  in  the  second  or  blood, 
whether  not  also  in  the  last  digestion  or  stomach,  of  .every 
particular  part,  when  the  coagulate  parts  become  fine  and 
next  to  flesh,  and  the  rest  into  cambium  and  gluten  P 

Whether  the  first  mass  were  but  a  coagulation,  whereby 
the  water  and  earth  lay  awhile  together,  and  the  watery  or 
serous  part  was  separated  from  the  sole  and  continuating 

substance,  the separated  by  coagulation,  and  the 

inner  part  flowing  about  them  ? 

The  blood  of  man  and  pig,  falling  upon  vinegar,  would 
not  coagulate;  but  lie  thin  am  turn  of  tne  colour  of  musca*^ 


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368  XXTSACTS  PBOH 

dell.  Bled  upon  aquavitie,  it  did  coagulate,  thougH  weaker, 
and  maintained  its  colour.  Upon  vinegar,  it  keeps  long 
without  corruption,  and  becometh  blackiflh.  Bled  upon  a 
solution  of  saltpetre  in  water,  it  coagulates  not,  keeps  bng 
and  shoots  into  nitrous  branched  particles,  which  separated, 
it  lasteth  long  and  contracteth  the  smell  of  storaz  liquida, 
and  the  glass  or  urinal  being  inclined,  it  strokes  long  figures 

conjoined  by  right  Unes. 

'  White  dung  of  hens  and  geese  coagulates  milk. 

Mare's  milk  very  serous,  not  equally  running  with  coagu- 
lum  [of]  fig,  except  some  cow's  nulk  be  added ;  perhaps  the 
Scythians  used  a  mixture  of  goat's  milk.  Spirits  of  salt 
poured  upon  mare's  milk,  makes  a  curdling  which  in  a  little 
space  totally  dissolved  into  serum. 

Woman's  milk  will  not  coagulate  with  common  runnet: 
try  whether  the  milk  of  nurses  that  are  concerned  may  be 
run. 

Mrs.  King's  milk,  Octob.  23  (1650),  would  not  run,  but 
onlv  curdled  in  small  roundels  like  pins'  heads,  as  vinegar 
will  curdle  milk. 

The  semichylus  or  half-digested  humour  of  young  lobsters, 
in  a  cod's  stomach,  did  it  very  well. 

The  entrails  of  soles  coagulated  milk,  so  also  the  stomack 
of  sandlin&fs.  The  stomach  of  a  tench  would  not,  nor  of  a 
rat,  nor  of  a  whiting  or  gudgeon ;  and  that  of  smelts  did  it 
in  winter ;  the  maw  of  a  cod  did  it  well ;  the  appendages 
about  the  maw  indifferently  also  of  smelts. 

Milk  of  different  nature  according  to  the  different  times 
of  gestation,  which  is  to  be  observed  to  know  the  differences 
of  milk  in  several  seasons,  it  being  so  commonly  ordered, 
that  cows  come  in  the  spring,  so  that  milk  grows  thidc 
about  Christmas. 

The  verum  coagulwm  seems  seated  in  the  inner  skin  of  the 
gizzard,  for  the  outward  and  camous  part  would  not  do  it. 
The  maw  of  a  bittern  did  it  well.  The  mutings  also  of  a 
bittern  and  a  kestrell.  The  inward  skin  in  the  maws  of 
partridges,  or  the  substance  contained  therein,  not  yet  fully 
digested. 

Sow's  milk  run  very  well  with  runnet  and  skin  of  green 
figs ;  even  ripe  do  it  well. 

Bunnet  beat  up  with  the  whites  of  eggs,  seems  to  perform 


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Bothing,  nor  will  it  well  incorporate,  without  so  mucli  heat 
as  will  harden  the  egg. 

The  peculiar  coa^um  of  stomachs  to  make  stones,  as  be- 
zoar. 

Milk  of  poppy  mns  milk. 

The  stomachs  of  turkeys  dry  and  powdered  doth  it  well ; 
so  also  the  dry  and  chaffy  substance  in  the  gizzard  after  some 
months,  but  the  camous  substance  not. 

The  buttons  of  figs,  which  prove  figs  the  next  year,  doth 
it  very  well,  either  green  or  dried ;  salt  alone  will  do  it  if 
plentiful ;  whether  saltpetre,  salt  upon  sfiltpetre  or  sal-gem- 
mae; vide. 

The  curdled  milk  in  the  stomach  of  a  pig  coagulates  cow's 
milk.  Adding  salt  cleanly,  runnet  may  be  made  out  of 
milk  put  into  the  maw  of  a  turkey.  As  also  a  pig  will  do  it 
very  well. 

The  appendages  below  the  lower  orifice  of  the  stomach 
will  coagulate  milk  when  the  substance  will  not  do  it ;  as 
tried  in  cods,  these  are  filled  with  a  little  thick  humour,  very 
remarkable  in  salmon,  wherein  they  are  of  exceeding  large- 
ness. 

Buttermilk,  or  chum  milk,  will  not  be  turned  with  runnet, 
but  being  warm  will  run  itself,  as  will  also  milk  in  the 
Biunmer. 

The  milk  of  mares  is  very  serous,  and  will  not  run  with 
the  cow's  runnet ;  in  the  summer  we  made  it  run  with  tur- 
key's gizzard,  and  fig's  buttons ;  the  same  in  October  we 
could  not  effect,  neither  with  turkey,  figs,  cow's,  nor  pig's 
runnet ;  whether  it  be  so  serous  that  the  caseous  parts  can- 
not hold  together  the  other,  may  be  doubted ;  although,  if 
unto  an  ounce  of  cow's  milk  you  add  an  ounce  of  water,  it 
will  notwithstanding  coagulate  in  the  caseous  part,  leaving 
the  whey  asimder.  And  if  you  mix  equal  parts  of  mare's 
and  cow's  milk,  the  runnet  "vnll  take  place. 

The  skin  of  a  peacock's  gizzard  very  well. 

As  also  the  dried  milk  of  spurge  and  lettuce,  above  a  year 
old ;  the  chylus  of  animals  ;  the  chylus  of  plants ;  the 
stomach  of  an  horse,  and  chylus  contained  in  it,  did  very  well 
coagulate. 

Beef  taken  out  of  the  paunch  of  a  kestrel  four  hours 
after,  turned  very  strongly. 

TOL.  III.  2  B 


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870  XXTKAOTS   FBOM 

A  clean  and  neat  seeming  runnet  may  be  made  in  tlie 
crop  of  a  turkey,  and  milk  and  salt  put  therein  will  coagu- 
late and  grow  hard  like  runnet ;  but  surely  the  same  must 
be  old  to  be  effectual,  for  after  a  month  upon  trial,  we  could 
not  find  it  to  run  cow's  milk. 

The  strawy  substances  in  the  stomach  of  a  pig,  turned 
milk  well  in  October,  also  the  fresh  white  dung  of  a  goose 
did  very  well,  that  best  which  is  whitest  probably. 

The  inward  skin  of  a  duckling,  six  days  old,  as  also  ih 
hard  and  chafl^  substances  in  the  same,  did  it  very  well. 

Spirits  of  salt  and  aquafortis,  gently  poured  on  milk,  vill 
strongly  coagulate  ;  but  in  a  woman's  milk,  we  find  it  not 
effectual,  which  would  not  coagulate  upon  a  large  quantity, 
nor  would  salt  in  gross  body  effect  it,  nor  the  other  common 
coagulums. 

Tiy  whether  the  milk  of  children  vomited  will  do  it. 

The  dung  of  chickens  in  some  dejgree. 

The  shells  and  half  digested  fragments  in  a  lobster's 
stomach  that  had  nearly  cut  the  skin  did  it. 

How  butchers  make  sheep's  blood  to  hold  from  concre- 
tion ;  whether  hj  agitation  when  it  is  fresh,  and  so  dispers- 
ing the  fibres  which  are  thought  to  make  the  concretion  ? 
Unto  Bucfi,  a  great  quantity  of  runnet  added  could  make  no 
concretion. 

Egg«  seem  to  contain  within  themselves  their  own  coagu- 
Imn,  evidenced  upon  incubation,  which  makes  incrassation  of 
parts  before  very  fluid. 

Eotten  eggs  will  not  be  made  hard  by  incubation,  or  de- 
coction, as  being  destitute  of  that  spirit:  or  having  lie  same 
vitiated.  They  will  sooner  be  made  hard  if  put  in  before 
the  water  boHeth. 

They  will  be  made  hard  in  oil^  but  not  so  easily  in  vinegar, 
which  by  the  attenuating  qualiiy  keeps  them  longer  fiinn 
concretion;  for  inftised  in  vinegar  they  lose  the  shell,  and 
grow  big  and  much  heavier  than  before. 

Salt  seems  to  be  the  principal  agent  in  this  coagulation, 
for  bav  salt  will  run  milk  alone  if  strongly  mixed,  and  so  it 
will,  though  mixed  with  scone  vinegar.  Vinegar  alone  ynH 
curdle  it,  not  run  it. 

In  the  ovary,  or  second  cell  of  the  matrix,  the  white  cornea 
upon  the  yolk,  and  ia  the  later  and  lower  part,  the  shell  is 


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made  or  manifested.     Try  if  the  same  parts  will  give  any 
coagulation  unto  milk.     Whether  will  the  ovary  best  ? 

The  whites  of  eggs  drenched  in  saltpetre  will  shoot  forth 
a  long  md  hairy  saltpetre,  and  the  egg  become  of  a  hard 
substance ;  even  in  the  whole  egg  there  seems  a  great  nitro- 
fiity,  for  it  is  very  cold,  and  especially  that  which  is  without 
a  shell  (as  some  are  laid  by  fat  hens,)  or  such  as  are  found 
in  the  egg  poke  or  lowest  part  of  the  matrix,  if  an  hen  be 
Hied  a  &j  or  two  before  she  layeth. 

Several  hens  produce  eggs  commonly  of  the  same  form, 
some  round,  some  long,  neither  strictly  distinguishing  the  sex. 
The  proper  uses  of  the  shell ;  for    the  defence  of  the 
chidten  in  generation,  promotion  of  heat  upon  incubation, 
and  protection  therein  lest  it  be  brok-wi  by  the  hen,  either 
upon  incubation  or  treading  with  her  claws  upon  them,  as 
a6o  to  keep  and  restrain  the  cbicken  until  due  time,  when 
the  hen  often  breaks  the  shell. 
Difference  between  the  sperm  of  frogs  and  eggs. 
Spawn,  though  long  boiled,  would  not  grow  thick  or  co- 
iigulate. 

In  the  eggs  of  skates  or  thombacks,  upon  long  decoction 
the  yolk  coagulates,  not  the  greatest  part  of  the  white. 

Ii  in  spawn  of  fi^ogs  the  little  black  specks  will  concrete, 
though  not  the  other. 

The  white  part  of  the  mutings  of  birds  dried  run  milk,  not 
leaving  wiy  ill  savour.  Try  in  that  of  cormorants,  hens, 
turkeys,  geese,  kestrels. 

The  chylus  in  the  stomach  of  a  young  hen  strongly  coagu- 
bted,  the  stoinach  also  itself  though  washed. 

The  white  and  [cretaceous  mutings  of  a  bittern  made  a 
Budden  coagulation,  the  like  hath  the  dung  of  ducks  and 


The  ooi^ulate  stomach  of  kittens  would  not  convert  wo- 
men's milk,  nor  cows',  though  in  good  quantity  ;  which  after 
coagulated  by  addition  of  calf  s  runnet. 

The  chylus  in  a  young  rabbit  run  cow's  and  bitch's  milk, 
1653. 

The  seeds  of  the  silver  or  milk  thistle  run  milk  also. 

Mucilaginous  concretions  are  made  by  liquid  inlusions  and 
decoctions,  imbibing  the  gum  and  tenacious  parts,  until  they 
Si  and  determine  their  fluidity. 
2  B  2 


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372  EXTBACTS  rBOK 

As  is  observable  in  gums,  hartshorn,  and  seeds,  espedaQy 
lentous  natures,  as  quince  psyllium,  mallows,  &c.  when  these 
tenacious  parts  are  forced  out  by  ignition,  the^  afford  no 
farther  concretion,  as  in  burnt  hartshorn,  wherem  there  are 
lost  most  of  the  separable  parts,  and  so  Httle  of  salt  as  makes 
the  preparation  questionable,  if  given  with  the  same  inten- 
tions with  the  other. 

Wherein  it  is  presumable  the  water  may  also  imbibe  some 
part  of  the  volatile  salt,  as  is  manifested  sometimes  when  it 
IS  exposed  to  congelation,  and  standeth  long  in  pewter 
dishes ;  some  part  lastening  upon  the  crown  or  upper  cirde, 
and  also  discolouring  the  pewter. 

But  whether  the  mucilages  or  jellies  do  answer  our  expec- 
tation of  their  quantities  while  we  think  we  have  a  decoction 
made  of  two  ounces  and  a  half  which  affordeth  a  jelly  of 
almost  a  pint ;  the  horns  again  after  they  were  dried  wanted 
not  a  drachm,  the  jelly  dried  left  Httle  but  a  small  gummy 
substance. 

Half  an  ounce  of  icMhvocolla  or  isinglass,  wiU  fix  above  a 
pint  of  water ;  and  in  half  a  pint  of  jelly  of  hartshorn  there 
IS  not  above  two  drachms. 

Much  hartshorn  is  therefore  lost  in  the  usual  decoction  of 
hartshorn  in  shavings  or  raspings,  where  the  greatest  part  is 
cast  away. 

Por  the  same  may  be  performed  £rom  the  solid  horn 
sawed  into  pieces  of  two  or  three  ounces  or  leas,  and  the 
same  pieces  will  serve  for  many  jellies. 

The  calcination  of  hartshorn  by  vapour  of  water  is  a  neat 
invention,  but  whether  very  much  of  the  virtue  be  not  im- 
paired, while  the  vapour  insinuating  into  the  horn  hath  car- 
ried away  the  tenacious  parts  and  made  it  butter,  ^and  hath 
also  dissolved  those  parts  which  make  the  jelly ;  which  may 
be  tried  if  [a  decoction  be  made  of  the  water  from  whence 
the  vapour  proceedeth,  and  especially  if  the  calcination  hath 
been  made  m  vessels  not  perspirable. 


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[^On  Congelation.'] 

KatitbaIi  bodies  do  variously  discover  themselves  by  con- 
gelation. 

Bodies  do  best  and  [most]  readily  congelate  which  are 
aqueous,  or  water  itself. 

Of  milk  the  wheyish  part,  in  eggs  we  observe  the  white, 
will  totally  freeze,  the  yolk,  with  the  same  degree  of  cold, 
grow  thicK  and  clammy  like  gum  of  trees,  but  the  sperm  or 
tread  hold  its  former  body^  the  white  growing  stiff  that  is 
nearest  it. 

The  spirits  of  things  do  not  freeze :  if  they  be  plentiful, 
they  keep  their  bodies  from  congelation ;  as  spirits  of  wine, 
aqtta  vita,  nor  is  it  easy  to  freeze  such,  when  French  wine 
cannot  resist  it.  But  congelation  seems  to  destroy  or 
separate  the  spirits,  for  beer  or  wine  are  dead  and  flat  after 
iceexins,  and  in  glasses  ofttimes  the  most  flying  salts  will 
settle  memselves  above  the  surface  of  the  water. 

"Waters  freezing  do  carry  a  vegetable  crust  foliated  surface 
upon  them,  representing  the  leaves  of  plants,  and  this  they 
do  best  which  carry  some  salt  or  vegetable  seminals  in  them. 
Bain  water  which  containeth  seminal  atoms,  elevated  by  ex- 
halations, making  the  earth  fruitM  where  it  &Ileth.  Snow 
water  will  also  do,  as  containing  these  seeds,  and  salt  nitrous 
coagulum,  whereby  it  was  formerly  concreted.  The  lyes  or 
lixivium  of  herbs  will  do  it  well,  but  the  juices  of  herbs  or 
waters  wherein  these  essential  salts  have  been  dissolved,  far 
better,  as  we  have  tried  in  that  of  scurvy  grass,  chalie, 
nettles.  Jellies  of  flesh  will  do  the  like,  as  we  have  tried  in 
that  of  cow's  and  calf  s  foot,  wherein,  though  the  surface 
be  obscured,  yet  will  there  be  several  glaciations  intermixed, 
and  so  excellently  foliated,  that  they  will  leave  their  im- 
pression or  figure  in  the  next  part  of  the  jelly  which  re- 
maineth  uncongealed,  and  being  beheld  in  a  magnifying 
glass,  either  in  the  day  or  night  against  a  canidle,  aflbrdeth 
one  of  the  most  curious  spectacles  in  nature,  nor  will  these 
little  conglaciated  plates  so  easily  dissolve  as  common  ice, 
as  carrying  perhaps  a  greater  portion  of  camel  nitre  in 
them. 


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But,  what  is  remarkable  most  of  congelations,  simple  or 
compounded,  they  seem  to  carry  in  their  surface  a  leaf  of  one 
figure,  which  somewhat  representeth  the  leaf  of  a  fern  or 
brake,*  from  a  middle  and  long  rib  spreading  forth  jagged 
leaves  ;  so  a  lixivium  of  nettles,  wormwood,  wild  cucumber, 
scurvy  grass,  will  shoot  in  the  same  shapes ;  a  solution,  of 
salt  or  sugar  will  do  the  like  and  also  a  decoction  of 
hartshorn,  and  the  salt  distilled  of  the  blood  of  a  deer  and 
dissolved  in  water,  carried  the  same  shape  upon  calcination ; 
but  the  shootings  in  the  jellies  of  flesh  cany  smaller  branehes 
and  like  twigs  without  that  exact  distinction  of  leaves. 

But  the  exact  and  exquisite  figurations,  and  such  as  are 
produced  above  the  surface  of  the  liquor,  in  the  side  of 
glasses  by  exhalation  &om  the  liquor  compoimded  with,  is 
best  discoverable  in  urinals  and  long  beUied  glasses,  and 
often  happeneth  over  urines,  where  the  figures  are  very 
distinct  arising  &om  a  root,  and  most  commonly  resembling 
coralline  mosses  of  the  sea,  and  sometimes  larger  plants, 
whereof  some  do  rise  in  so  strong  a  body,  afi  to  hold  their 
shapes  many  months,  and  some  we  have  kept  two  or  three 
years  entire. 

Water  and  oil  behave  differently  from  congelation;  a 
glassful  of  water  frozen  swells  above  the  brim,  oil  con- 
gelated  subsideth. 

Congelation  is  a  rare  experiment ;  is  made  by  a  mixture  of 
salt  and  snow  strongly  agitated  in  a  pewter  pot,  which  will 
freeze  water  that's  poured  about  it.  But  an  easier  way  there 
is,  by  only  mixing  salt  and  snow  together  in  a  basin,  and 
placing  therein  a  cup  of  water,  for  when  the  snow  doth  thaw 
and  the  congealing  spirits  fly  away,  they  freeze  the  neigh- 
bour bodies  which  are  congealable;  and,  if  the  ve^el 
wherein  the  snow  mjelteth  stand  in  water,  it  freezeth  the 
water  about  it,  which  is  excellently  discerned  by  mixing 
snow  and  salt  in  an  urinal,  and  placing  it  in  water. 

This  wajr  liquors  will  suddenly  freeze  which  a  lon^  tim© 
resist  the  diffused  causes  in  the  air,  as  may  be  expenenced 
in  wine,  and  urine,  and  excellently  serveth  fcr  sul  figura- 
tions ;  this  way  will  in  a  short  time  freeze  rich  sack,  and 

*  There  ia  some  regmt  salt  -which  carrieth  them  into  the  farm  o± 
brake  or  long  rib  jagged  plant. 


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crust  aqiM  vita  about  the  side  of  the  cup  or  glass^  if  weak 
and  with  a  light  addition  of  water. 

A  small  quantity  of  aqtia  vitw,  mingled  with  water,  is  not 
able  to  resist  this  way  of  congelation ;  but  therein  the  ice 
will  not  be  so  hard  and  compact,  and  hollow  spaces  will  be 
left  at  the  surfsuse. 

That  the  sea  was  salt  from  the  beginning,  when  that  prin- 
ciple was  cast  into  the  whole  mass  of  this  globe,  ana  not 
occasioned  by  those  ways  the  ancients  dreamt   of,  seems 

almost  beyond  doubt :  wherein salt  was  so  tenderly 

sprinkled  as  not  to  make  that  part  inhabitable,  and  therefore, 
however  some  seas  near  the  tropic  where  the  same  is 
strongest  be  conceived  so  to  contain  more  salt,  the  seas  with 
us  do  hardly  make  good  five  in  the  hundred. 

It  is  no  easy  efiBect  to  condense  water  and  make  it  take  up 
a  lesser  space  than  in  its  fluid  body ;  congealed  into  ice  it 
seems  to  lose  nothing,  but  rather  acquireth  a  greater  space 
and  sweUeth  higher,  as  is  manifestible  in  water  frozen  in 
eaures^  and  glasses. 

This  way  eggs  wiU  suddenly  freeze  through  their  whole 
bodies. 

Eyes  will  freeze  through  all  the  humours  and  become  in 

short  time  like  stones.     By  this  way  upon only  the 

watery  humour  will  congelate  under  the  cornea,  and  show  Hke 
a  cataract  or  allyugo^  the  iris  also  loses  its  colour,  and  this 
way  the  humours  may  be  taken  out  distinctly ;  the  hardest 
to  freeze  is  the  crystalline,  yet  laid  upon  snow  and  salt  it 
groweth  hard  and  dim,  as  though  it  had  been  boiled. 

Whether  such  a  congealing  spirit  be  not  the  raiser  of 
cataracts,  gutta  Serena^  apoplexies,  catalepsies,  and  the  like 
may  be  inquired. 

In  the  congelation  of  snow  there  is  much  space  required, 
and  dissolved  it  will  not  occupy  half  the  space  it  possessed 
before,  for  it  is  congealed  in  a  vaporous  body  and  in  some 
rarefaction  from  its  original  of  water. 

Mineral  water  or  quicksilver by  taking  off  the 

fluidity,  takes  up  a  greater  space  than  before,  although 
allowaace  be  made  for  the  body  that  forceth  it. 

*  eaurt8,]  This  xxiay  be  ptumes  in  MS.  but  I  am  inclined  rather  to 
think  he  meant  ewer&— spelt,  according  to  French  derivation,  eavres. 


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376  EXTEACTS  FEOM 

Salt  and  snow  pursue  tbeir  operations  most  actively, 
while  it  freezeth :  and  in  coldest  weather  dissolve  sooner, 
for  when  it  begins  to  thaw,  the  operation  is  troublesome ; 
the  snow  loseth  his  tenacity,  grows  hard  and  brittle,  and  salt 
thrown  upon  it  makes  it  lu^er  for  a  little  space,  and  is 
longer  in  dissolving  it.  Salt  answereth  awhile  to  send  back 
the  parting  spirit  upon  itself,  and  mixing  with  it  while  it 
holdeth  £Etst,  makes  a  little  congelation. 

Lime  unslaked  mixed  with  snow  would  dissolve  it ;  not 
freeze  water  set  into  it. 

Snow  dissolved,  without  salt,  would  not  freeze  water  set  in 
it.  Herein  we  may  also  sometimes  observe  the  verv  motion 
and  stroke  of  the  coagulum ;  for  when  the  snow  and  salt  are 
aptly  conjoined,  and  the  liquor  to  be  congealed  be  put  in  a 
flat  thin  cup''  of  silver,  if  it  chance  to  dissolve  at  thiat  time, 
in  any  quantitv,  it  will  instantlv  run  curdled  whey ;  the 
spirit  separatea  will  make  a  curdled  cloud  at  the  bottom  or 
side  of  the  cup,  and  fix  that  part  first ;  for,  contrary  unto 
common  congelation,  if  the  cup  standeth  upon  snow,  and 
that  at  the  bottom  thaweth  it,  the  liquor  first  freezeth  at 
the  bottom,  and  while  the  liquor  in  the  flat  cup  freezeth 
within  the  basin,  the  outside  of  the  basin  will  be  thick 
frosted,  and  if  it  stands  will  adhere  unto  the  table. 

It  isobserrable  in  this  way  of  congelation,  that  the  liquor 
freezeth  last  in  the  middle  of  the  siwface,  as  being  furthest 
from  the  action  of  the  snow  and  flying  spirit ;  nor  is  this  only 
effected  by  snow  and  salt,  but  by  snow  and  saltpetre  or  alum; 
but  the  quickest  congelation  [is]  by  snow  and  salt,  the  other 
mixture  remaining  longer  without  dissolution:  and  there- 
fore, on  some  earth  snow  lieth  longest,  and  seldom  long  near 
the  sea-side ;  and  if  two  vessels  be  filled,  the  one  with  snow 
alone,  the  other  with  a  mixture  of  salt,  the  salt  snow  will 
dissolve  in  half  the  time,  and  ice  in  the  like  manner. 

This  way  it  is  possible  to  observe  the  rudiments  and  pro- 
gress of  congelation ;  it  beginning  first  with  stritv,  and  having 
shoots  like  the  filamental  shoots  of  pure  nitre,  and  the  in- 
terstitial water  becomes  afber  conjoined. 

The  same  is  also  efleeted  by  ice  powdered  or  broken  like 
sugar  between  dry  bodies,  and  mixed  with  salt ;  and  is  also 
performable  without  mixture  of  salt  bodies,  by  snow  alone, 
as  it  faUeth  to  solution,  and  the  congelating  spirit  8ep»- 


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COMMON  PLACE  BOOKS.  377 

rateth ;  so  water  in  a  very  thin  glass  set  in  a  porringer  of 
snow,  and  set  upon  salt  will  freeze,  the  salt  being  able  to 
dissolve  it  through  the  pewter.  And,  therefore,  catarrhs 
and  colds  are  taken  and  increased  upon  thaws ;  the  leaves  of 
trees  withered  and  blasted  where  snow  dissolves  upon  them ; 
and  something  more  than  mere  water  fixed,  because  it 
spoileth  leather,  and  alters  the  colour  thereof  to  walk  long 
in  snow,  especially  when  it  melteth ;  and  this  congelative 
spirit,  that  penetrateth  glass  and  metal,  is  probably  the  same 
which  is  felt  so  penetrating  and  cutting  in  winds,  and  ac- 
cording to  frequent  relations,  hath  left  whole  bodies  of  men 
rigid  and  stiff,  even  to  petrification,  in  regions  near  the  pole; 
and  may  assign  some  reason  of  that  strange  effect  on  our 
men,  some  that  were  lefb  in  Greenland,  when  they  touched 
iron  it  seemed  to  stick  to  the  fingers  like  pitch,  the  same 
being  mollified  and  made  in  the  same  temper  as  it  is,  by  the 
acid  spirits  of  sulphur,  if  a  red  hot  iron  be  thrust  into  a  roll 
thereof. 

In  the  congealing  of  tinctures,  as and  saffron,  if  we 

narrowly  observe  it,  there  still  remaineth  whiteness,  and  the 
tincture  seemeth  to  lie  distant  and  less  congealed.  Starch, 
a  strong  congelation  may  be  made,  wherein  the  atoms  of  the 
powder  may  be  distinguished,  and  sensibly  observed  to  cast 
their  colour  upon  parts,  which  they  do  not  corporally  attain. 

To  freeze  roughly,  or  make  ice  with  elevated  superficies, 
the  water  must  Jbe  exposed  warm,  and  the  liquor  thick,  the 
better  as  in  jellies,  while  the  exhalation  elevating  the  surface, 
is  held  in  and  frozen  in  its  passage. 

Oil  put  upon  snow,  in  an  open  mouth  glass,  and  sharp  at 
the  bottom,  makes  a  curdling  which  lasts  a  long  time,  and 
gives  a  mixed  taste  of  snow  and  oil,  pleasant  unto  the  palate, 
and  excellent  against  burning. 

Snow  upon  a  thaw  freezeth  itself,  while  the  spirits  of  some 
parts  dissolved,  flying  out,  do  fix  the  neighbour  parts  unto 
them. 

Snow  closely  pressed,  dissolves  into  about  half  its  measure ; 
lying  loose,  and  as  it  falleth,  dissolving,  takes  up  little  more 
than  a  fifbh  part. 

Snow  upon  a  thaw  needeth  no  addition,  and  ice  at  that 
time  will  freeze,  thcpot  being  melted  in  it. 

Salt  maketh  snow  to  melt ;  so  may  you  bore  a  hole  through 


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378  EXTBACTS  7B0M 

ice  with  salt  laid  thereon,  with  armoniac.  Sugar  will  also 
do  the  like,  but  in  a  slower  manner ;  the  like  dullj  witb 
pepper. 

To  make  ice  crack,  throw  salt  upon  it. 

Ice  splits  star-wise. 

In  the  making  of  ice  with  snow  and  salt,  we  find  htde 
variety  in  practice,  and  the  reasons  drawn  peculiar  upon  the 
salt ;  but  this  we  have  observed  to  be  eflfected  by  other  bodies, 
of  no  probability  to  produce  such  an  effect,  a>B  without  salt 
to  effect  it  in  a  pot  of  snow,  with  ginger,  pepper,  liqao- 
rice,  sugar,  chalk,  white  lead,  wheat-flour,  sulphur,  husk  of 
almonds,  charcoal. 

Water  that  is  easily  ratified  will  hardly  or  not  at  all  admit 
of  pressure,  or  be  made  to  take  up  a  lesser  space  than  its 
natural  body,  and  as  it  stands  in  its  natural  consistence. 

In  snow  it  takes  up  a  very  much  larger  space  than  in  watar; 
even  in  ice,  which  takes  off  the  fluidity,  and  is  a  kind  of  fix- 
ation, it  wiU  not  be  contained  in  the  same  circumference  as 
befbre  in  its  fluid  body,  a  glass  fiEed  with  water  and  frozen 
'  in  salt  and  snow,  will  manifestly  rise  above  the  brim.  Eg^ 
frozen,  the  shell  will  crack,  and  open  largely,  and  there  will 
be  found  no  hollow  ^ace  at  the  top  or  blunter  part  wMch 
comes  first  out  upon  exclusion  of  the  hen,  and  yet  it  will 
remain  of  the  same  weight  upon  exact  ponderation.  Ice  is 
spongy  and  porous,  as  may  be  observed  upon  breaking,  and 
in  glasses  wherein  it  is  frozen,  and  seems  not  to  be  so  dose 
and  continued  as  in  its  liquid  form.  Beside  there  are  many 
bubbles  ofttimes  in  it,  which  though  condensed,  are  not  of 
the  congelable  parts,  and  take  up  a  room  in  the  congelation; 
which  may  be  air  mixed  with  the  water,  or  the  spirits  thereof, 
which  will  not  freeze,  but  separating  from  the  pure  water, 
set  themselves  in  little  ceUs  apart,  which  upon  the  liquation 
make  the  spaws  and  froth  which  remaineth  after,  in  stand- 
ing vessels  thawed,  which  makes  all  things  frozen  lose  their 
quickness;  the  spirits  chased  into  several  conservations, 
£ying  away  upon  liquefaction,  and  not  returning  to  an  in- 
tnnsical  and  close  mixture  with  their  bodies  again;  and 
therefore  an  apple  frozen,  and  thawed  in  warm  water,  the 
spirits  are  called  out,  and  giving  a  sudden  exhalation,  the 
•  same  never  tastes  well  after ;  whereas,  put  into  cold  water, 
they  are  kept  in,  and  while  they  raise  themselves,  through 


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COMMOir  PXACS  BOOKS.  379 

the  mass  again,  and  are  not  carried  out  by  a  warm  thaw : 
and  this  way  are  noses  and  cheeks  preserved  in  cold  regions, 
by  a  sudden  application  of  snow  unto  them. 

The  same  assertion  is  verified  in  metallical  water,  or  quick- 
fdlver,  which  is  closer  in  its  own  body  than  by  any  fixation ; 
for  either  mortified  or  fixed,  it  takes  up  a  much  larger  space 
than  in  its  fiuid  body. 

Quaere  how  oil; — ^and  whether  metal,  silver,  and  gold, 
liquefied,  takes  not  up  lesser  room  than  when  it  is  cold  and 
congealed  again:  but  these  having  attained  their  natural 
eonsistence  and  closeness,  seem  to  take  up  a  larger  space 
when  they  are  forced  from  it,  and  therefore  seem  to  shrink 
B»  in  moulds ;  and  then  in  their  cruding  before  solution  to 
•stretch  and  dilate  themselves;  as  is  observable  in  iron 
pierced,  which  smoothly  admitting  a  nail  when  it  is  cold, 
will  not  so  easily  admit  it  being  red  hot. 

Why  the  snow  lies  not  long  near  the  sea-side ;  by  reason 
it  is  dissolved  by  salt  exhalation  of  the  sea,  or  from  the  like 
in  the  earth  near  the  sea,  which  partaketh  of  that  temper. 

Why  it  is  so  cold  upon  a  thaw ;  by  reason  of  the  exhaling 
of  those  freezing  parts  which  lie  quiet  in  the  snow  before. 

Why  snow  makes  a  fruitful  year,  and  is  good  for  corn  ; 
because  it  keeps  in  the  terreous  evaporatives,  concentrates 
the  heat  in  seeids  and  plants^  destroys  mice  and  the  principles 
of  putrefaction  in  the  earth,  which  breedeth  vermin. 

Why  it  changeth  the  colour  of  leather,  making  black  shoes 
russet,  which  water  doth  not ;  by  reason  of  the  admixture 
of  nitrous  and  saline  parts,  which  drink  in  the  copperas 
parts  which  make  the  deep  colour. 

The  common  experiment  of  freezing  is  made  by  salt  and 
snow ;  where  salt  dissolving  the  snow  sends  out  the  con- 
gealing spirit  thereof,  which  actively  is  able  to  fix  the  fluid 
element  about  it. 

But  the  same  effect  will  foUow  from  other  conjunctions, 
from  vitriol,  nitre,  alum ;  and  what  is  remarkable,  fr^m  bodies 
which  promise  no  such  effect,  as  we  have  tried  in  pepper, 
ginger,  chalk,  white  lead,  charcoal-powder,  liquorice. 
^    And  from  ice  itself  stirred  and  beaten  in  a  pint  pot. 


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880  EXTRA  CTS   FBOM 


[On  Bubbles,'] 

That  the  last  circumference  of  the  universe  is  but  the 
bubble  of  the  chaos  and  pellicle  arising  irom  the  grosser 
foundation  of  the  first  matter,  containing  all  the  higher  and 
diaphanous  bodies  under  it,  is  no  affirmation  of  mine ;  but 
that  bubbles  on  watery  or  fluid  bodies  are  but  the  thin 
gumbs  of  air,  or  a  diaphanous  texture  of  water  arising  about 
the  air,  and  holding  it  awhile  from  eruption.  They  are  most 
lasting  and  large  in  viscous  humidities,  wherein  the  surface 
will  be  best  extended  without  dissolving  the  continuity, 
as  in  bladders  blown  out  of  soap.  Wine  and  spirituous 
bodies  make  bubbles,  but  not  long  lasting,  the  spirit  bearing 
through  and  dissolving  the  investiture.  Aqua-fortis  upon 
concussion  makes  feWj  and  soon  vanishing,  the  acrimonious 
effluvia  suddenly  rending  them :  some  gross  and  windy  wines 
make  many  and  lasting,  which  may  be  taken  away  by  vinegar 
or  juice  of  lemon.  And  therefore  the  greatest  bubbles  are 
made  in  viscous  decoctions,  as  in  the  manufacture  of  soap 
and  sugar,  wherein  there  is  nothing  more  remarkable  than 
that  experiment,  wherein  not  many  grains  of  butter  cast 
upon  a  copper  of  boiling  sugar,  presently  strikes  down  the 
ebullition  and  makes  a  subsidence  of  the  bubbling  liquor.    • 

Boiling  is  literaU^  nothing  but  bubbling;  any  liquor 
attenuated  by  decoction  sends  forth  evaporous  and  attenu- 
ated parts,  which  elevate  the  surface  of  the  liquor  into 
bubbles ;  even  in  fermentations  and  putre&ctions  wherein 
attenuation  of  parts  are  made,  bubbles  are  raised  without 
fire. 

Glass  is  made  by  way  of  bubble,  upon  the  blowing  of  the 
artificer. 

Blisters  are  bubbles  in  leaves,  wherein  the  exhalation  is 
kept  in  by  the  thickness  of  the  leaf,  and  in  the  skin,  when 
the  [membrane],  thereof  holds  in  the  attenuated  or  attracted 
humour  under  it. 

Eire  blisters  even  dead  flesh,  forcibly  attenuating  the  water 
in  the  skin  and  under  it ;  and  cantharides  and  crowfoot  nuae 
blisters  by  a  potential  fire  and  armoniac  salt  in  them,  attenu- 
ating the  humour  in  the  skin  and  under,  which  stretches 
and  dilateth  the  parts,  prohibiting  its  evolution. 


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COMMON  PLACE  BOOKS.  881 

Bubbles  are  white,  because  tbey  consist  of  diaphanous 
bumour  or  air  fermented ;  and  air  under  ice  a  thicker  tergunt 
makes  a  grosser  and  stronger  white,  but  in  icterical  and 
jstundieed  urine  the  bubbles  are  yellow,  according  to  the 
tincture  diffused  through  the  water,  which  investeth  the  airy 
contents  of  its  bubbles.  Even  man  is  a  bubble,  if  we  take 
bis  consideration  in  his  rudiments,  and  consider  the  vesicula 
or  bulla  pulsans,  wherein  begins  the  rudiment  of  life. 

Froth  or  spume  is  but  a  coagulation  or  conglobation  of 
bubbles,and  gross  skins  are  but  the  coats  of  bubbles  subsiding, 
or  at  least  bodies  which  are  fat  and  subphureous,  keeping 
the  surface,  are  apt  to  make  them,  and  therefore  are  not 
without  the  active  parts,  as  is  observable  in  the  spume  of 
iron  and  steel. 

Pitch  and  resinous  bodies  have  also  their  bubbles,  but  they 
rise  highest  at  the  first,  whilst  the  aqueous  parts  are  attenu- 
ated, do  copiously  and  crowdingly  fly  up,  do  elevate  the  vis- 
cous parts  which  largely  dilate  before  their  division,  for  that 
being  spirit  these  bubbles  are  less,  and  if  water  be  thrown 
upon  it  recover  their  force  again ;  as  is  also  discernible  in 
i;he  ebullition  of  soap,  till  the  aqueous  parts  be  spent,  and 
the  salt  of  the  lixivium  and  oil  and  tallow  entirely  mixed. 

The  bubbles  of  oil  will  not  last,  the  air  pierceth,  opening 
or  perspiring  their  thin  coats ;  water  under  oil  makes  not 
l)ubbles  into  the  oil,  but  at  the  side  or  bottom. 

Water  and  oil  do  best  concur  to  the  making  of  bubbles, 
air  or  exhalation  included  in  a  watery  coat,  or  air  in  an  oily 
habit,  as  in  oil  boiled  wherein  there  are  some  watery  parts  or 
Taporous  attenuations  that  are  invested  in  their  eruption. 

Rre  m^es  none,  for  that  is  too  subtle  to  be  contamed  and 
too  fluid  and  moving  to  be  contained ;  not  aflecting  a  circle 
but  a  pyramidal  ascension,  which  destroys  inclusion ;  the 
nearest  resemblance  thereof  is  in  water  thrown  upon  strong 
oil,  wherein  the  water  suddenly  rising  seemeth  to  carry  up  a 
strong  bubble  about  it. 

Qmcksilver  seems  to  have  bubbles,  being  shaken  together, 
hnt  they  are  but  small  spherical  bodies  like  drops  of  water, 
which  hold  in  some  bodies,  to  avoid  discontinuation. 


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S82  EXTBACTS  rBOlC 


[0»  Vegetation^  Sfc.l 

To  manifest  how  lasting  the  seminal  principles  of  hodies 
are,  how  long  they  will  lie  incorrupted  in  the  earth,  or 
how  the  earth  that  hath  been  once  impregnated  therewith^ 
may  retain  the  power  thereof,  unto  opportunity  of  actuation^ 
or  visible  production, — a  remarkable  garden  where  many 
plants  had  been,  being  digged  up,  and  turned  a  fruitless 
ground,  after  ten  years  being  digged  up,  many  of  the  plants 
returned  which  had  laid  obscure ;  the  plants  were  blattaria, 
stramonium,  hyoscyamus  flore  albo,  <&c. ;  and  little  less  hare 
we  observed  that  some  plants  will  maintain  their  seminalitj 
out  of  the  earth,  as  we  have  tried  in  one  of  the  least  tf 
seeds,  that  is  of  maijorum. 

How  little  snails  or  perriwinkles  rely  upon  the  water,  and 
how  duck-weed  is  bred,  some  light  may  be  received  from  this 
experiment.  In  April  we  took  out  of  the  water  little  herbs 
of  crow-foot  and  the  like  whereon  hung  long  cods  of  jelly; 
this  put  in  water,  and  so  into  an  urinal  exposed  unto  the  smi, 
many  young  perriwinkles  were  bred  sticking  to  the  side  of 
the  glass,,  some  aselli,  or  sows,  which  fled  from  the  water,  and 
much  duck-weed  grew  over,  which,  cleared  once  or  twice^ 
now  hath  grown  again. 

That  water  is  the  principle  of  all  things,  some  conceive; 
that  all  things  are  convertible  into  water,  others  probably 
argue ;  that  many  things  which  seem  of  earthly  principle 
were  made  out  of  water  the  Scripture  testifleth,  in  the  gene- 
alogy of  the  fowls  of  the  air ;  most  insects  owe  their  original 
thereto,  most  being  made  of  dews,  froths,  or  water ;  even 
rain  water,  which  seemeth  simple,  contains  the  seminals  of 
animals.  This  we  observed,  that  rain  water  in  dstenis, 
Rowing  green,  there  ariseth  out  of  it  red  maggots,  swimming 
m  a  labouring  and  contortile  motion,  which  after  leaving  % 

case  behind  them,  turn  into  gnats  and  ascend  aboYe^ 

the  water. 

"When  the  red  worm  tends  to  transformation,  it  seems  to 
acquire  a  new  case,  and  continues  most  at  the  sur&ce  of  ^ 
water ;  two  motions  are  observable,  the  one  of  the  red  worm 
by  a  strong  and  laborious  contortion,  the  other,  a  little  before 
it  comes  to  a  gnat,  and  that  is  by  jaculation  or  sudden  springs 


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COMMON  PLACE   BOOKS.  383 

which  if  it  use  not,  it  ariseth  to  the  surface,  and  soon  affeer 
ariseth  into  a  gnat. 

Little  red  worms  and  less  than  threads  are  found  in  great 
numbers  in  ditches  and  muddy  places,  where  the  water  is 
ahnost  forsaken ;  whereof  having  taken  a  large  number  in- 
cluded in  a  glass,  they  would  stir  and  move  continually  in 
Mr  weather  like  eels,  pulling  some  part  of  their  bodies  above 
the  mud,  and  upon  the  least  touch  o^the  glass  would  all  dis- 
appear and  contract  iuto  the  mud.  They  lived  that  remain- 
ing part  of  summer,  and  after  a  hard  winter  showed  them- 
Belves  again  in  the  succeeding  summer.  Therein  I  observed 
two  things,  the  exquisite  sense  and  vivacity  of  these  imper- 
fect animals,  which  extended  imto  two  years. 

All  solid  bodies  are  rendered  liquid  before  they  are  quali- 
fied for  nutriment ;  and  the  solidest  bodies  seem  to  be  sus- 
tained by  the  thin  bodies  of  waters,  as  is  very  remarkable  in 
trees,  especially  oak,  and  birch,  and  sycamore,  wherein  the 
nutriment  ascendeth  in  a  mere  bodj^  of  water,  as  by  wounding 
them  at  the  spring  is  very  discernible. 

Thus  we  also  observe  that  plants  will  be  nourished  long 
in  rain  water,  as  is  very  observable  in  mint,  basil,  and  other 
plants,  which  being  cropped,  will  shoot  out  roots,  which  will 
augment  them  by  mere  attraction  of  watery  nutriment. 

Whether  the  quantities  of  plants  may  not  this  way  be 
aensihly  altered  deserves  experiment;  whether  the  liquor 
impregnated  with  colours  may  not  communicate  the  same 
upon  necessity  of  this  single  aliment ;  whether  smells  may 
not  be  impressed ;  whether  when  it  purges  corrected,  and 
purgative  qualities  imbibed. 

Mothers  answer,mint  and  basil,  though  theysprout  largely, 
yet  they  will  hardly  afford  flowers,  much  less  seed ; — senecio, 
OP  groundswell,  seems  best  to  promise  it. 

woundswell,  put  into  water  in  December,  lived,  was 
frozen  in  January,  sent  forth  flowers  in  the  end  of  Tebruary, 
flowered  and  vanished  in  the  beginning  of  May. 

Bulbous  roots,  once  shot,  will  flower  there,  and  no  wonder 
therein,  for  some  wiU  flower  being  hung  up,  having  a  suffi- 
cient stock  of  moisture  for  flowers  that  are  precocious. 

Plants  will  not  only  grow  in  the  summer,  but  also  in  the 
TOiter  if  they  be  such  as  then  continue  green,  as  scurvy 
gW88  and  groundswell.     They  will  hold  best  which  are  put 


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884  EXTBACTS    TBOM 

into  the  water  with  their  roots,  otherwise  they  will  either 
not  shoot  them  forth  in  the  winter,  or  be  long  about  it ;  aa 
we  tried  in  scurvy  grass.  £ue  stood  almost  three  months, 
without  putting  any  roots  forth,  fresh  and  verdant ;  spui^e 
stood  'well  with  the  root,  as  chamomile,  and  featherfew, 
and  parsley.  Mint  and  scordium,  put  in  about  July,  stood 
and  grew  all  summer,  shot  plentiful  roots,  from  whence  came 
fresh  sprouts  out  of  the  glass  when  the  other  decayed,  and 
some  now  stand  under  water,  Feb.  17.  Mint  grew  up  in 
seyeral  branches  in  April,  and  now  groweth,  June  28.  Mint, 
set  in  water  in  May,  grew  up,  and  seemed  to  die,  but 
sprouted  again  about  October,  stood  all  winter,  and  grew  up 
in  many  branches  the  next  spring. 

Bue,  set  in  October,  without  shooting  any  roots,  grew 
about  two  inches  in  the  winter,  shot  forth  above  forty  roots 
in  the  spring,  and  grew  much  all  the  summer,  flowered  July 
and  August. 

Scurvy  grass  grew  all  winter,  flowered  in  the  spring,  but 
seeded  not,  other  put  in  in  February,  near  to  flower,  shot 
roots,  flowered  and  seeded  in  May,  and  shot  new  leaves 
under  water. 

Try  how  they  will  thrive  in  aqua  vitsB,  wine,  vinegar,  oil, 
salt  water. 

Many  were  put  in,  none  grew  or  thrived,  but  suddenl  v 
decayed  in  aqua  vitae,  wine,  vinegar,  salt  water ;  oil  draweth 
not  at  all,  and  so  it  dieth. 

Mint  would  not  grow  in  water  and  sugar,  nor  in  strong  rose 
water,  but,  imto  two  ounces  of  water  adding  but  two  or  three 
spoonfuls,  it  thrived  and  acquired  a  richer  smell.  Seeds  of 
plants  which  seed  in  the  water  of  glasses,  prove  fruitful,  as 
tried  in  those  of  scurvy  and  spurge,  which  now  grow  at  the 
spring,  being  sowed  about  September  before. 

Asarum  which  had  stood  about  two  years  in  water,  and 
twice  cast  the  leaves ;  of  these  the  leaves  given  maintained 
their  vomitive  quality. 

How  little,  beside  water  alone,  will  support  or  maintain 
the  growth  of  plants,  beside  the  experiment  of  Helmont  we 
have  seen  in  some  which  have  lived  six  years  in  glasses ;  and 
asarum  which  grew  two  years  in  water  and  lived ;  cast  the 
leaves,  maintained  its  vomiting  quality. 

Fertile  seeds  sink,  but  when  they  germinate  they  rise  up 


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COMHOir  PLAGE  BOOKS.  385 

and  come  up  to  the  top  of  the  water,  for  then  the  seed  fer- 
ments and  swells,  and  breaks  the  closure  or  covering. 

The  seed  of  an  almond  or  plum,  at  first  when  it  is  hollow 
and  windy  swimmeth,  afterwards  sinketh,  jet  take  out  the 
•nib  and  it  sinketh. 

In  bay  leaves  commonly  used  at  funerals,  we  unknowingly 
hold  in  our  hands  a  singular  emblem  of  the  resurrection ;  for 
the  leaves  that  seem  dead  and  dry,  will  revive  into  a  perfect 
green,  if  their  root  be  not  withered ;  as  is  observable  in  bay 
trees  after  hard  winters,  in  many  leaves  half,  in  some  almost 
wholly  withered,  wherein  though  the  alimental  and  aqueous 
juice  be  exhausted,  the  radical  and  balsamical  humour  remain- 
ing, though  in  a  slender  quantity,  is  able  to.  refresh  itself 
again ;  the  like  we  have  observed  in  dead  and  withered  furze. 

[On  Tobacco.'] 

A1.THOUOH  of  ordinary  use  in  physic,  the  anatomy  of  to- 
bacco isL  not  discovered,  nor  hath  Hoffhianus  in  his  work  of 
thirty  years  relieved  us.  That  which  comes  fermented  and 
dyed  unto  us  affords  no  distinct  account,  in  regard  it  is  in- 
fected with  a  decoction  or  lixivium,  which  is  diverse  accord- 
ing to  different  places,  and  some  ascend  no  higher  than 
urine.  Adulterations  proceed  further,  adding  euphorbium 
or  pepper,  and  some  do  innocently  temper  it  with  gum  of 
guaiaeum. 

The  herb  simply  in  itself  and  green  or  dried,  is  but  flat, 
nor  will  it  hold  fire  well  upon  ordinary  exsiccation.  Other 
plants  are  taken  in  the  pipe,  but  they  want  quickness  and 

hold  not  fire,  only  prick  and  draw by  their  fuligo, 

which  all  smoke  will  do ;  and  probably  other  herbs  might  be 
made  quick  and  fire  well,  if  prepared  the  same  way,  that 
is  by  fermentation,  for  in  that  alteration  the  body  is  opened, 
the  fixed  parts  attenuated  by  the  spirit,  the  oilv  pairts  dif- 
fused and  the  salt  raised  m>m  the  earthly  bed  wherein  it 
naturally  lieth  obscure  and  heavy. 

It  containeth  three  eminent  qualities,  sudorific,  narcotic, 
and  purgative ;  from  the  subtle  spirits  and  fiying  salt,  sweat 
seems  to  proceed,  for  the  ashes  wiU  not  do  it.  The  narcotic 
depends  on  the  humor  impurw  ;  for  the  vapour  thereof  con- 
tains it,  and  the  burnt  part  loseth  it,  as  in  opium.  Poppy 
seeds  dried  are  ineffectual,  and  the  green  heads  work  most 

TOXi.  m,  2  c 


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986  SXTBACXS  PBOBC 

powerfiailj' ;  i^  same  is  obBefvaUe  m  tbe  nmndiehoM  rooi^ 
whicli  bemg  a  strozig  peaaon,  ia  hanKileas  hems  diiod.  l%e 
purgatiTe  quaUAj  l^h  in  the  nuddLa  pimcipky  wlaeli  goes 
not  away  by  a  gentle  heat ;  fov  the  wator  pnxgefcb  nefc^  1^ 
smoke  but  veiy  doubt^illy,  and  seldom  in  elyst^rs  of  tiie 
smoke  c^  ti»ee  c«  four  pipelols,  nor  in  the  salt  theiei^ 
neither  infiuieratioiQ,  but  in  the  middk  prizMspkfr  of  the 
nitrous  aalt^  and  svteh  parts  as  are  to  be  estraeted  hj  tbekoie, 
infosiony  or  daeoction^  whoae  actives  remain  in  the  xaoi- 
struttiB,  and  tharefore  that  which  is;  decocted,  and  aftar 
dried,  groiws  fiumt  in  the  purgatiTe  quaHty)  if  it  letumBik 

Of  tobaeeot  there  is  tli^  laale  and  female ;  the  male  ite 
best.    Yellow  rhubarb  is  c^ea  taken  for  the  true  plant. 

Tobaceo  maj  be*  made  or  ciired  without  a  ealda,  and  will 
ferment  and  grow  brown  long  laid  together,  and  hung  up 
will  grow  brown.  To  advance  the  same  the  caldo  may  be 
added  be^ne'  the  roUing  up,  for  then  it  will  have  a  quicker 
taste  and  sweeter  smell. 

The  leaves'  first  ripe  make  the  best  when  thej  grow  guQuay 
and  brittle ;  the j  must  be  ofb^i  cleared  of  the  sprouts  that 
grow  upon  the  same  st^n  and  the  hasekrM  \e^  out. 

To  make  the  best  tobacco,  these  to  be  taken,  and  of  tiie 
male ;  and  a  good  caldo  used,  and  kept  awhile,  tiB  tnne  digni 
remaining  crudities. 

[On  the  Ivy.} 

CoKCEBKiKO'  ivy  these  remarkable :— The  leaves  less  ia* 
dented,  scarce  angular  toward'  the  top ;  like  manj  faerhi 
which  ladniate  at  the  lower  leaves,  littie  at  ite  upper. 

It  bearelh  twice  a  year,  spring  and It  grovetii 

not  readily  about  every  tree;  most  abosit  oak,  ask,  ^ 
tiiom;  less  about  wich  hazel;  hardly  observed  about  fin, 
pine,  yew. 

Whether  it  will  not  ddight  about  trees  that  are  perpaftn* 
ally  green  may  be  inquired.  It  seldom  mseth  about  hottj 
or  not  to  great  bigness ;  the  perpetual  leafing  p^v^its  the 
arise  or  hindmog  the  growth  or  twisting. 

Whether  there  be  not  also  a  dissimiHtime  in  their  moticiBS, 
not  one  enduring  the  appro:dmation  of  t^e  other. 

That  they  foUccw  the  sun  in  their  windings  is  hard  to  sake 
<mt  upon  impartial  observaticm ;  hops  do  it  more  deaAjj 


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COMMON  PLACE  BOOKS.  387 

-whicli  notlmig  tumiiig  are  commonly  directed  that  way  by 
tlie  husbandman. 

Inquire  how  it  ariseth  from  the  primary  root. 

Try  whether  iyy  will  bear  when  cut  from  the  root ;  whether 
it  may  liave  Buffieieot  stock  remaining  for  once,  or  whether 
it  may  not  attract  somewhat  by  .the  cemi, 

lOn  tie  Fig  Tree.'] 

CoscEBirnf  a  tlie  fig  tree,  some  thingfiL  are  remarkable  from 
its  proper  nature ;  that  it  is  a  tree  of  pl^itiful  sap  and  milk 
diffused  throughout,  which  will  drojp  from  the  trunk  and 
blanches  if  seafioimbly  cut  at  the  spring. 

That  it  js  the  gens^ral  plant  foe  admission  a£  insitkni,  eaor 
gnftiog;  and  though  ndseitoe  s^dom  or  ne^er  groweth 
tlie^eaD^  yet  it  becomes  a  fit  stock  &£  most  plants. 

That,  it  was  the  coagulum  or  runnet  of  ihe  ancients, 
wherewith  tihey  turned  their  milk  and  made  cheese,  as  is  re- 
matikable  from  Aristotie  de  Animal,  and  iUustiat^s  that 
passage  is  Homer  and  Euri^ades,  and  might  frustrate  all  the 
1UB6  of  o4^r  herbs  and  hath  its  name  from  thence  and 
which  we  find  so  great  e£Mi ;  and  might  therefore  be  medi- 
cally used  in  the  p^ce  of  colsguLum,  wbidi  haviog  that  virtue 
may  serve  for  diaaolution.  of  Uood  coagulal^. 

That  they  have  fruits  without  any  flower,  as  jessamine 
flowers  without  fruit  or  seeds  ;  that  these  are  the  forerunners 
of  fridt  the  yearfaliowing,  and  stay  in  buttons  all  the  wintar, 
making  figs  the  year  after. 

Of  tiliis  two  psEftbles,  remarkable  in  the  Seripture. 

Coised  fin*  barrenness,  as  being  less  tolerable  in  that  tree 
tium  any,  which  is  the  stock  of  aU  other  trees,  and  therefore 
mare  considerable  that  nothing  grew  upon  it,  on  whidi  dfi 
other  trees  will  grow,  and  in  this  consuieiation  probably  the 
phalhu  OT  virile  neuter  and  l^e  image  of  PiiapuB  the  god  of 
f^nrtility  and  semblance  of  fecimdation  was  formed  out  of  a 
fig  tree.  And  whetiier  in  the  Hebrew  notation  there  be 
any  natmnd  fertility  iti^lied^  "vdnlst  we  find  it  from  a  woaxl 
tiiat  stgnifieth  twins  and  plyral  generations,  may  admit  of 
coDflddexataon. 

Hiat  our  first  parents  eovered  their  secret  parts  with  fig- 
leaves,  which  tree  was  after  sacred  unto  Eriapos,  I  shall  not 
deduce  upon  genteel  imagination. 

2c2 


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DOMESTIC  CORRESPONDENCE. 


The  earliest  specimens  of  Sir  Thomas  Browne's  familj 
eorrespondence,  which  have  been  discovered,  are  his  letten 
to  his  younger  son  Thomas,  while  in  !France;  of  which  the 
following,  preserved  in  No.  391  of  the  Bawlinson  CollectioE 
of  MSS.,  at  the  Bodleian  Library,  Oxford,  seem  to  have  been 
transcripts  by  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Lyttelton,  his  daughter.  The 
series  is  entitled,  Letters  offMf  Father's  which  he  writ  to  mff 
Brother  Thomas  when  he  went  into  France^  a^  14  years  ofag^S 
1660.  I  have  not  thought  proper  to  alter  the  spelfing  of 
these  letters ;  but  would  observe  that  its  feultiness  must 
not  be  charged  on  Sir  Thomas.  He  wrote  so  illegibly  (m 
those  are  well  aware  who  have  been  fated  to  decypherhis 
hieroglyphics)  that  his  orthography  was  left  at  the  mercy  of 
the  copyist,  who,  in  the  present  case,  seems  not  to  have 
been  remarkably  skilled  in  that  accomplishment. 


Dr.  Brotvne  to  his  son  Thomas. — Deer.  22,  Norwich, 

HoKBST  Tom, — I  hope  by  God's  assistance  you  have  been 
some  weeks  in  Bourdeauz.  I  was  yesterday  at  Yarmouth 
where  I  spoke  with  your  uncle  Charles  Mileham  who  told 
me  Mr.  Dade  would  accommodate  you  with  what  moneys 
were  fitting  for  defray  of  your  charges  in  any  kind,  and 
therefore  would  not  have  mee  at  present  send  you  any  hill 
to  receive  any  particulai^  summ,  but  however  when  I  hear 
from  you  I  win  take  care  for  such  a  bill  to  be  sent  to  Mr. 
Dade  to  whom  in  the  mean  time  present  my  true  respects 
and  service  and  be  sure  to  be  observant  of  what  he  shall  ad- 
vise you ;  be  as  good  a  husband  as  possible  and  enter  not 
npon  any  cours  of  superfluous  expences;  be  not  ddected 
and  malencholy  because  you  can  yet  have  litle  comfort  in 
conversation,  aud  all  things  will  seem  strange  unto  yon. 


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1660.]  DOMESTIC  COBEESFOKDEKCS.  889 

Semember  tbe  camells  back  and  be  not  troubled  for  anj 
thing  that  other  ways  would,  trouble  your  patience  here, 
be  courteous  and  civil  to  all,  put  on  a  decent  boldness  and 
avoid  pudar  nnHcw,  not  much  known  in  France.  Hold 
£nn  to  the  Protestant  religion  and  be  diligent  in  going  to 
church  when  you  have  any  litle  knowledge  of  the  language* 
God  will  accept  of  your  desires  to  serve  him  in  his  publick 
worship  tho  you  cannot  make  it  out  to  your  desires ;  be  con- 
stant not  negligent  in  your  dayly  private  prayers,  and  ha- 
bituate your  heart  in  your  tender  days  unto  the  fear  and 
reverence  of  God.  It  were  good  you  had  a  map  of  Prance 
that  you  might  not  be  unacquainted  with  the  several  parts, 
and  to  resort  unto  upon  occasion  for  your  information; 
view  and  understan^d  all  notable  buildings  and  places  in 
Bourdeaux  or  near  it,  and  take  a  draught  thereof,  as  also 
the  roind  Amphitheatre,  but  these  at  your  leisure.  There 
is  I  think  a  book  in  french  calld  Les  Monuments  or  les  An^ 
tiquites  de  Bau/rdeava,  enquire  of  the  same ;  read  some  books 
of  french  and  latin,  for  1  would  by  no  means  you  should 
loose  your  latin  but  rather  gain  more. 

IS&ol  comes  not  home  this  Xtmas^  I  shall  God  willing 
remember  your  new  years  gift.  Give  me  an  account  of  your 
voyage  by  sea  as  perticuler  as  you  can,  for  I  doubt  you  had 
a  rough  passage ;  be  temperate  in  dyet  and  wary  to  over 
beat  yourself;  remember  to  com^emere  et  nan  extender e 
Idbra,  To  GM's  providence  I  commit  you.  I  have  sent  a 
Httle  box  by  this  ship. — ^Vostre  tres  chere  Pere, 

Tho:  Beowkb. 


Dr,  Broume  to  his  son  Thomas, — Jan,  31,  Norwich^  [1660-1.] 

HoKEST  Tom, — I  was  glad  to  receive  your  letter,  where 
you  gave  a  good  account  t)f  vour  voyage ;  take  notice  of  all 
things  remarkable,  which  will  be  pleasant  unto  you  hereafter ; 
if  jou  goe  to  Saintes  you  may  better  learn  the  languadge 
and  I  think  there  is  a  Protestant  church ;  be  as  good  an 
huBband  as  you  can;  to  write  and  cast  account  will  be 
necesairie ;  for   either  singing  painting  or  dancing  if  you 

>  From  Cambridge  where  he  then  was,  at  Trinity  College. 

Digitized  by  CjOOQI^ 


890  9Dia»i*io  cooBXBBtojuxEmcR.  [1660. 

leamleFfc  tt  be  but  for  a  while;  psuxtiiig  wffl  bemoat  ua^oH 
if  jou  kacn  to  dnnr  kndskips  or  buildSngs,  tbe  oilier  takes 
up  modi  time  and  jaar  ovm  prirate  pmc&e  will  au&»entlj 
advantage  jou.  I  would  be  gkd  you  had  a  gpod  Jifladsome 
garb  of  your  body,  which  you  will  observe  in  most  there, 
anduu^  quiekly  leamif  you  cast  oipudor  rutHetu,  and  take 
up  a  eommendablB  boUneBs  without  whidi  you  will  never 
be  fit  fi>r  auythiug  nor  able  to  show  the  good  pMcts  whidi 
God  has  |iven  you.  I  wouLL  think  it  very  hapjpy  if  you  had 
more  Latin,  and  therefore  advantage  yourself  tiiflfc  way  if 
possible ;  one  way  beside  learning  from  others  will  be  to  void 
tiie  flcnntore  or  ehapteis  thereof  dayly  in  &eneh.  and  Xiatin 
and  to  look  ofben  upon  tiie  grammars  in  botii  langBagBS. 
Since  vou  went,  there  was  a  little  box  with  ^  knives  a^  a 
pair  ofgloves,  &c.  in  it  whidi  I  hope  you  leo^ved.  Com- 
mend  my  humble  service  and  respects  to  Mr.  Bade  and 
when  you  send  unto  him  acknowledge  your  oblig^ons  to 
him,  and  how  indusizious  you  will  be  in  all  retoms  of  gia> 
titnde  which  dliall  ever  fim  within  your  power.  8it  Joseph 
Pain^  writes  often  to  Mr.  Dade.  Some  riseings  tifteze  hwre 
been  in  London  of  theJAnabaptjata,  fifib  Monaraie  men  and 
others,  but  soon  auppresd  and  13  exoeuted.  Upon  ilw 
Sjng'aletter  5  o{  our  Aldermen  were  put  <xt  wbidi  had 
got  in  in  the  lauipors  time  in  other  mass  j^beee,  Andrews, 
Allen,  Davie,  Ashwell,  &c.  Yesterday  was  an  Jammiliatien 
and  &at  kept  to  divert  the  judgments  of  6od  upon  us  and 
oitr  posteritie  for  the  abcwiinaUe  mnrtd&er  of  ^iwg  (^laclea 
the  first  and  is  by  act  of  Parliment  to  be  kept  yearly  on 
that  day  for  ever.  Ned  is  at  Cambridge.  Nanqy  still  in 
London.  God's  merdfull  providence  guide  and  protect  you. 
•^Your  everdoveing'&their,  ThosUlS  JBbowss. 


!Dr,iBnmmetohisson lOmmm— March  10, tiyh.vet.  [1660-1.] 

HoiSBip?  Tom, — I  presume  you  are  hj  tins  time  at  Xaintes. 
if  you  live  with  an.apotheoaarie  you  may  get  some  good  by 
observing  the  drugs  and  practise  which  w^  be  noe  burden 
and  may.Bomewhat  help  you  in  latin ;  I  would  be  at  aooie 
reasonable  charge  if  any  young  man  would  assist  you  and 
»  Of  Norwich. 


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1661.]  ^oifaaTio  oosaicBrcmDiiarcs.  801 

teach  you  fx^nch  aad  ]i^  dayly  as  they  are  to  be  found 
eommonly;  you  are  not  only  to  leazn  to  aniclerataiid  tad, 
speak  mDch  but  to  write  it  which  must  be  dun  by  praietise 
aad  obflKnratfton  because  tiiey  write  and  speak  differently^ 
and  in  what  you  write  in  Xbglish,  observe  fixe  points  and 
daiie  your  kttera.  Write  whether  you  like  the  ^ace  and 
htm  kmgi&age  goes  down  with  you,  be  not  femuU  but 
adTenture  to  «peak  what  you  can  Ibr  you  Bare  known  a 
fitneo^r  aad  they  will  bear  with  you,  put  on  a  deaent  bold- 
nesB  and  leant  a  good  goib  of  body,  be  carefiill  you  loose  not 
soxh.  books  or  papers  wherein  you  take  notes  or  dra^^ts* 
iLetr  nothing  disoontent  or  diiirtnirb  you,  trust  in  €kid  to 
retmn  you  safe  to  ua ;.  by  this  time  ycm  may  attempt  to  hear 
the  PioteBtant  pveffichers ;  lire  soberl]^  and  temp^»tely,  tiie 
heat  of  that  pkee  will  otherwise  mischief  joa  and  keep 
within  in  the  heat  of  the  day.  Mr.  Bmidish  is  <xr  was  Mr. 
Johnaon^s  prentiDe  of  Yatmouth,  lives  at  Eochelle.  I  will 
get  Mr.  Jofanaon  to  write  unto  him  about  you ;  my  respects 
and  aerrioe  to  Mr.  Dade.  I  TeceiYod  a  letter  about  B 
weeks  agoe  from  you.  The  Amphitheatre  of  Bourdeaux  was 
buiit  by  the  emperor  GaUienus  whose  ooyns  you  hareaeen, 
there  is  one  also  at  Perigeaux  in  Ferigort  a  neighbour  pro- 
vince ;  you  live  upon  the  river  Oharante  within  the  oompass 
of  1^  old  Skij^h  possessions  which  was  from  the  Pyrraiean 
hills  unto  the  river  La  Gharante,  to  the  mouth  whereof 
Cognac  wines  are  brought  down,  which  we  drink  in  summer, 
l^nquient  crrill  company.  God  bless  thee.— Vostre  tres 
ehere  pere,  -  T.  Beowits. 


J)r.  JBrowm  to  kuson  3^<MMg,-^JpnU  22,  MrwkA,  [1661.] 

HoHSST  ToK, — I  h<^  by  this  tune  thou  art  got  soime*» 
what  beyond  jaiaitt  il,  and  ouy  Mmueur^  and  durst  ask  a 
question  and  give  an  aaiswer  in  &endi,  and  therefore  now  I 
hope  you  goe  to  the  Protestant  Church  to  which  you  must 
not  be  backward,  for  tho  tiiere  church  ord^  and  discipline 
be  differant  from  ours,  yet  they  agree  with  us  in  doctrine 
and  the  main  of  religion.  Endeavour  to  write  frendi ;  that 
will  teaoh  you  to  un&rstand  it  well,  you  should  have  aigni* 
iied  the  apoticary's  .name  with  whom  you  dwell,  in  such  a 


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S92  POICESTIC  OOEBEBPOKBXKCE.  [1661. 

place  you  may  see  the  drugs  and  remember  tbem  all  your 
me.  I  received  your  letter  and  like  your  descriptioa  of  the 
place,  both  the  Komans  and  English  hare  lived  there ;  the 
name  of  Santonna  now  Xaintes  is  in  the  geographie  of 
Ftolemie  who  lived  under  Antoninus,  as  also  Porto  Santonicm 
where  Bochelle  stands,  and  Promontorium  Santonicum  where 
now  Bloys.  My  coyns  are  encreased  since  you  went  I  had 
60  Coynes  of  King  Stephen  found  in  a  grave  before  Christ- 
mas, 60  Eoman  silver  coyns  I  bought  a  month  agoe,  and  Sir 
Sobert  Paston  will  send  me  his  box  of  Saxon  and  Boman 
€oyn8  next  week,  which  are  about  thirtie,  so  that  I  woiild 
not  buy  any  there  except  some  few  choice  ones  whieh  I 
have  not  already ;  but  you  doe  very  well  to  see  ail  such 
things,  some  likely  have  collections  which  they  will  in 
courtesie  show,  as  also  urns  and  lachiimatories :  any  Mend 
will  help  you  to  a  sight  thereof,  for  they  are  not  nice  in 
such  thmgs.  I  should  be  content  you  should  see  EocheUe, 
and  the  Isle  of  Bhee  salt  works  are  not  far  from  you,  for  the 
sommer  will  be  too  hot  to  travail  and  I  would  have  yon 
warv  to  expose  yourself  then  to  heats,  but  to  keep  quiet  and 
in  shades.  Write  some  times  to  Mr.  Dade  civil  fetters  with 
my  service.  I  send  at  this  time  by  Eochelle  whither  the 
smps  wiU  be  passing  from  Yarmouth  for  salt.  Point  your 
letters  hereafter,  I  mean  the  ends  of  sentences.  Christ 
church^  is  in  a  good  condition  much  frequented,  and  they 
have  a  sweet  organ ;  on  Tuesday  next  is  the  Coronation 
day  when  Mr.  Bradford  preacheth ;  it  will  be  observed  with 
great  solemnity  especially  at  London :  a  new  Parliament  on 
the  8th  of  May  and  there  is  a  very  good  choice  almost  in  all 
places.  Cory  the  Eecorder,  and  Mr.  Jay,  2  Boyallists  gained 
it  here  against  all  opposition  that  could  possibly  bee  made; 
the  voyces  in  this  number,  Jaye  107Q,  Corie  1001,  Bamham 
662,  Church  436.  My  Lord  Bichaidson  and  Sir  Balph 
Hare  caiyed  it  in  the  county  without  opposition.  Lent  was 
observed  this  year  which  made  Yarmouth  and  fishermen 
rejoyce.  The  militia  is  settled  in  good  hands  through  all 
England,  besides  volunteer  troops  of  hors,  in  this  dtty 
CoUonell  Sir  Joseph  Pain,  Lieutenant  Coll.  Jay,  Major 
Bendish,  Captain  "W  iss,  Brigs,  Scottow,  2  voluntecnr  troops 
in  the  coimtry  under  Mri  Knivet  and  Sir  Horace  TownaenOr 
*  Norwich  Cathedral. 


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1661.]  DOMESTIC   COBEESPOKDBKCE.  393 

who  is  made  a  lord.  Grood  boy  doe  not  trouble  thyself  to 
send  us  any  thing,  either  wine  or  bacon.  I  would  have  sent 
money  by  ezchaiige,  but  Charles  Mileham  would  not  have 
me  send  any  certain  sum,  but  what  you  spend  shall  be  made 
good  by  him.  I  wish  some  person  would  direct  you  awhile 
lor  the  true  pronunciation  and  writeing  of  french,  by  noe 
means  forget  to  encrease  your  Latin,  be  patient  civfi  and 
debonair  imto  all,  be  temperate  and  stir  .litle  in  the  hot 
season :  by  the  books  sent  you  may  imderstand  most  that 
has  pasd  since  your  departure,  and  you  may  now  read  the 
french  Ghizets  which  come  out  weekly.  Yesterday  the  Dean 
preached  and  red  the  Liturgie  or  Common  prayer,  and  had 
a  comunion  at  Yarmouth  as  haveing  a  right  to  doe  so  some 
times,  both  at  St  Marys  the  great  church  at  Lynn  and  St 
Nicholas  church  at  Yarmouth  a»  he  is  Dean.  It  is  thought 
by  degrees  most  wiU  come  to  conformitie.  There  are  great 
preparitions  against  to-morrow  the  Coronation  day,  the 
County  hors  came  hither  to  joyn  the  Eegiment  of  foot  of 
this  citty,  a  feast  at  the  new  hall,  generall  contributions  for 
a  feast  for  the  poor,  which  they  say  will  be  in  the  market 
place,  long  and  solemn  service  at  Christ  Church  beginning 
at  8  a  Clock  and  with  a  sermon  ending  at  twelve.  Masts 
of  ships  and  long  stageing  poles  already  set  up  for  becon 
bonfires,  speeches  and  a  little  play  by  the  stroUers  in  the 
market-place  an  other  by  young  Cityzens  at  Timber  Hill  on 
a  stage,  Cromwell  hangd  and  burnt  every  where,  whose 
head  is  now  upon  "Westminster  hall,  together  with  L^ton 
and  Bradshows.  Have  the  love  and  fear  of  God  ever  before 
thine  eyes ;  God  confirm  your  faith  in  Christ  and  that  you 
may  live  accordingly,  Je  vous  recommende  a  Dieu.  K  you 
meet  with  any  pretty  insects  of  an[y]  kind  keep  them  in  a 
box,  if  you  can  send  les  Antiquites  de  Bourdeaux  by  any 
ship,  it  may  come  safe. 

{No  Signatwre.) 


Dr.  Braume  to  his  son  Thomas, — Norwich,  June  24,  [1661.} 

HomssT  Tom, — ^I  received  yours  dated  in  May,  God  con- 
tinue thy  health,  no  ships  yet  going  for  Bochelle  or  BoardeauXy 
I  cannot  send  an  other  box,  I  hope  you  have  received  the 


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9M  DOMXSTIC  C0&]ISSB0SB3SKC£.  [1$6L 

bet,  be  as  good  an  huBband  iia  poasilde ;  when  ihe  next  diip 
^o^tii  you  ^lall  have  suieh  thmga  fi?om  year  motih^  as  are 
^leaired.  Practise  to  wnte  firaidi  aiidtuznktitin  into,  freoeh, 
be  bold  and  adveotrous  now  to  speak ;  and  direet  joorsdf 
by  graauiiar  eq^ecaaJly  for  the  moods  and  tenaes,  now  j<« 
have  leisoze  obwrfe  the  manner  of  the  £reiidi  ooorta,  wsk 
pleading  if  tibere  be  any  court  in  Xaintes.  We  wsntei  yea 
at  the  &uild  (where  neither  was  If ed) ;  Mr.  Oedbom  SiliayQR 
and  we  were  engaged  in  hanging  onr  house,  which  was  dan 
to  purpose.  N^  is  at  Cambrid^,  Nana^^  we  expect  in  July 
about  the  aoEoses.  Ey  this  time  the  ships  are  g<m  to  eon- 
Tey  hither^  Donna  Oathara,  inj&uota  of  Fartugall  ike  kings 
sist^  who  is  to  be  our  queen ;  the  Ikiglish  are  unwiUing  to 
part  with  Dunkirk  and  JamaLcaand  wre  about  60Q0  soidr 
diers  in  Dunkirk,  so  tiliat  we  doubt  how  the  Spaziiaids  nill 
take  it ;  you  may  find  such  news  in  the  &en<^  Gauets  if 
ihey  oome  to  your  town.  A  parliment  is  now  setting  and 
a  convocation  of  tiie  Gleorg^  made  up  of  all  tiie  bi^opa, 
deans,  archdeacons,  and  a  minister  diosen  o«it  of  every 
county  by  the  deigie  thereof;  the  Bishops  are  voted  to 
set  again  in  the  house  of  Peers  or  Lords,  tl^  house  of  Com- 
mons received  ike  Sacrament  1^  the  book  of  Ooflunon 
Prayers  or  liturgie  in  Westminst^  church.  In  Norwidi 
the  Court  of  Aldannen  and  Common  Gouncell  have  made  a 
law  to  resort  to  the  Gathedrall  every  Sunday,  aad  to  be  not 
only  at  sermon  but  at  prayers,  winch  they  observe ;  these 
small  things  I  write  that  you  might  not  be  totsdly  ignonnt 
how  affairs  goe  at  home.  Thy  writeing  is  much  mended,  init 
you  still  forget  to  make  points.  I  have  paid  the  bill  drava 
Dy  Mr.  Dade  upon  Charles.  Pray  present  my  true  re^^ects 
to  him.  Eemember  what  is  never  to  be  forgot,  to  mewe  and 
honour  God.  I  should  be  very  glad  you  would  get  a  hand- 
•some  garb  and  gate.  Your  mother  and  all  send  their  good 
wishes,     I  rest  your  ever  loveing  father, 

Tho.  BBOWira. 

*  Ttke  kii^  had  rec«itiy,  ia  his  opening  ipeecfa  to  the  BuiaunM^ 
May  8,  1661,  adverted  to  his  treaty  of  marriage  with  the  Infimta  of 
Portugal,  and  intimated  his  intention  of  sending  his  fleet  to  bring  ber 
ovet.  '  He  also  spoke  of  the  cession  of  Dunkirk  and  Jamaica — as  objecto 
Iflcaly  to  be  contended  for  by  Spain,  in  tbe  ^ventof  tbeBaonii^takiii? 
p}aee. 


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IfifiL]  DOMB0TIC  OOBXBfifOimiBirClB.  395 


Dr,  Browne  to  Ms  son  13wm9.—Normeh^  Mv,  1,  [1661.] 

Hottest  Toii^--tI  hope  byl^  time  you  hsfe  zeeeiTed  the 
box  mstd  books  flent  by  the  french  ship  which  came  to  Tar- 
moath  and  returned  to  Eochelle.  I  should  be  glad  to  hear 
of  youp  health  for  I  know  the  country  where  you  are  is  very 
si<ify,  aa  oure  is  heer.  GtoA  of  his  mercy  preserre  you  and 
return  you  safe.  Except  you  desire  to  return  by  sea,  I  would 
be  at  the  charge  of  your  return  by  EariB  in  tlye  spring,  ob- 
serve the  manner  of  trade,  how  they  make  wine  and  vinegar, 
by  that  we  call  the  rape,  which  is  the  husks  and  trtalks  of 
the  grape,  and  how  they  prepare  it  &t  that  use.  Commend 
me  kindly  to  Mr.  Dade  and  Mr.  Bendish.  Bead  books 
which  are  in  french  and  Latin,  for  bo  you  may  retain  and 
increase  your  knowledge  in  Latin :  some  times  draw  and 
Emn  and  practise  perspective.  "We  hear  the  Protestants  in 
Prance  are  but  hardly  used,  noe  doubt  the  king  will  be 
carefiill  to  keep  them  low  haveing  had  experience  of  their 
strength.  However  serve  God  faybhfuUy  and  be  constant 
to  your  religion.  The  Parliment  adjourned  last  August 
sets  9g8m  an  the  20th  of  November,  iHien  they  wiU  publish 
a  strict  act  for  uniformitie  in  the  Church.  Our  bishop 
Dr.  fieynolds  my  loveing  Mend  hath  been  in  Norwich  these 
dmonthB;  he  preacheth  often  and  comes  oon«tnn%  to 
Ofafist  chun^  on  Sunday  mornings  at  tlie  b^inning  of 
pmyera,  about  which  time  the  aldermen  also  come,  he 
(sitteth  in  his  seat  against  the  pulpit,  handsomdy  built  up 
and  in  his  episoc^all  vestments,  and  prondunoeth  ike  Bless* 
mg  &r  ii&e  Peaee  of  God,  &i,  at  the  end :  where  there  is 
commonly  a  very  numerous  congiegation  and  on  exoeUent 
sermon  by  some  preacher  of  the  Combination,  appointed  out 
of  Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  the  one  for  winterise  o^er  for  som- 
mer.  The  bishops  set  igain  in  ^e  house  of  Lords  and  our 
bishop  is  goeiag  t^iither.  My  Lord  Townsemd  is  made 
Idv  lieutenant  cf  Norfolk  and  hath  the  power  txf  all  the 
militia,  which  hath  trained  by  regiments  in  severall  ports  of 
the  country.  Sir  Joseph  Pain  our  CoUonell  trayned  our 
regiment  of  the  citty  last  week.  Be  temperate  and  sober 
in  the  whole  course  of  your  life,  ke^  noe  bad  or  uncivil! 
company,  be  courteous  and  humble  in  your  conversation, 


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896  DOMESTIC  COBBSSPOVBEKGS.  [166L 

still  shunning  ptidor  rtuticuSf  whicH  undoes  good  natures, 
and  practise  an  handsome  garb  and  civil  boldness  which  he 
that  leameth  not  in  France  trayaileth  in  vain.  Qod's  bless- 
ing be  upon  you.    I  rest  your  ever  loveing  father, 

ThO.  BBOlfBTE. 

Com  is  very  dear ;  the  best  wheat  4  or  5  and  forty  shillings 
the  comb,  which  is  4  bushells.  The  king  of  Portugal  resigns 
up  Tangere,  a  town  on  Afiick  side  in  Barbarie  in  the  midle 
or  the  streights  mouth,  whether  my  Ld.  of  Peterborough  is 
goeing  with  a  regiment  of  foot  and  2  troops  of  hors  to  take 
possession.  All  Parliment  money  must  oe  brought  in  to 
the  mint  and  coyned  with  the  king's  stamp  and  is  not  to  pas 
corrant  beyond  December  the  fist.  Tou  may  stay  your 
stomack  with  litle  pastys  some  times  in  cold  mornings,  for  I 
doubt  sea  larks  will  be  too  dear  a  collation  and  drawe  too 
much  wine  down ;  be  wane  for  Bochelle  was  a  place  of  too 
much  good  fellowship  and  a  very  drinking  town,  as  I  observed 
when  1  was  there,  more  than  other  parts  of  France. 


Dr.  Browne  to  hU  son  Tlumas.^-Jm.  4,  [1661-2.] 

Honest  Tom, — I  have  not  written  unto  you  since  Novem- 
ber because  1  thought  you  had  been  removed  from  Bochelle, 
but  now  understanding  you  are  still  there,  1  send  this  by  land 
with  my  good  wishes  and  prayers  unto  God  to  bless  you,  and 
direct  you  in  all  your  ways.  So  order  affiurs  that  when  you 
remove,  you  may  be  accomodated  with  money  when  you 
come  to  raris.  There  is  a  book  cald  Um  Antiquites  de  Farii 
which  will  direct  you  in  many  things,  what  to  look  after, 
that  litle  time  you  stay  there,  beside  you  m^  see  many 
good  new  buildings,  since  you  have  been,  at  Kochelle  you 
might  have  seen  the  Isle  of  £he,  and  salt  works  if  you  had 
any  opertunety.  Serve  God  and  honour  him  with  a  true 
sincere  heart,  your  old  Mend  Mr  Bradford  preacheth  to* 
morrow  at  Xt  church,  as  being  his  turn  in  the  Combinatioo, 
on  the  30  of  this  month  an  humiliation  is  to  be  kept  annually 
for  ever  by  act  of  Parliament,  in  order  to  the  expiation  of 
G^d's  judgments  upon  the  nation  for  the  horrid  murther  of 
King  Charles  the  mrst,  acted  upon  that  day.    1  sent  a  boi 


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1661.]  .    DOMESTIC  OOBBESPOiniEKOE.  397 

imto  you  by  a  ship  that  went  to  Eochelle  in  the  beginning 
of  November.  Your  mother  and  all  send  their  good  wishes. 
I  rest  your  loveing  father,  T.  B. 

Grod  bless  thee.  You  may  learn  handsom  songs  and 
aires  not  by  book  but  by  the  ear  as  you  shall  hear  them 
sung. 

Just  as  were  closing  up  the  box  I  now  send  you  I  received 
your  letter  and  box,  where  by  I  see  you  are  mindfiill  of  us 
and  are  not  idle.  You  may  surely  stay  safely  in  Eochelle 
being  strangers,  but  if  you  find  good  convenience  I  am  as 
willing  you  should  be  any  where  elce,  for  where  ere  you  are 
it  will  be  best  to  move  to  Paris  in  the  beginning  of  March, 
and  there  is  noe  citty  considerable  near  EocheUe  but  Nantes, 
where  you  will  be  upon  the  Loir,  on  which  many  good  cittys 
stand.  Be  ^ded  herein  by  advice  of  friends.  God  bless 
you.  By  this  time  I  hope  you  have  received  the  former  box 
I  sent  about  a  month  agoe.  1  wish  you  had  acquaintance 
with  some  Protestant  in  Nantes  ifyou  goe  thither  or  might 
be  recommended,  for  there  are  !miglish  also.  Your  ever 
loving  Mher,  T.  B. 


No  apology,  it  is  hoped,  need  be  ofiered  for  printing 
the  following  journal.  It  affords  us  a  pleasant  glimpse  of 
the  amusements  of  Norwich,  at  a  time  when  it  was  the  resi- 
dence of  a  nobleman  of  the  highest  rank,  who  appears  to 
have  associated  without  reserve  with  its  leading  families,  and 
to  have  made  it  his  study  to  promote  the  gaieties  of  the  place. 
Mr.  Edward  Browne's  own  participation  in  those  gaieties  is 
placed  in  most  amusing  contrast  with  his  more  professional 
occupations.  His  morning  dissections  and  prescriptions, 
relieved  by  his  evening  parties, — ^the  interest  he  evinces  in 
the  marvellous  powders  of  Dr.  de  Veau, — his  faith  in  a 
magical  cure  for  the  jaundice, — and  not  least,  the  gravity  of 
which  he  tells  of  "a  serpent  vomited  by  a  woman,"  which 
"she  had  unfortunately  burnt"  before  he  arrived  to  see 
it ; — ^all  these  afford  abondant  evidence,  that,  "  though  on 
pleasure  bent,"  he  was  keen  in  his  pursuit  of  knowledge, 
though  too  ready  to  believe  all  he  heard,  and  much  more  than 
he  saw. 


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.     [MS.  SLOAN.  KO.  1906.] 

Jaituabt  1  [16SS-4].  I  was  at  Mr.  Howard's,*  brother 
to  the  duke  of  Norfolk,  who  kept  Ins  Christmas  1^  yesr  a^ 
the  dnke^s  palace  in  Norwich,  so  magnifieentfy  as  me  like 
hath  scaree  oeen  seen.  They  had  dancmg  eyerj  night,  and 
gave  entertainments  to  all  that  wonld  come ;  hee  built  up  a 
roome  on  purpose  to  dance  in,  yery  large,  and  hung  wit^  the 
braTest  hAngmgs  I  erer  saw ;  his  candlestieksj  snuftfB, 
tongues,  fireshovels,  and  andirons,  were  silver ;  a  baaqnet 
was  giyen  every  night  after  dancing ;  and  three  coaches  were 
^npbjed  to  fetch  ladies  ererj  afternoon,  the  greatest  of 
which  would  holde  fourteen  persons,  and  coste  five  honored 
pound,  without  the  haraasse,  which  cost  six  score  more.  I 
nave  seen  of  his  pictures  ^ieh  are  admirable ;  hee  hath 
print^  and  draughts  done  by  most  of  the  great  masters'  own 
hands.  Stones  and  Jewells,  as  onyis,  sardenjxes^  jacinths, 
jaspers,  amethists,  &c.  more  and  better  than  any  prince  in 
Eiurope.  Binges  and  seals,  all  manner  of  stones  and  lim- 
mings  beyond  compare,  lliese  things  were  most  of  then 
collected  by  the  old  earl  of  Arundel,*  who  employed  his  agents 
in  most  places  to  buy  him  up  rarities,  but  especially  in 
Greece  and  Italy,  where  hee  might  probably  meet  with  things 
of  the  greatest  antiquity  and  curiosity. 

This  Mr.  Howard  hath  lately  bought  a  piece  of  groraid  of 
Mr.  Mingay,  in  Norwich,  by  the  water  side  in  Cunsford, 
which  hee  intends  for  a  place  of  walking  and  recreation, 
having  made  already  walkes  round  and  crosse  it,  forty  foot 
in  bredth ;  if  the  quadrangle  left  be  spacious  enough  hee  in- 
tends the  first  of  them  for  a  bowling  green,  the  tfird  for  a 
wildemesse,  and  the  forth  for  a  garden.*  These  andthe  Kke 
noble  things  he  performeth,  and  yet  hath  paid  100,000  pounds 
af  his  ancestors  debts. 

3  Henry,  aAerwuda  created  Lord  Howwd  o£  Gaetie  Biniig>  snbBe- 
qaenUy  Earl  of  Nmrwich  and  £arl  Marshal  of  England,  became,  on  the 
death  of  Ma  brother  Thomaa,  sixth  Duke  of  Norfolk.  He  was  the 
second  son  of  Heniy-Frederic,  and  grandson  of  Thomas  the  celebrated 
Earl  of  Anmdel,  whose  magnificent  c<^ection  of  marbles  he  afterward^ 
ai  the  snggestiDii;  of  ETelf%  pcesented  to  tiie  UniTersklj  of  Oxftid.  At 
the  same  time  he  presented  Ms  grand&ther's  library,  valaed  at  10,000£. 
to  the  Boyal  Society. 

*  Mr.  Howard's  grand&ther. 

*  Which  was  long  afterwards  called  '*  My  Lord's  Gardens," 


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January  2.  I  cat  up  a  bull's  heart  and  took  out  the 
bene,  &o, 

January  3.  I  heard  Mr.  Johnson  preach  at  Christchurch^ 
and  Mr.  T^9<m  at  St.  Luke's  chappell,  and  took  notice  that 
the  sun  rose  in  an  eliptieal  or  oval  figure,  not  round,  the 
diameter  was  parallel  to  the  horizon. 

Janoasy  4*  I  west  to  dinner  to  Mr.  Briggs,  where  there 
was  some  discourse  of  Drabitius'^  prophesy.  I  went  to 
Mr.  Howard^s  dancing  at  night ;  our  greatest  beautys  were 
Mdm.  Elizabeth  Cradock,  Eliz.  Houghton,  Ms.  Philpot, 
Ms.  Yallap;  afterwards  to  the  banquet,  and  so  home. — Sic 
iratuii  gloria  mtendi  ! 

January  5.  Tuesday,  I  dined  with  Mr.  Howard,  where 
wee  dranke  out  of  pure  golde,  and  had  the  music  all  the 
wbile,  with  the  like,  answerable  to  the  grandeur  of  [so]  noble 
a  person :  this  night  I  danc'd  with  him  too. 

January  6.  I  din'd  at  my  aunt  Bendish's,  and  made  an 
^id  at  Charismas,  at  the  duke'^s  ^ace,  with  dancing  at  nighi 
and  a  great  banquet.  His  gates  were  op^id,  and  such  a 
xnimber  of  pe^le  fioc^'d  in,  Siat  all  the  beere  they  could  set 
<Hit  in  the  strei^s  coold  net  divert  the  stream  of  the  multi- 
tudes, tiU  very  late  at  night. 

January  7.     I  opened  a  dog. 

January  8.  I  received  a  letter  fi*om  Sr.  Horden,  wherein 
liee  wrote  word  of  Mr.  Craven's  play,  which  was  to  bee 
acted  immediately  after  the  Epiphany. 

January  9.  Mr.  Osb<»ne  sent  my  father  a  calf,  whereof 
I  observed  the  knee  ioynt,  and  the  neat  articulation  of  the 

dbone  which  was  nwe  very  perfocfe  I  dissected  another 
L's  heart ;  I  took  of  the  oa  scuiiforme  anmilare  and  ariiw-^ 
naide  of  a  bullock.  This  day  Monsieur  Buttet,  which  playes 
most  admiral^  on  the  flagellet,  bagpipe,  and  sea  trumpet,  a 
las^  three  square  instrument  having  but  one  string,  came  to 
see  mee. 

January  10.    Mr.  Bradford  preached  at  Christchurch. 

January  11.  This  day  being  Mr.  Henry  Howard's  birth- 
day, wee  danc'd  at  Mr.  Howard's  till  2  of  the  clock  in  the 
momiDg. 

^  A  Moravian  Protestant  minister,  who  declared  hima^  inspired  in 
1638,  and  uttered  varions  propheciesi  which  were  printed  in  1654.  He 
was  at  length  arrested,  tried,  condemned^  and  beheaded  a^  Fresburg,  in 
1671. 


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January  12.     Gutting  up  a  turkey's  heart. 

A  munkey  hath  36  teeth  ;  24  molares,  4  eantni,  and  8  in* 
cisores, 

January  13.  This  day  I  met  Mr.  Howard  at  my  uncle 
Bendish's,  where  he  taught  me  to  play  at  Thombre,  a  Spanish 
game  at  cards. 

January  14.  A  munkey  hath  fourteen  ribs  on  each  side, 
and  hath  clavicles. 

Eadzivil  in  his  third  epistle^  relates  strange  storys  of 
diving  in  the  river  Nile. 

There  are  one  million  of  soelgers  to  guard  the  great  wall 
of  China,  which  extends  from  east  to  west  three,  hundred 
leagues :  author,  Belli  Tartariei  Martin  Martinius. 

January  15.     Wee  gat  a  boare's  bladder. 

I  took  out  the  bones  of  the  carpum  in  a  munkey's  fore- 
foot, which  were  in  number  ten. 

January  16.  Wee  had  to  dinner  a  weed  fish,  very  like  to 
an  haddock.  I  went  to  Mr.  Dye's,  where  I  saw  my  lady 
Ogle  and  her  daughter  Ms  Anne,  an  handsome  young 
woman :  afterwards,  with  Mr.  Alston,  I  went  to  see  Mr. 
Howard's  garden  in  Cunsford.  At  night  I  read  two  letters 
which  my  father  had  formerly  received  from  Island,  from 
Theodorus  Jonas,  minister  of  ffitterdale,  which  were  to  be 
sent  to  Gresham  CoUedge. 

January  17.  I  waited  upon  my  lady  Ogle,  Ms  Wind- 
ham, and  Ms  An.  Ogle,  to  Christchurch ;  mr,  Scambler  of 
Heigham  preached :  in  the  afternoon  I  heard  Mr.  Tofts  at 
St.  Michael's  of  Must  Paul.^  .  The  weather  is  extraordina- 
rily warme  for  this  season  of  the  year,  our  January  is  just 
like  April. 

January  18.  I  saw  Cornwall's  coUectiqn  of  cuts,  where 
I  met  with  some  masters  which  1  had  not  seen  before,  as 
QueUinus,  Hans  Sebalde,  Beham,  Petrus  Isaacs,  Breemburg» 
Blocklandt,  A.  Diepenbeck. 

January  20.  Tonambaus  would  sweeten  a  whole  pond 
with  sugar  and  cause  it  to  bee  drunk  drye. 

January  21.  I  shew'd  Dr.  de  Veau  about  the  town;  I 
sup'd  with  him  at  the  duke's  palace,  where  he  shewed  a 

^  Nicol.  Christ.  Radzivili  Hierosolymitana  Peregrinatio,  iv.  EpistoEs 
comprehenKa ;  fol.  Brunsbergse,  1601.    Id.  fol.  Antwerp.  1614. 
•  St.  Michael  ad  Placita,  or  at  Plea ;  see  Blomfidd, 


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powder  against  agues,  wliicli  was  to  bee  given  in  white  wine, 
to  the  quantity  of  3  grains.  He  related  to  mee  many  things 
concerning  the  duke  of  Norfolke  that  lives  at  Padua,  non 
compos  mentis?  and  of  his  travailes  in  Erance  and  Italy. 

January  22.  This  morning  I  went  to  Lowe's,  the  butcher, 
here  I  saw  a  sheep  cut  up.  Wee  eat  excellent  hung  beefe 
for  our  breakefast,  and  Mi,  Davie  gave  to  mee  and  Mr. 
Gkirdner  a  bottle  of  sack  aud  Benish  wine  after  it.  I  heard 
Dr.  de  Veau  play  excellently  on  the  gitterre,  and  Mr.  Shad- 
wel  on  the  lute.  Mr.  Gibbs  gave  mee  a  Muscovian  rat's  skin, 
the  tayle  smells  very  like  muske ;  the  servants  to  the  late 
Eussian  embassadors,  which  were  here  last  winter,  1662, 
brought  over  a  great  number  of  them,  and  sold  them  for 
shillings  a  piece  to  people  about  the  streets  in  London.  This 
day  two  fishermen  brought  a  mola  to  shore ;  wee  have  one 
of  them,  cateh'd  a  great  while  agoe,  in  our  house. 

January  23.  Don  Erancisco  de  Melo  came  from  London 
with  Mr.  Philip  Howard,^  the  queen's  confessour,  to  visit  his 
honour  Mr.  Henry  Howard ;  I  met  them  at  Ms  Deyes,  the 
next  day  in  Madam  Windham's  chamber. 

I  boyled  the  right  forefoot  of  a  munkey,  and  took  out  all 
the  bones,  which  I  keep  by  mee. 

In  a  putbone  the  unrortunate  casts  are  outward,  the  fortu*^ 
nate  inward. 

January  24.  Mr.  Wharton  preached  in  the  morning,  at 
Christohurch,  and  in  the  afternoon  at  St.  Peters.  This  day 
it  snowed  and  was  somewhat  colde,  but  for  a  longe  while 
before  wee  have  scarce  had  any  winter  weather, 

January  26.  I  went  to  Nwris  his  garden,  where  I  saw 
Aconitum  hyemale  in  flower,  which  is  yellow.  I  saw  a  little 
childe  in  an  ague  upon  which  Dr.  de  Veau  was  to  try  his 
febrifuge  powder,  but  the  ague  being  but  moderate  and  in 

•  Thomas,  fifth  Duke  of  Norfolk ;  eldest  son  of  Henry-Frederic,  Earl 
of  Arundel. '  He  was  attacked  with  a  distemper  of  the  bridn,  while  at 
Padua  with  his  grandfather,  the  celebrated  Earl  of  Arundel :  and  died 
on  the  continent,  in  1677.  He  had  been,  in  1664,  restored  to  all  the 
titles  of  his  ancestor  who  was  beheaded  in  1572. 

*  Third  grandson  of  the  great  Earl  of  Arundel.  While  on  the  conti  • 
nent  with  his  brothers  and  his  grandfather,  he  was  induced  by  a  Domi- 
nican to  turn  Catholic  and  to  join  that  order  :  he  became  Lord  Almoner 
to  Charles  the  Second's  Queen,  and  subsequently  received  a  cardinal's 
cap  from  Clement  X. 

VOL.  III.  2  n 


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the  deelen»<Hi9  it  was  thought  too  mean  a  disease  to  tij  the 
strength  and  efficacy  of  his  so  extolled  powder. 

Jannary  27.     My  cousin  Barker  came  from  Londoo. 

January  28.  I  went  to  the  hutchers  to  see  oxen  killd^ 
one  oxe  asA  his  omentum  growing  to  his  »de  (x  pentuimum 
all  along  by  the  spleen,  I  saw  the  ductus  virtstinfumus  out 
of  the  pancreas  into  the  duodenum.  I  saw  the  water  distaUed. 
At  night  wee  had  a  dancing  at  Mr.  Houghton's,  with  Mr. 
Henry  Howard,  his  brother  Mr.  Edward,  and  Don  Fraacifleo 
de  Melo,  wee  had  sixe  very  handsome  women,  Ms.  EL 
Houghton,  Ms.  El.  Crado^  Ms.  Fhilpot,  Ms.  Bulloi^, 
Ms.  Shadwell  and  Ms.  Tom  &ooke ;  wee  staid  at  it  till 
almost  four  in  the  morning. 

January  29.  I  cut  up  an  hare  wherein  I  could  find  no 
omentum.  At  night  I  saw  a  great  pke  opened.  A  munkey 
hath  six  veH^a  hmborwm^ 

January  90.  Mr.  Oill  preadied.  at  Christ  church  in  the 
morning.  A  magical  cure  for  the  jaundise ; — ^Bume  wood 
under  a  leaden  vessel  M'd  with  water,  take  the  ashes  of  tiiat 
wood,  and  boyle  it  with  the  patient^s  urine,  then  lay  nine  long 
heaps  (A  the  bayld  ashes  upon  a  board  in  a  ranke,  aad 
upon  every  heap  lay  nine  spears  of  crocus,  it  hath  greater 
effects  then  is  credible  to  any  one  that  shall  bar^  r^  this 
receipt  without  experiencing. 

January  81.  Mr.  Kinge  preadied  at  Christ  church  in  the 
moyminge  and  Mr.  Seaman  at  St.  George's  in  the  aftenieon. 

February  I.  I  tooke  notice  that  the  Nanttiaiei  were  not 
rightly  placed  in  Momewt  map  for  CaBsar's  Commentaries.  I 
boylea  the  head  and  foot  of  an  hare  to  save  the  bones. 

'FehnaoBj  2.  I  saw  a  coekfighting  at  the  Whitehone  in 
St.  Stephena. 

February^.  IsawHelieborasterinflower.  Icutupahaie 
which  had  one  young  one  in  the  left  comer  of  the  uterus.  I 
cut  up  a  hedgehog,  with  a  {»retty  large  omentum. 

February  5.  I  went  to  see  a  serpente  that  a  woman  Hving 
in  St.  Ghregories  church  yard  in  ]>orwieh  vomited  up>  bii 
shee  had  burnt  it  be&re  I  came. 

Februaffy  6.  Mr.  Clarke  exhaled  for  vm  water  taken  out 
of  a  sait  sj^ringe  in  a  medow  betwixt  this  and  Tarmoati^; 
there  remaiued  gray  salt,  but  in  a  amali  quantity  in  propor- 
tion to  the  water. 


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February  8.  I  saw  a  polypus  which  was  taken  out  of 
Mr.  TowzLsend's  nose ;  it  was  of  a  soft  fleshy  substance,  with 
diyers  glandules  in  it,  it  was  about  three  inches  longe.  Mr. 
Croppe  extracted  it. 

February  9.  The  Eishop's  son  of  Skalhault  in  Islande 
was  here  this  afternoon,  of  whom  I  enquired  many  things 
eaneeminge  hk  country. 

February  10.     I  dissected  a  badger. 

February  13.  Wee  drew  valentmes  and  danced  this  night 
at  Mr.  Howards.  Hee  was  gat  by  Ms.  Liddy  HoughkHi 
and  my  sister  Betty  by  him. 

February  16.  I  went  to  visit  Mr.  Edward  Ward,  an  old 
EQsa  in  a  feayer,  where  Ms.  Anne  Ward  gave  me  my  first 
fee,  10  shillings. 

FebruaiT  ^.  I  set  forward  for  my  journey  to  London, 
baited  at  Thetford,  and  reached  Cambridge  this  mght,  46 
Bules  of;  wh^re  Z  was  entertained  by  my  good  friends,  Mr. 
Nurse,  Mr.  Craym,  Mr.  Bridge,  &c, 

Fefanwry  23.  1  proceeded  in  my  journey  to  London,  as 
fiyxe  «3  Hodsdun,  2v  miles  more ;  where  I  lodged  this  night 
witb  some  of  my  countrey  men. 

February  24.  This  morning  1  rode  the  last  seventen  mile 
to  London,  where,  setting  my  horse  at  the  George,  I  visited 
Mr.  Nat.  Scottow,  Dr.  Windate,  Ms.  Howell,  ao^  hdde  this 
in^t  at  my  cosin  Barker's  in  ClarkenweU. 

Februairy  25.  1  went  to  hear  an  anatomy  lecture  at 
Ohxrurgeons  hall,  and  ordered  my  businesse  so  as  to  see  the 
dissection  on;  preparing  of  body  by  the  dururgecuos,  as  well 
as  to  hear  the  discourse  of  the  ports  by  Dr.  Teame,^  who 
reads  this  time ;  this  is  the  third  humane  body  1  ever  saw 
dissected  at  Ghirurgeon's  halL 

February  25.  This  morning  Dr.  Teame  made  a  speech 
in.  latine  and  afterwards  read  de  Cuticula.  I  din'd  at  Dr. 
Windafces,  and  in  the  afberaoon  heard  the  second  teeture, 
wfaezein  these  parts  following  were  insisted  vcj^os^. ;  Veniri' 
cuius  cum  Orudis  mis,  intestina,  mesenterium,  which  I 
having  befioe  the  lecture  well  observed  iu  the  aoatomizrug 
roome,  did  receive  the  greatest  satisfaction  from  the  lecture. 
This  night  I  waik'd  into  8t.  James  his  Parke,  where  I  saw 

'  Ihu  Chzieriiopher  Teame,  of  Leyden,  M.D.  originally  of  Cambridge^ 
Pellow  of  the  College  of  Physicians.     He  died  in  1673. 
2  D  2 


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many  strange  creatures,  as  divers  sorts  of  outlandisli  deer, 
Guiny  sheep,  a  white  raven,  a  great  parot,  a  storke,  which, 
hayins;  broke  its  owne  leg,  had  a  wooden  leg  set  on,  which 
it  doth  use  very  dexterously.  Here  are  very  stately  walkeB 
set  with  lime  trees  on  both  sides,  and  a  fine  PallmaU. 

February  26.  I  heard  the  third  lecture,  in  which  these 
parts  following  were  taken  notice  of;  glanduUe  renales^  renetf 
vesica,  arteria  et  vena  prceparantes,  testiculi,  penis, 

I  went  to  the  signe  of  the  Queen's  armes  in  St.  Martms, 
where  in  the  ceUer,  bein^  arched  and  close,  the  roof  is  all 
covered  with  a  slimy  substance  formed  into  the  figures  of 
grapes  or  bimches  of  grapes,  which,  aliiiough  sometimes 
wiped  of,  will  encrease  againe  by  the  steame  or  vapour  of  the 
wine  from  the  vessels ;  a  pretty  rarity  and  worth  the  observsr 
tion.  I  brought  some  of  these  grapes  away  with  mee.  In 
this  cellar,  not  long  since,  one  pulfing  down  a  partition  of 
boardes  founde  the  body  of  a  dead  man  with  bis  leg  in  a 

?ayre  of  stocks,  the  body  afterwards  stirred  fell  into  ashes, 
met  with  Mr.  HoUingworth  and  Mr.  Udal,  who  promised, 
if  it  pleaseth  God  to  continue  our  healths,  to  meet  mee 
at  Paris  the  first  of  November  next  or  else  to  forfeit  forty 
shillings. 

February  28.  It  being  Sunday,  I  went  to  the  Queen 
Mother's  cnappel,  which  is  a  dtatel^  one,  well  painted  and 
adorned  with  a  large  golde  crucifixe,  a  most  admirable 
paynted  crucifix,  tapers,  lamps,  and  the  like.  I  noted  some 
at  confession,  in  little  wooden  apartments,  and  having  satis- 
fied my  curiositie  in  observing  the  manner  of  their  worship, 
I  left  this  chappell  of  Sommerset  house,  and  passing  through 
a  crowde  of  Irish  beggars,  I  went  to  the  Savoy  churdi,  ^ 
where  the  liturgye  of  England  is  read  in  French.  In  the  after- 
noon I  read  a  sermon  to  Madam  Fairfax,  my  dear  sister 
Cottrell,  and  Nansy ;  and  afterwards  waited  upon  Madam 
Cottrell  home  to  her  house  in  St.  James  his  pan^e,  which  is 
handsomely  built  upon  a  piece  of  grounde,  which  the  kinge 
gave  to  Sr.  Charles.* 

February  29.    I  was  at  the  chymists  to  inquire  for  spirUus 

^  Sir  Charles  Cottrell,  master  of  the  ceremonies  to  King  Charles  II. 
married  Sir  Thomas  Browne's  daughter.  He  translated  Cassandra,  and 
was  one  of  the  translators  of  Davila's  History  of  the  Civil  Wars  of 
France. 


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wrifUB,  ^piritus  eomuy  sal  comu  cervi  et  dimaheris  anti- 
monii. 

I  carried  some  Islande  stones  to  one  Eoyall,  a  stone  cutter 
living  over  against  the  spur,  at  the  upper  end  of  Woodstreet. 
I  eat  for  my  dinner  a  Woodstreet  cake,  which  cakes  are 
famous  for  being  well  made. 

March  1.  I  went  to  see  Dr.  Dee  living  in  Crouchet 
i'riers,  but  hee  was  not  within.  I  was  at  Mr.  King's,  living 
in  little  Britain,  an  ingenious  chirurgeon,  who  shewed  mee 
parts  of  many  things  that  hee  had  dissected,  as  a  liver  of  a 
man  ezcamated,  a  spleen  excamated,  a  man's  vena  porta, 
the  chorion  and  amnion  of  a  woman,  the  uterus  and  all  parts 
belonging  to  it,  the  coats  in  the  third  stomach  of  an  ox 
neatly  separated.  I  being  desirous  to  see  the  inside  of  a 
man's  stomacke  hee  cut  up  one  for  mee  which  hee  had  by 
him,  the  gutts  opened  and  dried,  the  cecum  part  of  the  colon 
and  ilvum  dried,  so  as  there  was  plainly  to  see  the  manner 
of  the  iliums  insertion  into  the  colon  of  a  man,  and  the 
valve ;  and  many  other  parts,  which  hee  kept  dryed  in  a 
large  paper  booke.  This  aflemoon  I  went  to  see  a  collec- 
tion of  rarities  of  one  Eorges,  or  Hobarte,  by  St.  Paules, 
among  which  were  many  things  which  I  never  saw  before, 
as  a  sea-elephantes  head,  a  Lazy  of  Brazil,  an  Indian  Ser- 
pente,  &c.  I  went  to  Arundell  house  where  I  saw  a  great 
number  of  old  Soman  and  Grsecian  statuas,  many  as  big 
again  as  the  life,  and  divers  Greek  inscriptions  upon  stones 
in  the  garden.  I  viewed  these  statuas  till  the  approching 
night  ^gan  to  obscure  them,  beinge  extreamly  taken  with 
tbe  noblenesse  of  that  ancient  worke,  and  grieving  at  the 
bad  usage  some  of  them  had  met  with  in  our  last  distractions. 
*  From  hence  by  water  to  Sr.  Charles  Cotrels,  where  taking 
leave  of  my  dear  sister,  I  returned  to  my  cousin  Barkers  in 
Clarkenwell. 

March  2.  I  went  to  Mr.  Foxe's  chamber  in  Arundell 
bouse,  where  I  saw  a  great  many  pretty  pictures  and  things 
cast  in  brasse,  some  limmings,  divers  pretious  stones,  and 
one  diamonde  valued  at  eleven  hundred  pound ;  and,  having 
received  letters  from  him  to  carry  to  his  honour  Mr.  Henry  . 
Howarde  at  Norwich,  I  tooke  horse  at  the  Gkorge  in  Lum- 
bard  street,  and  gat  to  Chelmsford  this  night,  travelling  2S 
miles  through  that  pleasant  coimty  of  Essex. 


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4M  JOjrssAjj  OF  MB.  £.  BsoininB. 

March  the  3d.  I  iobb  Terj  eaiij,  a&d  set  ^ormvd  csl  mj 
joiimj  by  four  of  the  clock,  so  as  betwixt  eight  and  firae  I 
got  to  Colchester ;  a  very  large,  bat  a  stragliiig  tow&e,  the 
heart  of  the  towne  standing  upon  an  hill,  but  it  shoots  ont 
long  streets  into  the  yalleys,  on  all  hands.  Erom  henee  to 
Ipswich,  where  I  dined.  A  very  great  and  dean  neat  towne, 
standing  adyantagiouslj  upon  a  nv&r  so  as  ships  come  up  to 
the  towne.  There  are  about  12  ehurdies  in  it,  and  it  giTes 
plaoe  in  bignesse  to  nere  a  towne  ia  En^and.  From  hence 
t^  afternoon  I  lode  to  Thwait,  tlirou^  the  Pye  roade,  a 
very  de^  uneven  loade ;  so,  having  rcMide  about  45  n^ 
this  day,  I  thought  it  best  to  ride  no  foHlieBr,  although  it  were 
not  yet  night,  and  I  might  easily  hare  reached  Scole.  The 
man  of  tilie  house  seemed  to  bee  a  very  honest  fellow,  and 
gave  as  kinde  entertainment  as  his  house  was  capable  of. 
Hee  had  a  daughter  which  was  not  fifteen,  and  yet  as  tal  as 
most  women.  I  observed  that  to  one  in  the  jaundice  hee 
gave  the  green  ends  of  goose  dunge  steep'd  in  be^re,  and 
then  strayned  and  sweetned,  a  countiy  remedy. 

March  the  4.  Biaving  roade  about  two  mile,  I  came  to 
the  white  horse;  a  horse  carv'd  in  wood,  upon  a  woodeai 
structure,  like  a  sighne  post,  an  old  woman  and  a  gardener 
one  standing  behind  and  another  before  the  horse ;  und0^ 
neath  hanges  a  globe,  out  of  which  comes  four  hands,  which 
directs  passengers  in  the  crosse  roads  (which  meet  iust  in 
these  places)  one  standes  towards  Norwich,  the  contrary  to- 
wards Ipswich,  one  to  Bury  and  the  other  to  Framlingbam. 
About  three  mile  further  I  came  to  Scoale,  where  is  veiy 
handsome  inne,  and  the  noblest  signe  post  in  England,  aboat 
and  upon  which  are  carved  a  great  many  stories,  as  of  Cha- 
ron and  Cerberus,  of  Actseon  and  Diana,  and  many  other, 
the  sighne  it  self  is  the  white  harte,  which  hangs  downe  carved 
in  a  stately  wreath.  Pifteen  mile  more  to  Norwich,  whether 
I  gat  about  eleven  of  the  clocke ;  and  in  the  afbemoon  waited 
upon  Mr.  Howard,  and  delivered  him  his  letters,  and  to 
little  Mr.  Fox  (heir  to  Mr.  Fox  of  London),  who  dances  a 
jig  incomparably. 

March  5.     I  dissected  a  shoveler. 

March  9.  I  went  to  Norris  his  garden  where  I  saw  bbA 
Hellebore  in  flower,  which  is  white ;  the  white  Hellebore  is 
not  yet  come  up. 


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JOITBirAIi  or  MB.   E.  BBOTTKE.  407 

I  drank  soaiObe  birch  tree  liquor,  which  now  ruBnetii. 

March  10.  I  saw  Mr.  Howards  closet,  in  whidi  are  a 
great  nnmber  of  ddicate  limmings,  but  one  pr^^tj  large 
one,  of  OUT  blessed  lady  with  our  Saviour  in  her  armes, 
more  than  extraordinary.  There  are  two  heads  in  agate 
pretty  large,  a  great  many  things  cut  and  tumd  in  irory, 
delicate  china  dishes,  divers  things  cut  in  fine  stones,  a  pearle 
in  the  fashion  [of]  a  lion  very  large,  and  child's  heaci  «nd 
thigh  bone  very  neat;  divers  things  in  gold  and  deUcate 
workmanship,  worthy  so  noble  a  person's  doset 

March  11.  I  had  a  great  deal  of  discourse  with  one 
Mr.  Flatman  a  chirurgion  that  had  lived  in  the  gold  country 
in  Guiny,  about  that  coontry,  the  inhabitants,  their  masr 
ners,  our  plantation  at  Oormontine,  and  the  traffi<^e  with 
the  natives :  as  also  about  lisbone,  Barbadoes,  and  Jamaica, 
where  bee  had  likewise  been. 

March  12.  I  dissected  a  ^eog,  whose  skin  doth  not  stick 
dose  to  the  memhranm  camosa,  but  is  easily  flead. 

March  13.  Mr.  Hatsian  told  mee  the  PcHrtugueK  used 
this  way  to  the  Jews  or  those  that  are  in  the  inquisition,  to 
make  th^n  dye  in  the  Christian  religion  of  the  Churdi  of 
Borne ; — ^tfaey  put  a  cord  about  their  neck  the  epd  of  which 
is  put  through  the  hole  of  a  great  post  so  as  they  on  other 
aide  may  rtreilai  or  slack  the  rope,  choke  or  save  them  a§ain 
as  they  please  which  they  doe  tOl  with  the  extremity  of 
the  pame  they  professe  wliat  they  will  have  them,  and  tiien 
immediately  strangle  them. 

March  17.  I  received  a  letter  from  Mr.  Band,  wherein 
bee  sent  mee  the  inscription  of  the  columne  to  bee  set  up  at 
Borne  upon  the  Gorsican's  expulsion. 

March  18.  I  received  a  letter  from  my  WOTthy  friend 
Mr.  Isaac  Graven,  who,  being  sent  by  the  society  of  Trinity 
College  in  Cambridge,  of  wmch  he  is  fellow,  to  compliment 
the  Marquisse  of  Newcastle  and  the  Marchionesse  ror  their 
workes  presented  to  our  library,  was  pleas'd  to  write  me  a 
short  relation  of  his  joumy  tlm>ugh  Stamford,  Grantham, 
Newark,  Southwell,  (where  is  a  pretty  minster,)  and  IMans- 
field,  to  'Wellbeck  the  Marquisse  his  house ;  where  hee  saw 
many  pictures  of  Yandike,  and  a  fine  cabinet,  but  above  all 
his  fine  stablQ  and  brave  horses  for  the  great  saddle,  of 
which  the  Marquisse  (as  his  noble  booke  horsmanshippe 


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408  JOUBfTAI.  07  ME.  £.   BBOWmS. 

will  testify)  hath  no  small  numher  nor  ill  managed,  and  is 
without  compare  the  best  horsman  living,  taking  delight 
daylj,  although  hee  bee  now  threscore  and  eleven  jears  old, 
to  see  his  horses  practice. 

March  22.  I  gave  5  shillings  in  earnest  for  my  coach-biie 
to  London,  208.  in  all  he  is  to  have. 

March  27.  I  tooke  leave  of  my  Mends ;  my  cousin 
Dorothy  Witherly  gave  me  ten  shillings,  my  aunt  Bendish 
gave  me  a  ringe. 

March  28.  I  set  out  towards  London ;  Mr.  Arrowamitli 
and  my  brother  accompanied  mee  as  far  as  AttleboTOugh ; 
this  night  wee  layd  at  Barton  mills;  I  had  the  kmga 
chamber  for  my  lodging,  where  Charles  the  first  once  layd: 
upon  the  wall,  between  the  door  and  the  chimney,  there  is 
written  with  the  kings  owne  hande  Gaualleiro  Hanrado, 

March  29.  We  bayted  at  Ghesterford,  and  lodged  at 
Bishop  Stafford  at  the  George,  this  day  I  had  much  dis- 
course with  Mr.  Bedingfield,  about  his  travalles  in  Flanders^ 
Artois,  Brabant,  &c.  wee  had  to  our  suppers  pike  and 
crafish. 

March  30.  By  two  of  the  clock  in  the  afternoon  wee  gat 
to  London,  where  Mr.  Uvedal  and  Mr.  Band  met  mee  at 
the  Green  Dragon,  I  waited  upon  Mr.  Howells  femily,  de- 
livered a  letter  to  my  cousin  Betty  Cradock,  and  laid  in 
Clerkenwell. 

March  31.  I  measured  the  pell  mell  in  St.  James  Farke, 
which  is  above  twelve  hundred  paces  longe.  I  went  to 
Morgan's  Garden  at  Westminster ;  St.  Pauls  church  is  43  of 
my  paces  broad,  Westminster  Abbey  is  33,  Christchurch  at 
Norwich  28,  Christchurch  at  Canterbury  is  30. 

April  the  1.  I  took  money  for  my  journey,  at  a  gold- 
smith's in  Lumbardstreet,  ten  pound ;  most  of  it  in  gold  and 
Trench  coyne. 

April  2.  I  took  leave  of  my  friends  in  London.  My 
cousin  Garway,  my  cousin  Cradock,  Mr.  Uvedale,  and  Mr. 
Hollingworth,  accompanied  mee  this  night  to  Gravesend; 
wee  had  a  pleasant  passage  downe  the  river  of  Thames, 
sometimes  sayling,  sometimes  rowing,  close  by  many  hundred 
brave  ships  which  trade  to  most  parts  of  the  known  world. 
About  1  m  the  morning  my  friends  left  mee,  and  I  went  to 
bed  at  the  blew  Anchor  to  refresh  mee  against  the  morrow. 


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JOUBNAX   OF  KB.   S.   BBOWKE.  4:09 

April  3.  I  rode  from  Gravesend  through  Eochester  to 
Sittenbome.  Rochester  hath  a  pretty  cathedral  church,  in 
which  is  a  neat  quire ;  and  a  bridge  over  the  Medway  in* 
ferior  to  few ;  it  is  eitreamly  high  and  long,  the  water  runs 
under  it  with  such  a  force  at  lowe  water,  that  all  the  river  is 
covered  with  a  white  foame.  From  Sittenbume  I  took  a 
fresh  horse,  and  rode  fiften  miles  further  to  Canterbury, 
through  a  pleasant  coimtrey,  having  the  sight  of  the  river 
most  part  of  the  way  on  my  left  hand ;  the  cherry  grounds 
on  both,  in  great  numbers,  in  which  the  trees  are  planted 
equi-distantly  and  orderly.  I  went  to  Christchurch,  the 
cathedral  church  at  Canterbury,  which  is  an  extreame  neat 
church,  very  long,  30  paces  broad.  I  saw  in  it  the  Black 
Prince's  tombe ;  the  painted  glasse,  most  of  which  is  of  a 
fine  blew  colour,  is  excellent :  the  front  is  neat,  having  two 
steeples  on  each  side,  the  tower  of  the  crosse  isles  is 
handsome.  There  is  an  extreame  bigge  steeple  at  the  east 
end  begun,  but  finished  no  higher  than  the  church.  Under 
the  quire  is  another  church,  which  is  made  use  of  by  the 
Walloons.  There  is  a  double .  crosse  in  this  church.  la 
Canterbury  are  fiften  parishes.  Hence  I  roade  to  Dover, 
and  had  a  sight  of  the  land  in  Prance  three  miles  before  I 
came  to  my  journey's  end.  This  night  I  lay'd  at  Mr. 
Carlisle's,  the  clarke  of  the  passage,  at  the  Kingshead. 

April  4.  I  walked  to  the  seaside,  where  I  found  very  large 
sea  girdles,  some  seastarres,  many  lympits,  and  divert, 
hearbs.  In  the  afternoon  I  saw  Dover  castle,  a  very  large 
one,  and  situated  upon  an  hi^h  rock,  with  manv  fine  roomes 
in  it.  They  shew  mee  the  horn  which  was  blown  at  the 
building  of  the  castle,  which  is  made  of  brasse.  I  saw 
likewise  a  very  longe  gun  called  Basiliscus,  23  foot  8  inches 
long,  which  was  very  neatly  carved.  Captain  John  Stroade 
is  Mr.  of  the  castle. 

April  5.  I  went  to  sea  to  see  them  catch  lobsters,  sea 
spiders,  wilkes,  Spanish  crabs,  c^bwilkes,  or  Bemardi 
eremiUff,  &c.    Wee  gat  our  passe  portes,  and 

April  6.  Betimes  in  the  morning,  wee  set  sayle  for  Calais 
in  the  packet  boat ;  wee  gave  five  shillings  a  piece  for  our 
passage,  and  having  a  fair  winde,  wee  gat  in  four  houres  time 
into  Calais  roade,  from  whence  a  shallop  fetch'd  us  to  shoare^ 

At  our  entryng  of  the  port  wee  payd  threepence  a  piece 


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410  JOVBKAL  OP  n.  B.  Bftowme. 

for  oar  lieads ;  thej  searched  mypcntmaiide  at  the  gate  and 
the  custom  hoase,  for  whidi  I  was  to  paj  5  sols.  AAer  that 
agreed  with  the  messenger  for  40  Hyres  to  Paris.  I  dined  at 
Monsieur  la  Force  his  house,  at  the  eaghne  of  the  Dragon, 
and  so  walked  out  to  see  the  towne.  I  was  not  sick  at  aU  in 
coming  over  6om  Dover  to  Calais,  upon  the  sea,  hut  yd 
could  hardly  forbear  spuing  at  the  first  sight  of  tiie  French 
womoi :  they  are  most  of  them  of  such  a  tawny,  sapy,  hsM 
compleetion,  and  have  such  vgly  faces,  which  they  here  aet 
out  with  a  dresse  would  fright  the  diveli.  They  have  ai^oit 
blew  coat,  which  hath  avast  thick  round  rugge,  in  the  phM» 
of  the  cape,  which  they  either  weare  about  th^  necks  or  pull 
ever  their  heads,  after  such  a  manner  as  tis  hard  to  gnesae 
which  is  most  deformed,  their  visages  or  their  habits.  This 
afternoon  I  went  to  the  church  which  is  a  fair  one,  dedicated 
to  our  Blessed  Lady ;  the  large  marMe  altar  is  noble,  many 
chappells  as  to  St.  Peter,  and  others,  are  well  adorned; 
in  an  oval  chappell,  behinde  the  altar,  I  saw  the  priesis 
instruct  the  common  people,  and  the  young  fxdkes  d  the 
towne,  in  matters  of.  religion,  and  feame  them  to  say  theb 
prayers.  I  went  to  a  convent  of  Cordeliers,  wtee  Pere 
Barnatie,  whose  right  name  is  Dungan,  an  Irishman,  was 
very  civill  to  us,  and  shew  all  about  the  convent,  and  had 
much  discours  with  us  about  England,  and  other  countries. 
Wee  saw  a  monastery  of  nuns ;  their  altar  in  their  chi^pell 
was  covered  with  very  rich  lace.  The  Port  Boyall  is  a  veiy 
stately  building.  I  agreed  with  the  messenger  for  Mj 
livres  to  Paris,  and 

April  7.  Wee  set  forward  about  2  of  the  dock  in  Ae 
afternoon,  and  got  to  Boulogne  7  leagues,  where  I  saw  the 
Port.  The  buildings  here,  as  at  Calais,  are  of  stone,  and 
the  street  evenly  paved,  but  there  are  very  few  shops. 

April  8.  Wee  dined  at  Monstreuil.  There  they  search 
my  portmantle  again,  and  I,  not  knowing  I  was  to  take  a 
passe  at  Calais,  was  put  to  some  inconvenience,  and  had 
like  to  lose  my  stockins,  which  were  in  my  portmantie ;  b«k 
that  one  that  travayled  along  with  mee  could  speake  hoth 
English  and  French,  who  perswaded  [them]  I  was  no 
merchant,  and  with  &ir  words  I  got  of.  This  night  I  hijd 
at  Bemay. 

April  19.  Wee  dined  at  Abbeville,  a  great  towne,  huilt 


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JOXmSAJ^  OF  sot.   IB.   BBOWTTS.  411 

much  after  the  English  fashion,  with  wooden  houses.  I  saw 
8L  Yolahran's  church,  whidi  hath  a  most  stat^y  front  with 
two  steeples  in  it,  BsxdL  a  great  deal  of  neat  carving  both  in 
the  stone  and  int^e  wood  [of]  i^e  gates.  I  kyd  this  night 
at  Fois,  a  small  towne. 

April  20.  I  got  to  Beauvais,  time  enough  (if  I  had  listed) 
to  heare  masse ;  however,  I  went  to  see  St.  Pierre's  church, 
wMdi  is  an  extream  high  cme,  and  very  stately.  The  ^orth 
and  South  ends  are  most  noble,  the  church  paved  with 
marble^  chee^u^ed  with  stcme:  there  is  no  building 
westward,  beyond  the  cross  isle,  which  makes  iAxe  church 
but  short ;  but  if  there  were  a  body  answerable  to  the 
rest,  I  tlunk  it  might  compare  with  most  chuiches  in 
Christendome.  This  night  I  layd  at  Tilierre.  This  day  was 
ike  first  day  in  which  I  saw  vineyards,  pilgrims,  or  was 
QHTinkled  with  holy  water. 

Wee  roade  this  day  divers  times  beteewn  rowes  of  apple 
trees  a  great  waye ;  they  are  likewise  set  here  orderly  as  the 
di^rytrees  in  Kent.  Most  of  the  country  betwid;  Calais 
and  Paris  is  open,  and  sewen  vrith  com,  so  as  wee  had  fine 
prospects  upon  the  top  of  every  hill. 

April  11,  St.  V.  21,  9tifh  novo.  Wee  bayted  at  Beaumont, 
whe^  a^er  dinner  each  of  us  gave  a  messenger  trente  wh, 
tar  his  care  of  us  in  our  journey. 

This  after  noon  wee  rode  through  St.  Dinnis,  where  there 
is  a  noted  church,  in  which  are  a  great  manve  stately  tombes 
of  the  Kings  of  France  and  other  nobles.  ,  About  four  of  the 
dock  wee  entered  Paris,  just  by  Maison  des  JEnfims  Trouoes^ 
so  through  Pauxbourg  St.  Denis,  and  other  places  to  the 
aghne  of  Yille  de  Soissons,  dans  riie  de  la  Yererie,  where 
the  messenger  lodges.  This  night  I  walked  about  to  see 
Pont  Neuf,  upon  which  standes  a  noble  copper  statua  of 
Henry  the  fourth,  tiie  statuas  of  our  Saviour,  and  the 
Samaritan  woman,  by  a  delicat  fountain,  made  in  the  shape 
of  a  huge  cockle-shell,  which  allwayes  runs  over.  I  went  to 
Monsieur  Michel  de  Clere,  who  lives  in  Biie  de  Chevalier 
de  Guet,  and  tooke  an  hundred  liures  of  him,  I  went  and 
hired  a  chamber  in  Biie  St.  Zacharie^  for  7  liures  ]?ar  moiSy 
and  so,  je  votes  souhaitte  le  hon  sow. 


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412  DOMESTIC    C0BBE8P0KDSKCE*  [1665. 


The  following  unfortunately  is  the  only  letter,  which  has 
been  met  with,  from  Sir  Thomas  to  his  son  Edward  duiing 
his  Tour  in  France  and  Italy.  The  letter  to  which  it  is  a 
reply  is  wanting. 

Dr,  Bravme  to  his  Son  Udward, 

DiABS  SoimE  Edwaed, — I  recaived  yours  of  Sep.  23. 
I  am  glad  you  have  seene  more  cutt  for  the  stone,  and  of 
different  sex  and  ages ;  if  opportunitie  seemeth,  you  shall 
doe  well  to  see  some  more,  which  will  make  you  well  ex- 
perienced in  that  great  operation,  and  almost  able  to  per- 
forme  it  yourself  upon  necessitie,  and  where  none  could  do 
it.  Take  good  notice  of  their  instruments,  and  at  least 
make  such  a  draught  thereof,  and  especially  of  the  dilator 
and  director,  that  you  may  hereafter  well  remember  it,  and 
have  one  made  by  it.  Other  operations  you  may  perhaps 
see,  now  the  sumer  is  over ;  as  also  chymistrie  and  anatomie. 
The  sicknesse^  being  great  still,  fewe  I  presume  will  hasten 
over.  Present  my  services  and  thancks  unto  Dr.  Patin.  I 
hope  Dr.  Wren  is  stOl  in  Paris.^  I  should  be  glad  the 
waters  of  Bourbon  might  benefitt  Sir  Samuel  :^  and  those 
of  Vic  Mr.  Trumbull.  Gtod  bee  praysed  that  you  recovered 
from  the  small  pox,  which  may  now  so  embolden  jrou,  as  to 
take  of,  at  least  abate,  the  soUicitude  and  fears  which  others 
have.  Mr.  Briot^  may  at  his  pleasure  attempt  at  trans* 
lation,  for  though  divers  short  passages  bee  altered  or  added, 
and  one  for]  two  chapters  also  added,  yet  there  is  litletobe 
expunged  or  totally  left  out ;  and  therefore  may  beginne 
without  finding  inconvenience :  in  my  next  I  will  send  you 
some  litle  directions  for  a  chapter  or  two  to  be  left  out,  and 

'  The  plague  which  was  so  fatal  in  England. 

*  Afterwards  Sir  Christopher  Wren. 
3  Sir  Samuel  Tuke. 

*  Brioi.  Peter  Briot  translated  a  number  of  English  WoHu  into 
French — a  Histoir  of  Ireland  ;  an  Account  of  the  natural  productions 
of  England,  Scotland,  and  Wales ;  Lord's  Histoiy  of  the  BaniaBB ; 
Bicault'a  History  of  the  Ottoman  Empire.  He  appears  from  the  present 
letter,  to  have  had  some  intention  of  translating  Pseudodozia  Epidemic^ 
but  probably  abandoned  it :  for  the  only  French  translation  I  nave  seen 
bears  the  date  of  1738,  and  is  from  the  seventh  edition,  viz.  that  of 
1672. 


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1665.]  DOMESTIC  C0BB]i:SP0in>Eir0X!.  413 

a  coppy  of  the  third  and  fourth  editions,^  which  are  ail  one, 
ag  soone  as  pleaseth  Orod  to  open  an  opportunitie.  What- 
ever your  gazette  sayth,  that  the  Indian  fleet,^  is  come  in 
without  seeing  any  of  our  ships,  wee  are  sure  wee  have  two 
of  their  best  in  England,  beside  other  shipps,  making  up  in 
all  the  number  of  thirtie ;  and  what  shipps  ether  of  warre  or 
mercbsnds  came  home  unto  them  were  such  as  wee  could  not 
meet  or  not  watch,  haying  got  the  start  of  us :  it  holds  still 
that  the  prisoners  amount  to  about  three  thousand.  Wee 
here  also  that  a  caper^  of  twentie  gunnes  was  taken  not  far 
&om  Cromer,  last  Saturday,  by  a  £rigat,  after  two  howers 
fight.     GKmI  blesse  you ;  I  rest  your  loying  &ther, 

Thomas  Bbowne. 
September  22,  »tyl  v,  [1665.] 

The  sicknesse  which  God  so  long  withheld  from  us,  is  now 
In  Norwich.  I  intend  to  send  your  sisters  to  Glaxton,  and 
if  it  encreaseth,  to  remove  three  or  four  miles  of;  where  I 
may  bee  serviceable  upon  occasion  to  my  friends  in  other 
diseases.  Paris  is  a  place  which  hath  been  least  infested 
with  that  disease  of  such  populous  places  in  Europe.  Write 
mee  word  what  seale  is  that  you  use. 


Here  we  take  our  leave  of  the  elder  son  till  towards  the 
autumn  of  1668,  when  we  shall  again  find  him  indulging  his 
roaming  propensities  in  fresh  adventm^s.  The  following  are 
the  only  letters  which  have  been  preserved  from  Sir  Thomas 
to  the  younger  son  Thomas  dunng  his  short  and  brilliant 
career  m  the  service  of  his  country.  He  entered  the  English 
navy  in  the  close  of  1664,  just  when  the  nation  was  rushing, 

'  The  third,  fol.  1658,  but  published  with  Beligio  Medici,  Hydrio- 
taphia,  and  Garden  of  Cyrus,  in  1659  :  the  fourth,  4to.  1658,  with  the 
two  latter  pieces  only. 

*  The  Dutch  East  India  fleet,  of  which  the  greater  part  reached  their 
own  ports  in  sa^ty,  in  consequence  of  the  fiulure  of  an  attack  on  them 
in  August,  1665,  by  an  English  squadron,  under  Sir  Thomas  Tyddiman, 
at  Beisen  in  Norway,  where  they  had  taken  refuge.  Lord  Sandwich 
soon  afterwards  captured  some  of  the  lai^ger  Indiamen,  and  a  number  of 
irthers.  Sir  Thomas  Browne's  younger  son,  Thomas,  distinguished  him- 
self on  board  the  Foresight,  at  Icergen. 

^  A  privateer,  or  private  ship. 


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414  ]K>1IZ8TIG  OOXKBSPOVBSVCJL 

ynik  iixe  utmost  enthusiasm,  into  tlie  Putch  irar,  and  when 
Charles  11^  to  gratify  the  public  eagezneas,  as  w€^  as  to 
further  his  own  yiews,  was  making  ev^y  posnble  exertisn 
to  equip  and  man  a  fleet  capable  of  meeting  the  powecfai 
na^y  of  Holland^  assisted,  as  it  was  espected  to  ba^bj  that  of 
IFranoe.  The  moment  was  auspicious  for  our  young  adven- 
turer ;  who  appears  to  have  obtained  his  cooosmiBsuHk  wiftoofc 
dekj,  and  made  his  first  Y(^8ge  up  the  Mediterraaean  <n 
board  the  I^^rem^y  eomman&d  bj  Captain  Brookes,  the 
brother  of  Sir  Siobert  Brookes,^  an  intonate  £nend  of  kn 
father^s.  He  returned  ia  time  to  join  the  grand  En^^ 
fleet  under  the  command  of  James,  Duke  <^  Yark^  as^tei 
by  Prince  Bupert  and  the  Earl  of  Sandwich ;  and  was  pre- 
sent, on  the  third  of  June,  1665,  at  the  first  greai^  action, 
ofl*  Lowestofby  with  the  Dutch,  under  Opdam,  which  termi- 
nated in  the  total  defeat  of  the  enemy,  who  lost  four  admi- 
rals, seven  thousand  men,  and  eighteen  ships.  Browne  bad 
the  good  fortune  soon  afterwards  to  distinguish  himself  in 
the  unsuccessM  attempt  made,  by  Lord  Sandwich  and  Sir 
Thomas  Tyddiman,  to  seize  the  two  rich  Dutch  East  India 
fleets  which  had  taken  shelter  in  the  neutral  Danish  harbour 
of  Bergen,  on  the  coast  of  Norway  ;*  and  was  engaged  in  the 
subsequent  capture  of  a  portion  of  those  fleets,  in  September. 
In  the  winter  of  the  same  year  he  made  his  second  voyage 
up  the  Mediterranean,  with  Sir  Jeremy  Smith,  during  which 
period  Louis  XIV.  declared  war  against  the  English,  and 
ntted  out  a  fleet  to  assist  the  States  General.  Browne,  <m 
his  return  from  the  Streights,  took  a  share  in  all  tke  actions 
of  1666.  In  the  imexpected  and  unequal  conflict  between 
the  entire  Dutch  fleet,  under  De  Buyter  and  Van  Tromp, 
and  one  division  of  the  English  fleet,  under  the  Duke  of  M- 
bermarle,  during  the  unfortunate  absence  of  Prince  Bupert 
with  the  other  £vison  in  ^pest  of  the  IBVench  fleet  under  the 
Duke  of  Beaufort,  his  ships  was  in  the  duke's  drviskm.  Bi 
that  fiirious  engagement^  and  during  the  subae^pent  four 
days'  fight  in  July,  after  the  junction  of  Prince  Bupert,  he 
acquired,  as  will  l>e  seen,  a  chairaeter  for  the  HKist  Mile  oob- 

*  liOTd  of  the  Manor  of  Wanstead,  and  M.F.  for  AkUwro',  SaSo^ 

*  See  "Sir  Gilbert  T^bot's  NsTrsti^  of  the  Earl  ef  Sandmeh'a 
Attempt  upon  Bergen  in  1665  ;"  Jrom  MS,  Smi,  686^.  ArdumU^ 
xxii.  33. 


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DOMiBSTIC  OOBBBBPONPSircS.  415 

di&ct,  and  tfa^  most  undaunted  brarerj.  He  was  present,  in 
the  foUowiDg  month,  at  the  destruction  of  the  town  of  Brjun- 
daris,  with  a  hundred  and  &%  Dutch  merchantmen  and 
some  line  of  battleships ;  aud,  in  the  close  of  the  year,  was 
again  sent  as  convoy  to  the  Medit»n*anean,  on  board  the 
Marie  Bo^e^  in  the  fleet  under  Admiral  Kempthome.  !From 
tiienee  he  returned  to  Portsmouth  in  about  May,  1667.  And 
here,  unfortunately,  all  traces  of  him  are  lost. — ^The  most 
diligent  inquiries  have  not  hitherto  ^labled  me  to  discover 
the  sequel  of  his  history:  a  solitary  allusioil,  in  a  letter 
written  many  years  after,  adverts  to  him  in  terms  which 
prove  that  he  had  been  long  dead.  But  how  and  when  he 
died,  I  have,  to  my  great  mortification,  not  as  yet  been  able 
to  ascertain.  His  career  was  brief  and  splendid ;  but  of 
its  close  we  know  nothing.  Enough  appears,  however,  to 
proTO,  bevond  all  doubt,  that  he  possessed  a  character  and 
taients  (»  no  oidinary  calibre ;  which,  had  he  not  be^i  early 
cut  off,  would  have  secured  to  him,  in  the  profession  he  had 
dboaen,  a  distinctiosi  not  infencw  to  that  which  his  amiable 
fiither  attained  through  the  more  quiet  paths  of  philoM^hy 
and  sdenee. 


Dr,  Browne  to  his  son  Thomas. 

Tom, — ^I  presimie  you  are  in  London,  where  you  may 
satire  yourself  in  the  buiaiuesse  ;  do  nothing  rashly,  but  as^ 
you  find  just  grounds  for  your  advantage,  wch  wul  hardly 
bee  nJt  the  best  deservings^  without  good  and  faythfuU  Mends; 
BO  sudden  advantage  for  rawe  though  dangerous  services, 
lliere  is  another  and  more  safe  way,  whereby  Capt,  Brookes 
and  others  come  in  credit,  by  going  about  2  yeares  before 
they  were  capable  of  places ;  [with]  which  I  am  not  well 
acquainted.  God  and  good  fnends  advise  you.  Bee  sober 
«nd  eomplacfflrt.  K  you  cood  quit  periwigs  it  would  bee  better, 
and  more  for  your  credit.  If  Mr.  Eand  Hve  in  London  in- 
ferme  him  of  Ned.  Hee  would  teachyou  Latin  quickly,  by 
rule  and  speech.     God  blesse  you. — ^Your  loving  father, 

Th.  Bbowste. 

If  you  are  not  in  hast  for  the  present,  it  would  bee  of  ad- 
Tantage  to  leame  of  Mr.  Goulding  or  others,  the  practicall 
mathematicks  and  use  of  instruments. 


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416  DOH£6TI0   COBBESPONDEKCE.  [1664. 

Ned  sent  you  a  print  of  Domenic  Ottoman,  one  of  Hib- 
raim  the  Gmmd  Signer's  sonnes,  tlie  brother  of  Mahomet, 
now  raigning.  Hee  was  taken  at  sea  by  a  shippe  of  Malta, 
1652,  at  18  yeares  of  age ;  now  a  Christ^  and  a  dominican 
friar ;  yonr  brother  saw  him  at  Turin.  It  is  a  very  good 
and  serious  face ;  on  the  back  gide  he  sent  more  ^French 
Terses  concerning  the  pope  and  king  of  France,  and  that  one 
Chairo^  of  Milan  is  now  the  famous  paynter.  i  You  may  see 
hee  went  through  many  of  those  townes  I  mentioned,  and 
the  passinge  of  Mont  Cenis. 


Dr.  Browne  to  his  son  Thomas. 

Honest  ToA, — Ood  blesse  thee,  and  protect  thee,  and 
mercifully  lead  you  through  the  wayes  of  his  providence.  I 
am  much  greived  you  have  such  a  cold,  shai^e,  and  hard, 
introduction,  wch  addes  newe  feares  unto  mee  for  your 
health,  whereof  pray  bee  carefull,  and  as  good  an  husband 
as  possible ,  wch  will  gayne  you  credit,  and  make  you  better 
trusted  in  all  affayres.  I  am  sorry  you  went  unprovided 
with  bookes,  without  which  you  camnot  well  spend  time  in 
those  great  shipps.  If  you  have  a  globe  you  may  easily 
leame  the  starres  as  also  by  bookes.  Waggoner^  you  will 
not  be  without,  wch  wiQ  teach  the  particular  coasts,  depths 
of  roades,  and  how  the  land  riseth  upon  several  poynts  of 
the  compasse.  Blundevill^  or  Moxon^  will  teach  you 
severall  things.  I  see  the  litle  comet*  or  blazing  starre 
every  cleare  evening,  the  last  time  I  observed  it  about  42 
degrees  of  hight,  about  7  o'clock,  in  the  constellation  of 
Cetus,  or  the  whale,  in  the  head  thereof ;  it  moveth  west  and 
northerly,  so  that  it  moveth  towards  Pisces  or  Linum  Sep- 

'  The  name  is  not  to  be  decjphered  in  the  original  hierogltgphica,  and 
is  not  explained  by  our  copy  of  the  letter  referred  to. 

3  Wagenar,  L.  Jans.  E.  Speculum  Kauticum  ;  translated  into  English 
by  Ant.  Ashley,  1588. 

^  Thomas  Blundeville,  of  Newton  Flotman,  in  Norfolk.  Beferring 
probably  to  his  "Theorique  of  the  Planets,"  or  "Exercises  in  Arithme- 
tic, Cosmography,  Astronomy,"  &c. 

*  Joseph  Moxon,  F.K.S.  Concerning  the  Use  of  Globes,  fol.  1659. 

*  Mentioned  by  Mr.  Edward  Browne,  in  his  letter,  Rome.  Jan.  SL 
1664-5. 


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1665.]  DOMESTIC  OOBEESPOIfDBNCE.  417 

tentrionale  pisces.  Ten  degrees  is  the  utmost  extent  of  the 
tayle.  Anno  1580,  there  was  a  comet  seen  in  the  same 
place,  and  a  dimme  one  like  this  discribed  by  Maestlinus.* 
That  wch  I  saw  in  1618  began  in  Libra,  and  moved  north- 
ward, ending  about  the  tayle  of  Ursa  Major ;  it  was  farre 
brighter  than  this,  and  the  tayle  extended  40  degrees,  lasted 
Htle  above  a  moneth.  This  now  seen  hath  lasted  above  a 
moneth  already, .  so  that  I  beleeve  from  the  motion  that  it 
began  in  Eridanus  or  Pluvius.  If  they  have  quadrants, 
erosse-staffes,  and  other  instruments,  learn  the  practicall  use 
thereof;  the  names  of  all  parts  and  roupes  about  the  shippe, 
what  proportion  the  masts  must  hold  to  the  length  and 
depth  of  a  shiprpe,,and  also  the  sayles.  I  hope  you  receaved 
my  letters  from  Nancy,  after  you  were  gone,  wherein  was  a 
playne  electuary  agaynst  the  scurvie. 

Mr.  Curteen  stayed  butt  one  night,  pray  salute  him  some* 
times,  my  humble  service  to  Captaine  Brooke,  whom  I  take 
the  boldnesse  to  salute,  upon  the  title  of  my  long  acquaint- 
ance with  his  worthy  brother  Sr.  Eobert  and  his  lady.  Gh)d 
bleseyou. — ^Your  loving  father,  Tho.  Bbowite. 

Norwich,  Jwnmiry  1,  [1664-5.] 

Forget  not  Erench  and  Latin.  No  such  defence  agaynst 
extreme  cold,  as  a  woollen  or  flannell  wascoat  next  the  skinne. 


Dr.  Broume  to  his  son  Thomas. — 1667. 

I  receaved  yours,  and  would  not  deferre  to  send  vnto  you 
before  you  sayled,  which  I  hope  will  come  vnto  you ;  for  in 
this  vnnd,  neither  can  Eear-admirall  Kempthome  come  to 
you,  nor  you  beginne  your  voyage,  I  am  glad  you  like  Lu- 
ean  so  well.  1  wish  more  military  men  could  read  him ;  in 
this  passage  you  mention,  there  are  noble  straynes ;  and  such 
as  may  well  affect  generous  minds.  Butt  I  hope  you  are 
more  taken  with  the  verses  then  the  subject,  and  rather  em- 
brace the  expression  then  the  example.  And  this  I  the 
rather  hint  unto  you,  because  the  like,  though  in  another 
-waye,  is  sometimes  practised  in  the  king's  shipps,  when,  in 
desperate  cases  they  blowe  up  the  same.^    Por  though  I 

*  Michael  Msestlinus,  a  celebrated  German  astronomer,  published 
several  treatises  on  Comets. 

7  In  the  action  of  the  8rd  of  June,  1666,  Albemarle,  the  Commander 
VOL.  iri.  2  B 


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418  DOicsBXic  GOSBBSfoin)B2rox.  [1667, 

know  you  are  sober  and  consideratiue,  yet  knowing  you  also 
to  be  of  great  resolution ;  and  having  also  heard  from  oeolar 
testimonies  with  what  mdaunted  and  perseyering  oouiage 
yon   have   demeaned  yourself  in  great  difficulties;   and 
knowii^  your  captaine  to  bee  a  stout  and  resolute  man; 
and  wi&  all  the  cordiall  Mendshippe  that  is  between  you; 
I  cannot  omitt  my  earnest  prayers  Tuto  God  to  d^Ter  you 
from  such  a  t^nptation.     Kee  that  goes  to  warre  must  pa- 
tiently submit  vnto  the  various  accidents  thereof.    To  bee 
made  prisoner  by  an  vnequall  and  overruling  power,  after  a 
due  resistance,  is  no  disparagement ;  butt  upon  a  cardesse 
surprizall  or  ^Etynt  opposition ;  and  you  have  so  good  a  me- 
nK>rie  t^t  you  cannot  forgett  many  examples  tiiereof,  eren 
of  the  worthiest  commanders  in  your  beloved  Plutok.  God 
hath  given  you  a  stout,  butt  a  generous  and  mercifdll  heart 
withaiU ;  and  in  all  your  life  you  could  never  behold  any 
person  in  misetie  butt  with  compassion  and  relief;  which 
hath  been  notable  in  you  from  a  child :  so  have  you  layd  up 
a  good  foundation  for  God's  mercy ;  and,  if  sudh  a  disaster 
should  happen,  Hee  will,  without  doubt,  mercifully  iemem<' 
ber  you.     Howeuer,  let  God  that  brought  you  in  the  world 
in  his  owne  goode  time,  lead  you  through  it ;  and  in  hi» 
owne  season  bring  you  out  of  it ;  and  without  such  waye^ 
as  are  displeasing  vnto  him.     When  you  are  at  Cales,  see  iT 
you  can  get  a  box  of  the  Jesuits'  powder  at  easier  rate,  and 
bring  it  in  the  bark,  not  in  powder.     I  am  glad  you  haue 
receaued  the  bill  of  exchange  for  Cales ;  if  you  should  find 
occasion  to  make  vse  thereof.    Enquire  farther  at  Tangier 
of  the  mineral!  wat^  you  told  mee,  which  was  neere  the 
towne,  and  whereof  many  made  use.    Take  notice  of  such 
plants  as  you  meet  with,  either  up<Hi  the  Spanish  or  Afinoan 
coast ;  ioad  if  you  knowe  them  not,  putt  some  leaves  into  a 
booke,  though  carelessely,  and  not  with  that  neatenesse  as  in 
your  booke  at  Norwich.     Enquire  after  any  one  who  hat^ 
been  at  Eez ;  and  leame  what  you  can  of  the  present  stste 
of  that  place,  which  hath  been  so  famous  in  the  descriptioB 
of  Leo  and  others.     The  mercifull  prouidence  of  God  go 
with  you.     Ifrvpellant  unimcB  lintea  Thracus. — ^Your  louing 
father,  Thomas  Beowite. 

in-chie^  confessed  his  intention  rather  to  blow  up  his  ship^  and  peiud^ 
gloEioTialy,  thaa  yield  to  the  enemy. 


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1667.]  DOMESTIC   OOBBESPOWDBNCE.  419 


Mr,  Thomas  Browne  to  his  Father. — May,  1667. 

Sib, — ^I  receaved  not  your  letter  at  Cales  before  wee  were 
readie  to  retame ;  and  therefore  sent  no  answere,  in  hope  1 
should  bee  in  England  before  that  could  come  ynto  your 
band :  and,  God  be  l^anked,  1  am  now  riding  in  Portland 
£oad,  and,  if  the  wind  favour,  hope  to  bee  to-morrowe  at 
Portsmouth,  from  whence  this  is  to  come  ynto  jcm.  The  last 
I  writ  ynto  you  was  from  Plinnnouth,  from  whence  wee  sayled 
the  21st  of  Februarie,  with  Bere-admirall  Kempthome,  and 
about  fifbie  marchand  shippes.  l^e  order,  and  manner  of 
the  sayling  of  our  m^i  of  wane  in  this  expedition,  I  have 
set  downe  in  a  sheet  of  paper,  as  ordered  by  our  admirall. 
The  28th  wee  had  l^e  length  of  the  North  Cape ;  and  were 
ordered  to  conyoy  in  all  the  marchand  shippes  in  our  fleet 
which  were  bound  for  Lisbone.  So  the  first  of  March  wee 
stood  into  Cascales  Boad,  and  saw  our  convoy  safe  up  the 
river;®  and  being  to  make  hast  after  our  fleet,  that  night 
wee  got  almost  Cape  Bpichel  or  Picher ;  the  next  day  Cape 
St.  Vincent ;  and  the  sixth  day  wee  arriued  at  Tangier ;  two 
dayes  before  the  admirall.  There  wee  stayed  four  dayes, 
then  wayghed,  and  w«it  for  Cales ;  where  wee  stayed  about 
a  fortnight,  to  bring  away  such  shippes  as  were  readie  for 
our  convoy.  I  found  Mr.  Knights  ashoare  at  Porto  Sta. 
Maria ;  oi  whom  I  tooke  up  ah  hundred  and  fiftie  six  peeces 
of  eight ;  which  I  haue  now  aboard  in  sherry  sack ;  and 
which  I  hope  wiU  turn  to  good  account.  I  have  abo  six 
jarres  of  tent,  each  containing  about  three  gallons ;  which  1 
intend- to  present  vnto  my  friends ;  and  a  reU  of  exeel^t 
tobacco,  as  they  tell  mee  who  have  taken  of  it ;  very  noble 
sweet  waters,  and  orange  flower  butter,  which  may  prove 
Tfreleome  presents  to  some  friends.  I  stayed  three  daiyes  at 
Porto  Sta.  Maria,  which  is  a  large  towne  belonging  to  the 
Duke  of  Medina,  wherein  are  two  very  fine  chim^es ;  the 
one  of  St.  Victor,  the  other  of  St.  Atitia  ;  several  also  of 
the  king's  galleys  are  layd  up  in  this  rivCT,  which  cometh 
from  the  citty  of  Xeres,  commonly  called  Sherren.  From 
hence  I  passed  over  to  Cales,  wherie  I  stayd  some  d^es :  a 
Teiy  strong  and  well  peopled  place,  with  severall  fayre 
•  Tagus.  * 

2e2 


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420  DOMESTIC   COEEESPOITDEKOB.  [1667. 

churches,  of  one  whereof  I  tooke  a  draught ;  butt  the  streets 
are  narrow  and  ill  paved,  hauing  little  or  no  fresh  water 
butt  what  is  brought  from  other  places ;  from  whence  also 
they  have  their  hearbes,  fruits,  meal,  and  other  necessaries ; 
standing  itself  on  a  meere  sand,  it  little  differs  from  the 
figure  of  it  in  Brawne's  Book  of  Citties.  From  hence  wee 
sayled  with  our  convoy  of  marchands,  which  came  in  timely 
enough  for  us,  and  hauing  made  the  South  Cape  were  agayne 
ordered  to  go  into  Lisbonewith  theBevenge,  who  had  sprung 
a  leake.'  Wee  stayd  one  day,  and  left  the  Bevenge,  to  bring 
away  the  marchantmen  in  the  river.  I  was  not  sorry  I  stayd 
no  longer ;  hauing  been  twice  there  before,  and  hauing  taken 
a  full  view  and  observation  of  that  place  and  all  considerable 
places,  forts,  castles,  and  the  famous  conuent  of  Belim,  in 
my  first  voyage  in  the  Foresight  with  Captain  Brooke,  when, 
ibr  a  fortnight,  wee  dailie  visited  the  court,  attending  the 
commands  and  dispatches  of  the  Conde  Melhor,  the  favorite, 
and  minister  of  state,  who  sent  divers  letters  and  juells  to 
our  queen.  Wee  have  had  much  fowl  weather,  and  contrarie 
winds  since  wee  parted  from  lisbone,  till  within  these  six 
dayes.  Wee  had  putt  into  Flimmouth  this  morning,  butt  it 
blowing  hard  last  night,  wee  overshot  the  port,  being  up 
with  the  Steart  Foynt  by  break  of  day ;  and  this  evening 
wee  are  come  to  an  anchor. 


Mr,  Thomas  JBroume  to  his  Father.— May,  [1667  ?] 

HoKOUD  Sib, — I  am  newlie  come  into  Portsmouth,  and 
have  alreadie  disposed  of  my  adventure  from  Cales.  Wee 
came  in  with  full  expectation  that  wee  should  have  found 
our  fleet  readie  for  this  summer's  action ;  butt,  to  the  great 
grief  of  ourselves,  and  all  honest  publick  spirited  souldiers 
and  seamen,  wee  find  all  contrairie  to  our  desires  ;  and  that 
our  great  and  most  considerable  shipps  shall  not  be  employed 
this  summer.  And  in  the  meane  time  wee  vnderstand,  for 
certaine,  the '  Duch  are  coming  out  with  a  good  fleet.  1 
confess  as  yet  1  vnderstand  not  this  counsell  at  land ;  but  1 
dare  confidently  say,  wee  shall  sadly  repent  of  it.  The 
Puch  would  never  have  given  us  this  aavantage;  and  1 
beleeve  they  will  not  neglect  to  make  vse  of  it  now  wee 


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1667.]  DOMESTIC   COBBESPOyDEKC£.  421 

bane  giuen  it  them.  Sir  Thomas  Allen  hath  a  squadron  of 
shippes  at  Plimmouth  of  the  third  and  fourth  rate,  butt  not 
able  to  oppose  a  fleet.  Some  shipps  are  heere,  together 
vith  the  Souereign,  which  is  vnprouided.  Wee  heare  of 
none  in  the  riuer  of  Thames ;  nor  how  the  fort  at  Sheere- 
nesse  is  fortified  or  manned.  I  am  sure  it  was  butt  in 
meane  case  when  I  was  at  it  in  January.  To  treat  for 
peace  thus  vnprovided,  without  a  cessation  of  armes,  or 
acts  of  hpstilitie,  is  not  pleasing  vnto  us ;  butt  wee  are  rea^ 
die  to  embrace  a  peace  which  should  bee  made  with  our 
swords  in  our  hands.  We  stayed  butt  four  dayes  at  Tangier, 
this  voyage :  of  the  towne  I  tooke  a  draught  oefore,  which  I 
liave  sett  downe  in  my  Joumall  of  my  voyadge  with  Sir 
Jeremie  Smith,  which  I  sent  vnto  you  ;  and  I  can  say  litle 
more  of  it  than  what  I  said  there,  only,  the  mole  goeth  well  for- 
ward, they  hauing  the  assistance  of  some  Italians  acquainted 
-with  that  kind  of  work :  tis  a  ver^  great  attempt,  the  sea 
being  deepe,  and'as  they  aduance  will  bee  deeper,  and  then 
they  will  come  from  a  rocky  to  a  sandy  bottome,  where  the 
stones  will  sinck  deeper,  and  the  work  take  time  to  settle. 
When  it  is  compleat  it  will  be  a  notable  peece,  and  scarce  to 
be  matched.  I  should  thinck  that  in  some  places  it  were  as 
easie  to  build  an  amphitheatre.  I  was  curious  to  obserue 
the  whole  manner  and  way  of  making  of  it ;  and  spent  some 
time  in  obseruing,  discoursing,  ana  questioning  about  it ; 
and  haue  set  downe  the  way  of  it.  I  walked  agayne  about 
the  line  on  the  land  side,  and  viewed  the  forts,  redoubts,  and 
workes,  which  make  it  very  strong.  When  I  first  saw  it 
with  Captain  Brookes,  I  thought  it  a  poore  and  contemp- 
tible place ;  butt  since  I  perceave,  there  are  diners  new 
buildingB,  and  the  towne  is  fuller,  and  hath  diners  nations  in 
it,  and  they  haue  notably  thriued  by  this  warre,  and  Hke  to 
driue  a  trade.*  Of  that  great  masse  of  building,  like  stonv 
stares,  by  the  sea  side,  at  the  bottome  of  the  towne,  which 
is  sett  downe  grossely  in  the  mappe  of  Tangier,  in  Braun's 
Book  of  Citties,  I  could  learn  no  more  then  that  the  Moors, 
in  old  time,  kept  their  market  upon  them,  butt  who  built 
them  is  vncertain,  though  they  seeme  of  good  antiquitie. 
Of  the  city  of  Fez  men  heere  fcaowe  as  litle  of  it  as  though 
it  were  much  farther  of.  I  beleeveit  is  much  altered  since 
Leo  Africanus  described  it,  by  reason  of  the  continuall 


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422'  '  BOMESTTC   COSBESFOITDSlfOE.  [1667. 

warres :  and  I  doubt  is  not  so  noble  a  place  now  as  Yinoent 
LeblanCy  a  macb  later  trauayler,  made  it.  I  spoke  with 
a  Jew,  who  informed  me  much  of  severall  parts  of  Bar- 
barie ;  and  told  mee  that  some  of  their  nation  had  been  at 
"Fezy  and  were  then  but  at  Arzilla.  I  obliged  him  much  hj 
two  English  knifes  ;  and  he  promised  mee  that  hee  would 
^ett  an  account  sett  downe  by  them^  which  he  would  putt 
into  FreneK  and  I  G^ould  haue  it  wheney^  I  came  agaio^ 
or  sent  for  it ;  hee  intending  to  alade  in  Tangier.  Three 
Spaniards  which  were  imprisoned  by  the  Moors  about 
Azamore,  by  contriuing  a  wooden  key  to  open  the  -paaoB. 
doore,  made  tiieir  escape  and  came  to  Tangier, 

Tangier  is  situated  to  the  westward  of  the  bay,  upon  IJie 
bending  of  a  hill,  firom  whence  to  the  sea^side  is  a  very  great 
descent ;  it  i^aLmost  foinr-square,  the  best  street  in  it  is  that 
which  runneth  from  Port  Catharine  down  to  the  Key  Gate^ 
and  is  called  the  Market ;  i^e  ot^er  streets  somewhafe  nar- 
row and  crooked ;  the  mole  will  be  of  great  vse  for  the  seen- 
ritie  of  shippes,  the  road  being  too  open.  I  take  this  to  bee 
an  ancient  citty,  as  the  old  castle  and  stayresto  the  seaward 
l^ough  now  much  ruined  do  te^sfie ;  yet  not  that  Tingis 
from  whence  Mauritania  Tingitana  had  its  name;  imd 
which  is  so  often  mentioned  in  ancient  histories ;  as,  name^, 
by  Flutaxdb,  in  the  life  of  Seartorius,  where  it  is  set  downe 
that  hee  passed  oyer  from  Spayne  and  tooke  Tingis,  and 
finding  a  tomb  reported  to  bee  that  of  Antssua^  he  broake  it 
open,  and  found  therein  bones  of  an  ei^ceeding  length: 
which  must  surely  bee  understood  of  that  which  ia  now 
called  Old  Tangier,  situated  a  little  more  eastward  in  tlie 
bay ;  where  I.  haue  seen  a  great  ruinous  building  and}  a 
broken  bridgjouer  the  riy^,  with  ruins  which  shewe  it  to  haae 
been  a  more  anient  habitation,  then  this  of  our  Tangi^. 


Letter  from  Sir  Tkomoi  Browne  to  Ms  Son,  a  Ideutenq^  of 

Ms  Majesty^  s  sMf  ike  Marie  Base,  at  Fortgmouih, 

[Mayor  June,  1667,] 

Beab  Sonne — I  am  very  ^ad  you  are  returned  fitim  the 
strayghts  mouth  once  more  in  health  and  safetie.  Gk>d  con- 
tinue his  mercifiill  providence  over  you.  I  hope  you  main- 
taine  a  thankful  heart  and  daylie  bless  him  for  your  great 

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1667.]  3>0MJISTIC   COBBESPONDENCE.  423 

delivearauces  in  so  many  fights  and  dangers  of  the   sea, 

whereto  you  have  been  exposed  upon  several  seas,  and  in  all 

^seasons  of  the  yeare.    When  you  first  under  tooke  this 

service,  you  cannot  butt  remember  that  I  caused  you  to  read 

the  description  of  all  the  sea  fights  of  note,  in  Plutark,  the 

Turkiflh  history,  and  others;    and  withall   gave  you  the 

description  of  fortitude  left  by  Aristotle,  "  FortitucUnis  est 

inconeuseum  ^vonrXrfKroy  a  mertis  metu  et  constantem  in 

malis  et  intrepidum  ad  pearicula  esse,  et  malle  honeste  mori 

^uam  turpiter  servari  et  victoriae  causam  prsestare.    Ppast^ 

Tea  autem  fortitudinis  est  laborare  et  tolerarie.     Accedit 

aotem  fortitudini  audacia  et  animi  pmstantia  et  fiducia,  et 

^^osfidentia,  ad  h»c  industria  et  tolerantia."     That  which  I 

then  proposed  for  your  example,  I  now  send  jou  for  your 

commendation.     Eor,  to  give  yon  your  due,  m  ihe  whole 

cours  of  this  warre,  both  in  fights  and  other  sea  affairs^ 

hazards  and  periUs,  you  have  very  well  fuMlled  this  oharac4 

ter  in  yourself.    And  although  you  bee  not  forward  in  com* 

mending  yourself,  yett  o^ers  have  not  been  backward  to  do 

it  for  you,  and  have  so  earnestly  expressed  your  courage, 

valour,  and  resolution ;  your  sober,  studious,  and  observing 

cours  of  life ;  your  generous  and  obliging  disposition,  and 

^e  notable  knowledge  you  have  obtayned  in  military  and 

all  kind  of  sea  afiayies,  that  it  affoordeth  no  i^mall  comfort 

unto  mee.    And  I  would  by  no  meanes  omitt  to  declare  tiie 

same  unto  yourself,  that  you  may  not  want  that  encourage^ 

ment  which  you  so  well  deserve.     They  that  do  well  need 

not  commend  tiiemselves ;  others  will  be  readie  enough  to 

do  it  for  them.    Aud  because  you  may  understand  how  well 

I  haive  heard  of  you,  I  would  not  omitt  to  communicate 

this  unto  you.     Mr.  Scudamore,  your  sober  and  learned 

chaplaine,  in  your  voyage  with  Sir  Jeremie  Smith,  gives  you 

no  small  commendations  for  a  sober,  studious,  courageous, 

and  diligent  person ;  that  he  had  not  met  with  any  of  the 

fleet  lii^  you,  so  civill,   observing,  and  diligent  to  your 

eharge,  with  the  reputation  and  love  of  all  the  shippe ;  and 

that  without  doubt  you  would  make  a  famous  man,  and  a 

reputation  to  your  country.     Captain  Fenne,  a  meere  rough 

seaman,  sayd  that  if  hee  were  too  choose,  he  would  have 

your  company  before  any  he  knewe.     Mr.  W.  B.  of  Ljrnn, 

A  stout  volunteer  in  the  Dreadnought,  sayd  in  my  hearing. 


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d24  BOHESTIC   COBBXSFOKDEKCE.  [1667. 

that  you  were  a  deserving  person,  and  of  as  good  a  reputa- 
tion as  any  young  man  in  the  fleet.  Another  who  was  with 
you  at  Schellinck's,  highly  commended  your  sobrietie,  care- 
fuUnesse,  undaunted  and  lasting  courage  through  all  the 
cours  of  the  warr ;  that  you  had  acquired  no  small  know- 
ledge in  navigation,  as  well  as  the  military  part.  That  you 
understood  every  thing  that  belonged  unto  a  shippe ;  and 
had  been  so  strict  and  criticall  an  observer  of  the  shipps  in 
the  fleet,  that  you  could  name  any  shippe  sayling  at  some 
distance  ;  and  by  «ome  private  mark  and  observation  which 
you  had  made,  would  hardly  mistake  one,  if  seventie  shippea 
should  sayle  at  a  reasonable  distance  by  you.  You  are 
much  obliged  to  Sir  Thomas  Allen,  who  upon  all  occasions 
speakes  highly  of  you  ;^  and  is  to  be  held  to  the  fleet  by 
encouragement  and  preferment :  for  I  would  not  have  him 
leave  the  sea,  which  otherwise  probably  he  might,  having 
parts  to  make  himself  considerable  by  divers  other  wayes. 
Mr.  I.  told  mee  you  were  compleatly  constituted  to  do  your 
country  service,  nonour,  and  reputation,  as  being  exceeding 
faythmll,  valiant,  diligent,  generous,  vigilant,  observing, 
very  knowing,  and  a  scholar.  How  you  behaved  yourself  in 
the  Foresight,  at  the  hard  service  at  Bergen,  in  Norway, 
captain  Brookes,  the  commander,  expressed  unto  many  be- 
fore his  death,  not  long  after,  in  Suffolk ;  and  particularly 
unto  my  lord  of  Sandwich,  then  admiral,  which  thoughe  you 
would  not  tell  me  yourself^  yet  I  was  informed  from  a  per- 
son of  no  ordinary  qualitie,  C.  Harland,  who  when  you  came 
aboard  the  admiral  after  the  taking  of  the  East  India  shippes 
heard  my  lord  of  Sandwich,  to  speak  thus  unto  you.  "  Sir, 
you  are  a  person  whom  I  am  glad  to  see,  and  must  be  better 
acquainted  with  you,  upon  the  account  which  captain  Brooke 
gaue  mee  of  you.  I  must  encourage  such  persons  and  give 
them  their  due,  wliich  will  stand  so  firmely  and  courageously 
imto  it  upon  extremities  wherein  true  valour  ^  is  best  dis- 
covered. Hee  told  me  you  were  the  only  man  that  stack 
closely  and  boldly  to  him  unto  the  last,  and  that  after  so 
many  of  his  men  and  his  lieutenant  was  slayne,  he  could  not 
have  well  known  what  to  have  done  without  you."     Butt 

'  There  ib  evidently  some  omission  here,  either  in  the  original  or  the 
copy  ;  the  following  sentence  appears  to  be  Sir  Thomas  AUen's  remark^ 
the  beginning  of^hich  is  apparently  wanting. 


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1667.]  DOMESTIC  oobbxs:pokdekc£.  42$ 

beside  these  I  must  not  fayle  to  tell  you  how  well  I  like  it, 
that  you  are  not  only  ISIarti  but  Mercurio,  and  very  much 
pleased  to  find  how  good  a  student  you  have  been  at  sea,  and 
particularly  with  what  success  you  hare  read  divers  bookes 
there,  especially  Homer  and  Juvenal  with  Lubines  notes. 
Being  much  surprised  to  find  you  so  perfect  therein  that 
you  had  them  in  a  manner  without  booke,  and  could  proceed 
in  any  verse  I  named  unto  you.  I  am  glad  you  can  over- 
come Lucan.  The  other  bookes  which  I  sent,  are,  I  per- 
ceive, not  hard  unto  you,  and  having  such  Industrie  ad- 
joined unto  your  apprehension  and  memorie,  you  are  like 
to  proceed  [^ot  only]  a  noble  navigator,  butt  a  great 
schollar,  which  will  be  much  to  your  honour  and  my 
satis&iction  and  content.  I  am  much  pleased  to  find  that 
you  take  the  draughts  of  remarkable  things  where  ere 
you  go;  for  that  may  bee  very  usefull,  and  will  fasten 
themselves  the  better  in  your  memorie.  You  are  mightily 
improved  in  your  vioUn,  butt  I  would  by  no  meanes  have 
you  practise  upon  the  trumpet,  for  many  reasons.  Your 
fencing  in  the  shippe  may  See  against  the  scurvie,  butt 
that  knowledge  is  of  little  advantage  in  actions  of  the  sea. 


The  absence  of  any  correspondence  between  Sir  Thomas 
and  his  son  Edward  from  1665  to  1668,  favours  the  suppo- 
sition that  the  latter  resided  at  Norwich  during  the  greater 
portion  of  that  period.  He  was  incorporated  of  Merton 
College,  Oxford,  in  June,  1666,  and  took  his  degree.  Doctor 
of  Physick,  July  4th,  1667.  In  August,  1668,  he  went 
over  to  Holland,  but  probably  intending  only  a  short  excur- 
sion. He  remained  abroad,  however,  for  nearly  a  year  and  a 
half,  extending  his  travels  from  place  to  place,  far  beyond  his 
orimnal  plan,  and  in  direct  opposition  to  his  father's  urgent 
and  reiterated  requests.  His  letters  to  his  father  are  so 
Yoliiminous,  that  it  was  absolutely  necessary  to  omit  the  far 
greater  portion.  This  is  the  less  to  be  regretted,  as  the  sub- 
stance of  them  has  been  published  in  his  Travels,  fol.  1685. 


Dr,  Edward  Brovme  to  his  Father. 
Sib,— il  stayed  4  dayes  at  Botterdam,  where  Mr.  Panser 
was  very  obliging.     Great  shipps  come  up  to  their  bowses 


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426  .     JKUdBBTIC   COBSE8PO]7J>£KCE.  [1667. 

through  most  of  the  graefts  or  cutfcs  out  of  the  Maes,  which 
I  obserue  as  yet  no  where  els.  Erom  BotterdaDX  I  passed 
by  Ouersehee  to  Delfb.  In  an  howse  of  this  towne,  I  saw 
the  marks  in  a  wall  which  a  bullet  made  at  prince  William, 
who  was  thereby  murthered.  From  Delft  I  went  to  the 
Hague.  I  saw  the  princes  court,  the  piazza  by  it  full  of 
green  trees,  the  prinees  grandmothers  howse,  the  cours  where 
ihe  coaphes  meet,  and  many,  fine  bowses  in  the  towne,  the 
pell  mall,  the  wood,  the  park,  and  went  downe  to  Scheuelin, 
where  our  king  tooke  shipping  at  his  return  to  England. 
!From  thence  I  went  to  Leyden,  and  one  day  I  made  ask  ex* 
cuniion  to  Alphen,  with  Mr.  Thompson  of  Lynne ;  heere  wee 
dyned  at  a  country  mans  howae>  In  this  place  they  make 
much  oyle  for  soape,  make  greab  store  of  tyles,  and  build 
boates.  On  Monday  I  oame  back  to  Leyden  by  GUinkerk, 
where  is  the  oldest  hows  in  HoUand.  In  Leyden  I  tooke 
notice  of  that  antiquitie  called  Hengist  his  casUe,  or  the 
Berg.  In  the  anatomy  schoolesv  are  a  very  great  number  of 
sc4&letons,  the  2  l^;gs  of  an  elephant,  the  sceleton  of  a  whale 
taken  out  of  another  whale,  and  what  not ;  diners  sceletoomB 
of  men  and  woemen,  some  with  muscle,  one  with  the  whole 
flesh  and  skinne ;  but  I  haue  since  seen  farr  neater  curio- 
sities of  this  kind  at  Amsterdam,  performed  by  Dr.  !Beas. 
Erom  Leyden  I  came  to  Harlem,  where,  being  alone,  I  fell 
in  company  with  the  gouemor  of  Maynhems  sonne,  who  is 
a  captaine  heere,  and  now  going  agaynst  the  duke  of  Lor- 
raine, in  seruice  of  the  Electour  Palatine.  From  hence  in 
3  hours  I  passed  to  Amsterdam,  where  I  haue  seen  so  many 
curiosities,  and  am  so  highly  satisfied,  that  I  thinck  I  cannot 
see  better ;  butt  many  tell  mee  Antwerp  surpasseth  it,  which. 
I  hope  to  see  suddenly.  In  the  howse  where. I  lodge,  there 
lyes  also  one  Mr.  Vernon^  an  Englishman,  who  hath  ferauelled 
these  6  yeares,  speakes  excellent  Latin,  Spanish,  Italian, 
l^igh  Duch,  and  French ;  hath  been  almost  in  all  parts  of 
Christendom,  beside  Barbaric,  with  him  I  haue  seen  many 
things.  I  heare  your  booke  of  Vulgar  Errors  is  translated 
into  low  Duch,  and  now  in  the  presse. 

Edwaed  BaowifE. 

Amsterdam,  Sept.  14,  1668. 


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1668.]  DOMESTIC  COBBXBPOIfPENCl!.  427 


JDr,  Edward  Browne  to  his  Father.  .- 

Sib, — My  last  I  -wrote  to  you  from  Middleburg,  since  which 
time  I  haye  been  at  Brusaells,  and  am  retiimed  unto  Ant- 
werp. In  Brussellsy  there  are  3  hundred  howses  infected, 
80  I  made  litle  stay  there.  I  wayted  upon  Mrs.  Waide- 
graue,  a  nunzie,  in  the  Eng^h  Colledge,  who  presents  her 
duty  to  my  lady,  my  sisters,  and  spake  very  worthily  of  your- 
sdi^  in  remembrance  of  the  great  good  you  had  done  her 

father  Sir  Henry 

.  !FrQm  Temeer  I  went  to  Middleburg,  where  Mr.  Hill,  the 
minister,  was  exceeding  obliging.  I  dmed  at  his  house ;  hee 
gaTo  mee  a  booke^  and  when  I  went  to  Ylussing,  accom- 
panied  mee  to  the  boat,  and  sent  his  kinmnan  with  mee ;  hee 
tdid  meethatthe  same  man  who  trandafced  your  Beligio 
Medici  hath  translated  your  Vulgar  Errors  into  low  Duch. 
AtBrossellfi  ther  cannot  dissemble  their  joy  that  Castle 
Bodrigo^  hath  left  them,  and  stuek  not  to  say  upon  his  de* 
parting  on  Michaelmas  day,  that  their  patron,  St.  Michael, 
had  now  oYcreome  and  cast  out  the  diuell.  I  pray  direct  a 
letter  to  mee,  at  Erankfort,  my  letter  of  credit  being  ior 
that  place,  upon  Mionsr.  Pierre  de  Neufille. — Tour  obedient 
Sonne,  Edwjlbd  Bbowke. 

Anbatfpy  Octdb,  I,  styZ,  now,  1658. 


Dr.  Browne  to  his  son  Edward, 

Deabe  SoOTra, — I  hare  receaued  seuerall  letters  from 
you,  the  last  dated  Sept.  14,  from  Amsterdam,  by  Mr.  Pecket, 
and  am  sorry  I  cannot  write  so  often  to  you,  not  knowing 
wheither  to  direct,  but  I  would  not  omitt  to  aduenture  this 
imto  you  in  Mr.  Johnsons  couert  to  Wr,  Houenaer.  The 
mony  you  tooke  up  is  payd,  and  though  you  haye  a  letter  of 
credit  for  a  great  summe,  yet  I  conceaue  and  hope  you  will 
take  up  butt  a  part,  for  the  yeigre  is  spent  and  I  would  not 
have  you  make  wide  excursions.  I  receaued  some  prints  by 
Mr.  I)earesly  which  I  like.     Captain  Cox  is  not  yet  re- 

*  The  Marquess  of  Castel  Kodrigo,  the  Spanish  governor  of  the  Low 
Coimtries. 


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428  DOMESTIC    COBBESBOBDEKCE.  [1668. 

turned.  I  like  it  well  that  you  take  notice  of  so  many  par- 
ticularities. <  Enquire  also  after  the  policie  and  gouerument 
of  places.  Weane  not  nor  tire  thyself,  butt  endeauour  to 
preserue  thy  health  by  sparing  thyse]f  &om  labour  and  ob- 
seruing  a  good  dyet.  I  am  glad  you  haue  met  with  a  persoa 
who  speakes  so  many  languadges ;  you  may  practise  your 
Latin  and  Italian  with  him,  little  troubling  your  head  with 
the  languadge  of  the  JN^etherlands.  I  am  glad  you  bane  seen 
the  best  of  Holland.  What  way  you  tooke  from  TJtreckt  I 
am  uncertaine ;  but  probably,  toward  Antwerp,  which  were 
very  well  worth  the  seeing,  if  the  contagion  and  disorder  of 
soiddiers  in  those  parts  will  permitt.  But  before  this  can 
probably  come  to  your  hand,  you  may  have  seen  that  place. 
Bny  no  bookes  but  what  are  small  and  portable,  if  any :  for 
by  London  we  can  send  for  such  bookes  as  those  parts  afford. 
Naiicy  writ  mee  word  that  shee  receaued  a  letter  from  you. 
Tout  mother,  Betty,  and  sisters,  pray  for  you,  wishing  your 
retume,  which  Grod  prosper.  Many  friends  enquire  after 
you :  but  no  letters  have  come  for  you,  since  the  last  I  sent 
to  Yarmouth,  they  understanding  you  are  abroad.  Whai 
you  were  at  Amsterdam,  I  wished  you  had  enquired  af1;er 
pr.  Heluetius,  who  writ  Yitulus  aureus,  and  saw  proiection 
made,  and  had  pieces  of  gold  to  shew  of  it.  Hold  up  thy 
spirits  and  bee  not  delected  that  you  receaued  no  mor& 
letters,  for  if  we  were  assured  of  their  deliuery  we  would 
write  weekely.  God  blesse  you  and  protect  you.  I  am, 
your  euer  loueing  father,  Tho.  Beowne. 

Sept,  22,  Norwich,  1668.     • 

I  wish  you  would  bring  ouer  some  of  the  red  marking 
stone  for  drawinge,  if  any  very  good.  One  told  mee  hee 
read  in  the  French  gazette,  that  the  Duch  had  discovered 
the  north-east  passage  to  China  round  about  Tartaric.  I  do 
not  care  whether  you  go  into  Zealand,  but  if  you  should. 
Mushing  and  Middleburgh  are  only  worth  the  seeing. 

If  you  have  opportunitie,  you  mayobserue  how  the  Duch 
make  defences  agaynst  sea  inimdations.  Obserue  the  seuerall 
fish  and  fowle  in  markets  and  their  names.  Wee  haue  not 
heard  a  long  time  of  Lewis  de  Bills,  his  practise  of  preserving 
bodyes,  &c.  What  esteeme  haue  they  of  Van  Helmont,  in 
Brabant,  his  own  country  ?     Since  I  ^Tote  this,  I  receiued 


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1668.]  3)0M£8T1C  COBB£SPO»[D£KCE.  429 

yours  this  morning,  from  Dort,  and  am  exceedingly  glad 
to  see  how  God  hath  blessed  you,  and  that  you  haue  had 
aduantages  beyond  expectation.  Your  accounts  are  very  good 
of  all  things.  God  blesse  you.  ^Madam  Burwell  is  at  pre- 
sent with  mee.  Hee  and  shee  send  their  seruice.  We  are 
on  the  declination  of  the  assises  which  last  2  dayes.  The 
contagion  may  hinder  you  from  going  into  Flanders,  butt 
Brabant,  I  thmck,  is  not  much  vnder  it.  Mr.  Johnson  is 
with  mee  at  this  hower,  and  I  hast  to  send  this  by  his  letter 
to  Mr.  Houenaer.  The  mercifull  protection  of  God  bee 
with  you.  Mr.  Johnson,  Hawkins,  Whitefoote,  Bohins,  &c. 
salute  you. 


Dr.  Edward  Browne  to  his  Ihther. — Wien  in  Auitrich^ 
Novemb,  29,  styh  nouo. 

Sin, — I  wrote  to  you  from  Passaw.  Since  when  it  hath 
pleased  God  to  continue  his  blessings  in  my  health  and 
a  prosperous  passage  to  Vienna.  The  farther  I  go  the 
more  my  desires  are  enlarged,  and  I  desire  now  to  see  Fres- 
bourg,  Leopoldin,  the  strong  fortification  which  the  emperour 
hath  built  in  lieu  of  Newheusel,  as  also  Bab,  Comorra,  Buda, 
and  Chremnitz,  where  the  gold  mines  are,  and  other  places : 
butt  I  haue  trespassed  too  farre  abeadie  upon  your  good- 
nesse,  and  intend  to  looke  no  farther.  Here  is  at  present  a 
Tartarian  ambassadour,  desiring  a  league  ofensiue  and  de- 
fensiue  with  the  emperour,  his  name  Oha  Gagi  Aga,  Cha 
signifieth  master,  Gagi  somewhat  like  proselyte,  and  Aga 
signifieth  king.  They  haue  brought  diners  horses  with  them 
of  high  esteem  here,  but  not  the  least  beautifull.  Some  of 
the  Tartars  haue  syluer  rings,  with  the  same  signature  as 
the  Turkish  scales.  They  take  much  tobacco  in  very  long 
pipes ;  their  tobacco  is  not  in  rowles  butt  in  leaues  and  drye. 
Heere  is  a  fayre  in  the  citty,  where  yesterday  I  mett  the 
Tartars,  who  were  strangely  delighted  with  it,  and  very  much 
with  the  babies  and  figures  in  gingerbread.  The  emperour 
presented  the  Cham  of  Tartaric  with  a  siluer  bason  and 
ewer,  and  a  fine  wach  of  curious  work ;  sent  also  presents  to 
the  4  brothers  of  the  great  Cham,  to  the  chamarine  his  wife. 


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486  D0MZ9IIG  COBBESPOlirDEircS.  [1MB. 

and  to  hk  sisters ;  yet  after  all  this  kindnesse  th^  are 
jealous  heere,  as  hamng  newes  out  of  Hungarie,  that  Sieb^i- 
hergen  is  to  bee  putt  into  the  hands  of  the  Tartars.  The 
Tarietie  of  habits  m  this  place  is  very  remarkable,  as  of  Hun- 
garians, Transyluanians,  Grecians,  Croatians,  Austrians,  &c. 
In  the  riuer  there  is  kept  a  tame  pellican,  which  heere  they 
call  a  lettelgantz  or  spoon  goose.  I  saw  a  comedie  in  th^ 
Jesuit's  odilMge,  the  emperour  and  empresse  present.  In  ^hte 
emperours  chappell  is  very  good  musick,  rocall  and  inatru- 
mentall,  performed  by  Italiims,  whereof  some  are  eunuchs. 
I  saw  ihe  emperour  at  diappell  on  Wednesday,  hee  haliL  a 
very  remarkaDle  aspect,  and  the  Austrian  lipp  eirtitaordi- 
narily.  Count  Cacnowitz  is  Maistre  del  Hostell.  Mon- 
tecuculi,  the  generaU,  is  a  leane  tall  man.  On  St.  ^Nicholas 
day  I  sawe  the  emperours  mother  and  his  2  sisters^  as  they 
lighted  out  of  their  coach  to  enter  into  the  monasterie  of 
St.  Nicholas,  his  sisters  are  yery  beautifull  sweet  ladyes. 
The  empresse  hath  a  very  good  looke  butt  somewhat  sad 
at  present,  perhaps  too  sollicitous  about  her  deliuerie.  I 
would  willingly  leaue  this  place  in  order  to  my  retume  the 
first  weeke  in  February,  or  sooner  if  I  haue  the  happinesse 
to  heare  from  you. 

Dr.  JBroume  to  his  €on  Edward. — Dec.  2,  Nortoiehy  1668. 

Deab  SoNiTE, — ^Vpon  the  receit  of  your  letter  from 
Passau  upon  the  Danube,  dated  Nou.  1,  styl.  vet.  I  got 
our  louing  friend  Mr.  Couldham  to  send  this  vnto  Venice, 
to  Mr.  Hayles,  in  whose  hands  it  may  lye  till  you  ether  call 
or  send  for  it.  I  am  sorry  you  are  to  make  that  long  round 
agayne,  and  once  more  be  inclosed  within  the  Alpes :  butt 
if  it  hath  pleasd  God  to  bring  you  safe  to  Venice  out  of 
Germanic,  and  through  so  bad  a  winter  passage,  with  your 
thankfull  acknowledgments  Tnto  God,  make  the  "best  Tse  you 
can  of  such  places  for  your  improuement  and  knowledg  the 
time  you  linger  there ;  and  whereuer  you  go,  in  your 
retume,  bee  neuer  without  some  institution  or  the  like  of 
physick,  whereof  you  may  dalie  or  often  read,  and  so  con- 
tinue to  study  the  method  and  doctrine  of  physick,  which 
intention^  upon  yarietie  of  objects  of  other  subjects  may 

'  Intentness. 


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1668.]  DOMESTIC    COBBESFOKDEKCE.  431 

make  you  forget.  "Wearie  not  nor  wast  your  spirits  too 
much  in  pursuing  after  yarietie  of  objects,  which  I  knowe 
you  cannot  butt  do  with  eamestnesse,  for  thereby  you  shall, 
by  God's  blessing,  conserue  your  health,  whereof  I  am  very 
sollicitous.  Make  what  conuenient  hast  you  can  homewards 
and  neerer  Enghind,  according  as  the  passages  and  season 
will  permitt.  To  retume  by  sea  is  thought  by  all  no  fitt  or 
good  way  for  you :  'tis  very  hazardous  in  many  respects, 
nothinge  considerable  to  bee  learned,  and  of  Htle  credit. 
In  places  take  notice  of  the  gouerment  of  them,  and  the 
eminent  persons.  Burden  not  yourself  with  superfluous 
luggage,  and  if  you  buy  any  thiug  iett  it  bee  of  easie  portage. 
Keepe  yourseli*  still  temperate,  which  virtue  may  conserue 
your  parts.  You  are  in  your  trauayl  able  to  direct  yout 
self ;  G-od  also  direct  and  preserue  you.  1  do  not  know  that 
you  shall  want  accommodation  for  mony,  butt  Mr.  Couldham 
hath  been  so  courteous  as  to  write  to  Mr.  Hayles,  in  case  of 
neeessitie,  to  accommodate  you ;  whereof  I  hope  you  will 
make  vse  butt  vpon  good  occasion,  and  moderately.  Xnforme 
your  self  concerning  the  state  of  Candia,  and  enquire 
whether  there  bee  any  relation  made  thereof,  so  far  as  it 
faath  yet  proceeded.  Badua,  I  presume,  you  wiU  take 
notice  of  agayne:  butt  seriously  I  would  not  haue  you 
make  excursions  remote  and  cnargeable.  Consider  how 
neerely  it  concemeth  you  to  bee  in  yoxu'  country  improuing 
your  time  to  yfrh&t  you  intend,  and  what  most  concemeth 
you.  Of  all  your  letters  sent  out  of  Germanic,  that  only 
wch  you  sent  from  Bingen  miscarried.  .1  wish  you  had  met 
with  Heylin,  or  some  ^ort  description  and  diuision  of  those 
countryes  as  you  trauayled,  and  if  you  haue  not,  do  it  yet ;. 
for  that  may  produce  a  rationall  knowledge  of  them,  con- 
firmed by  sence,  and  giue  you  a  distinct  apprehension  of 
Germame,  wch  to  most  proues  the  most  intricate  of  any  in 
Europe.  Your  mother  prayes  for  you  and  sends  her 
Uessing,  and  would  bee  happy  to  see  you.  Shee  is  in 
health,  as  your  sister  B.  and  Moll  Franc  liuely  and  cheerily, 
butt  leane,  and  another  sharpe  feuer  [may]  yet  soone  take 
her  away.  Beside  limning,  Bet  practiseth  washing  in  black 
and  colours,  and  doth  very  well.  All  is  quiet  enough,  butt 
the  countryman  complaines,  and  rents  are  still  badly  payd, 
come  and  mward  commodities  being  at  lowe  coste.    It  hath 


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4d2  SOlfSSTIG   COBBESFOlirDENOE.  [1668. 

yet  been  an  open  winter,  no  snowe,  fewe  and  small 
frosts,  much  rayne  and  wind,  wch  hath  made  catarrhs, 

coughs,  and  rheumatismes affectinge  the  most 

common  diseases  among  us.  The  parliament  is  adioumed 
to  the  1  of  March.  Mr.  England  of  Yarmouth  was  prickt 
for  knight  of  the  shiere,  but  got  ofi  and  Sr  George  Viner, 
a  Londoner,  prickt  in  his  place.  The  Bishop  and  Mr. 
Hawkins  haue  been  some  moneths  in  Norwich:  he  en- 
quireth  of  you.  I  receiued  your  things  in  Capt.  Coxe's 
«hip,  the  Concord.  The  description  of  Amsterd.  Mr. 
Pnmerose  brought  mee.  My  lady  Maydston  was  well 
satisfied  with  your  letter.  Mr.  Skippon  is  to  marry 
Mr.  Brewster's  daughter,  of  Wrentham  bv  Southwold,  as  i 
heard  credibly.  It  were  well  you  could  ooserue  any  thinge 
in  order  to  the  Boyall  Societie.  These  things  I  put  together, 
though  the  whole  letter  may  bee  vnsertaine  to  come  to  you. 
Your  letter  from  Passau  not  assuring  your  determination : 
but  before  you  can  receaue  this,  I  hope  to  receaue  one 
from  Vienna,  which  may  tell  more  of  your  resolution,  and 
whether  you  intended  to  retume  by  Prague  or  Venice. 
The  mercifrdl  protection  of  God  go  with  you,  guide  and 
direct  and  blesse  you,  and  giue  you  euer  a  gratefiill  heart 
vnto  him. — Your  louing  father,  Thomas  Bbowits. 


Dr,  Browne  to  his  9on  Edward, — Deeemh,  15,  etifl,  wt,  1668, 
Norwich. 
Deabe  Soinrai,— 7I  receaved  vours  from  Vienna,  dated 
Decemb.  6,  when  I  came  home  this  evening :  and  would  not 
deferre  to  write  to  Mr.  Johnson  this  night,  to  Yarmouth. 
16  days  ago  I  writ  to  Venice,  according  to  the  desire  of  your 
former  letter,  wch  Mr.  Couldham,  your  friend,  endoaed  to 
Mr.  Hayles ;  and  writ  unto  him,  that,  if  you  were  necesi- 
tated  for  mony,  you  might  be  conveniently  accommodated, 
wch  I  did  out  of  abun(£int  caution ;  becaus  you  expressed 
no  desire  thereof,  and  I  thought  you  had  still  gone  on  upon 
the  credit  from  Mr.  Hovenaer,  whch  might  have  b^en 
continued  from  place  to  place.  .  None  of  your  letters 
have  miscarried,  butt  onely  one  from  Bingen;  pray  bee 
moderate  as  possible  in  what  summes  you  take  up,  and 
especially  not  to  take  up  much  at  a  time,  butt  after  the  rate 


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1668.]  DOMESTIC  COBBXSPOKDSITOE.  43$ 

which  you  have  yet  done.  If  you  had  declared  your  in- 
tention for  Vienna,  wee  had  not  fayled  to  have  sent,  some 
way  or  other,  that  you  might  have  receaved  ours  at  your 
first  coming  thither.  You  have  travayled  far  this  winter, 
wch  hath  yet  proved  very  favorable.  I  would  have  you 
smre  your  self  as  much  as  you  could  conveniently,  and 
afford  some  rest  unto  your  spirits,  for  I  see  you  have 
observed  much  and  been  earnest  therein.  My  prayers 
you  have  daylie  for  you,  and  want  not  assistance  to  my 
utmost  abilitie.  "Wch  way  you  intend  to  take  in  your 
retume,  I  know  not.  I  should  bee  glad  if  you  covld  escape 
a  journey  to  Venice,  but  rather  tluther  then  any  further 
eastward,  ether  to  Poland,  Hungarie,  or  Turkic ;  which  both 
myself  and  all  your  friends  do  heartily  wish  you  would  not 
so  much  as  thinck  of.  Your  letter  is  very  obscure  at  the 
end,  that  I  would  not  forbid  you  any  thing  that  might 
happen  in  the  meane  time  for  your  advantage,  wherein  I 
pray  consider  yourself  seriously,  and  lett  your  thoughts 
and  determinanons  bee  very  well  grounded.  Prom  Con- 
stantinople, or  Turkey,  I  am  most  averse,  for  many  reasons, 
wee  all  wish  you  in  iSigland,  or  neerer  it.  I  doubt  not  butt 
that  you  will  ever  have  a  gratefiiU  heart  unto  God,  who  hath 
thus  farre  protected  you.  If  you  had  gone  to  Venice,  wee 
were  very  solicitous  how  you  would  have  returned,  and  all 
were  against  going  (by  sea)  as  not  onlv  inconvenient,  butt 
dangerous  and  uselesse  unto  you,  and  of  no  great  credit. 
Have  alwayes  some  physick  treatise  to  reade  often,  least 
this  varietie  of  obiects  unsettle  the  notions  of  it.  Vienna 
is  an  imiversitie,  and  some  things  probably  may  be  learned 
in  knowledge  and  chymistrie  ;  it  were  fitt  to  take  a  good 
account  of  the  emperor's  court,  &c.  b^ing  upon  the  place. 
My  L.  Maydstone  was  glad  of  your  letter.  Sr  Daniel 
Harvey^  is  by  this  time  in  Turkey,  and  my  lord,  probably 
upon  coming  away,  as  they  heare.  Pray  bee  mindfull  to 
order  your  speech  distinctly  and  leasurably,  and  not  after 
that  precipitous  way  of  France.  Your  mother  sends  her 
blessing,  sisters  their  love,  and  wishes  for  you ;  the  merciful! 
and   gratious  protection  of  the  Almightie  bee  with  you. 

*  He  married'  the  sister  of  Ralph,  Duke  of  Montague,  was  knighted, 
made  Ranger  of  Richmond  Park,  and  afterwards  Ambassador  to  Con- 
gtantinople. 

TOL.  III.  2  F 


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434  DOMESTIC   COSSESFOKDEJS'CB.  [1668. 

This  letter  will  bee  somewhat  long  a  coming  to  you ;  when 
you  go  from  Vienna,  leave  order  with  Mr.  Beck,  how  to 
send  to  you ;  for  probably  I  may  send  one  not  many  dayes 
after  this. — Tour  ever  loving  father,  Tho.  Bbgwite. 

2>r.  Browne  to  his  9on  Eckoard. — Nbrwichy  Dec.  21,  1668. 

Deab  Sonne, — The  same  day  whereon  I  receaved  yours, 
Decemb.  6,  I  sent  unto  Mr.  Johnson,  Decemb.  xv,  to  write 
to  Mr.  Hovenaer,  to  accommodate  you  with  a  letter  of 
credit  or  exchange,  atYienna,  and  inclosed  a  letter  of 
myne  to  bee  sent  by  Mr.  Hovenaer.  Mr.  Johnson  hath 
writ  me  word,  that  hee  wrote  the  next  day,  and  that,  if  the 
letter  doth  not  unfortunately  miscarrie,  you  shall,  G-od 
willing,  heare  of  it.  Hee  sayth  hee  also  writ  to  Mr. 
Dreenstein,  at  Venice,  and  also  one  to  Monsr.  Morelli,  I 
thinck,  at  Venice,  in  vour  behalf,  and  to  accgmmodate-you, 
if  need  required ;  and  this  I  suppose  hee  did,  because  you 
writ  before  that  you  intended  for  Venice.  Mr.  Couldham 
also  sent  a  letter  of  myne  to  you,  in  one  of  his,  to  Mr.  Hayles, 
,to  keep  it  while  you  called  or  sent  for  it,  and  whereby  he 
desirea  Mr.  Hayles  to  accommodate  you,  if  need  required; 
wch  letter  is,  by  this  time  of  my  writing,  at  Venice.  Now 
all  this  is  done  out  of  my  abundant  care  and  caution  for 
you,  butt  I  hope  you  will  heare  from  Mr.  Hovenaer  at 
Vienna ;  for  I  should  bee  glad  you  might  decline  Venice, 
and  so,  after  a  bad  journey,  bee  shut  up  agayne  within  the 
Alpes.  Vienna  is  at  a  great  distance,  and  there  is  litle 
communication  between  it  and  London,  so  that  it  is  not  so 
easie  to  send  unto  you  as  to  receave  from  you,  and  I  beleeve 
postage  is  to  bee  twice  payd,  after  ifc  goes  from  London, 
before  it  will  come  to  Vienna,  butt  where  I  yet  knowe  not, 
butt  have  taken  the  best  care  I  can  at  London.  Direct  no 
letters  immediately  to  Norwich,  for  you  mention  one  lately 
sent  so  directed  wch  I  received  not ;  one  I  receaved  from 
Mr.  Panser,  who  sent  it  from  Eotterdam.  Before  you  leave 
the  place  you  may  write  something  of  it,  and  of  the  em- 
perour's  court,  which  way  you  will  retume  I  cannot 
advise,  only  am  very  unwilling  you  should  go  farther.  If 
you  come  southerly,  by  Ausberg,  Ulme,  &c.  to  Strasburg, 
you  gett  at  last  unto  the  Ehyne,  butt  after  an  hiUy  and  long 
passage,  and  not  a  great  roade ;  if  you  go  by  Prague,  and 


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1668.]  DOJ&aCBTIO  COBBESPOIi^DEirCE. .  435 

so,  througli  part  of  Saxonie  and  Turingia,  by  Erfurt,  it  is  a 
long  way  also,  butt  perhaps  more  travayled  from  Vienna ; 
andif  you  were  in*  Turingia  [you]  might  find  convenience 
for  Cologne,  eschewing  the  countries,  townes,  and  provinces, 
on  or  toward  the  Baltick,  lesse  worth  the  seeiag  of  any,  and 
the  coldest.  God  direct,  guide,  and  protect-  you,  an(J 
retume  you  safe  unto  all  the  longing  desires  of  your  friends, 
who  heartily  wish  you  were  at  a  more  tolerable  distance. 
All  yours,  except  one  from  Bingen  and  another  directed  lately 
to  Norwich,  have  come  to  my  hand.  Take  notice  of  the 
various  animals,  of  places,  beasts,  fowles,  and  fishes ;  what 
the  Danube  affordeth,  what  depth,  if  conveniency  ofiers ;  of 
mines,  mineraU  workes,  &c.  They  say  spelter  or  zink  is 
made  in  Germanie ;  from  thence  also  pompholyx,  tutia,  mysi, 
sori,  zaffera,  &c.  You  are  to  bee  commended  for  observing 
so  well  alreadie ;  I  wish  you  could  take  notice  of  something 
for  the  informiation  of  the  Soc.  Reg^  to  learn  speciaU 
medicines  and  preparations :  butt,  as  I  still  saye,  try  not  thy 
spirits  too  farre,  but  give  due  rest  unto  them ;  I  doubt  not 
butt  you  will  be  warie  of  the  vice  of  the  country.  Beat  not 
thy  head  too  much  about  the  languadge ;  you  will  leame 

enough  to  proceed if  you  shall  tbinck  fitt.     Wee 

lately  read  the  seidge  of  Yienna  by  Solyman,  when  it  was 
much  weaker  than  at  present ;  now  the  buUwark  of  Xtendom. 
I  should  be  sorry  you  should  want  money  at  this  distance ; 
I  hoped  you  had  once  taken  up  more,  by  your  credit  at 
Pranckfort,  upon  Mr.  Neufville.  Tis  generally  sayd  that 
Mr.  HJoward  goes  embassadour  to  Morrocco  unto  Taffelsur ; 
who  hath  driven  Guiland  into  Argier,  whether  hee  is  fled ; 
taken  Benboker,  and  killed  the  king  of  Morrocco,  and  is 
crowned  king  of  Morrocco  and  Fez.  Mr.  Mayow,  your 
friend,  hath  putt  out  a  booke,  De  Mespi/ratione  et  BacMtide  ; 
some  endemical  and  proper  diseases  there  may  bee  in  those 

Earts  where  you  are  iso.  Your  mother,  sisters,  and  many 
iends  recommend,  praying  and  wishing  for  you.  The 
mercifiill  protection  and  blessing  of  God  bee  with  you. — 
Your  loving  father,  Thomas  Bbowne. 

I  shall  bee  very  happy  to  heare  you  have  receaved  this ; 
and  of  your  rescdutions  toward  your  country :  beleeve  it,  no 
excursion  into  Pol.  Hung,  or  Turkey  addes  advantage  or  re- 
putation unto  a  schoUar. 

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436  DOMESTIC   COBBESPOin>£KC£.  [1668. 


Dr,  Browne  to  his  son  Edward, — Nbncich,  Dec,  23,  1668. 

Deabe  Sonitb, — I  wrote  unto  you  eight  dayes  ago,  which 
Mr.  Johnson,  of  Yarmouth,  sent  inclosed  to  Mr.  Hovenaer, 
of  Amsterdam,  to  bee  sent  unto  you,  with  a  bill  of  credit 
from  him  to  Vienna ;  which  I  hope  you  have  receayed,  I 
sent  one  to  Venice,  three  weekes  ago,  inclosed  in  Mr.  Could- 
ham's  letter  to  Mr.  Hayles,  whereby  you  might  bee  accom- 
modated if  you  fayled  elswhere.  Hee  sajrth  one  Mr.  Hob- 
son  keepes  the  howse,  though  Mr.  Hayles  bee  consul ;  butt 
I  beleeve  the  letter  is  in  Mr.  Hayles'  hand,  if  hee  left  it  not 
with  Mr.  Hobson ;  butt  you  need  not  retard  your  journey 
for  the  letter  only,  which  will  take  some  time  to  recover, 
and  there  is  nothmg  peculiar  in  it  or  private.  Yesterday  I 
receaved  another  from  you,  which  I  thought  had  miscarried, 
of  an  elder  date,  November  24 ;  wherein  I  understood  what 
accommodation  there  was  for  travayl  to  Prag,  Magdeburg, 
and  other  good  townes,  to  Ebmburch  ;  which,  though  a  great 
place,  is  a  good  way  from  Amsterdam ;  and  to  come  from 
Hamburch  by  sea,  in  winter,  is  very  discouraging,  from 
rough  seas  and  benumbing  weather.  Spare  thysefi'  what 
you  can,  and  preserve  yoiur  health,  which  is  precious  unto  us 
all.  I  am  very  glad  you  are  in  an  howse  where  you  are  so 
kindlye  vtfed ;  if  Mr.  Beck  hath  any  friend  in  England,  wee 
-will  endeavour  to  expresse  no  ordinarie  kindnesse  unto  him. 
That  I  wrote  two  dayes  agoe,  I  sent  to  London  to  your 
sister,  to  get  Mr.  Skoltowe  to  send  it,  in  some  marchand's 
letter,  or  deliver  to  the  post,  paying  the  postages  part  of  the 
way ;  butt  this  I  send  to  London,  to  bee  delivered  to  the 
forraine  post,  paying  what  they  require ;  which  I  putt  to 
the  adventure,  though  perhaps  you  may  have  left  that  place 
before  this  may  come  unto  you.  You  mention  travayling 
from  some  places,  in  three  dayes  and  three  nights;  but  I  think 
travayling  by  night,  in  those  parts  and  in  winter,  very  uncom- 
fortaole  and  hazardous  unto  health.  Gk)d  send  you  still  happy 
rencountres  and  good  company.  It  were  good  to  have  an 
Itinerarium  Oermanicum,  Heylin  accounts  twenty-one 
universities  in  Germany,  whereof  Vienna  one  (butt  I  doubt 
chiefly  for  divinitie),  Coin,  Mentz,  Heydelberg,  Eranckford, 
Leipsick,   Jena,   Wittenberg  in   Saxonie,   Prag^  which  ia 


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1668.]  DOMESTIC   COBBESFONDENCE.  437 

thought  the  greatest  citty  in  G^rmanie,  made  out  of  four 
citties,  like  Passaw  out  of  three.  Studie  the  mappe  of  Qer- 
manie,  and  have  the  chorographie  thereof  distinctlj  in  your 
head,  with  the  politicall  divisions  and  govemments,  which  are 
therein  more  numerous  then  in  Italie ;  the  lesser  owing  some 
acknowledgment  to  the  greater,  beside  free  cities.  Just  now 
I  heare  that  Mr.  Johnson  will  write  agayne,  this  night,  to 
Mr.  Hovenaer.  Dresden  is  accounted  one  of  the  remark- 
ablest  places  of  Gkrmanie ;  where  the  duke's  court,  Mag- 
deburg is  I  beleeve  rebuilt,  since  burnt  by  Tilly,  in  the 
Suedish  warres.  Brunswick  sayd  to  bee  bigger  then  Nurem* 
berg.  Take  the  best  account  you  can  of  Vienna  as  to  all 
concemes ;  for  tis  hard  to  find  any  peculiar  account  of  it. 
Bohemia  is  a  round  large  country,  about  two  hundred  miles 
diameter,  containing  many  mines,  mineralls,  and  stones.  Bo* 
hernia  granates,  and  other  stones,  you  may  take  notice  of,  if 
you  passe  that  way ;  in  the  country,  and  at  Frag,  and  at 
Vienna,  such  stones  may  bee  seen  probably.  I  have  heard 
that  among  the  emperour's  rarities  several  conversions  there 
are  of  basser  metail  into  gold.  Take  notice  of  the  great 
and  many  cellars  in  Vienna.  Leame  the  most  authentic 
account  how  the  half  moone  was  set  upon  St.  Stephen's  ; 
which,  in  Brawne's  Booke  of  Citties,  seemes  a  very  noble 
one.  If  you  can  fix  any  probable  place  where  a  letter  may 
meet  you,  I  will  endeavour  to  find  out  a  way  to  send  a  letter. 
Wee  have  had  no  winter  till  this  day,  ana  not  now  like  to 
hold,  so  that  we  fear  a  back  winter.  A  Yarmouth  man  just 
now  tells  mee  that  about  ninety  vessells,  great  and  small, 
went  out  this  yeare  to  other  parts,  with  red  herrings.  The 
king  is  sending  the  order  of  the  garter  to  the  young  King 
of  Sarden,  by  my  lord  of  Carleisle.  Dr.  Mierrett's  comment 
upon  NeH  de  Arte  Vitriaria  is  new  come  out  in  Latin.  His 
JPinax  Merum  Britanicarum  not  yet  published ;  I  send  to 
him  agayne  next  weeke.  Mr.  Mayoe,  of  All  Souls,  his 
booke  De  Bespvratione  et  Bizchitide,  newly  come  out ;  also 
Mr.  Boyle's  continuation  of  new  experiments  concerning 
the  spring  and  weight  of  the  ayre,  English,  4to.  I  keepe 
the  sheets  of  the  Transactions  as  they  come  out,  monethly. 
Our  forrein  letters  do  not  despayre  of  Candy.  Sir  Thomas 
Allen  hath  renewed  and  confirmed  the  peace  with  Argiers. 
Sure  you  have  gazettes  at  Vienna.    Tangier  in  a  good  con- 


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438  DOMESTIC    COBBESFOITDEKCE.  [1669. 

dition.  The  parliament  adjourned  to  the  first  of  March. 
Mr.  Hawkins,  White,  Bob.  Bend.  <&c.  recommend,  wishing 
a  good  retuJme.  GK)d*8  blessing  bee  with  you. —  Your  loving 
£»3ier,  ThomjlS  Bbowne. 

2>r.  Hdward  Brotone  to  his  Father. — Vienna^  April  28, 1669. 

Most  honovbed  Fathbe, — ^I  wrote  to  you  the  last  post. 
Most  of  my  letter  was  concerning  dampes  in  mines  ;  which 
account  may  be,  by  it  selfe,  if  you  thinke  fit,  sir,  commu- 
nicated to  Mr.  Oldenburg ;  if  not,  at  my  retume,  which.  I 
hope  in  God  will  be  in  a  few  months,  with  the  rest  of  my 
observations.  1  have  now  taken  up  three  hundred  fiorins  in 
preparation  to  goe  into  Turkey  this  next  weeke ;  but,  if  it 
please  God,  I  hope  to  be  at  Vienna  again  by  that  time  that 
1  can  have  an  answer  to  this.  1  hope,  sir,  you  will  foj^ve 
me  this  excursion,  and  helpe  me  to  retume  to  you  by  giving 
me  credit  again  upon  the  same  marchants  as  formerly,  the 
same  way,  by  Mi.  Johnson,  for  the  heirs  of  Mr.  Puchs  : 
Mr.  Triangle  particularly,  at  Vienna ;  for  he  tells  me  that 
my  credit  is  limited  so  as  I  have  had  all,  which  I  knew  not. 
Since  my  returne  out  of  Hungary,  I  have  had,  since  my 
coming  abroad,  700  reichs-tallers :  but  I  hope,  with  God's 
blessing,  a  small  summe  more  will  helpe^  me  to  come  safe 
home.  1  shall  continue  to  write  still ;  and  shall  have  many 
occasions  ;  and  it  will  make  me  happy  at  my  retume  to  hear 
jfrom  you,  sir,  and  from  any  of  my  friends.  My  duty  to  my 
most  dear  mother,  and  love  to  my  dear  sisters. — Tour  most 
obedient  sonne,  Edwabd  BBOWifE. 

Dr.  JSdward  Brotme  to  his  sister  Betty. — Venetia^  July  5, 
St.  nov.  1669. 

Deae  Sistee  Betty, — Though  I  make  many  journeys, 
yet  I  am  confident  that  your  pen  and  pencill  are  greats 
travellers.  How  many  fine  plaines  do  they  passe  over,  and 
how  many  hills,  woods,  seas  doe  they  deagne  ?  You  have 
a  fine  way  of  not  onley  seeing  but  making  a  world ;  and 
whilst  you  set  still,  how  many  miles  doth  your  hand  travell! 
I  am  onely  unfortunate  in  tins,  that  I  can  never  meete  you 
in  any  of  your  voyages.    If  you  had  drawne  your  lines  more 


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1669.]  DOMBSTIC   COBBBSPOin)EKCB.  439 

towards  Austria,  I  should  have  been  a  greater  emperour,  in 
my  owne  conceit ;  but  I  hope  you  denied  me  that  favdur 
upon  no  other  account  then  that  I  should  make  the  more 
haste  to  you,  who  know  not  how  to  live  without  something 
of  you.  If  so  your  intention  is  good,  but,  like  yourselfe, 
too  severe  to  your  loving  brother,        Edwabd  Beowne. 


Dr.  Edward  Browne  to  his  Father, — JPrague,  Nov,  9, 1669. 

Most  howoubed  Patheb, — I  wrote  to  you  the  last  of 
October,  just  before  my  leaving  Vienna;  I  am  since  (thanks 
be  to  God)  safely  arrived  here.  My  greatest  joye  would 
be  to  receive  a  letter  from  you,  sir ;  but  I  know  not  how 
to  propose  any  probable  way  of  accomplishing  it,  unlesse 
sir,  that  you  would  be  pleased  to  write  to  Hamburg.  Sir 
Nevel  Catlin,  I  beleeve,  hath  a  brother  there,  a  merchant, 
Mr.  James  Catlin,  formerly  my  school-feUow ;  a  letter  sent 
to  him  for  me  would  come  to  my  handes,  if  that  it  pleaseth 
God  to  give  me  safe  journey  thither,  Gottenberg,  or  Cot- 
tenberg,  is  eight  Bohemian  miles  from  Prague.  They  have 
worked  here  seven  hundred  years ;  there  are  about  thirty 
mines.  I  went  down  into  that  which  was  first  digged,  but 
was  afterwards  left  for  a  long  time ;  but  now  they  dSg  there 
again.  It  is  called  the  Cotna,  aiiff  der  Gotten,  upon  the 
Gotten  or  Goate  hill.  A  monke  walking  over  this  hill  founde 
a  silver  tree  sticking  to  his  coate,  which  was  the  occasion 
that  they  afterwards  built  these  mines,  and  the  place  retaines 
this  name  of  Gottenberg.  I  have  read  that  the  princesse 
and  great  sorceress  of  Bohemia,  Libussa,  did  foretell  many 
thinges  concerning  these  mines ;  but  in  such  matters  I 
beleeve  little;  knowing  how  confident  men  are  in  such 
auperstitioua  accounts.  In  the  mines  at  Brunswick  is 
reported  to  be  a  spirit;  and  another  at  the  tin  mine  at 
Slackenwald,  in'  this  kingdome,  in  the  shape  of  a  monke, 
which  strikes  the  miners,  singeth,  playeth  on  the  bagpipe, 
and  many  such  tricks.  But  I  doubt,  if  I  should  go  thither, 
I  should  finde  them  as  vain  as  Montparions  drumme ;  but 
the  winter,  and  my  great  desire  to  return  home  speedily, 
■will  not  permit  me  to  goe  so  farre  out  of  the  way.  Prom 
Gottenberg  by  GoUine  and  Bohemian  Broda,  to  Prague; 
where,  I  thanke  God,  I  am  very  well,  after  such  tiresome 


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440  BOMSBTIG   COBBESPOyOElTCE.  [1668. 

voyages  as  I  hare  made ;  and  when  I  looke  back  upon  all 
the  dangers  firom  which  it  hath  pleased  Grod  to  deliver  me, 
I  can  not  but  with  some  assurance  also  hope  that  his  infinite 
goodness  will  also  bring  me  backe  into  my  owne  country 
and  blesse  me  there  with  the  continuance  of  my  dear  father's 
life,  health,  and  prosperity.  I  have  divers  thinges  to  write 
to  you,  sir,  concerning  Turkhia ;  but  I  will  not  trouble  you, 
sir,  too  much  at  once.  I  know,  sir,  that  you  cannot  but 
reasonably  be  offended  with  my  long  stay  abroad ;  especially 
in  countryes  of  small  literature ;  but  I  hope  that  your  dis* 
pleasure  will  not  continue,  and  that  you  will  adde  this  to  the 
rest  of  your  great  goodnesse  and  indulgence  to  me,  to  par- 
don my  rashnesse,  and  the  expense  I  have  put  you  to.  My 
duty  to  my  most  dear  mother,  and  love  to  my  sisters  and 
friends.  I  am  imcertaine  which  way  I  shall  take.  Travelling 
is  not  certain  here,  as  in  Erance.  If  it  were  not  for  my 
portmantle,  I  would  buy  a  horse,  and  come  streight  into  the 
Low  Countreys. — ^Tour  most  obedient  sonne, 

Ed.  Bbowke. 


Dr.  E.  Browne,  after  his  travels,  settled  in  London. 
Erom  the  directions  of  his  father's  letterj,  we  gather  that 
he  changed  his  residence  several  times  before  1673.  In  that 
year  he  was  tempted  to  another  short  visit  to  the  continent, 
which  is  described  in  his  travels,  fol.  1686,  at  p.  160. 
July  29,  1675,  he  was  elected  a  fellow  of  the  College  of 
Physicians,  and  lectured  in  that  and  several  succeeding 
years.^  He  was  first  chosen  censor  in  1678.  From  1675, 
throughout  the  whole  of  his  father's  life,  he  resided  in  Salis- 
bury-court, Fleet-street.      During  the  long  period  of  his 

^  The  following  communications  from  Dr.  Edward  Browne  appeared 
in  the  Philosophical  Transactions  : — 

Of  two  parhelias,  or  mock  suns,  seen  in  Hungary,  Jan.  30, 1668  :  voL 
iv.  p.  953,  published  May  10,  1669. 

On  the  damps  in  the  mines  of  Hungary :  iv.  965,  June  21,  1669. 

Relation  of  the  quicksilver  mines  of  Friuli. — ^Account  of  the  Zirch- 
nitzer  sea  in  Camiola  :  iv.  1080,  Bee.  13,  1669. 

Account  of  the  copper  mine  of  Hem  Grund,  in  Hungary,  as  also  of 
the  stone  quarries  and  Talc  rocks  in  Hungary :  v.  1042,  May  23,  1670. 

On  the  mines,  minerals,  baths,  &c.,  in  Hungary  :  v.  1189,  April  25, 
1670. 

Queries  and  answers  concerning  the  Zirchnitz  sea :  ix.  194,  Dec.  14. 
1674. 


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1675.]  DOMESTIC   C0SB£S70KI>EirCE.  441 

practice  in  London  he  was  in  constant  correspondence  with 
his  father ;  from  whom  it  is  quite  evident  he  derived  much 
of  the  materials  of  his  lectures,  and  great  assistance  in  all 
his  engagements,  both  literary  and  professional.  He  appeared 
to  have  had  considerable  practice  among  the  higher  ranks, 
both  in  London  and  in  the  country.  He  attended  the  cele- 
brated earl  of  Eochester  in  his  dyiog  illness,  at  Woodstock 
park.  Some  of  Sir  Thomas's  letters  have  been  omitted,  and 
several  are  considerably  abridged,  especially  those  which  are 
strictly  professional,  and  such  as  contain  passages  for  his 
son's  lectures. 


Sir  Tliomas  Browne  to  his  son  JSdward. — June  21,  [1675.] 

Deab  Sonne, — Some  occasion  of  this  letter  is,  to  rectifie 
a  mistake  in  the  paper  of  yours,  which  1  sent  yesterday,  by 
Mr.  Miller,  Mr.  Tho.  Peck's  brother  in-lawe,  who  dwells  not 
fiEyre  from  you  and  by  whom  I  returned  the  first  of  your 
lectures  ;  in  that  I  putt  in  a  paper,  with  the  draught  of  the 
kidney,  and  heart  of  a  vitulus  marinus  or  scale,  which  Betty 
drewe  out  fresh,  from  one  I  had  in  blewe  paper  before.  The 
mistake  was  this  ;  that  1  sett  it  downe  the  kidney  of  a  dol- 
phin, for  it  is  the  kidney  of  a  vitulus  marinus,  and  is  not 
much  unlike  that  of  a  dolphin,  in  the  numerous  divisions ; 
butt  it  may  serve  to  showe  in  discowrsing  of  the  kidney. 
The  passage  you  mentioned  out  of  Bartholomeus  G-eorgevitz, 
is  not  to  bee  omitted  for  it  comes  in  very  well ;  it  is  a  prettie 
little  booke,  and  you  having  seen  something  of  Turkic,  I 
wish  you  would  read  it  over,  for  it  may  bee  often  useful  unto 
you. — ^Your  loving  father,  Thomas  Beowke. 

A  litle  shippe,  with  6  small  gunnes,  came  up  from  Tar- 
mouth  to  Carrowe  Abbey,  this  night,  and  hath  taken  a  great 
deale  of  mony  by  selling  wine  and  the  like  ;  a  strange  number 
of  people  resorting  unto  it,  taking  twelve  pence  for  every 
shott^  at  healths. 

3  The  King  in  Hamlet,  may  illustrate  this  passage : — he  says, 
**  This  gentle  and  unforced  accord  of  Hamlet 
Sits  smiling  to  my  heart ;  in  grace  whereof 
No  jocund  health  that  Denmark  drinks  to-day. 
But  the  great  cannon  to  the  clouds  shall  tell." 

Hamlet,  Act  I.  Sc,  2, 


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442  DOMESTIC   COSBESPOKDEircS.  [1676. 


Sir  Thomas  Browne  to  his  son  Udward.—Feb.  25,  [1676?] 

Deab  SoNi^B, — My  neibour,  Mr.  Bickerdik,  going  towards 
London  to-morrowe,  I  would  not  deny  bim  a  letter ;  and  I 
liave  sent  by  him  Lucretius  bia  six  bookes  JDe  Merwm  Nor 
twra^  because  you  lately  sent  me  a  quotation  out  of  that  au- 
thor, that  you  might  bare  one  by  you  to  find  out  quotations, 
which  shall  considerably  offer  themselyes  at  any  time. 
Otherwise  I  do  not  much  recommend  the  reading  or  study- 
ing of  it,  there  being  divers  impieties  in  it,  and  'tis  no  credit 
to  be  punctually  versed  in  it ;  it  containeth  the  Epicurean 
naturall  philosophic.  Mr.  Tenison,  I  told  you,  had  written 
a  good  poem,  '^  contra  huius  smeuU  Lucretianos,''^  illustrating 
God's  wisdome  and  providence  &om  anatome,  and  the 
rubrick,  and  use  of  parts,  in  a  manuscript  dedicated  to  mee 
and  Dr.  Lawson,^  in.  Latm,  after  Lucretius  his  style.^  With 
it  goes  along  a  very  litle  Tullies  offices;  which  was  either 
yours  or  your  brothers ;  'tis  as  remarkable  for  the  litle  siae 
as  the  good  matter  contained  in  it,  and  the  authentick  and 
classiq^  Latin.  I  hope  you  do  not  forgett  to  carry  a  Qreeke 
testament  allwayes  to  church,  you  have  also  the  Greeke  or 
septuagent  translation  of  the  other  parts  of  scripture ;  in 
reading  those  bookes,  a  man.  leames  two  good  things  together, 
and  profiteth  doubly,  in  the  language  and  the  subject  You 
may  at  the  beginning  of  Lucretius,  read  his  life,  p^fixed  by 
Petrufi  Crinitus,  a  learned  philologer  or  humanist,  and  thsb 
he  proved  mad  and  dyed  by  a  philtrum  or  pocula^  given  him 
by  his  wife  Lucillea.  Mr.  Tho.  Peck  and  his  good  wife  are 
dead ;  shee  died  in  childbed  Some  8  or  9  moneths  past ;  he 
left  this  life  about  a  moneth  ago.  Hee  found  obstacles  that 
he  could  not  come  to  Skickford,  ^  without  compounding  with 
the  widdowe  in  possession  for  a  thousand  pound,  though  his 
father,  Mr.  James  Peck,  parted  with  his  owne  share  upon 
tolerable  termes  unto  Mr.  Thomas.  Hee  lived  in  Norwich, 
was  growne  very  iatt,  and  dranck  much.     Theye  saye  hee 

^  Dr.  Lawaon  was  brother-in-l&w  to  Archbishop  Tenison,  each  having 
maiTied  a  daughter  of  Doctor  R.  Love,  Master  of  CorpicusChristi  College, 
Cambridge. 

^  This  MS.  was  never  publi&hed. 

^  Qu.  Spixworth  ? 


yGoogk 


1676.]  DOtfXBTIC   COBBESPOlTDlEirCE.  443 

dranck  dayly  a  quart  bottle  of  clarett  before  dinner,  one  at 
dinner,  and  one  at  night.  If  any  company  came  to  bim, 
which  was  seldome,  hee  might  exceed  that  quantitie :  how- 
ever, he  made  an  end  of  that  proportion  by  lumself ;  he  died 
suddenly,  none  being  with  him.  His  daughter  finding  him 
indisposed,  asked  whether  shoe  should  send  unto  mee,  hee 
putt  it  of,  and  soon  after  was  found  dead.  Hee  had  litle  or 
no  money  in  his  howse  ;  his  father  James  sent  ten  pounds 
for  his  buryall,  which  served  the  tume.  Surely  if  he  had 
lived  a  little  longer,  hee  would  have  utterly  spoyled  his 
brayne,  and  been  lost  unto  all  conversation.  Happy  is  the 
temperate  man.  Otod  send  all  my  friends  that  virtue.  God 
blesse  my  daughter  Pairfiax,  my  daughter  Browne,  and  the 
little  ones. — Your  loving  father,  Thomas  Beowne. 

Sir  Thomas  Broume  to  his  son  Edvoard, — June  14,  [1676.] 

Deab  Sonne, — I  am  sorry  to  heare  Mr.  Bishop  is  so 
much  his  owne  foe ;  surely  his  brayne  is  not  right.  Probably 
you  may  heare  agayne  of  him,  before  hee  retumes  into  his 
country ;  hee  seemed  to  be  fayre  conditiond  when  hee  was 
in  these  parts,  though  very  hjrpochondriacall  sometimes. 
!Mt.  Hombartston,  whenever  his  brayne  is  distempered, 
resolves  upon  a  journey  to  London,  and  there  showes  him- 
self, acts  his  part,  and  retumes  home  better  composed,  as 
hee  did  the  last  time ;  hee  would  not  bee  persuaded  to  bleed 
agayne  before  hee  went.  If  the  dolphin  were  to  be  shewed 
for  money  in  Norwich,  litle  would  bee  gott ;  if  they  showed 
it  in  London,  they  are  like  to  take  out  the  viscera,  and 
salt  the  fish,  and  then  the  dissection  will  be  inconsiderable. 
You  may  remember  the  dolphin  opened  when  the  king  was 
heere,  and  Dr.  Clark  was  at  my  howse,  when  you  tooke  a 
draught  of  severall  parts  veir  well ;  wch  Dr.  Clark  had  sent 
unto  him.  Bartholmus  hath  the  anatomie  of  one,  in  his 
centuries.  You  may  observe  therein  the  odde  muscle 
whereby  it  spouts  out  water,  the  odde  larynx,  like  a  goose 
head,  the  flattish  heart,  the  lungs,  the  rejies  racemosi,  the 
multiple  stomach,  &c.  When  wee  washed  that  fish  a  kind 
of  cuticle  came  of  in  severall  places  on  the  sides  and  back. 
Your  mother  hath  mast^  to  dresse  and  cooke  the  flesh,  so  as 
*  Sic  MS. 


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444  DOHSSTIC   COBBESPOITDEKCI.  [167^. 

to  make  an  excellent  savory  dish  of  it ;  and  the  king  being 
at  Newmarket,  I  sent  collars  thereof  to  his  table,  which 
were  yery  well  liked  of.  — ^Your  loving  father, 

Tho.  Beowite. 


Sir  Thomas  Brovone  to  his  son  Edward. — March  7,  [1676-7.] 

Deab  Sonne, — ^Ever  since  Friday  night  last,  untill  Tues- 
day, wee  have  had  such  boysterous  cutting  and  freezing 
winds,  that  the  weather  hath  been  albnost  intoUerable,  and 
much  hurt  done,  both  at  sea  and  land ;  chimneys  blowne 
downe,  and  tiles,  and  one  man  killed  by  a  wall  blowne  downe 
in  Norwich  ;  the  wind  east  and  somewhat  northerly.  Such 
a  cutting  season  there  was,  in  March,  many  years  ago,  at 
the  time  of  assizes  in  March ;  when  so  many  gentlemen 
dyed  after,  and  among  them  your  old  friend  Mr.  Earle.  So 
that  if  they  had  the  like  weather  in  Flanders,  the  French 
must  have  a  very  hard  time  at  the  seiges  of  Valenciennes 
and  St.  Omar,*  which  most  men  write  St.  Omer,  forgetting 
that  St.  Omar  hath  its  name  from  St.  Andomarus.  So, 
many  townes'  names  derived  from  saints  are  observed; 
St.  Mallowes  is  St.  Mallovius ;  St.  Didier  St.  Desiderius. 
I  have  heard  that  St.  Omar  was  a  place  famous  for  good 
onyons,  and  furnished  many  parts  therewith;  some  were 
usually  brought  into  England,  and  some  transplanted, 
which  were  cryed  abouj  London,  and  by  a  mistake  called 
St.  Thomas  onyons.  i  mett  with  my  old  friend  Dr.  Pere- 
grine Short,  and  his  sonne.  Dr.  Thomas  Short.  Dr.  Thomas 
told  mee  of  severall  dissections,  given  them  notice  of  by 
Dr.  Short  of  London,  and  specially  of  a  boare,  whereof  you 
writt  unto  mee.  And  I  told  him  you  would  shewe  a  newe 
way  of  dissecting  the  brayne  at  these  lectures ;  hee  sayd 
none  could  performe  that  dissection  butt  Mr.  Hobbes,  and 
that  it  was  thought  the  best  way  for  the  dissection  of  the 
brayne  of  man,  butt  for  sheep,  &c.  Dr.  "Willis  his  way  was 
best.  In  Bartholini,  centuria  4ita,  historia  trigesima,  titulo 
Anatome  Gulonis^  I  find  something  peculiar  in  the  gutts  of 

*  Taken  by  the  French  in  the  spring  of  1677. 

•  The  Wolverene  or  Glutton  ;  Mustela  Oido,  Lin.  The  story  here 
mentioned  was  first  related  by  OLaus  Magnus,  and  has  been  repeated  by 
G«sner,  Topsail,  &c.  Gmelin  and  Buffon,  and  later  naturalists,  regard  it 
as  a  mere  &ble. 


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1677.]  DOMESTIC  COBBBBFOlTDEirCS.  445 

a  gulo.  This  is  a  devouring  ravenous  quadruped^  frequent 
about  the  bignesse  of  a  dogge,  which  fiUeth  itself  witn  anv 
caryon,  and  then,  when  it  can  eat  nd  more,  compresseth 
itself  between  two  trees  standing  neere  together,  and  so 
squeezeth  out,  through  the  gutts,  what  it  hath  devoured, 
and  then  filleth  itself  agayne.  This  was  thought  very  strange, 
considering  the  division  of  the  gutts,  theur  complications, 
foulds,  and  cecum;  till  Petrus  Pavius  or  Pau,  a  famous 
professor  of  Leyden,  dissected  a  gulo ;  for  thereby  hee 
found  that  this  voracious  animal  had  no  such  divisions  m  the 
gutts  a&  are  to  be  found  in  other  quadrupeds ;  butt  one  gutt, 
undique  nbi  simile^  nor  any  way  changing  figure,  which  is 
the  cause  that  this  animal,  by  compression  of  the  abdomen, 
can  squeese  out  what  is  receaved,  as  having  no  caecum,  and 

all  the  gutts  being  as  it  were  one  inte^tinum  rectum 

God  blesse  you  aU,  and  endowe  you  with  prudence,  sobrietiQ, 
and  frugaliiy  and  providence. — ^Your  lovmg  father, 

Thomas  Beowke. 


Sir  J^omas  Brotone  to  his  son  Edward. — Nov,  23,  [1677] 

DsAB  Sonne, — I  received  your's  yesterdav ;  and  therein 
how  the  societie  had  received  a  letter  from  that  great  astro- 
nomer, Hevelius,  of  Dantzick ;  with  an  account  of  an  eclipse, 
and  a  new  starre  in  Cygnus  ;^  but  what  new  starre,  or  wnen 
appearing,  1  knowe  not ;  for  there  was  a  new  starre  in  that 
constellation  long  agoe,  and  writ  of  by  many.  If  it  bee  now 
to  bee  seen  it  is  worth  the  looking  after.  I  nave  not  had  the 
Transactions  for  divers  moneths ;  but  some  that  have  had 
them  tell  me  there  is  accoimt  of  some  kind  of  spectacles 
without  glasses,  and  made  by  a  kind  of  little  trunk  or  case 
to  admitt  the  species  with  advantage.  I  have  read  of  the 
aame  in  the  Transactions  about  a  yeare  ago  ;^  but  now  I 
hear  such  instruments  are  made  and  sold  m  London ;  and 
some  tell  mee  they  have  had  them  heere.  Enquire  after 
them,  and  where  they  are  made,  and  send  a  payre,  as  I  re- 
member there  is  no  great  art  in  the  making  thereof.     I  am 

^  Hevelius's  letter  on  Lunar  EclipBes  was  published  in  the  Trans,  for 
Jan.  1676 ;  vol.  xi.  590  :  and  his  letter  on  the  New  Stars,  Jan.  2, 1677  ; 
Tol.  xii.  853. 

•  Phil.  Trans,  vol.  xi.  691. 


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446  DOMESTIC   C0EEBSPOSDE5FCE.  [1677. 

^lad  to  heare  that  Isaac  Yossius  is  Hying,  and  in  England. 
You  send  some  of  his  notes  and  observations  upon  the  geo^ 
graphie  of  Mela ;  in  that  particular  of  Mount  Hffimus  and 
possibility  of  seeing  the  Euxine  and  Adriatiek  sea  &om  the 
top  thereof,  tn  that  piece  he  pronuseth  a  mappe  of  Old 
G^reeoe.  I  wish  I  knew  whether  he  had  yett  &unde  any 
such  mappe  or  tract  publick.  I  preHume  hee  eanxe  orer  irim 
the  Prince  of  Aurange  ;*  and  it  were  no  hard  matter  to  bee 
in  his  company  at  his  owne  or  the  prince's  lodgings.  Yon 
may  tell  lum  you  haye  been  in  some  parts  of  GTeece,  as 
Miusedoma  and  Thessalie ;  and  ask  his  opinion  of  the  mappe 
of  Laurenbergius,  of  Greece,  which  placeth  the  Pharsahan 
Eields  on  the  north  of  the  riyer  Peneus ;  whereas  at  liarissa 
all  accounted  it  to  the  south,  and  about  three  dayes  journey 
&om  thence ;  and  may  signifie  how  unsatis&ctory  you  find 
the  mappe  either  of  [Orfcelius]  or  others,  in  pladng  the 
towns  tlnrough  which  you  passed  in  Macedooiia,  as  dbo  in 
[Seryia],  omitting  divers,  and  transplacing  others.  He  will 
bee  glad  to  discours  of  such,  and  of  Olympus,  which  is  not 
so  well  sett  downe.  I  doubt  not  but  ihat  hee  epeakedi 
Prench  and  Italian,  if  not  English,  besides  Latin.  'Tis  a 
credit  to  knowe  such  persons  j  and  therefore  devise  some 
way  to  salute  him.  I  perceave  you  are  not  so  well  satisfied 
with  London  as  you  thought  to  have  been ;  and  am  i^erefore 
sorry  that  you  have  obliged  yourself  to  that  place  by  taking 
a  chamber  for  so  long,  or  else  to  bee  at  a  fi'uitless  charge  of 
the  lodgings  ;  but  I  would  not  have  you  discontented.  If 
either  your  health  or  second  thoughts  incline  you  to  live 
heere,  wee  shall  bee  willing ;  where  you  may  see  and  observe 
practice,  and  practise  also,  as  opportunity  wfll  by  degrees 
permitt ;  and  a  great  deale  of  money  may  bee  saved  which 
might  serve  you  hereafter,  and  your  sisters.  However,  in 
the  meane  time,  make  the  best  use  you  can  of  London. — ^I 
rest  your  loving  father,  Thomas  Bbowite. 

Sir  Thomas  Browne  to  Ms  son  JEd^ard, — Jan.  5,  [1677-8.] 

Deab  Sonjse, — There  is  one  Yansleb,  who  hath  writt  a  de- 
scription of  Egypt :  hee  writt  in  1672  or  3,  and  it  is  newly 

®  This  was  not  the  case.    The  Prince  of  Orange  came  over  Oct.  10, 
1677.     Vossius  resided  in  England  from  1670  till  1682,  when  he  died. 


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1678.]  DOMESTIC   OOBKESPOKDElfCS.  M7 

translated  into  English  in  8vo.  Hee  seemes  to  have  been 
employed  to  coUect  antiquities,  butt  especiaUj  manuscripts, 
for  the  King  of  France  ;  for  hee  sayth  hee  sent  divers  to  his 
library,  to  which  purpose  hee  leamt  the  Arabick  tongue,  and 
writes  much  of  his  mstorie  out  of  the  Arabick  writers,  who 
writt  long  since  the  Greeks ;  and  gives  many  particulars  not 
mentioned  by  them,  though  many  are  fabulous  and  super- 
stitious. Hee  travelled  not  only  into  Lower  Egypt,  butt  into 
the  Upper,  above  or  southward  of  Grand  Cayro,  and  setts 
downe  many  monasteries,  and  the  noble  ruins  of  many,  hardly 
to  be  mett  with  in  other  writers.  Hee  went  into  divers 
caves  of  the  mummies,  and  in  one  hee  sayth  hee  found  many 
sorts  of  birds,  embalmed,  and  included  in  potts,  one  whereof 
hee  sent  into  France.  Hee  also  sayth,  that  he  found  empty 
^gg^9  whole  and  unbroaken,  butt  li^t  and  without  any  thing 
in  them.  Hee  speakes  of  the  hieroglyphicall  cave  in  Upper 
Egypt,  the  walls  whereof  fuU  of  hieroglyphycall  and  other  old 
writing,  butt  much  defaced,  with  divers  others,  and  also  a 
noble  column  of  Antoninus,  &c.  Of  the  great  pyramids  hee 
sayth,  that  the  north  side  is  larger  then  that  of  east  or  west. 
Tom,  Gk)d  be  thanked,  is  weU,  so  I  hope  you  are  all.  God 
blesse  you  all. — Your  loving  &ther,  Tho.  Beowne. 


Sir  Thomas- Brovme  to  his  son  JEdwa/rd, — May  8,  [1678.] 

Deab  Sonke, — I  reoeeved  the  print  of  Sfconehenge,  of  the 
singing  at  the  hospital!,  and  chorus,  by  Mr.  Eichardson,  an 
honest  taylor  in  the  close.  That  of  Stonehenge  is  good,  ac- 
cording to  the  south  and  west  prospect ;  [the]  chorus  I  have 
not  yet  perused.  'Tis  rare  to  find  a  heart  without  a  peri- 
cardium. Columbus  observed  it  in  one  body,  and  Bartho- 
linus  also  in  an  hydropicall  person ;  vide.  lib.  Genttmar  Sis- 
toria  XX.  In  the  same  cl^pter  he  writes,  de  septo  cordis 
pervio  in  the  same  person,  communicated  to  him  by  Dr.  Brod- 
leck,  professor  of  Tubinge,  in  the  Duke  of  Wertemberg's 
dominions. 

I  perceave  my  lady  E.  bled,  and  hath  had  newe  prescrip- 
tions ;  I  hope  they  may  be  beneficial  unto  her. 

Considering  the .  bitter  quality  6f  the  cerumen,  or  earwai 
lining  the  eare,  a  man  might  thinck  that  horse-leaches  would 
have    litle  delight  to  insinuate  themselves  into  the  eare; 


.IjjU 


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448  DOMESTIC  C0BBBSP0in>E17CS.  [1678. 

butt  thereof  there  have  been  some  examples,  and  Severinus 
found  out  a  good  remedie  for  it,  in  a  person  of  Naples, 
who  had  one  gott  into  his  eare;  for  to  that  purpose  hee 
moystend  the  outward  part  of  the  eare ;  whereupon  the  leach 
came  out  to  suck  the  blood.  You  may  mention  it  in  the 
discourse  about  the  eare.     See  Bartholiniy  eenturia  4ita. 

Men  are  much  in  doubt  yet  concerning  the  warre ;  and 
the  proceedings  of  the  Duch  seem  butt  odde.  Gtod  direct 
our  English  counsells  for  the  best. 

Tom  is  much  delighted  to  thinck  of  the  guild ;  the  inaior, 
Mr.  Davey,  of  Alderhollands,  intending  to  live  in  Surrey 
howse,  in  St.  Stephen's,  at  that  time ;  and  there  to  make 
his  entertaines ;  so  that  hee  contrives  what  pictures  to 
lend,  and  what  other  things  to  pleasure  some  of  that  parish, 
and  his  schoolmaster,  who  lives  in  that  parish.  God  blesse 
my  daughter  Browne  and  you  all. — ^Your  loving  £Ekther, 

Tho.  Bbowi^. 


Sir  I%oma8  Browne  to  his  son  Edward. — Feh  14,  [1678-9.] 

Deab  SoNio:, — ^You  make  often  mention  of  a  censors^ 
daye,  which  I  suppose  is  some  day  sett  out  for  the  censor 
to  convene  upon  the  coUedge  affayres ;  and  when,  perhaps, 
you  may  have  a  dinner.  If  there  bee  a  lecture  at  the  col- 
ledge  after  this  sessions  it  will  bee  expected  that  the  phy- 
sitians  of  the  colledge  should  be  there,  especially  at  the 
opening  of  the  theatre.  And,  therefore,  when  you  in- 
tend at  the  same  time  to  have  a  private  preparing  body  at 
Chirurgeon's  hall,  you  may  have  a  diversion,  and  not  be  able 
to  bee  at  the  colledge,  except  you  can  contrive  the  buise- 
nesse  better  then  I  apprehend  as  yet.  Being  arrived  so 
high  as  censor,  it  will  conceme  you  to  putt  on  some  gravity, 
and  render  yourself  as  considerable  as  you  can,  in  conver- 
sation in  all  respects.  'Tis  probable  there  will  bee  a  great 
number  at  the  lecture  the  first  time,  the  place  being  capa- 
cious ;  butt,  being  read  in  LatiQ,  very  many  will  not  bee 
earnest  to  come  hereafter,  and  the  place  being  so  large,  there 
are  like  to  bee  more  spectators  than  auditors.  Your  lecture 
at  Chirurgeon*s  hall  ^1,  I  perceive,  bee  somewhat  late  this 

*  Dr.  E.  Browne  was  elected  censor  of  the  College  of  Physicians^ 
Sept.  30,  1678. 


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1678.]  BOMSSTIO  COSBESPOirDEI!rC£.  449 

yeare ;  so  that  you  may  bee  forced  to  dissecte  the  brayne 
the  first  day  in  the  afternoon,  or  the  next  morning.  I  writt 
unto  you  by  my  kst  to  read  Mr.  Duncan's  way  of  dissecting 
the  brayne,  mentioned  in  the  Transactions  of  the  jB.  S.  last 
August.2  "Wee  heare  Sir  Jos.  "Williamson  is  out  of  his 
secretarie's  place,  and  my  Lord  Sunderland  putt  in,  whose 
acquaintance  you  might  well  have  continued.  Sir  Joseph  is 
like  to  be  chosen  burgesse  for  Thetford,  as  hee  was  before, 
and  Sir  William  Coventrie,  the  other  secretarie'of  the  coun- 
sell,  will  be  for  Yarmouth.  Sir  Joseph,  I  beleeve,  found  his 
secretarie's  place  to  bee  of  some  danger,  for  hee  could  not 
well  refuse  to  signe  what  the  higher  powers  would  command ; 
and  if  it  were  agaynst  any  lawe,  the  parliament  would  ques- 
tion him  as  they  did  the  last  session.  I  am  sorry  to  find 
that  my  Lord  Sterling  and  L.  Dunblayne  would  have  been 
chosen  at  Abingdon  if  the  designe  had  succeeded;  for 
thereby  'tis  knowne  that  my  lord  treasorer  strikes  in:  On 
Monday  next  is  the  election  for  burgesses  of  Norwich ;  on 
the  same  day  for  knights  of  the  shyre  for  Suffolk.  My  Lord 
Huntingdon,  a  worthy  honest  yong  gentleman,  Sir  Lyonell 
Talmach  his  sonne,  of  Suffolk,  standeth.  Duke  Lauderdale 
maryed  his  mother.  Hee  lost  it  the  last  time,  because, 
though  the  gentry  were  much  for  him,  yet  the  people  feared 
hee  would  prove  a  meere  courtier.  Sir  Samuel  Bemardiston 
also  stands,  who  was  knight  of  the  shyre  last  time,  and  some 
others.  The  election  is  commonly  at  Ipswich,  where  the 
seamen  and  watermen  are  very  rude  and  boysterous,  and 
take  in  with  the  country  party,  as  they  call  it.  Tom 
would  have  his  grandmother,  his  avnt  Betty,  and  Franck, 
valentines ;  butt  hee  conditioned  with  them  that  they  should 
give  him  nothing  of  any  kind  thatt  hee  had  ever  had  or  seen 
before.  God  send  my  daughter  Fayr&x  a  good  time.  God 
blesse  you  all. — ^Tour  loving  father,  Tho.  Beowne. 


Sir  Thomas  Browne  to  his  son  Edward,— Feb.  24,  [1678-9.] 

Deab  SoifKE, — Since  you  take  in  the  ungues  in  this  lec- 
ture, I  presume  you  have  read  and  considered  what  Dr. 

«  See  Phil.  Trans,  xii.  1018.— Explications  novelle  et  Mechanique  des 
Actions  AnimJalea,  oti  il  est  traits  des  fonctions  de  Tame,  &c.  Par  M. 
I>imcan,  B.  en  Med.  in  12mo.  k  Paris,  1678. 

VOL.  III.  2  a 


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450  BOMXSTIC   CO&&E8POKB£KC£.  [1678. 

Olesson  say  d  thereof,  in  bis  laet  work ;  and  also  anatomieallT 
desmbe  titem.  Biolanus  hath  a  amaXL  peculiar  tad,^De 
Unfmbtt9^'*  in  his  Enchmidion.  Hippocrates  was  tbcarefore 
so  carious  as  to  prescribe  the  rale  in  cutting  the  nayles, 
tiiat  is  not  longer  or  shorter  then  the  iopps  of  the  &igas. 
Vide  Hippocrates  De  offidna  med.  That  barbers  of  old  used 
to  catt  men's  nayles  is  to  be  ga;i^reid  from  Martial,  lib.  3, 
epigram.  74.  Yon  may  do  well  to  cast  an  eye  on  iiaiiiil 
sometimes  cum  notis  variorum.  There  is  mnch  witt,  and 
ffood  expressicms  therein,  and  the  notes  containe  moch  good 
leaning ;  the  conceit  aiid  expreasiim  will  make  them  the 
better  remembered.  God  blesse  yon -all. — ^Yonr  loriag 
fisher,  Thoicas  Bbowke. 

Sir  Thomas  Broume  to  his  son  Edward, — March  1,  [1678-9.] 

Deajie  SoirsE, — Though  the  cerumen  bee  n<^  sett  downe 
ia  yoor  catalogue  de  partihue  interms,  yet  1  ccmceiye  yoa 
mention  it  in  yoiir  discourse^  because  it  is  in  meaiu  audaims, 
and  the  place  ^om.  its  melleous  consistence  and  colour  called 
tdfveare,  X  sett  down  this  following,  because  it  may  bee 
brought  in  after  the  descripiaon  of  the  eare,  or  when  you 
speake  of  deafenesse.  "  Biolaoss  obs^rveth  that  a  man  deif 
from  a  bad  conformation  of  the  organs*  of  the  eare,  ^eking 
his  eare  too  de^>e,  unawares  peirced  the  tympane  memfanme, 
and  moved  or  broake  the  litle  bones,  and  a^erward  came  to 
heare ;  and,  thereupon,  propoaeth  the  question,  whel^er  sadi 
a  practise  might  not  bee  attempted  which  I  confesse  I 
should  bee  uery  wane  to  encourage ;  and  I  doubt  fewe  bave 
attempted  that  course,  which  hee  also  propoaeth,  agayoat 
the  tinnitus  and  noyse  in  the  eares :  that  is  to  perforate  tbe 
mastoideSy  and  so  to  afford  a  vent  and  passage  untoi^ 
tremultuating  i^irits  and  winds.  Eolfinckius  saytb,  that 
from  violent  causes  the  little  bones  in  the  eare  may  be  dis- 
located, and  80  deafriesse  fbllowe.  Bone-setters  would  be 
much  to  seeke  on  this  cure ;  but  the  only  waye  is,  by  a 
strong  retention  and  holding  of  the  breath,  which  may  pro- 
bably reduce  them  into  their  proper  place;  which  if  it 
fayleth,  incurable  surditie  ensueth.  And,  therefore,  although 
wee  seeme  to  knowe  and  bee  well  acquinted  with  the  nata- 
raQ  structure  and  parts  of  the  eare^  in  sound  bodyea^  aod 


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1679.]  ]>OM£flTiti  cosseBPO]ir0£2!fC£.  451 

8ueh  as  have  bad  no  impediment  in  heanng,  yett,  because 
wee  do  not  ^quu^^  at  least  butt  rarelj,  into  that  organ  in 
dead  men  who  have  been  notoriouslj  deaf^  wee  may  bee 
sometimes  to  seeke^  in  the  particular  causes  of  deafhesse; 
and  therofore  very  reasonable  it  is,  that  wee  should  more 
often  embrace  or  seeke  out  such  opportunities.  For  hereby 
wee  might  behold  the  tympane  too  thick  or  double  in 
some,  the  chord  or  bones  not  rightly  ordered,  the  fene^^ 
tri  or  windoweSy  cochlea  or  labyrinihtu  ill-conformed  in 
others;  with  other  particular  causes,  which  might  induce 
a  deaCoesse  from  nativity."  You  may  adde  some  othePi 
as  defects  in  the  Auditory  nerves. 

I  presume  my  cosen  Barker  is  ecnae  to  Loiodon,  my 
humble  service  imto  him.  I  find  Mr.  Gay  in  the  cata-i 
logue  of  the  elected.  Though  the  common  letters,  whic^ 
come  from  London^  come  not  to  Norwich  till  Tuesday 
morning,  yet  the  newes  letters  of  coffie  howses  come  to 
ns  on  Monday,  bv  noone,  as  being  brought  on  purpose 
from  Beckles,  wheoe  the  Xarmoimi  post  leaveth  them* 
Wee  heare  by  them«  that  the  king  approveth  not  the 
speaker;  and  have  the  king  and  diancellor's  speeches, 
1  presume  th^e  was  a  good  appearance  at  the  new  the- 
atve,  especially  of  such  who  understand  Latin.  God  send 
mj  daughter  FaLrfax  a  good  delivery.  God  blesse  my 
daughter  Browne,  and  you  all. — ^Tour  loving  father, 

Thomas  Bbownk. 

Sir  Thomas  Browne  to  his  son  Edward, — April  2,  [1679.] 
Dease  Sohite, — ^Tou  did  well  to  observe  Ginseng.  Ail 
exotick  rarities,  and  especiaUy  of  the  east,  the  East  India 
trade  having  encreased,  are  brought  in  I^gland,  and  the 
best  profitt  made  thereof.  Of  this  plant  Kircherus  writeth 
in  his  China  illustrata,  pag.  178,  cap.  "  De  Exoticis  China 
plantisy  I  p^^eeive  you  are  litle  acquainted  with  our 
JN^orfolk  affayres ;  and  knowe  not  the  late  differences.  Sir 
John  Hobart  complayne  of  some  illegal  proceedings  in  the 
election,  and  petiond  the  howse  about  it ;  and  delivered  mj 
Lord  Yarmouth  mj  Lord  Lieutenant's  letter,  which  hee  is 
aayd  to  have  writt  in  the  behalf  of  Sir  Christopher  Galthorp 
and  Sir  Neville  Catelyn,  which  was  construed  as  a  thrating 
letter,  and  sett  the  howse  in  such  a  heat,  that  they  had  like 

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452  DOMESTIC   CORBESFOimEirCE.  [1679. 

to  have  been  presently  dismissed  the  howse.  But  tbe 
farther  examination  is  appoynted  about  a  fortnight  hence, 
and  many  thinek  there  will  bee  a  newe  election.  What  will 
bee  the  issue  wee  knowe  not,  yett  wee  heare  Sir  Christ. 
Cadthorp  fell  sick  last  weeke,  of  the  small  pox.  I  think  hee 
lodgeth  in  "Westminster.  If  the  election  Dee  made  agayne, 
'tis  sayd  parties  will  stand  agayne.  Mr.  Verdon,  keeping  no 
rule  and  travelling  about,  hath  his  ague  agayne,  and  not- 
withstanding intends  to  go  to  Thetford  assises,  on  Thursday. 
I  dought  these  election  businesses,  and  the  charge  that  may 
go  along  with  it,  doth  something  discompose  lus  mind.  I 
perceive  you  are  yet  at  some  uncertainte  of  a  publick 
lecture,  butt  bee  provided,  for  'tis  very  likely  they  will  have 
one.  An  old  acquaintance,  Mr.  Shadwell,  was  with  me  at 
Norwich ;  hee  speaketh  well  of  you,  butt  wisheth  you  were 
not  over  modest  in  this  world,  where  that  virtue  is  litle  es- 
teemed. I  am  afraid  that  imseasonable  qualitie  makes  you 
decline  the  friendshippe  of  my  Lord  B.  of  London,  which 
others  would  thinek  themselves  happy  in.  Some  say  that 
Mrs.  Harmin  is  much  better,  butt  a  weeke  ago  they  sayd 
shee  was  in  a  consumption,  and  sum  decline  in  it.  It  was 
expected  every  post  that  the  parliament  would  be  dissolved 
or  prorogued,  which  cannot  now  bee  so  expected,  because  a 
proclamation  is  published  for  a  fast.*  My  service  to  my 
cosen  Barker,  cosen  Hobbes,  and  cosens  Oradock.  I  read 
a  sermon  of  Dr.  Tillotson,  preched  at  the  Yorkshire 
[Feast],  December  3,  which  hee  dedicates  to  the  twelve 
stewards  of  the  company.  Wee  have  not  seen  Dolfiney 
yett.  Tom  remembers  his  duty  and  love  to  his  sister.  GK>d 
blesse  you. 

Sir  Thomas  Browne  to  his  son  Edward. — April  25,  [1679.] 

Deab  Sonne, — Most  of  our  gentlemen  and  wittnessea  con- 
cerning the  election,  are  ether  returned  or  return  to  morrow. 
The  day  of  election,  for  a  new  choyce  of  the  knights  for 
Norfolk  will  be  on  Monday  come  sevenight.  Sir  John  Ho- 
bart,  Sir  Christopher  Calthorpe,  and  Sir  Neville  Gatelyn 
stand  agayne,  and  they  [say]  also  Mr.  Windham  of  Fel- 

^  Parliament  was  prorogued  May  27,  and  afterwards  dissolyed. 


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1679.]  DOMESTIC   COBBESFOVDSNGE.  453 

hriggeA  There  is  like  to  bee  very  great  endeavouring  for  the 
places,  which  will  still  keep  open  divisions  which  were  too 
wide  before,  and  make  it  a  countrey  of  G-uelphs  and 
Ghibellines.  I  am  sorry  to  find  my  Lord  of  Aylesbury  left 
out  of  the  list  of  the  privie  counsell,  hee  beeing  so  worthy 
and  able  a  person,  and  so  well  qualified  for  the  publick  good. 
Tom  presents  his  duty ;  my  love  and  blessing  unto  you  Si. — 
Tour  loving  father,  Tno.  Beowne. 

Sir  Thomas  Brovme  to  his  son  Edward, — April  28,  [1679.] 

Deab  Sonne, — A  Norwich  man  in  London,  sent  a  letter 
hither  to  a  friend  to  this  effect,  that  being  at  a  coffie  bowse,- 
hee  sawe  Mr.  Eob.  Bendish,  in  a  high  distraction,  breaking 
windowes,  and  doing  outrageous  things,  so  that  they  were 
fayne  to  laye  hold  of  him ;  what  became  of  him  afterwards 
hee  sayth  nothing.  This  came  to  his  father's  eare,  who  is 
much  troubled  at  it,  butt  can  do  very  litle  for  him,  having 
been  at  great  charges  for  him  before.  Now  if  you  heare  of 
any  such  distraction,  or  what  is  become  of  him,  you  may 
give  a  touch  therof  in  any  of  your  letters,  butt  I  would  not 
urge  you  to  bee  buisine  therein ;  but  I  heare  my  brother 
Bendish  hath  allreadie  writtto  a  friend  to  informe  him  of  the 
truth  thereof,  which  is  like  to  bee  done  before  you  can  say 
any  thing  in  a  letter  from  London.  These  are  the  sad  ends 
of  many  dissolute  and  governless  persons,  who,  if  they  bee 
of  a  sheepish  temper,  runne  into  melancholy  or  futaitv,  and 
if  [they]  prove  haughtie  and  obstinate  into  a  maniacal  mad- 
nesse.  I  am  glad  you  left  Madame  Cropley  better,  you  had 
the  opportunity  to  see  the  shipps  and  forts  upon  the  river. 
I  am  glad  there  is  so  strong  a  shippe  built  at  WoUeige, 
and  a  krge  shippe  a  second  rate,  I  wish  we  had  half  a  dozen 
of  them.  The  bill  against  popery  is  intended  to  be  very 
severe,^  but  the  howse  of  Lords  will  moderate  it:  and 
"whether  the  king  will  allowe  of  it,  it  is  yet  uncertaine,  or 

*  The  hoose  had  after  long  delays,  decided  on  the  21st  of  April,  that 
none  of  the  candidates  were  duly  elected,  and  fresh  writs  were  accord- 
ingly issued  on  the  22d.  But  before  the  new  members  had  time  to  take 
their  seats,  parliament  was  dissolved  ;  so  that  in  point  of  &ct  the 
county  of  Norfolk  was  not  represented  in  that  Parliament. 

^  A  bill  for  the  more  speedy  conviction  of  Popish  recusants  waa 
brought  in  and  read  a  first  time  March  27. 


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454  DOKBSTic  comumpoisrDXVCA.  [1670. 

what  execution  there  wiQ  bee  of  it,  msf  yetbee  as  dotthtftill. 
The  deferring  of  the  trial  of  our  electi(m  maf  much  iB«om' 
mode  the  gentlemen  who  who  went  up  for  witnessea^  and  also 
encreaae  the  charge^  and  how  matters  w31  bee  determined  wee 
are  butt  uncertaine.  Monday  is  the  day  appoynted,  but 
whether  it  will  not  be  putt  off  to  a  fitrther  day  wee  are  in 
doubt.^  Litle  Tom  eomea  loa<kd  from  the  fayre  this  day, 
and  wishes  his  sister  had  some  of  them.  God  blesse  you 
all.     I  rest  your  loving  father,  Thomas  Bbowijb. 

Take  notice  of  the  sea  horse  skinne. 


Sir  Thomas  Browne  to  his  sm  Edward. — M^y  7,  [1679.] 

DxAR  Soinru, — It  is  not  well  contriued  by  the  chirur- 
geons  that  you  are  at  such  vncertainties  about  your  lecttures, 
and  it  will  bee  very  inconuenient  to  beginne  the  lectures  on 
Saturday,  bv  reason  of  Sunday  mteruening,  and  the  hard 
keeping  of  the  body  in  this  warme  and  moyst  wether.  Butt 
I  remember  you  read  so  once  before,  butt  with  some  incon- 
ueniency.  Our  election  was  the  last  Monday.  The  com- 
petitors were  the  former  elected  Sir  Christopher  Calthorp 
and  Sir  Neuille  Catelyn,  and  Sir  John  Hobart  and  Mr. 
Windham.  I  neuer  obserued  so  great  a  number  of  people 
who  came  to  giue  their  royces ;  but  all  was  ciuilly  carryed 
at  the  hill,  and  I  do  not  heare  of  any  rude  or  vnhandsome 
caryadge,  the  competitors  hauiu^  the  weeke  before  sett 
downe  rules  and  ^reed  upon  articles  for  their  regular  and 
quiet  proceeding.  They  came  not  down  from  the  hill  xntill 
eleren  o*clocke  at  night.  Sir  John  Hobart  and  Sir  Neuille 
Catelyn  caryed  it,  and  were  caryed  on  chayres  about  the 
market  place  after  eleuen  o'clock,  with  trumpets  and  torches, 
candles  being  lighted  at  windowes,  and  the  markett  place 
full  of  people.  Dr.  Brady  was  with  mee  that  day,  who 
presents  his  sendee  and  speakes  well  of  you,  and  sayth  bee 

^  On  the  21  st  April,  the  house  had  summoned  Mr.  YerduDy  under- 
sheriff  of  Norfolk,  ''to  answer  his  miscarri^es  and  ill  practices  in  elect- 
ing of  knights  of  the  shire  for  Korfolk."  'Hie  said  examination  was  re- 
peatedly postponed,  'till  the  new  election  had  taken  place,  and  John  Jaj, 
the  high  sheriff,  having  reiused  to  make  a  return,  was  ordered,  on  the 
12th  of  May,  to  be  taken  into  custody.  On  the  24th,  Sir  T.  Hare's 
petition  against  Sir  J.  Hobart's  return  was  presented,  and  on  the  27th, 
parliament  was  adjourned,  so  that  neither  of  the  elections  was  ever 
settled. 


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1679.]  pctMjBsnc  cobbbbponiixkcz.  455 

"was  your  constaat  auditor^  and  sayth  joura  are  rery  good 
lectures,  and  proper  to  tlra  intention,  as  being  verj  good 
and  profitaUe,  which  they  haue  rarelj  been  formerlj-,  Hee 
eame  with  Sir  Thomas  Hare,  of  Stowe,  Sir  Balph  Hare's 
Sonne,  and  not  long  of  age.  Sir  Thomas  was  of  Caius 
Ooliedge,  and  brought,  they  say,  four  [hundred  for  Sir 
KeuiUe  and  Sir  Christopher,^  and  Dv.  Brady  brought 
eighteen  or  nineteen  from  Cambridge^  schoUars,  who  were 
freeholders  in  Norfolk.  These  were  tiie  number  of  the  voyces. 
Sir  John  Hobart  •  -  -  3417 
Sir  Neuille  Catelyn  -  •  3310 
Sir  Chriflt<^her  Galthorp  -  3174 
Mr.  Windham  .  *  .  -  2898 
I  do  not  remember  such  a  great  poll.  I  could  not  butt 
obsenie  the  great  number  of  horses  which  were  in  the 
towne,  and  eonoeiue  there  might  haue  been  fire  or  six 
thousand  which  in  time  of  need  might  serue  for  dra- 
goone  horses;  beside  a  great  number  of  coach  horses, 
and  very  good  sadle  horses  of  the  better  sort.  "Wine  wee 
had  none  butt  sack  and  Bhenish,  except  some  made  proui- 
sion  thereof  before  hand,  butt  there  was  a  strange  con- 
sumption of  beere  and  bread  and  cakes,  abundance  of 
people  slept  in  the  markett  place,  and  laye  like  flocks  of 
sheep  in  and  about  the  crosse.  My  wife  sent  the  receit  for 
orenge  cakes,  and  they  are  comfortable  to  the  stomack,  ea- 
peci^jr  in  winter,  but  they  must  be  eaten  moderafcely,  for 
otherwise  they  may  heortbume,  as  I  haue  sometimes  found, 
especially  ridmg  upon  them.  Tom  presents  his  duty.  God 
blesse  you  all. — ^Your  louingfi&ther,  Tho.  Bbowks. 


Sir  Thomas  Browne  to  his  son  Edward,  May  29,  [1679.] 

Dbab  Sonke, — ^Mr.  Alderman  Wisse  went  this  day  to 
London,  with  his  wife,  whose  brother,  Mr.XJtting,  keeps  the 
Green  Dragon,  at  Bishopsgate.  By  him  I  sent  a  letter,  and 
a  small  box,  and  therein  an  East  India  drugge  called  sehets 
or  zebets  or  cussum  sehets,^    It  was  brought  from  the  East 


^  Sir  Thomas  Hare  and  others  petitioned  the  Hoaie,  but  \ 
fuUj,  against  the  return  of  Sir  John  Hobart. 

*  Probably  salep,  the  roots  of  orchis,  which  renders  water  very  thick 
and  gelatinous^  and  is  imported  threaded  on  strings  not  unlike  one  of 


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456  .DOMESTIC  COBBEBPOKDENOE.  [1679. 

Indies  by  order  from  Mr.  Tho.  Peirce,  who  liveth  near 
Norwich,  1663,  who  gave  mee  some  divers  yeares  agoe. 
Hee  sayth  that  there  was  considerable  quantitie  brought 
into  England;  butt  not  being  a  good  commodity,  it  was 
sent  back  agayne;  butt  he  reserved  a  box  fuU,  whereof 
these  I  send  were  a  part,  hee  sayth  they  in  those  countries 
thicken  broath  with  it,  and  it  serveth  to  make  gellies.  I 
never  tried  it  nor  knowe  whether  it  bee  wholsome,  for  they 
looke  a  little  like  Ahouai  Theveti,  or  Indian  morris  bells,  in 
Gerard  or  Johnson's  herball,  which  are  sayd  to  bee  poy- 
sonous.  I  send  them  unto  you  because  you  being  ac- 
quainted with  many  of  the  East  India  Company,  you  may 
enquire  about  it  and  satisfie  yourself  as  well  as  you  can,  for 
peniaps  few  knowe  it,  and  'tis  good  to  know  all  kinds  of 
druggs  and  simples.  In  the  list  of  commodities  brought 
over  from  the  East  Indies,  1678,  I  find  among  the  druggs 
tincal  and  toothanage,^  set  downe  thus;  105,920  toothanage, 
49,610  tincal.  Enquire  alsa  what  these  are,  and  may  gett  a 
sample  of  them. 

Mr.  John  Jaye,  our  high  sheriffe,  was  sent  for  by  the 
Howse  of  Commons,  for  not  sending  the  writts  or  writings, 
certifying  those  who  were  elected  in  good  time ;  butt  hee 
fell  sick,  before  the  pursuivant  came  in  Norwich,  of  a  fever, 
and  so  the  pursuivant  was  fayne  to  retume  this  daye  or 
yesterday,  with  a  certificate  of  his  inability  to  take  such  a 
journey,  and  a  promise  that  when  hee  shall  bee  able,  hee 
will  bee  ready  to  come  up,  if  they  thinck  fitt,  butt  Sir  John 
Hobart  and  Sir  Neville  Catelyn  are  now  admitted  into  the 
howse,  and  probably  hee  will  hear  no  more  of  it.  I  do  not 
yet  heare  that  Mr.  Yerdon  and  Dr.  Hylliard  are  discharged.^ 
Mrs.  Verdon  went  to  London,  to  have  her  sonne  touched ; 
if  you  see  her,  remember  my  service.  She  was  very  earnest 
to  have  her  litle  sonne  touched,  being  very  hard  to  admit  of 
medicines. — Tour  loving  father,  Thomas  Bbowne. 

My  service  to  Mr.  Deane  and  his  lady,  and  to  Mr 

the  figures  here  referred  to.  It  has  never  been  much  used  in  England. 
^  — Note  hy  Mr,  Gray. 

'  Tutenage,  called  in  this  country  zinc. — Gray. 

'  They  were  summoned  to  the  house  on  the  subject  of  the  Norfolk 
election. 


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1679.]  DOMESTIC   COBBESPONBEKCB.  457 

Dobbins,  when  you  see  liim ;  my  cosens  Cradock,  oosens 
Hobbs,  and  all  our  friends.  Write  your  letters  at  tbe  best 
advantage,  and  not  when  the  post  is  ready  to  go.  "Wee 
heare  a  noyse  of  the  poysoners  in  France,^  butt  do  not  well 
apprehend  it,  wee,  who  imitate  the  French  in  their  worse 
qualities,  may  not  unlikely  follow  them  in  that. 

Sir  Thomas  Browne  to  his  son  JEdward. — June  28,  [1679  ?} 

Deab  Sokne, — I  heard  that  some  shipps  passed  by 
Yarmouth,  with  souldiers  in  them  for  Scotland,  six  or  seven 
dayes  past,  and  the  coffie  and  common  news  letters  tell  us 
somethmg  of  the  rebellion  in  Scotland,  butt  I  think  very 
imperfectly.  A  litle  more  time- will  better  informe  us  of 
that  buisinesse ;  and  they  are  like  to  bee  more  effectually 
dealt  with  and  brought  to  reason,  by  the  English  forces, 
when  there  shall  bee  a  sufficient  number  of  them  in 
Scotland ;  for  the  rebells  hope,  and  others  doubt,  whether 
those  of  their  nation  will  fight  heartily  agaynst  them ;  for 
tis  sayd  there  are  more  discontented  in  Scotland  than  those 
in  armes.  So  that  this  may  bee  a  coal  not  so  soon 
quenched ;  though  it  was  begun  by  the  lowest  sects,  yet 
the  Scots  are  very  tenacious  of  the  Protestant  religion,  and 
have  entertained  feares  and  jealousies  of  dessignes  to  in- 
troduce the  Eoman,  from  their  observation  of  the  affayres 
in  England :  and  are  not  like  to  bee  quieted  long,  without 
a  parliament.  And  if  that  should  bee  broake  of  to  their 
discontent,  they  would  bee  contriving  agayne,  and  the 
English  parliaments  would  bee  butt  cold  in  suppressing 
them.  When  the  duke  of  Monmouth  giveth  a  further 
account,  wee  may  see  &rther  into  the  buisinesse.  When 
the  wether  proves  cold  and  fitt  for  dissections  if  you  have 
opportunity,  take  notice  of  a  beare :  tis  commonly  sayd  that 
a  beare  hath  no  breast  bone,  and  that  hee  cannot  well  runne 

*  This  seems  to  refer  to  the  Marchioness  of  Brinvilliers,  who  was  be- 
headed, and  her  body  burned  to  ashes,  17  July,  1676,  for  poisoning  her 
&ther,  two  brothers,  and  divers  other  persons,  in  conjunction  with  one 
Sainte-Croix.  This  affair  making  a  great  noise,  and  the  public  mind 
being  apprehensive  of  the  practice  of  poisoning  being  common,  a  court 
was  established  at  Paris,  in  1679,  under  the  name  of  £a  Chambre  ardente 
for  the  trial  of  these  offenders ;  but  it  is  said  that  this  was  only  a 
political  manoeuvre  to  throw  an  odium  on  the  enemies  of  the  court. — 
Oray. 


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458  DOMBSTIC   <?OBBB8IOiriKIS!rCS.  [16?9. 

downe  a  hill,  Hs  heart  wiU  so  come  up  toward  his  iAtroat. 
Examine  therefore  the  pectorall  parts^  and  endeavtrar  tofind 
out  the  ground  of  such  an  opinion  at  apportimitf  .  I 
once  dissected  a  beare  which  djed  in  Norw^,  a&d  I  hsve 
the  lower  jaw  and  teeth ;  tis  a  stroi^  animal,  hath  notable 
ainewes  and  teeth. 

This  day  one  came  to  showe  mee  a'  booke  and  to  sell  it ; 
it  was  a  horius  hyemalis,  in  a  booke,  made  at  Padua,  butt  I 
had  seen  it  above  thirtie  years  ago,  and  it  containes  not 
xnanj  plants.  You  had  a  veoy  good  one  or  two  if  you  have 
not  parted  with  them.  Love  and  blessing  to  my  daughter 
Browne  and  you  all. — ^Tour  loying  &ther, 

Thomas  Bsowkb. 


SSftT  Thomag  JSroume  to  hU  son  Mdward.—Jul^  4,  [1679.] 

DsAB  SoNKB, — ^I  have  not  heard  a  long  time  any  thing 
concerning,  or  f^m  the  B.  S.  That  which  you  mention  of 
Monsier  Papin^  would  bee  farther  enquired  into  and  the 
way  of  it,  may-bee,  how  it  is  performed,  for  it  may  bee 
uaeftdl.  There  was  one  Papin,  a  Frenchman,  who  wrote 
De  pulvere  sympatheHco  about  20  years^ago.*  You  say  the 
bones  are  softened  without  any  liquor,  that  is,  as  I  under- 
stand, without  beeing  infused  or  boyled  in  an^  liquor,  and 
therefore  I  suspect  it  must  bee  effected  by  humid  exhidation 
or  vapour,  by  being  suspended  or  placed  in  the  vapour,  so 
that  it  may  act  upon  the  body  to  bee  mollified.  According 
to  such  a  kind  of  way  as  in  that  which  is  called,  the  philo- 
sophicall  calcination  of  hartshome,  made  by  the  steeme  €i 
water,  which  makes  the  hartshome  white  and  soft,  and  easily 
pulverisable ;  and  it  is  to  bee  had  at  some  apothecaries 
and  chymists ;  and  whether  a  fish  boyled  in  the  steeme 
of  water  will  not  have 'the  bones  soft,  I  have  not  tried. 
Whether  hee  useth  playne  water  or  any  other,  mixed  or 

'  Papin  exhibited  to  the  Boyal  Society,  on  the  22d  May,  1679,  hones 
softened  by  a  new  method.  He  afterwards  published  a  work  on  tibe 
subject :  ''  The  New  Digester ;  or  the  Engine  for  the  softening  of  bones, 
by  Denys  Papin,  F.B.S."  4to.  liond.  1681.  Evelyn  fm  his  Dvuj,  by 
Bray,  vol.  i.  542)  has  given  an  amusing  account  of  a  most  phikwophicai 
supper  of  flesh  and  fish,  cooked  in  M.  Papin's  digesters. 

*  Nicholas  Papin,  &ther  of  the  preceding,  who  wrote  "  La  Pondrs 
de  Sympathie  defendue  contre  les  objections  de  M.  Cattier.**  8to. 
]?aris.     1651. 


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1679.]  DOMKSTIO  OOBBESPOITBBKCE.  459 

compounded,  any  spirituous  steeme,  we  are  yet  to  leame. 
The  steeme  of  common  water  is  very  piercing  and  actire, 
the  steemes  in  baths  likewise,  and  also  the  fume  of  sulphur. 
You  have  seen  a  sweating  tubbe  of  myne  whereof  the 
figure  is  in  Loselius  "  De  Fodagra,^^  a  booke  in  duodecimo ; 
wherein  the  steeme  of  the  water  doth  all^  as  in  some  the 
steeme  of  aqua  vita.  Write  agayne  of  Fapin's  farther  ex- 
periments. My  service  to  Dr.  Grewe.  The  large  egge 
with  another  lesser  within  it  was  a  swann's  eg^e  which  I 
sent  divers  yeares  past  unto  the  Boyal  Societie.  I  had 
before  met  with  an  egge  within  an  e^ge,  as  in  hennes  egges 
and  turkey's  egges.  I  kept  any  I  K>und  in  that  kind,  in  a 
box  inscribed  ovula  in  ovis.  At  last  I  met  with  a  swan's 
egge  of  that  kind,  which  I  presented  unto  the  E.  Societie, 
having  never  befcnre  nof  since  mett  with  another  from  a 
awanne.  Tom  presents  his  duty.  Love  and  blessing  to  my 
daughter  Browne.  Wee  can  hardly  avoyd  troubling 
her^  from  the  importunity  of  friends,  to  buy  things  in 
London.  Little  Susan,  I  believe  is  returned  out  of  the 
country.  Wee  cannot  have  a  bill  from  Mr.  Briggs  before 
Monday,  when,  Gk>d  willing,  it  will  be  sent.  Yesterday  was 
a  fayre  butt  windy  day,  a  fire  beginning  at  a  dyer's  bowse 
in  Dearham,  a  markett  towne,  the  greatest  part  of  the  towne 
was  burnt  downe. 


Sir  Thomas  Browne  to  his  son  Edward. — J«Jy  7,  [1679.] 

Deab  SoiriTE, — Perhaps  by  this  time  you  have  inquired 
farther  into  the  art  of  softening  of  bones.  Consider  that 
htf^argyr  softeneth  nodes  and  takes  of  exostoses :  and  as  I 
remember  Eiolan  saw  the  bones  of  a  dead  body  cereous  or 
somewhat  soft  like  wax,  which  hee  thinkes  was  a  body  in- 
fected with  the  lues,  butt  I  know  not  whether  mercureall 
meanes  had  been  used.  Quicksylver  brings  gold  into  a  soft 
and  pappy  substance,  by  an  homalg€ma.  Bones  were  soft 
at  first  and  solids  have  been  fluid ;  butt  probably  the  artist 
only  sheweth  the  experiment  or  quod  sit,  affording  litle 
light  how  to  effect  the  same.  Tis  not  improbable  that  the 
kmge  will  knowe  it,  and  so  that  it  may  in  time  become  a 
common  culinary  practise.  I  am  not  so  well  contented  that 
you  should  bee  putt  to  read  lectures  at  this  time  of  the 


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460  DOMESTIC  COBSESFONDSKCE.  [1679. 

jeare,  butt  if  they  will  insist  upon  it,  it  cannot  well  be  bin- 
dred.     The  bill  is  enclosed. — x  our  loving  fiither, 

Thomas  BuowiinB. 

Sir  l^omas  Broume  to  his  son  Edward. — Oetol,  6,  [1679.] 

Deab  Sokne, — ^Wee  heare  that  his  majestie  was  to  leave 
Newmarket  on  last  Saturday,*  being  desired  to  come  to 
London  by  the  privie  counsell.  Upon  what  occasion  wee 
know  not,  but  most  men  are  well  contented  that  hee  should 
not  staye  at  Newmarket,  so  lon^  as  it  was  given  out  that  he 
intended ;  for  the  country  is  stul  sickly,  the  wether  uncer- 
taine,  and  it  rayneth  allmost  daylie ;  so  that  the  cheif  di- 
versions are  within  doores,  by  cockfiting  and  playes.  The 
players  being  so  numerous  that  they  have  sent  out  a  colonie 
to  Bury  of  whom  a  lady,  who  was  there  at  a  play  gave  me  a 
very  tragicall  and  lamentable  description.  That  honest 
heartie  gentleman  Mr.  Cotterell,  was  on  Saturday  at  my 
howse,  who  told  mee  you  were  with  his  children,  who  were 
very  ill ;  when  you  see  his  lady  present  my  service  unto  her, 
hee  came  with  my  lady  Adams.  There  was  also  Mr.  Colt 
who  belongeth  to  prince  Eupert,  who  sayd  hee  sawe  you 
lately,  I  thinck  with  Dr.  Needham,  also  madame  Prujeane, 
who  maryd  Sir  Francis  Frujeane's  grandson,  and  liveth  at 
Homechurch,  in  Essex,  ten  miles  from  London ;  and  others. 
Wee  newly  heare  that  Sir  Eobert  Clayton^  is  chosen  L. 
maior.  I  heare  that  hee  and  Mr.  Morris  have  been  noted 
scriveners,  and  gott  great  estates ;  and  so  Mr.  Browne  may 
have  the  neerer  acquaintance  with  them.  Some  scriveners 
in  London  gett  great  estates,  butt  when  they  dye  many 
have  lost  great  summes  by  them,  they  having  purchased 
estates  with  other  mens  money,  and  so  ordering  the  matter 
that  others  cannot  recover  their  money.  This  was  ob- 
servable in  the  rich  scrivener,  Mr.  ChUd,  butt  it  may  be 
good  to  have  friends  who  have  acquaintance  with  my  L. 
maior.     This  day  beginneth  St.  Fayths  fayre,  the  greatest 

^  Evelyn  (Memoirs,  vol.  i.  512)  mentions  the  king  as  then  newly 
returned  from  Newmarket,  Oct.  23rd,  1679. 

^  This  prince  of  citizens,  as  Evelyn  calls  him,  had  served  the  office  of 
sheriff  in  1672,  was  chosen  mayor,  Oct.  1679,  and  represented  the  city 
in  the  parliaments  of  1678,  79,  89,  95,  1700,  1701,  and  1705,  in  which 
year  he  died. 


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1679.]  DOMESTIO  COSBESFOITBES^CE.  461 

ill  tbese  parts ;  and  Tom  should  have  had  a  sight  thereof, 
butt  that  it  hath  proved  bo  very  raynie  wether.  In  your 
travells  you  say  St.  Veit  or  St.  Fayth,  perhaps  Veit  may 
signifie  fayth  in  High  Duch,  butt  St.  Payths  day  in  the 
almanach,  when  our  fayr  is  kept,  was  sancta  fides,  a  holy 
virgin  of  Agen,  in  France,  unto  whom  many  churches  were 
dedicated ;  as  St.  Fayth  under  St.  Pauls,  and  others.  I  do 
not  at  present  remember  any  churches  wch  bear  the  name 
of  Sanctus  Vitus  or  St.  Yeit  in  these  parts.  I  wish  wee 
were  now  at  peace  with  the  Algerines ;  they  $re  now  too 
well  provided  to  be  forced  by  us,  and  there  will  bee  great 
number  of  captives  to  be  redeemed,  and  what  care  can  bee 
taken  for  it  is  doubtfull,  considering  all  things.  Gk)d  give 
you  health  and  grace  to  serve  him  all  your  dayes.  Loue  and 
blessing  to  my  daughter  Browne,  and  litle  Susan,  and  you 
all.  I  beleeve  your  troublesome  office  of  censor  is  growing 
now  towards  an  end. — ^Tour  loving  father, 

Thomas  Bbowpte. 

Bir  Thomas  Browne  to  his  son  Edward, — Novemb.  7,  [1679.] 

Deab  Sonne, — I  am  glad  at  last  to  understand  that  you 
returned  about  twelve  dayes  agoe  from  Cobham  hall,  and 
that  my  L.  O.  Bryan  is  come  to  London ;  her  brother  the 
duke  of  Eichmona  was  a  good  naturcd  brisk  man,  and  was 
at  my  howse  twice,  when  hee  came  to  Norwich.  It  is  sayd 
also  that  shee  is  a  fine  courteous  lady.  Sir  Joseph  hath  also 
the  repute  of  [a]  worthy  and  highly  civill  gentleman,  and  is 
not  probably  without  a  good  study  of  bookes  :  being  now 
president  or  the  E.  S.  and  having  been  a  student  of  Queen's 
Colledge,  in  Oxford  and  as  a  benefactor  hath  rebuilt  a  part 
of  that  old  colledge.  I  find  by  your  description,  that  Cob- 
ham  hall  is  a  very  notable  place,  and  few  to  compare  with 
it ;  so  that,  in  your  long  staye,  you  might  have  somewhat 
within  or  without  to  divert  you.  The  many  excellent  pic- 
tures must  needs  bee  recreative;  the  howse  also  in  St. 
James's  sqiiare  is  a  noble  one  and  not  many  exceed  it.  Butt 
I  am  exceedingly  sorry  for  the  death  of  that  worthy  honest 
gentleman,  Dr.  Jaspar  Needhame,^  and  the  colledge  will 
have  a  great  losse  of  him.     Have  a  speciall  care  of  your 

'  He  died  Oct.  8, 1679,  aged  57.— ^c/yn'*  Memoirs,  i.  612. 

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4G2  ]>OKE8TIC  COSEESPOKHJBKCE.  [1679. 

Gwne  health;  under  the  provid^ice  find  blessing  oi  Qod, 
there  is  nothmg  more  like  to  coziserve  jou,  and  enable  jou 
to  go  about,  and  wach,  and  to  mind  your  patients,  th^i  ti^- 
perance  and  a  sober  life.  And  'tis  not  unlikely  thi^  some 
of  the  Drs.  patients  may  fall  to  your  share.  Bee  kind  to 
Mr.  Austin  Bri^^  and  his  wife,  daughter  to  old  Mr.  Cock 
the  miller,  a  good  woeman,  and  a  Lover  of  Tom,  and  our 
kind  neibours  both  of  them,  although  Mr.  Briggs  owne 
brother  in  London,  Dr.  Briggs,  may  do  much  for  tibem. 
All  the  noTse  heere  is  of  the  new  plot,  sett  up  to  make 
nothing  or  littell  of  the  former  which  I  perceare  no  ccmr 
trivanoe  can  effect.  I  am  sorry  Mr.  Gadbury  is  in  trooUe, 
upon  erecting  of  schemes  and  calculating  nativil^s,  and  ae  I 
rem^nber,  it  is  high  lareason  to  calculate  the  nativilae  of  the 
king,  especially  when  procured  by  ill  designers.  Senriee  to 
Madame  Burwell,  my  lady  Fd^tus,  Sir  Will.  Adams,  ax^ 
his  worthy  lady  who  went  towards  London  yesterday,  and 
shoe  intends  to  call  at  your  howse  very  soone.  Eemember 
me  to  my  cosens  Cradock,  cosens  Hobbes,  Mr.  Nathan 
Skoltowe,  when  you  see  him,  and  all  our  friends.  To  my 
Sonne  Fairfax,  my  daughter  Fairfax,  Betty,  Frank,  Tom, 
and  Sukey.  My  daughter  Fairfax  and  litle  one,  I  beHeve  is 
not  in  London.  God  blesse  you  all  and  be  loving  and  kind 
together. — Your  loving  father,  Thomas  Bbowkb. 


S^  Ihomas  Browne  to  his  mm  Hdward, — Nov,  24,  [1679.] 

Deab  Sonne,— The  feverish  and  aguish  distempers,  which 
beganne  to  be  common  in  August,  are  now  very  much 
abated,  and  few  fall  sick  thereof:  only  there  are  very  great 
numbers  of  quartans ;  'tis  also  a  coughing  time.  lElxtraor- 
dinarie  sickly  seasons  woorrie  physitians,  and  robb  them  of 
their  health  as  well  as  their  quiet ;  have  therefore  a  great 
care  of  your  health,  and  order  your  affayres  to  the  best 
preservation  thereof  which  may  bee  by  temperance,  and 
sobrietie,  and  a  good  competence  of  slfeepe.  Take  heed  that 
tobacco  gayne  not  to  much  upon  you,  for  the  great  incomo- 
dities  that  may  ensue,  and  the  bewiching  qualitie  of  it,  which 
drawes  a  man  to  take  more  and  more  the  longer  hee  hath 
taken  it;  as  also  the  ructus  nidorosuSy.OT  like  burnt  hard 
eggs,  and  the  hart  burning  af^  much  tiding  at  a  time,  and 


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t 
1679.]  BOKSBTIO  CaBBSSF09J>BK0E.  463 

also  the  impayring  of  the  memorie,  &c.  I  am  glad  jou  lilce 
a  fdayae  dyet ;  «&ct  but  ordinarie  aawoes.  I  thaiick  you 
both  finr  i^ewoe,^  which  I  desire  to  see,  butt  I  beleeve  it 
may  render  uie  blood  more  apt  to  ierment,  and  bee  distem- 
p^ra,  and  unquiet,  and  our  owne  aawoes  are  best  agreeable 
unto  our  bodyes.  There  is  a  book  in  a  middle  folio,  lately 
published  by  Paul  Eicaut,  esqr.  of  the  lives  of  Morat  or 
Amurat  the  ^Mirth,  of  Ibrahim,  and  of  Mahomet  the  f6urth, 
{^esent  emperour.  In  this  are  delivared  the  taking  of  New- 
hewsell,  the  battail  at  St.  G^oddard,  the  fights  between  count 
Soudies  and  the  visiar  of  Buda,  actions  of  Nicholas  Senni, 
his  burning  the  bridge  of  Esseok,  the  Grra&d  Signers  being 
at  Larksa,  the  seidge  of  Oandia,  ifee.,  and  things  acted  in 
late  times,  which  might  not  bee  unpleasant  unto  youieelf 
when  you  hare  time  to  cast  your  eye  upon  that  booke.  I 
am  glad  you  did  not  read  at  Chirurgeon's  hall,  last  yeare, 
because  thereby  you  are  provided  for  this.  I  am  sornr  for 
the  death  of  j^our  neibour,  honest  Dr.  Needham.  I  doubt 
hee  thought  himself  still  a  yong  man,  and  so  took  the  p&ynes 
of  a  j<mg  man,  and  so  acted  beyond  the  shere  of  abillity  of 
body :  sedquosdam  ^^nimia  congestapectmia  cura  atrangulat  ;'* 
Juvenal.  God  blesse  you,  my  daughter  Browne  and  you 
all.  Present  our  service  and  thancks  to  Mr.  Boone  and 
Mrs.  Boone,  my  cosens  Hobbes,  my  cos^i  Oradoek,  Madame 
Burwell,  Mrs.  Dey,  and  all  friends.  TnoMAii  BBOwms. 


Sir  ThomoB  Browne  to  liis  son  Edward. — Nov,  28,  [1679.] 

DjBAJt  SoNHE, — ^I  receaved  yours.  I  am  glad  to  heare  wee 
have  BO  many  shipps  launched  and  hope  there  may  bee  more 
before  the  spring.  God  send  faythfull,  valiant,  and  sober 
commanders,  well  experienced  and  carefiill;  above  all,  if 
places  bee  sould  or  given  by  favor  only,  such  virtues  will 
conceme  butt  contingently.  The  French  are  a  sober,  dili- 
gent, and  active  nation,  and  the  Dutch,  though  a  dnncking 
nation,  yet  managed  their  warre  [more]  earefmly  and  advan- 
tageously then  the  English,  who  thought  it  sufficient  to 
fight  upon  any  termes,  and  carry  too  many  gentlemen  and 
great  persons  to  be  killed  upon  the  deck,  and  so  encreaseth 
the  number  of  the  slayne  and  blott  their  uictories.  Pray 
•  Probably  "soy."— 6^. 


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464r  DOMESTIC  cobbsspokdskce.  [1679. 

represent  m^  service  to  sir  John  Hinton  when  yon  see  him, 
'tis  a  long  time  agoe  since  I  had  the  honour  to  knowe  him 
beyond  sea.  Mr.  Norbome  maryed  sir  Edm.  Bacon's 
daughter,  who  was  [a]  very  good  lady,  and  dyed  last  sum- 
mer, and  I  thinck  hee  was  a  member  of  the  last  parliament. 
Performe  your  businesse  with  the  best  ease  you  can,  yet 
giving  every  one  sufficient  content.  I  beleeve  my  lady 
O.  Bryan  is  by  this  time  in  better  health  and  safetie  ;  though 
hypochond  and  splenitick  persons  are  not  long  fit>m  com- 
playning,  yet  they  may  bee  good  patients  and  may  bee  home 
withall,  especially  if  they  bee  good  natured.  A  bill  is  in- 
closed ;  espargnez  nous  autant  que  vous  pourres^  carje  suis 
age,  ef  age  heaucop  d^anxiete  et  peene  de  stistenir  ma  famille. 
God  send  my  L.  Bruce  well  in  France  and  well  to  retume, 
surely  travelling  with  so  many  attendants  it  must  bee  a 
great  charge  unto  him.  Dr.  Briggs  wrote  a  letter  to  mee 
concerning  the  hronchocele  of  his  sister  who  was  touched. 
Tour  mother  and  sisters  remember  to  you,  and  Tom  pre- 
sents his  duty.     God  blesse  you  all. — ^Tour  loving  father, 

Thomas  Bbowne. 


Sir  Thomas  Browne  to  his  son  Edward, — Dec.  9,  [1679.] 

Deab  SoKins, — ^Wee  are  all  glad  to  understand  that  the 
bill  of  mortallety  decreased  so  much  the  last  weeke ;  for 
people  were  fearefull  that  there  might  bee  somewhat  pesti- 
lential in  the  disease.  The  sentences  of  Cateline's  con- 
spiracy were,  I  beleeve,  much  taken  notice  of^  and  were  veiy 
apposite  to  our  present  affaires.  Wee  understand  the  king 
hath  issued  out  a  proclamation  for  all  papists  or  so  reputed 
to  depart  from  London  ten  miles ;  which  makes  men  con- 
ceive that  the  parliament  will  sitt  at  the  prefixed  time.  I 
sawe  the  last  transactions,  or  philosophicall  collections  of  the 
E.  S.®  Here  are  some  things  remarkable,  as  Lewenhoecks 
finding  such  a  vast  number  of  litle  animals  in  the  melt  of  a 
cod,  or  the  liquor  which  runnes  from,  it ;  as  also  in  a  pike  or 

;  and  computeth  that  they  much  exceed  the 

number  of  men  upon  the  whole  earth  at  one  time ;  though 
hee  computes  that  there  may  bee  thirteen  thousand  millions 

*  See  "Hooke*8  Philosophical  Collections,"  published  in  1679,  &cin 
which  will  be  found  all  the  subjects  of  which  notice  is  here  taken. 


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1679.]  DOMESTIC  OOBBXSPOyDEITOE.  465 

of  men  upon  the  whole  earth,  which  is  very  manj.  It  m&j 
bee  worth  your  reading,  as  also  that  of  the  vast  inundation 
which  was  last  yeare  in  Qascoigne,  by  the  iruption  of  the 
waters  out  of  tne  Fyrenean  mountaines ;  as  ulso  of  a  flying 
man,  and  a  shippe  to  sayle  in  the  ayre,  whenn  here  are  some 
ingeneous  discourses;  likewise  the  damps  in  coale  mines, 
and  Lorenzini,  a  Morentine,  concerning  the  torpedo ;  beside 
some  other  astronomicall  observations.  God  blesse  you  all. 
Your  mother  and  sisters  send  their  respects,  and  Tom  his 
duty. — Your  loving  father,  Tho.  Beowne. 


Sir  Thomas  Browne  to  his  son  Edward, — Dec,  15,  [1679.] 

Deab  Sonne, — Some  thinck  that  great  age  superannuates 
persons  from  the  vse  of  physicall  meanes,  or  that  at  a  hun- 
dred yeares  of  age  'tis  either  a  folly  or  a  shame  to  vse 
meanes  to  line  longer,  and  yet  I  haue  knowne  many  send  to 
mee  for  their  seuerall  troubles  at  a  hundred  yeares  of  age, 
and  this  day  a  poore  woeman  being  a  hundred  and  three 
yeares  and  a  weeke  old  sent  to  mee  to  giue  her  some  ease 
of  l^e  colick.  The  macroUi  and  long  liuers  which  I  haue 
knowne  heere  haue  been  of  the  meaner  and  poorer  sort  of 
people.  Tho.  Parrot  was  butt  a  meane  or  rather  poore  man. 
Yomr  brother  Thomas  gaue  two  pence  a  weeke  to  John 
More,  a  scauenger,  who  dyed  in  the  hundred  and  second 
yeare  of  his  life :  and  'twas  taken  the  more  notice  of  that 
the  father  of  Sir  John  Shawe,  who  manned  my  Lady  Kill- 
morey,  and  liueth  in  London,  I  say  that  his  father,  who  had 
been  a  vintner,  lined  a  hundred  and  two  yeares,  or  neere  it, 
and  dyed  about  a  yeare  agoe.  God  send  us  to  number  our 
dayes  and  fltt  ourselues  for  a  better  world.  Times  looke 
troublesomely ;  butt  you  haue  an  honest  and  peaceable  pro- 
fession which  may  employ  you,  and  discretion  to  guide  your 
words  and  actions.  God  blesse  my  daughter  Browne  and 
yourself. — Your  loving  &ther,  Thomas  Bbowne. 


Sir  Thomas  Browne  1o  his  son  JEdward,'-I)ec.  22,  [1679.] 

Deab  Sonne, — You  sett  downe  a  plentifull  list  of  good 
medicines.  Lambs'-wooll^  in  water  is  also  very  good  where 
men's  stomacks  will  beare  it.     I  remember  Captain  Bacon, 

>  Ale  mixed  with  sugar,  nutmeg  and  the  pulp  of  roasted  apples. 

VOL.  III.  2  H 


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[lew. 

Star  Bim.  BmBm*B  ftcUKrc^fiedgnire^ft  tJ3f  Ugge  mn^.  had 
OBOfr  wmtk  aa  eiCTticeatiBy  <%wrag  ocriimMrair  tt  mrdar  wrimp 
tfiat  liee  was  bejimd  all  paJaanee:;  il  beii^  ttb  that  tone  of 
jMDa  whflDL  peaoies  vere  ib  Beataoi^  I  wkrbed  him  t»  ca^ 
ak  ar  avren  peac^wa^  Irafct  Mare  the  aaoniii^  Lee  e^ 
ftrcy  aul  fiwnil  extnuxrdbiBij  r^kl^  ani  &hi  payna  ceaaedL 
Httfe a  eaie  of  jour  a^  wi  celi  veaAec^  wee  aire  aAm 
aoowe^aBiL'tiaiuMra  wapep  toae  to  fieeeK  cgga  or  tke  galk 
of  mnmAli  with  salt  and  snowe:  aa  abot  kowbioodof  aaimialn 
fTee%  vofi  hem  marrow  in  a  small  bone^  and  whether  it  wS 
freez  through  the  bone,  the  b<ma  being  covered  with  snbwe 
mtdL  aal^  with  the  like.  I  am  %iie  to  keep  id  j  aelf  wame 
hj  a  fire  side  this  cold  weather.  Tom  presents  hia  dutj^  and 
aft  their  lore  unto  my  daughter,  yourself,  and  all  frxend0. — 
I  rest  your  loving  father,  Thomas  Bsowke. 

Tour  sister  Betty  hath  read  unto  mee  Mr.  Bieaaf^s  hiff- 
tone  of  the  three  last  Turkish  emperours,  Morat  or  Amnrah 
the  Fourth^  Ibrahim^  and  Mahomet  the  Fourth,  and  is  a 
very  good  historie,  and  a  good  addition  unto  £!no]l^  hia 
Torkiish  historie,  which  wiH  then  make  one  of  the  best  h^ 
tones  that  wee  have  in  English. 


Sir  Thomas  Broume  ta  5w  san  Sdtmrd^  Jan.  19,  [1679-80.} 

Dm&xb  Soinnr, — Since  I  last  wntt  imto  yo«  I  have  foimd 
oot  »  wa^  how  you  ffhali  reeeave*  Bieaat'lB  historie  witheo^ 
sendifig  it  by  the  earts.  I  hsve  desired  Mr.  G^ecnrge  Soee, 
a  boola^er  ia  this*  towne,  te  write  kst  Tndnj  nnta  has 
ferrespoodent,  Mr.  OlaiveQ,  stationer  hi  Lcmdoo^  at  Hke 
F^acedi,  id  St.  PaoTer  ehnrchyard,  that  you  isay  have  one 
of  tiioee  boc&es  of  hnn  upon  demiand  upon'  Mt.  fioae'e  ae- 
€e«nt,  for  I  pay  him  heere  in  Norwich,  at  the  nie  whiA 
hee  seQeth  the  book  here,  and  as  oooiw  aa  hee  underslaBfla 
from  Mr.  ClavelL  that  you  have  xeceaved  it  I  paye  him  heere. 
1  would  Dol  have  you  bonowe  it  beeauae  you  m&y  iunteit 
allwayes  by  you;  the  life  of  Mahomet  the  Fourth  ia  laiger 
than  aQ  the  rest,  and  you  having  seen  the  grand  signer  now 
raygBing^  you  may  do  well  to  knowe  as  much  of  his  hiatoriie 
as  you  can.    I  wonder  whether  Galeazzi  Gualdi  doth,  write 


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1680.]  jtomffiia  cossoEBveimasseML  407 

fltiU  or  Bot,  if  Iwe  bee  '^fingy^  there  lurtk  of  late  yesn» 
lieeft  a  copioQS  sa&fecfc  for  kim^  Mr.  Siesut  Iiiitli  abK>  writt 
oi  ihe  pretoit  sfcate  of  tlie  &re^  and  Armenkit  diiHelies, 
hj  bis  smjestiefl  oamzamd.  I  bave  read  Sir  George  Art's 
bocl»^  ktefr  printed,  lit  asiffwer  to  Br^TkriifttoiL;;^  'tki^eih 
Banfc  taread,  si^  rery  raikxiati  cbne  bj  two  Terj  good  pem^ 
wlaek  may  gtvB  &  geest  deale  of  cxedilt  liiKto  tbe  Engjieh, 
theee  being  Yevj  few  boolcei,  et  soike,  eo  elegantlj  wrkfc ; 
I>r.  Thnurtcm  k  yerj  fnH  (^  p»>doxe»  in  pbjsiek,  sud  a 
wittj  man  aiso.  Heere  was  so  nitteh  lider  made  tbk  het 
amtanii^  tint  tbere  will  nunk  beer  baH  00  mudb  Erencfa  wise 
nent  beere  a»  in  otber  jearee^  nor  probably  bereaftec^  Ibr 
tbere  is  se  Bncb  pbrnting  of  apple  tieee  and  froits^  tbat 
thej  wiH  become  so  ebeap  tbat  there  wiB  bee  Htle  profit 
fjieTebj ;  the  laat  was  a  strange  i^^titiful  jeare  of  fruity  and 
wj  wife  teBa  me  sbee  bcmgbt  above  twentie  qximceft  for  a 
peanj;  the  long  sot^erly  wind  makes  trees  bodde  too 
floone,  aoad  the  come  to  growe  too  ioowwd,  and  wee  are 
afcajd  of  back  winters,  web  eansetb  fbseases.  Lorre  and 
Meiaing  to  w^  daa^ter  Browne  and  jon  all. — ^Yonr  loving 
fiitJiei;.  Thomas  BsLOwn, 


IXr  Thomm  JBrmme  tohhton  JEdw&ri^  Jvfy  7,  [1^0.] 

Dbasb  Soxtne, — ^Wee  ynderstood  this  weeke,  by  some  of 
our  common  nefws  letters^^  tbas  Sir  Arthur  Ingram  was  cutt 
c£  tbe  stone,  and  that  the  operation  was  performed  in  three 

*  CovBt  Galeano'  GuUo^  «d  ItnliaB  Mstovuov  wllo  ditd  1^78.  Bis 
livtoTical  wrka,  whieh.  refeted  ftmoftiXij  to  tbe  period  in  wluch  he 
IWe^  were  numerous  and  ezteneiye^  aani.  seTesal  of  them  were  tranv- 
lated  into  Englisfar. 

'  Attticfectribe  ;  sen  Animadversiones  in  MalachisB  ThnralenT,  M'.IX 
Diatribam  de  Be^qpisatioma  xma  pnmanow  Aiiotor»  Goosgia  £iiiio>.  Eq. 
Anr.  M.D.  etCol.  Load.  Soo.  167du 

'*  MaEachi  Thvuston,,  M.B..  De  ResmraitioniB  usn,  12mo.  Lug.  Bat. 

*  Ib  Ihe  ^SkmiMf  Review  of  "  Tke  E&k  CbmsjptmdeiMXr^  t  visIb.  Sto. 
jM0u»tte  fellowriaypftwtigi  :~>^' The  giraatec  pMt  ^  ihie  Cenei|»oftd- 
ence  is  siqi|MMed  ter  be  fefiaed  o<  tin  leltexs  wkidk  woko  wntten  by  a 
ihaiiiifitiini  of  penoa»Bot  nov  m  exialeQce,  and  wke  are  tensed  in  one 
of  the  extracts,  the  gentleaMs  who  wnte  tke  sewa  Utkm,  Tbe  neeesritjr 
of  public  journals  which  were  not  then  imeBled^  being  thua  pfiwided 
for  by  peiMBS  ameiBied  to  g^  iaimnatfea  to  thoaa  wfaor  retailed  it 

2  H  2 


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468  DOJOSSTIC  COBBESPOITDENCB.  [1680. 

minutea.^  .  Pray  God  hee  may  do  well  after  it.  Hee  and  his 
laidy,  about  four  yeares  agoe,  were  at  Norwicli,  and  at  my 
howse,  and  they  were  at  Mr.  Long's  howse  about  a  fortnight. 
I  coneeiue  that  in  some  part  of  the  next  weeke  you  must 
bee  thinking  agayne  of  your  visitt  at  Woodstock/  And  be- 
cause you  must  be  then  in  a  park,  I  will  sett  downe  some 
particulars  "  De  Cervis  "  out  of  Aristotle  and  Scaliger, 
whereof  you  may  enquire  and  informe  yourself.®  That  their 
gutts  are  so  tender,  that  they  will  breake  upon  a  blowe, 
though  their  side  be  not  broaken.  There  is  a  dayntie  bitt 
accounted  by  many,  called  the  inspione,  which  may  be  the  in- 
festinum  rectum,  wch  is  very  fatt,  and,  being  broyled  or  fiyed, 
is  much  desired  by  some.  I  haue  seen  it  at  some  gentlemen's 
tables,  butt  my  stomack  went  against  it ;  you  may  enquire 
pf  it  if  you  know  it  not :  I  think  the  gutt  is  turned  side 
outward  to  make  it.  It  is  a  particular  bitt,  and  I  know  no 
other  animal  wherein  the  rectum  is  cooked  up.  "Wee  heare 
that  the  grand  signer,  Mahomet  the  Fourth,  is  dead,  wch 
may  alter  the  affayrs  of  those  parts,  and  restore  the  seat  pf 
the  empyre  to  Constantinople  from  Adrianople.  Wee  heare 
of  the  great  penitence  and  retractation  of  my  Lord  Sioches- 
ter,^  and  hereupon  hee  hath  many  good  wishes  and  prayers 
from  good  men,  both  for  his  recouery  here  and  happy  state 
hereafter :  you  may  write  a  few  lines  and  certifie  tne  truth 
thereof;  for  my  cosen  Witherley,  who  liveth  with  J  Wither- 
ley,  writt  something  of  it  to  her  mother  in  Norwich.  Cap- 
tain Scoltown  acknowledgeth  your  great  kindness  to  his 
wife.  Sure  they  must  haue  some  physitian  at  Tunbridge  to 
aduise  them  upon  all '  occasions.  I  was  acquainted  with 
Dr.  Amerst  while  hee  lined.  Q-od  blesse  you  all. — ^Tonr 
loving  father,  Thomas  Bbowiie. 

Wee  haue  litle  or  none  of  viseus  quercinus,  or  miselto  of 
the  oake,  in  this  country ;  butt  I  beleeve  they  may  have  in 
the  woods  and  parks  of  Oxfordshyre.  And  about  this  time 
the  crevises*  haue  the  4  stones  or  litle  concretions  on  their 

^  The  operator,  Francis  OoUot,  drew  up  an  aocount  of  the  operatioii, 
which  is  preserved  in  the  British  Museum,  MS.  Sloan.  1865. 

^  Woodstock  Park,  the  seat  of  Lord  Rochester,  whom  Dr.  Edward 
Browne  was  now  attending  in  his  last  illness. 

^  The  quotation  is  omitted. 

'  XiOid  Bochester's  letter  to  Bishop  Burnet,  June  25,  1680. 

*  Crevise,  or  Cray-fish,  or  Craw-fish  ;  firom  the  French  icrMue, . 


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1680.]  DOMESTIC  COBBESFOKDEKCS.  469 

head  vender  the  shell  or  cnista,  and  there  are  plenty  of  ore- 
vises  in  those  riuers.  Gk)d  blesse  my  daughter  Browne,  litle 
Sukej,  and  Ned,  and  be  mercifull  vnto  us  all,  and  keepe  our 
hearts  firme  vnto  him.  Tom  holds  well,  Otod  be  thaneked. 
Mr.  Whitefoot  is  at  the  commencement.  I  wish  my  Lord 
Bruce  may  haue  got  good  by  his  journey.  Mr.  Deane  Astlqr, 
who  is  now  with  mee,  presents  his  seruice. 


Sir  Thomas  Brovme  to  his  son  JEdward — Au^,  22,  [1680.] 

Deae  Soitkb,— I  was  very  glad  to  receaue  vour  last  letter. 
Grod  hath  heard  our  prayers,  and  I  hope  will  blesse  you  still. 
If  the  profitts  of  the  next  yeare  come  not  up  to  this,  I  would 
not  haue  you  discouraged ;  for  the  profitts  of  no  practise 
are  equal  or  regular :  and  you  haue  had  some  extraordinary 
patients  this  yeare,  which,  perhaps,  some  yeares  will  not 
afford.  Now  is  your  time  to  be  frugall  and  lay  up.  I 
thought  myself  rich  enough  till  my  children  grew  up.  Be 
carefull  of  your  self,  and  temperate,  that  you  may  bee  able 
to  go  through  your  practise ;  for  to  attayne  to  the  getting  of  a 
thousand  pounds  a  yeare  requires  no  small  labour  of  body 
and  mind,  and  is  a  life  not  much  lesse  paynfull  and  laborious 
then  that  wch  the  meaner  sort  of  people  go  through.  When 
you  putt  out  your  money,  bee  well  assured  of  the  assurance  ; 
and  bee  wise  therein  from  what  your  father  hath  suffei^ed. 
It  is  laudable  to  dwell  handsomely ;  butt  be  not  too  forward 
to  build  or  sett  forth  another  mans  howse,  or  so  to  fill  it 
that  it  may  increase  the  fuell,  if  God  should  please  to  send 
fire.  The  merciftill  God  direct  you  in  all.  Excesse  in  ap-  • 
parell  and  chargeable  dresses  are  got  into  the  country* 
especially  among  woeman;  men  go  decently  and  playn 
enough.  The  last  assizes  there  was  a  concourse  of  woeman 
at  that  they  call  my  lords  garden  in  Cunsford,  and  so  richly 
dressed  that  some  stranger  sayd  there  was  scarce  the  like  t^ 
bee  seen  at  Hide  Park,  which  makes  charity  cold.  Wee 
now  heare  that  this  parliament  shall  sitt  the  21  of  October, 
which  will  make  London  very  full  in  Michaelmas  terme. 
Wee  heare  of  two  oestriges  wch  are  brought  from  Tangier. 
I  sawe  one  in  the  latter  end  of  king  James  his  dayes,  at 
Greenwich  when  I  was  a  schoolboy.  King  Charles  the  first 
had  a .  cassaware,  or  emeu,  whose  fine    green  channelled 


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«90  Moanw  coBsuranHESca.  [1«0. 


•gge  I  bnie^  ttid  yon  iftw  MMt  it  I  iewSbtihamwSlwoi 
kee  ihoime  at  BaKtiwIoBwv  fiKjrre,  where  ewi'jf  cneiM 
tfaem  fbr  his  noDef.  I  kaoe  wad  att  or  jbcmA  of  Dc  ! 
bMlce',  vlikh  k  «  pn0ttf  hooke,  and  gnies  a  good  ac 
of  tiie  lowe  coontref  pcMtue  ia  tint  dueaae,  ani  haA  i 
otlMT  obteraaUet.  1  faaeve  erne  Me.  €3izMtapli€r  Lmm^ 
Sonne  vnto  the  Dr.  Lane,  wmietL  of  Wincfaeeter  eolledga^ 
who  was  an  actiue  man  agaynst  the  king  in  the  kte  wsrres, 
and  got  a  great  estate ;  butt  I  think  hee  was  fli^e  to  fl/  upon 
the  cingB  restauration.  The  chimrgions  haue  made  clLoyoe 
of  nev  offieers;  tb  prohaMe  the^  naif  agree,  and  so  woo. 
maj  nad  the  nert  IbbL  The  Img  ooraes  to  Newmaintt 
the  next  moneth.  A  Yarmouth  maatold  mee  tiiat  hee  sawe 
Dr.  Knights  at  Ae  Bath ;  perhaps  hee  will  not  beeaA  'New- 
markett.  I  bekefo  jou  never  sawe  Madame  Baater.  Sinee 
Mr.  Cottnil  and  his  lady  and  child  are  with  Sk  W.  Adban 
thej  speake  often  of  you,  and  all  go  to  Londim  ait  Michael- 
mas.  Meb.  Dej  is  at  my  howse,  butt  retames  with  MadaaM 
Borwell.  Mr.  Parsons  his  sermon*  is  i&e  to  aefl  wA, 
GkMl  hkaae  my  daughter  Bzowae  and  you  alL — ^Yonr  hmng 
fiither,  THOKia  BBO^imL 

Sir  Thomas  Brmme  to  Ms  son  ISdwari, — Oist,  15,  80.^ 

DsuoB  Soinf  a, — I  tbinck  ^ou  are  in  tiie  right,  when  yon 
say  that  phjsiiaans  coaches  in  London  are  more  Sox  stete 
then  for  businesse:  there  being  so  many  wayes  wheiehj 
they  may  bee  assisted,  and  at  lesser  duuge  and  care  in 
London.  The  Thames  and  hackney  eoadies,  being  no  small 
help,  beside  the  great  number  of  ooacdies  kept  by  jvifate 
gentlemen,  in  and  about  London.  When  I  read  Gagea 
travells  in  America^  many  yeares  ago,  I  was  much  surariaed 
to  find  that  there  were  twentie  thooisand  coaches  in  MjEadco^ 
perhaps  there  may  be  now  in  London  half  that  namber. 
when  Queen  Elizabeth  came  to  Norwich,  1576,  she  came  on 
horseback  from  Ipswich,  by  the  h%h  road  to  Norwid^  in 
the  summer  time;  but  shee  had  a  coach  or  two,  ia  her 

3  Moiiey,  Chaiiss  Love,  KJ>.    J>e  Moebo  %idemio0^  auMma 

1678-9,  8vo.  London,  1680. 

'  Probably  on  the  death  of  Lord  Bochester. 

*  The  date,  ihns  abridged,  is  original  The  present  letter  was  pab- 
lished,  but  not  oetrectly,  in  BOrfmpectiax  jRm'ew,  toI  i.  162. 


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ijfigQL]  KnoBMu  mmmmmmmmem.  471 


tmfne.  SibBMiimm^lSotmk^msto  the Jbi^^ 
v^re  niM  ftlaqnai  a.  ve^ce,  aad  iroiit  ■ometaao  m  limtaiig^ 
>m,horKbaak,maAiBiDjo  lIsalKM  k^  olhis^  to  see ^nw^ym 
siA  skooting,  J^  inieaIwMmjmitii,mas7fmipe^^ 
tmveSed  ^tk  3  feeiM,  bat;  umr  thae  ie  «  nov  fuse  «f 
l^iags.  Idodbt4te»^iniibeeaeai»o  loortex^aoiigiitol^ 
t»  mine  tlie  mtaa^  Goi  Uess  joa*  dLL. — ^Yomr  loring 
faAtear,  TnoHiii  Bseinrs. 

£Kr  f^bnkw  Btvame  foUssm  Edward,    y^omemh.  j,  {1690.] 

Bsu  SoiTHiB, — Mr.  aUermim  BriggB,  vxj  neighlioas,  ivlxo 
IB  0nr  ImrgeB,  went  to  Lasdon  last  T^arsdsf  ,  and  in  aaotlier 
ooadi  Mr.  AMerman  Maa  and  o&a«^  betwe^i  Barton 
MiBs  flfid  Thetford,  both  the  coadiefl  were  robbed  kyS  higli* 
wfmen;  but  not  unick  moae^  was  lost,  passengen  ^fmi^ij 
tRmeiimg  with  litle  money-  about  thein,  Ditt  the  coAdimaii 
lest  fifteen  pounds  which  he  caryed  to  buye  «  horee. 
Ch^inane  Bnggs,  my  neibouZy  would  haae  made  aome  mais- 
tazuse  but  l^iey  preEM^ntly  tooke  «waye  his  aword  which  hee 
uaed  to  weare  in  the  pariiaiaient:  his  man  also  was  gone  out 
of  fi%ht,  aod  none  of  the  traueUers  would  joyne  wit£  him  to 
m&fce  pesistiBifece. 

Just  now  w9i3e  lam  writing,  a poorewoeman of  a  hondred 
aikd  fiue  yeares  old  next  Chrifitmasae,  seems  to  bee  Tiider  the 
ennmon  distemper.  S&ee  ^weOs  in  one  of  the  towers  of  <^ 
%all,  and  we  vse  to  be  (^aritabk  Tnto  her,  and  your  msteni 
ffye  her  often  some  relief.  Joh.  More,  who  was  one  hon&^d 
and  ^  yeai^s  old,  to  whome  your  brother  Thomas  gaue  some- 
thing weekely  ail  the  while  hee  was  abroad,  dyed  of  these 
auttmrnaili  distempers,  as  did  aJao  the  old  maa  beyond  Seoale 
Inne^  who  wayted  on  the  Earle  of  Leicester^  when  Queen  "EMz. 
came  to  Norwich,  and  who  told  mee  many  things  thereof!  God 
Uease  you  alL — ^Your  loTing  father,     Thomas  Sbowitx. 

JSfir  Thamag  Browne  ioJm  g<m  Edward. — 2To».  xiy  £1630.] 
'  DzABxSoionB. — ^Iwritt  to  you  lately,  of  the  poorewoeanan, 
of  a  himdred  and  fire  yeares  old,  laking  one  moneth ;  ahee  hatii 
had  this  continuall  autumnal  tertian  ferer,  and  there  is  good 
hopes  of  her  reooTery,  for  she  can  now  rise  and  sett  up  out  of 
her  bed,  and  desires  a  litle  wine,  which  shoe  could  [not]  endure 


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472  BOME8TT0  COBBESPOiniBZrOE.  [1680-1. 

in  ker  distemper.  Your  sistiars  sawe  her  yesterday,  who  use 
to  give  her  money ;  shoe  sees  so  well,  that  shee  knewe  them 
at  a  distance,  ana  her  hearing  is  good.  Formerly  they  gave 
not  the  cortex  to  quartanarians,  before  they  had  been  ill  a 
considerable  time,  butt  I  think  it  should  be  good  to  give  it  at 
the  begiiming,  before  their  bloods  are  corrupted  by  the  length 
of  the  disease.  Write  whether  they  do  not  give  it  early  in 
London. — Tour  loving  father,  Tho.  BEOWira. 


Sir  Thomas  Brovone  to  his  son  JEdward.—Dee.  27,  [1680?} 

Deab  Sonne, — "Wee  are  all  very  sorry  for  the  losse  of 
the  litle  one  ;^  God  give  us  still  grace  to  resigne  our  wills 
unto  his,  and  patience  in  all  what  hee  hath  layd  out  for  us. 
Gk)d  send  you  wisedome  and  providence,  to  make  a 
prudent  use  of  the  moneys  you  have  from  mee,  beside  wliat 
you  gett  and  otherwise.  Least  repentence  come  to  late 
upon  you,  consider  that  accidental  chieu^ges  may  bee  alwajes 
coming  upon  you,  and  the  folly  of  depending  or  hoping  to 
much  upon  time  tumes  yet  to  come ;  since  yeares  will 
creepe  on,  and  impotent  age  accuse  you  for  not  thincking 
early  upon  it.  The  christening  and  buiyalls  of  my  children 
have  cost  mee  above  2  hundred  pounds,  and  their  education 
more ;  beside  your  owne,  which  hath  been  more  chargeable, 
then  all  the  rest  putt  together ;  and  therefore  consider  well 
that  you  are  not  likely  to  plave  in  this  world,  or  in  old  age, 
and  bee  wise  while  you  are  able  to  gett,  and  save  somewhat 
agaynst  a  bad  winter,  and  uncertaintie  of  times.  Grod  blesse 
you  all. — ^Your  loving  father,  Tho.  Bbowits. 

Sir  Thomas  JSroume  to  his  son  JSdward. — Jan.  5,  [1680-1.] 
Deab  Sonne, — My  daughter  Browne  writt  mee  word, 
that  you  went  last  Thursday,  to  Ampthill,  to  my  L.  Bruce 
his  Sonne,  which  hath  made  us  very  soUicitous  concerning 
you,  because  you  tooke  such  a  journey,  when  you  had 
wached  with  the  duke  of  Eichmond  the  night  before,  as  also 
because  it  was  exceeding  bad  travelling,  and  worse  then  it 
hath  been  all  this  winter,  and  exceeding  cold.  I  hope  you 
are  returned  and  in  health,  and  that  the  yong  lord  is  better. 
I  beleeve  it  may  bee  expected  that,  upon  your  retume,  you 
»  Probably '"Uttle  Ned. 


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1680-1.]  D3HX8TI0  COBBESP02rj)EKOE.  478 

should  visit  the  duke,  you  being  so  suddenly  called  from 
him.  Mr.  Thomas  "Wood,  of  Braken,  enquired  of  you,  and 
gives  you  thancks  for  your  kindnesse  to  his  daughter 
Mrs.  Betty,  who  was  with  you  the  last  summer,  and  gott 
much  good  by  Tunbridg  waters.  His  old  father  died  the 
last  weeke,  and  left  him  a  favre  estate  in  lands,  beside 
good  summes  of  money,  which  may  pave  the  debts  which 
the  oversparing  hand  of  his  £a.ther  made  him  contract,  by 
borroweng  and  takeng  up  of  money.  I  beleeve  hee  is  fiftie- 
four  yeares  old,  at  least.  Sir  William  Cooke,  of  Broome,  is 
85  or  6  yeares  old,  and  likely  to  live ;  so  that  that  honest 
and  worthy  gentleman,  his  sonne,  captain  Cooke,  is  like 
to  stay  yett  awhile  before  hee  cometh  to  the  estate. 
Mr.  Thomas  Holland,  who  liveth  at  Bury,  cannot  bee  so 
litle  as  fiftie,  and  Sir  John  Holland,  who  is  his  father,  like 
to  live  some  yeares.  These  are  the  old  heyres  which  the 
country  lookes  upon,  and  wonder  at  their  fathers,  who  are 
not  like  at  last  to  encrease  their  goods  by  sparing,  since  a 
considerable  part  must  bee  dispersed  into  the  hands  of 
creditors.  Heere  is  a  printed  speech,  supposed  to  be  my 
L.  Shaftsburies,  it  is  cacht  up  and  read  by  many :  there  are 
many  passages  in  it  litle  to  the  honour  and  reputation  of 
the  king.*  Though  the  commons  howse  bee  free,  and  the 
bowse  of  lords  also,  for  what  they  say  within  their  walls, 
yet  [it]  is  much  that  their  speeches  should  be  printed  and 
sent  about.  Tom,  Otod  be  tha,nked,  is  well.  God  blesse  my 
daughter  Brown  and  little  Susan. — Tour  loving  father, 

Thomas  BBOwmE. 


Sir  Thomas  Browne  to  his  son  Edward. — Feb.  1,  [1680-1.] 
Deabe  Sonne, — ^Wee  have  been  exceeding  solicitous  for 
Mrs.  Jane  Allington,  and  the  great  sorrowe  my  good  Lady 
Adams  was  like  to  haue  if  she  should  dye.  And  therefore 
you  did  very  well  to  giue  us  that  wellcome  notice  that  shee 
was  well  agayne.  I  took  notice  this  weeke  of  the  notable 
voyce  of  a  hound  aboue  all  other  doggs ;  and  therefore  at 
your  opportunity  you  may  examine  the  vocal  organs  of  a 
hound;   there  may  be  something    considerable,   perhaps, 

•  A  speech  lately  made  by  a  noble  peer  of  the  realm.  London, 
printed  for  F.  S.  at  the  Elephant  and  Castle  in  tbe  Koyal  Ezchabge,  in 
Cornhill,  1681.— 2  pp.  am.  folio  in  Bih.  Mut,  Brit, 


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4174  BOiotTse  coaMMmemtnoPG^.  [IfBO-l. 

beside  4be  lert,  from  the  frnae  <t  hk  mmiA.  asi  dMdag 
li^pfl.  I  loKtB  net  Been  Sir  W.  A.danui  nbee  Imo  came 
into  X<irf oHc  I  bdkwjw  liee  fasth  lieen  Indae  abmit  Hie 
eleetion  fcnr  kn^iUs  of  the  thjve.  Butt  mat  m  I^bbl 
%ntmg  Sir  WiiliflA  Adams  eomes  to  ne,  and  delinered  joat 
\Mer  and  tokea  to  Ton,  wlio  -was  ^eiy  glad,  aiii  preaente 
hia  ^ty-  and  t^iankfl  to  kis  father  and  notker,  and  loneto 
has  aiater.  Eo«af  atood,  Sir  J.  Holnit,  ^  Peter  G^use, 
Sor  Jacob  Aatlef,  and  Sir  l^omas  Hiare.  It  waa  a  band 
cannM :  Sir  lobn  earfod  it  bj  a  hmidhed  roj^ea^  wtaiixoig 
two  Of  diree.  Sir  Fetor  bf  sf^been  «ir  seivmitem,  ^biek  boo 
had  more  i^ieii  Sk*  Jacob.  Sir  Tkomae  Hare  bad  tiie  fewest. 
Yet  not  many  iesae  tiioi  (S^  Jacob.  Sor  Peter  bad  like  to 
bane  lost  it,  b^  tbe  great  and  tempestiusFi»  iriad  web  was  ool 
last  Snndi^  ^igkt,  and  beld  ihe  greatest;  part  of  Mocidaj, 
wbick  was  1^  electioii  ^j,  Tke  Yarmoutk  mea  cane  to 
Korwicb,  eitkw  hy  boat  or  borse,  tbe  day  b^»e,  to  ike 
aumber  of  tbree  bnndred,  lor  Sir  Joka  and  fi&  Peter;  butt 
l^re  were  tbree  boates  wbieh  were  to  oome  on  Sanday 
lugbt,  witk  fisbeimen,  for  Sir  Jobn  and  Sir  Peter,  batt  tm 
wmd  was  so  bigb  and  contrarie  i^t  tbej  were  €^me  to 
^ome.  Only  sixteen  or  seventeen  of  Ineia  were  so  re- 
solute  tbat  Iftieywent  on  sboaxe  ai^  came  on  fod^wbidi 
made  Sir  Peter  to  bane  tbe  second  Tcjoe.  Sir  Henzj 
Hobart  was  cSiosen  one  of  ihe  burgesses  for  Lynne,  and 
Alderman  Taylor  tbe  otker,  wbo  was  bnrgesse  tl^  last  par- 
liament. Sir  Jose{^  WilHamscm  and  'Mr.  William  Haxbioid 
were  chosen  agayne.  Mr.  Hoast  and  Sir  Eobert  Steward 
for  [Eysing]  as  before.  Oars  are  like  to  be  chosen  agayne, 
as  also  the  knights  of  the  .shyre  for  Su^yk.  Ood  bkifie  you 
alL  I  shall,  Qod  willing^  soone  write  agajne. — Your 
loving  father,  Thokjls  JBaowiTiL 

My  senw  to  my  lady  Adams. 


Sir  Thomtu  Browne  to  Us  son  Edumri, — Feb,  28,  [MSO-1.] 

Dejlb  SojTirSj — ^A  great  part  of  our  newes  batb  been,  of 
late,  made  out  [of]  several!  elections,  and  the  circnmstaoces 
of  them.  Sir  James  Johnson  and  Mr.  England  are  burgesses 
for  Yarmoutb.  Sir  James  is  a  sober  and  understanding 
person,  very  civill,  and  your  kind  aoq[aaiatance.    Sir  Sobert 


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Komp  «Bd  Bir  IHiifip  Sk^ppcm  sre  ciioten  fer  Duavidi  wi 
before,  tke  towne  iuvring  sent  onto  i^ben  itnxmg  ihitsm  to 
aocept  of  the  ^kce.  80  wee  hare  butt  two  &ewe  parlkmest 
men  for  Noiiolk.  Sir  Jftoaes  Johnion  for  Yaimoiidtih,  vnd 
Sir  Heiny  H<^)art  for  Lynne.  And  for  oadit  I  perceinre 
tiiere  is  no  eonndeniUe  numberof  new  men  choflen  in  odier 
purta.  I  find  in  ^be  newes  letters  that  Mr«  Whittle,  the  kinf;s 
eiunugeon,  is  dead,  moA  that  your  neihoor  Mr.  MouUins,  is 
tmome  in  his  place ;  bott  which  of  the  MouJHns  I  knowe 
not,  pM:hapB  Mr.  Peirce  nifty  bee  in  Scotland  with  tiie  di&e. 
I  jun  sorry  to  find  that  the  King  oi  England  is  fayoe  to 
rednoe  his  faowsehold  expenoes  to  twelve  thousand  pounds 
p.  anrnim,  especially  bee  haying  b  hrre  greater  lerenue  iheo. 
soy  of  his  pBedeoeseors.  God  ke^e  Si  honest  mm  fiom 
peami^and  want;  men  ean  bee  honest  no  longer  Ihen  they 
can  give  everyone  his  due :  infimdopamimmia  seldome  re- 
eoreis  or  restores  a  man.  This  rale  is  to  be  earned  by  all, 
vtere  dUdUia  tanqwtm  moriiwuf^  et  Hem  ttmqmam  vieiwue 
jxweUo  dkntiis.  So  may  bee  anrayded  sordid  aivariee  and 
impnmdent  prodigallity ;  so  shdd  not  a  man  deprtre  himself 
of  God's  bleasingB,  nor  throwe  away  God's  mercies ;  so  may 
hee  bee  able  to  do  good  and  not  suffer  the  worst  of  evils. 
Two  esaHbeen  battles  floattmg  npon  tiie  sea,  wfdi  ^t^ 
motto,  ^  wi  ooUidimwfrmtffimur^'*  is  a^^^fcable  unto  any  two 
ecmcemes  whose  interest  is  united,  and  is  to  eonsenre  one 
another;  whidi  makes  mee  sorry  for  this  dissention  between 
the  king  and  the  people,  that  is^  the  major  port  of  them,  as 
the  elections  declare.  God  send  a  happy  condusioi^,  and 
bee  reconciled  unto  us,  and  give  ns  grace  to  forsake  our 
sinnes,  Hie  howi^ux  and  incendiaries  of  all.  God  blesse 
youalL — ^Your  loving  &diar,  Tsohab  Bbowite. 


Sir  ThMMU  Brojame  to  his  daughter  Mrs,  lAfUletoit^ 
Sept  15,  [1681.] 

Ihsi.SE  BiBTTT, — ^Tho  it  were  noe  wonder  iMa  very  tern* 
pestious  and  stormy  winter,  yet  I  am  sorry  you  had  such  an 
uncomfortable  nght  as  to  behold  a  ship  east  awajy  so  neer 
you;  this  is  noe  sta^toge  tho  unwelcom  sight  at  xarmouth, 
Croma*,  Winterton,  and  sea  towns :  tho  you  could  not  sane 
them,  I  hope  they  were  the  better  for  your  prayers,  both 


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476  DOMESTIC  COBBESFONDEKCE.  [1691-2. 

tbose  that  perishd  and  those  that  scapd.  Some  wear  awaj 
in  calmes,  some  are  caried  away  in  storms :  we  come  into 
the  world  one  way,  there  are  many  gates  to  goe  out  of  it. 
God  giue  ns  grace  to  fit  and  prepare  our  selues  for  that 
necessity,  and  to  be  ready  to  leaue  all  when  and  how  so  ever 
he  shall  call.  The  prayers  of  health  are  most  like  to  be 
acceptable  ;  sickness  majr  choak  our  devotions,  and  we  are 
accepted  rather  by  our  life  then  our  death  :  we  have  a  rule 
how  to  lead  the  one,  the  other  is  uncertain,  and  may  come 
in  a  moment.  God  I  hope  wiil  spare  you  to  serve  him  long, 
who  didst  begin  early  to  serve  him.  There  died  thirty-six 
last  week  in  Norwich.  The  small  pox  veiy  common  ;  and 
we  milst  refer  it  to  Gods  mercy  when  he  pleaseth  to  abate 
or  cease  it ;  for  the  last  run  of  the  small  pox  lasted  much 
longer  then  this  has  yet  dun.  Tour  brother  Thomas  went 
once  from  Yarmouth  in  the  evening,  and  arrived  at  the  Isle 
of  White  the  next  day  at  one  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  but 
it  was  with  such  a  wind,  that  he  was  never  so  sick  at  sea  as 
at  that  time.  I  came  once  from  Dublin  to  Chester  at 
Michaelmas,  and  was  so  tossed  that  nothing  but  milk  and 
possets  would  go  down  with  me  for  two  or  three  days  after. 
X  our  self  is  not  impatient,  you  will  haue  noe  cause  to  be 
sad :  giue  no  way  unto  melancholy,  which  is  purely  sadnes 
without  a  reasonable  cause.  You  shall  never  want  our 
dayly  prayers,  and  also  our  frequent  letters.  God  bless  you 
both — I  rest  your  loving  father,  Thomas  Bbowke. 


'  Sir  Thomas  Browne  to  his  son  Edward, — Jan,  9,  [1681-2.] 

Deab  Sonne, — I  presume  you  arecarefull  of  your  health, 
and  not  only  to  regayne  butt  to  conserve  it.  Long  health  is 
apt  to  begett  security,  and  God  mercifully  interposeth  some 
admonitions  and  rubbs  to  make  us  consider  ourselves,  and 
to  carry  a  warie  hand  in  our  afiayres  of  all  kinds.  The 
merciful  providence  of  God  go  ever  with  you,  and  continue 
to  blesse  you.  Mr.  Carpenter,-  who  brought  the  letters,  is 
secretary  of  Jersey,  and  when  or  whether  hee  goes  back  to 
Guemzey,  I  beleeve  is  uncertaine:  for,  to  obtaine  con- 
veniency  of  passage,  the  Jersey  men  'come  commonly  to 
Guemzey.  I  thinck  you  did  well  not  to  hazard  your 
selfe  at  that  time  by  such  a  journey  as  to  Lewys,  whereof 


Digitized  by 


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1681.]  DOMBSTIC   COBSESFONDEyCE.  477 

part  is  a  very  bad  waye.  I  remember,  when  I  was  very 
yong,  and  I  thinck  butt  in  coates,  my  mother  carryed  mee  to 
my  grandfather  Grarawayes  howse  in  Lewys.  I  retaine  only 
in  my  mind  the  idea  of  some  roomes  of  the  howse  and  of  the 
church.  Our  maior  was  sent  for  by  a  letter  to  appeare 
before  the  king  and  eounsell  the  weeke  before  Xmas ;  some 
chief  brewers  of  Norwich  and  excisemen  had  accused  him  for 
putting  downe  some  alehouses,  and  denying  to  license 
others,  and  hindring  the  kings  profitt.  Butt  when  hee  had 
shewen  that  he  did  butt  what  the  law  required  of  him,  that 
there  were  still  an  unreasonable  number  of  ale-houses,  and 
that  they  were  a  great  occasion  of  debaucherie  and  povertie 
in  the  towne,  so  that  the  rates  of  the  poore  have  been  en- 
creased  eight  hundred  pounds  more  then  formerly,  hee  was 
dismissed  with  commendations.  His  maiestie  soone  per- 
ceaved  the  excisemen  and  brewers  made  a  cloake  of  his 
interest  for  their  owne,  and  would  not  have  his  subjects  de- 
bauched and  impoverished  upon  his  account.  Wee  have 
had  much  cyder  given  us  this  winter,  and  now  at  Christmas  it 
is  apt  to  gripe  many,  and  so  hard  that  they  drinck  it  with  a 
little  sugar.  That  which  was  sent  you  from  Guernsey  may 
probably  bee  good,  but  having  been  upon  the  sea  tis  likely 
it  may  be  hard.  My  wife  and  others,  except  myself,  drinck 
a  little  at  meales  ;  and  Tom  calls  for  the  bottomes  of  the 

f lasses,  where  tis  sweetest,  and  cares  little  for  the  rest.  It 
elps  to  make  good  syllibubs  in  the  summer.  A  great  part 
of  our  newes  is  of  the  king  of  Fez  and  Morocco's  embassa- 
dour,  with  his  presents  of  lyons  and  oestridges.^  I  remem- 
ber an  embassadour  who,  in  King  Charles  the  Pirst's  time, 
came  from  the  king  of  Morocco  to  help  him  to  besiedge 
SaUy,  then  revolted  from  him ;  hee  besiedged  it  by  land,  and 
the  English  with  eight  shipps  by  sea,  and  so  the  town  was 
taken.  Hee  brought  with  him  many  gallant  horses,  for  a 
present  with  strong  tayles  and  very  long  maines,  and  pic- 
tures thereof  were  taken;  and  there  is  one  still  in  this 
towne;  and,  at  a  gentleman's  howse  in  the  country  the 
picture  of  the  Moorish  embaflsadour  on  horseback,  as  hee 
rid  through  London  at  his  entry,  as  bigge  as  the  life,  which 
cost  nftie  pounds,  and  is  a  noble  peece,  about  as  bigge  as 

7  Evelyn  i,  537,  8. 

Digitized  by  CjOOQIC 


478  DOMSfflXC  CO«BSAP<»(B(KirC£.      .  [16S1-2. 

TitiaEkV  Charles  the  First  on  horsebaek,  in  tlie  hall  of  the 
Duke'splaee.  I  am  gkd  mf  eosen  Cza^oek  is  come  of  so 
weU.  Tis  like  mj  L.  8.  will  sett  stiQ,  and  ecmtent  %6  have 
escaped  such  a  danger.  Lot»  and  blessing  to  jo^  mj 
dao^iter  Bvenme,  and  jou  ali,  as  also  from  mr  wife ;  kve 
from  "FnxtA,  dtify  fipom  Tom. — Your  kviBg  Mher, 

Thomas  Bbowsb. 

'"  I  doubt  an  mj  lettois  sent  [to}  G^uemsej  withki  these 
two  moneths  Ije  stiM  at  Sontkampton ;  the  wind  haTii^ 
ccHitintted  soatherlj  sosd  westerly  at  this  time  of  jesn 
bejond  obeerratioii,  to  the  great  detrim^it  of  many  mar- 
chands.  *  

Sir  TkMtm  Brmone  toUrms  IlimKri,—Web,  15,  [1681-2.] 

Beab  Sokne, — I  receaved  yoiars  by  the  last  post,  which 
you  writt  after  eleven  o'clock  at  night,  and  made  a  shifl  to 
send  it  the  same  night.  Tou  did  well  to  observe  the  eclipse 
for  it  was  a  totall  one,  and  remarkable.  By  this  time  pro- 
bably you  have  conferred  with  knowmg  persons  about  it, 
your  doubts  were  rationaQ,  and  also  your  thoughts  of  the 
ApogSBum,  and  how  the  shadowe  of  which  sh^d  bee  so 
fibynt  as  not  to  obscure  the  moonemore,  whereas  some  times 
it  hath  been  observed,  "  Lunnm  edip^aium  imierdum  penitm 
in  codo  evanmswey'  Butt  I  doubt  not  butt  somethmg  wiH 
be  sayd  hereof  at  the  E.  S.  or  elsewhere^  from  whence  they 
will  receave  accounts,  and  also  from  Mr.  Flamsted.  The 
wind  hath  been  these  3^  ^yes  at  south  west  agayne,.  so  that 
wee  may  expect  letters  from  Guernsey.  Wee  heare  the 
I>uches  of  Portsmouth  eoeth  fS»  France,  some  time  m 
March.  I  doubt  the  English  will  not  fike  the  setting  iip  a 
coHedge  of  phy  sitians  in  Scotland,^  nor  their  endeavouring  to 
sett  up  an  East  !Lidia  and  straight  company.^    They  hope 

"  T&is  ia  an  error ;  Titian  died  in  157dw  It  was  Yandjck  to  whom 
Cbar!ei^  I.  repeatedly  sat. 

*  291&270T.  1S81,  t&eMog,  by  fern  letters  potent,  incarpofsted  oertMA 
^ysicktiu:  in  Ec^lbuj^h  and  ^esr  sneMBmniy  into  a^  body  pofitidl^  jhf 
tlMrtiitle  of  tite  Ptreddest  and  B^jpl  GoUegectf.  P&yaieiaia^  at  Bdi» 
burgli. 

>  29tli  Oct.  re81„  Charles  IT.  granted  a  cbarter  ie  ^the  CompaBy  of 
Merdbants  of  tIte  city  of  Ei£inmirgb.*  It  -was  CDnfirmed  Jane  H 
1693,  till  wliich  time  the  trade  of  Edinburgh  seems  to  have  been  confined 
to  Norway,  the  Baltick,  aad*^  - 


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1682.]  imattac  ooBSBaaraanxnci;.  499 

io  do  tt^tbiDg^  fej  tlie  &Por  and  encoangemeiiffc  of  the 
duke.  If th^  sett  iq»»  eaOe^^eand breed nnsypliTntisiiSy 
iree  sfaaU.  be  sue  to  hmve  a  gnaek  paort  of  them  in.  !Bnglftiid. 

Mr.  Ckrfce  telk  Bie  tbot  be  aawe  2  ostridges  in  London, 
in  GranweH's  tiiae.  Tbougb  j&a.  sswe  an  cwtrid^  in  tbe 
Buiffi  of  flonuice  hk  gaideit,  jett  I  do  Boi  perceare  you 
■nre  aaj  ene  amoog  tbe  eimoaities  and  rantiea  of  asj  of 
tbe  prmeea  of  Geimamr.  Perhaps  tbe  kizig  will  send  sosae 
of  bus  to  the  King^  of  !Fiance»  tbe  Prince  of  Orange,  &c.  tbe 
ksse  di  tbeNeih&riands  batb  been  yery  great,  l^t  I  hope 
aoiao  great  as  is  related.  GtodbkaseyouaH. — ^Towr  lofvii^ 
MboF^  Tbomas  Bbowvs.  ' 

Sir  Tkomas  Brwme  io  his  son  l^wari? — June  IS,  [  liS82.] 

'  Peab  Soktb^ — ^I  bi»re  lenttbe  4  sbeets  you  sent  mee,  1^ 
ca^taine  lailmana  eldest  aerme,  wba  went  this  morning 
towacds  Loiadon,  in  tiie  2  dajea  coaeb,  and  a  paper  within 
tbeai.  I  am  g^  yon  have  putt  an  end  to  that  labour, 
though  I  am  not  sacry  that  yon  und^rtodiEe  it.  Wee  are 
f^  to  nnderstaiidy  by  my  diwagbt^  &owne*s  letter,  that 

Jdau^tcs  Fairfax  is  deli?ered  of  a  aenne.  Hbe  blessing 
3od  bee  with  them  botb^  and  send  tbem  health.  The 
Tessel  ef  aider  mat  ^u  from  Guemaey  was  rackt,  it  came 
not  ont  of  Ncmaandie  bitfct  item.  Guernsey,  thoogh  it  was 
not  of  my  sonne  and  daughters  making.  They  might 
have  made  much,  there  being  plenty  of  apples,  butt  they 
made  bott  2  or  3  boggesbeada  theraseiyes  for  tbenr  own  use. 
Yoor  sister  tells  mee  that  they  have  pkntie  of  large 
oysters,  like  Bumham  oyster%  about  Ouemaey,  and  all 
thoae  xodky  aeaa  ta  SL  Mallowesy  and  have  a  pecuUar  way  of 
disponag  and  seffing  of  theuK,  that  tbej  are  not  decayed  or 
fiatt  before  they  bee  eaten*  They  bring  them  into  tbe  haven 
in  vesaelk  liiat  may  containe  vart  quantities,  and  when  they 
eome  at  a  competent  distance  fronL  tbe  peere  head,  they 
anker  and  cast  all  tbe  oysters  overboard  into  the  sea  \  ana 
when  tiie  tide  goeth  away,,  and  tbe  ground  barey  the  people 
come  to  buy  them,  and  the  owners  stand  on  drye  ground 
and  sell  them.  When  the  tide  comes  in,  the  buyers  retire, 
and  come  agayne  at  the  next  ebbe,  and  buye  them  agayne, 
■  Betrospectiye  Review,  vol  i,  p.  162. 


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480  90MSSTIC  COBBSSPOKBEKCE.  [1682. 

and  so  every  ebbe  till  thej  bee  all  sould.  So  tbe  oysters 
are  kept  lively,  and  well  tasted,  being  so  often  under  the 
salt  sea  water,  and  if  they  had  a  vessd^  of  a  hundred  tunne 
full  they  might  sell  them  while  they  were  good,  being  thus 
ordered  allthough  it  should  take  sometime  to  sell  them  all. 
This  seems  a  good  contrivance,  and  such  as  I  have  not  heard 
of  in  England.  "Wee  hope  Captain  Cotton  is  got  by  this 
time  to  (Juemzey,  though  the  winds  have  been  often  erosse 
to  gett  from  the  Downes  thither,  it  hath  been  in  the  north 
these  3  dayes,  and  it  was  yesterday  so  cold  that  we  could 
have  endured  a  fire.  Captain  Cotton  intended  to  call  at 
Southampton,  if.  possible,  for  divers  letters  and  despaches, 
which  had  been  retarded  by  the  lastiag  south-west  wind,  which 
I  doubt  hee  could  not  performe.  My  daughter  hath  heard 
twice  from  Guernsey,  since  shee  came  to  Norwich,  and  once 
from  Lychfield,  from  Mrs.  Katherine  Litelton,  her  hus^ 
band's  sister,  a  singular  good  woeman.  I  heare  Mrs.  Suck- 
ling is  well  at  her  brother's  in  Suffolk,  butt  shee  dares  not 
yet  adventure  to  Norwich,  with  her  children,  for  feare  of  the 
small  pox.  The  warlike  provisions  of  the  emperour  and 
empyre,  &c.  hath  the  countenance  of  a  warre,  butt  the  sum- 
mer is  farre  advanced.  Wee  heare  the  Duchesselof  Ports- 
mouth hath  found  much  benefitt  hj  the  waters,  and  is  return- 
ing iato  England.  The  peace  with  Argier  gives  some  life 
unto  the  Yarmouth  men,  and  no  small  content  unto  all. 


Dr.  Udward  Browne  to  his  Father.— Oct.  3, 1682. 

Most  hokotteed  Eatheb, — ^The  salaiy  of  the  hospitall 
is  so  ordered  that  it  comes  to  twenty  shillings  a  weeke :  for 
the  patients  within  the  house,  the  physitian  receives  quar- 
terly nine  pounds  and  a  noble,  and  for  the  out  patients  at 
Easter,  fiften  poimds,  which  comes  to  fifty-two  poundes  and 
a  noble  in  a  year ;  for  which  hee  cannot  write  less  then  six 
thousand  prsBScriptions.  We  want  a  good  chalybeat  elec- 
tuary, that  doth  not  purge,  for  ours  doth  sometimes.  I  know 
not  who  invented  it,  and  it  is  not  well  compounded,  yet  it 
doth  much  good ;  it  is  this, — 


Digitized  by 


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1682.]  D03OSTIC   COEBESPONDENCE.  481 


R.  Bad.  Rapbani  rustic,  ^iij. 
Gort.  Ligni  Sassafras  ^iij. 
Bad.  jalappee, 
Had.  Mechoacan.  S  ^sa. 
Trium  Santal.  S  9ij. 
Rassurse  Ebons  ^ss. 
Orem.  Tartar!  ^. 


Limatarse  Cbalybis  ^ij. 
Oonserv.  Cocblearis  hortensis  ^*. 
Tberiac89  Diatessar.  5\j. 
Conserv.  Marrubij 
Conserv.  Absynt.  ynlgaris  S  Jss. 
Oxymel.  scyllitq.  s.  m.  f.  Electuar. 


I  thinke  to  have  this  made  ready,  but  if  you  please  to 
ttdde  or  alter  it,  it  shall  not  be  made  up  till  I  hear  from 
yon,  sir. 


R.  Conserv.  Absynt.  vulgaris  ^ij. 
Conserv.  Bosar.  Rubrar.  ^xij. 
Zinzib.  condit.  ^iiij. 
Cort.  Winter.  ^*. 


Limaturae  Chalyb.  5iij. 
Syr.  de  Quinq.  Rad.  q.  s.  m.  f.  Elec« 
tuar. 


And  so  it  may  be  a  standing  medicine,  as  well  as  the  other. 
They  make  use  of  pills  in  old  coughs  and  diseases  on  the 
lungs,  which  they  csll  pilulw  nigrcB,  which  are  these, 


R.  Rad.  Enulse 

Rad.  Irid.  florent. 
Sem.  Anisi 


Saocbari  Cadi  S  lib.  j. 

Picis  liquids  q.  s.  m.  f.  Massa 


but  I  prsBScribe  more  of  a  strong  diacodium  they  make. 
Pray,  sir.  write  me  word  how  you  make  your  syrupus  de 
scordioy  for  it  is  not  knowne  in  London.  Pray,  sir,  thinke 
of  some  good  effectual  cheape  medicines  for  the  hospitall ; 
it  will  be  a  piece  of  charity,  which  will  be  beneficiall  to  the 
poore,  hundred  of  years  after  we  are  aJl  dead  and  gone. 
The  purging  electuary,  which  is  divided  into  boluses  of  half 
an  ounce,  or  six  dragmes,  as  it  is  ordered,  is  thus, 

R.  Electoarii  lenitivi  ^xij.  I  Syr.  Rosar.  solutiviq.  s.  m.  t  Elec- 

Cremor.  Tartar.  3iij  5yj.         i      tuarium. 
Jalap.  Pulv.  3ijss.  | 

We  make  much  use  of  caryocostinum  and  jalep  powdered, 
which  are  also  often  taken  in  four  ounces  of  the  purging 
decoction,  which  is  made  of  senna,  rhubarb,  polypody,  sweet 
fennell  seeds,  and  ginger.  Their  scurvy  grass  drmke  is 
good ;  they  allow  tliJee  barrells  every  weeke  of  it,  to  every 
barrell  they  put  a  pound  of  horse  raddish,  four  handfulls  of 
common  wormwood,  fifteen  handfulls  of  scurvy  grasse,  gar- 
den scurvy  grasse,  fifteen  handfulls  of  brokelime,  and  fi^een 

VOL.  m.  2  I 


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•iSa  POMSSTIO  COBBSBfOIiaiiafCS.  [1682. 

Bandlulls  of  water  cresaes^  to  a  baireU  of  good  ale;  which 
the  poor  people  like  very  well. 

St.  Thomas  Hospitall  is  larger  than  ours,  and  holds  forty 
or  fifty  persons  more ;  we  l^ve  divers  of  tlie  king's  soldiers 
in  the  hospitall.  My  wife  sent  downe  the  last  we^e,  a 
pastborde  box,  by  the  waggons,  with  candlesticks  for  Mrs. 
Pooly,  and  chocolate  for  my  lady  Pettus.  My  duty  to  my 
moat  dear  mother,  and  love  to  my  sister,  and  Tomy. — ^Tour 
most  obedient  sonne,  Edwaed  Bbowitb. 


yGoogk 


MISCELLANEOUS    CORRESPONDENCK 


i>.  Browne  to.  Br.  Menry  Power.        [1647  P J» 

£«  B(^iov  Kvttpvnrot  \i,  e.  gtatesman  from  the  bode]  is.  growm 
iato  a  proY  «b ;  aad  bo  leas  ndiculoua  are  they  who  think  out  of 
book  tobepoma  ph}rBicia]i&.  I  shall  therefore  meatioii  such  as 
tend  less  to  ostentatioik  thaa  use*  for  the  directmg  a  nOTice  to 
obeenration  and  experience  without  which  you  cazmot  «cpect  to 
be  other  than  ^  pipKiov  icv^pyrinii.  Galen  amiHi{q[>oerateB  must 
be  had  as  fathers  and  fountains  of  the  faculty.  And,  indeed, 
Sppocrates's  Apkoriams  should  be  conned  for  the  frequent  use 
whim  may  be  made  of  them^  Lay  your  Ibfundation  in  anatomy, 
wherein  avro^ia  must  be  your  Jidus  Achates.  The  help  that 
books  can  afford  you  minr. expect,  besides  what  ia  defivered 
marnm  from  Galen  and  Hippocrates,  Vesalius,  SpigeKus,  and 
Bartholinus.  And  be  sure  you  make  yourself  master  of  Dr. 
Harry's  piece  De  Cireul^  San^. ;  which  discovery  I  prefer  to 
that  of  Odiumbus.  The  knowledge  of  plants,  animals,  and 
miBCSBls,  (whence  are  fetched  the  Materia  Medica^meniorwn) 
may  be  your  irap^yoy ;  and,,  to  fkr  as  concerns  physic,  is  attain- 
able in  gardens,  £iields»  apothecaries'  and  druggists'  slu^.  Bead 
Theophrastos,  Dieacorides,  Matthiolus,  Dodonseus,  and  our 
English  herbalists :  Spigelius's  Jsajfoge  in  rem  herbariam  will 
be  of  use.  We^eT^a  ArUidotarittm  speciale,J3LenodjBdTHS  for  com- 
position and  preparation  of  medicaments.  See  what  apothecaries 
do.  Bead  MoreUi  Formulas  medicos,  Baaderom  Fkarmacopaa, 
Pharmaeopaa  Auaustaaia.  See  chymical  opraaliions  in  hosmtaJs, 
prirate  houses.  Bead  FaUomus,  Aquiqiendente,  Panous,  Vigo^ 
&o.  Be  not  a  stranger  to  tne  useM  part  oL  chemistry.  See 
what  chymistators  do  in  their  offieines.  Begin  with  Ttrammjwm 
Chymicwn,  CroUius,  Hartmamms,  and  so  by  degrees  maodi  om 

*  iVom  8  reference  in  Mr.  Smith's  letter,  p.  360,  there  seems  Uttle 
Ambt  ^t  the  present  (which  appears  to  haare  been  oommunicated  to 
the  world  by  Dr.  Bichaid  Middleton  Maasey,  F.B.S.)  was  addressed  t^ 
I>r.  'Bsaaj  Power,  of  New-Hall,  near  Eahmd,  Yorkshire ;  author  of 
JSxpervmeutal  Philosophy,  in  Three  Books,,  containing  new  Sxperiments^ 
Jfiaroicovical  Jiferomial,  and  MagneHcal,  4to.  166i. 
,  2  I  2 


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4M  HI8CSLLAKEOU8   COBBBSFOITDEKCE.  [1648. 

Materia  Medicamentorum,  surgery  and  chymistry,  may  be  your 
diyenions  and  recreations ;  physic  is  your  business.  Having, 
therefore,  gained  perfection  in  anatomy,  betake  yourself  to 
Sennertus's  Instituttons,  which  read  with  care  and  dilHgence  two 
or  three  times  over,  and  assure  yourself  that  when  you  are  a  p^- 
fect  master  of  these  institutes  you  will  seldom  meet  with  any 
point  in  physic  to  which  jou  will  not  be  able  to  speak  like  a  man. 
This  done,  see  how  institutes  are  applicable  to  practice,  by 
reading  upon  diseases  in  Sennertus,  Femelius,  Mercatus,  HoUe- 
rius,  luverius,  in  particular  treatises,  in  counsels,  and  consulta- 
tions, all  which  are  of  singular  benefit.  But  in  reading  upon 
^kiseases  satisfy  yourself  not  so  much  with  the  remedies  set 
down  (although  I  would  not  have  these  altogether  neglected)  as 
with  the  true  understanding  the  nature  of  the  disease,  its  causes, 
and  proper  indications  for  cure.  For  by  this  knowledge,  and 
.  that  of  the  instruments  you  are  to  work  by,  the  Materia  Medi- 
eamentorum,  you  will  often  conquer  with  ease  those  difficulties, 
through  widen  books  will  not  be  able  to  bring  you ;  secretum 
medicorum  est  judicium.  Thus  haye  I  briefly  pointed  out  the 
way  which,  closely  pursued,  will  lead  to  the  highest  pitch  of  the 
art  you  aim  at.  Although  I  mention  but  few  lKK>k8  (which,  well 
digested,  will  be  instar  omnium)  yet  it  is  not  my  intent  to  confine 
you.  If  at  one  view  you  would  see  who  hath  written,  and  upon 
what  diseases,  by  way  of  counsel  and  observation,  look  upon 
Moronus's  Directorium  Medico^practicum.  You  may  look  wpon 
all,  but  dwell  upon  few.  I  need  not  tell  you  the  great  use  of 
Ihe  Greek  tongue  in  physic ;  without  it  nothing  can  be  done  to 
perfection.  'Ae  words  of  art  you  may  learn  from  Gorreus's 
Definituynes  Medica.  This  and  many  good  wishes, — 'From  your 
loving  friend,  Thomas  Bbownb. 

Dr  Henry  Power  to  Dr.  Browne, — Ch.  Coll,  Camb,  l^th  Sept. 

1648. 

Bight  Wobshiffull, — ^I  cannot  but  retume  you  infinite 
thankes  for  your  excessive  pa3rnes  in  doubling  of  your  last  letter 
to  mee,  both  pages  whereoi  were  so  exceeding  satisfactory  to  my 
requests,  as  that  I  know  not  wheather  of  them  may  more  justly 
ehallenge  a  larger  retume  of  thankes  from  mee.  For  the  fore* 
page  Ihave  traced  your  commands,  and  simpled  in  the  woods, 
meadows,  and  fields,  instead  of  gardens,  which  being  obvious  and 
in  every  oountrey,  I  may  easyly  hereafter  bee  made  a  garden 
herbalist  by  any  shee  empirick. .  I  have  both(7erard  with  John- 
son's addition,  and  Parkmson ;  the  former  has  the  deerer  cutt, 
and  outvies  the  other  in  an  accurate  description  of  a  plant ;  the 
latter  is  the  better  methodist,  and  has  bedded  his  plants  in  a 


yGoogk 


JL648.]  HISCBLXiAinBOUS   COBBESPONDEKCX.  181^ 

better  ranke  and  order.  I  compared,  also,  DodonsBua  with  them, 
^ho  does  very  well  for  a  short  and  curt  herbalist :  yet  I  shall 
embrace  Grerard  above  aU,  because  you  nleased  to  honour  him 
with  your  approbation.  For  the  back  siae  of  your  letter,  I  am 
extreamely  satisfied  in  your  resolves  of  my  quaere,  I  confesse  I 
run  into  too  deepe  a  beiiefe  and  too  strong  a  conceipt  of  chymis- 
try,  (yet  not  beyond  what  some  of  those  artists  affirme)  of  the 
reproduction  of  the  same  plant  by  ordinary  way  of  vegetation, 
for  (say  they)  if  the  salt  be  taken  and  transferred  to  another 
countrey  and  there  sowed,  the  plant  thereof  shall  sprout  out 
even  from  common  earth.  But  it  will  be  satisfaction  enough, 
to  the  greatest  of  my  desires,  to  behold  the  leafes  thereof  shad- 
dowed  m  glaciation,  of  which  experiment  I  hope  I  shall  have  the 
happjnesse  to  be  ocularly  evinced  at  some  opportunity  by  you. 

Sir,  I  have  a  great  desire  to  shift  my  residence  a  while,  and  to 
live  a  moneth  or  two  in  Norwich  by  you :  where  I  may  have  the 
happynesse  of  your  neighbourhood.  Here  are  such  fewe  helpes 
here,  that  I  feare  I  shaU  make  but  a  lingering  nrogresse  unlesse 
I  have  your  personall  discourse  to  further  ana  prick  forwards 
my  slow  endeavours.  But  I  shall  determine  of  nothing  till  I  see 
you  here,  in  which  journey  I  could  wish  (were  it  not  to  the  dis- 
advantage of  your  affaires)  you  would  prevent  our  expectations. 
Sir,  I  have  now  by  the  frequency  of  living  and  dead  dissections 
of  dog^s,  run  through  the  whole  body  of  anatomy,  insisting  upon 
Spigelius,  Bartholinus,  Femelius,  Columbus,  Veslingius,  but 
especially  Harvey's  circulation,  and  the  two  incomparable  au- 
thors Des-Cartes  and  Eegius,  which,  indeed  were  the  only  two 
that  answered  my  doubts  and  quaeres  in  that  art.  I  have  like- 
wise made  some  little  proficiency  in  herbary,  and  by  going  out 
three  or  four  miles  once  a  weeke  have  brought  home  with  mee 
two  or  three  hundred  hearbs.  I  have  likewise  run  through 
Heurnius,  which  I  very  well  allow  of  for  a  perijjateticall  author ; 
hee  is  something  curt  "be  urina,  which  I  conceive  to  bee  a  very 
necessary  piece  m  physick  now  the  circulation  is  discovered ;  for 
since  the  urine  is  cnannelled  all  along  with  the  blood,  through 
almost  all  the  parenchymata  of  the  m>dy,  before  it  come  to  the 
kidneys  to  bee  strained  and  separated,  it  must  needes  carry  a 
tincture  of  any  disaffected  or  diseased  part  through  whicn  it 
passes.  For  Sennertus  I  cannot  yet  procure  him,  but  'tis  sayd 
nee  is  comming  out  in  a  new  letter,  and  then  I  question  not  but 
I  shall  have  him.  Mr.  Smith  presents  his  humble  respects  to 
you,  and  shall  bee  extreame  glact  to  give  you  a  deserved  welcome 
to  Cambridge,  who  may  doe  it,  perchance,  more  nobly  yet  not 
more  heart^y  then  wilt— Your  most  obhged  friend  ana  servant, 

Hbnbt  Powbb. 

Sir,  my  father  Foxcroft  and  mother  in  their  last  to  Cambridge 


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4M  SaBCILLAJnBOlTfl  COBBEBPOKBSirCBB.  ^IMS. 

iatfcti  not  to  tender  thor  beet  Tespacts  to  yon,  wMob  I  Imve  i^ 
qnfted  in  4^e  like  retome  of  yonrs  to  them  (acoofding  teyour  re- 
quest)  tiiiB  last  jonznej. 

Mr,  MerrywecUher  to  Dr.  S9vwne,^ — Camhridoe,  McMd,  VbUege, 
Octob,  1, 1649. 

HoNQiTBBD  Sib,— To  know  andbe  acquainted  with  jron,  thoi^h 
no  otherwise  than  bj  your  ingemonB  ana  learned  writings,  whidk 
now  a  good  part  of  ChiiBtendom  is,  were  no  oontemptitue  degree 
of  happiness :  the  fool-haardj  enten»*ize  of  translating  your  TOok 
might  seem  to  give  me  some  small  title  to  a  farther  pretence ; 
bnt  it  is  my  great  nnhappiness,  that  as  small  as  this  is,  J  have 
forfeited  it  already  upon  severai  scores.  I  undertook  a  design, 
which  I  knew  I  coald  not  manage  without  certain  disadvantage 
and  injury  to  the  author ;  and  after,  though  I  saw  the  issue  no 
happier  tnan  I  expected,  yet  I  could  not  be  content  to  conceal  or 
bum  it,  but  must  needs  <M>trude  to  the  large  world,  in  beggarly 
and  disfigured  habit,  that  which  you  sent  out  in  so  quaint  and 
polisht  a  dress.  Besides,  I  might  have  acquainted  you  with  it 
sooner,  presented  you  with  a  copy,  begged  pardon  sooner  for 
these  miscarriages,  which  now  X  may  jusuy  fear  is  too  late.  The 
truth  of  it  is,  sir,  I  have  scmie  real  pleas  and  justificalionB  for 
most  of  these  crimes ;  and  hare,  with  impatience,  waited  for  some 
Ojpportunity  to  have  represented  them  by  word  of  moutti,  rather 
than  writing ;  which  X  hoped  to  have  had  the  happiness  to  have 
done  when  I  was  lately  at  Norwich,  as  my  honoured  friend,  Mr. 
I^ston,  of  Beeston,  will  assure  you,  whom  I  desired,  after  we 
found  not  you  in  the  town,  being  tmwilling  to  continue  this  incir 
vility  any  longer,  to  present  you  with  a  copy  at  his  first  oj^por- 
tonity,  which  I  question  not  but  by  this  time  you  have  received. 
Thus  much,  sir,  at  the  least  I  had  done  sooner,  if  I  had  not  been 
hindered  by  a  constant  unwelcome  rumour,  all  the  time  I  was 
abroad  in  the  Xk>w  Countries  and  France  (which  was  the  space 
i£  some  years  after  the  impression,)  that  you  had  left  this  nfe  : 
upon  what  ground  the  report  was  raised  I  know  not,  but  that  it 
was  so,  many  then  with'me,  and  some  of  them  not  unknown  to 
your  self,  can  witness.  When  I  came  at  Paris,  the  next  year 
after,  I  found  it  printed  again,  in  which  edition  both  the  epistles 
were  let  out,  and  a  preface,  by  some  papist,  put  in  their  puice,  in 
which  making  use  of,  and  wresting  some  passives   in  your 

'  Mr.  Merry  weather  returning  from  his  travels  in  Franoe  And  Hoi- 
haul,  Anno  1649,  went  to  Norwich,  to  acquaint  the  Boctor  with  th« 
different  sd&timents  entertained  abroad  of  the  Keligio  Medici ;  but  he 
being  at  that  time  from  home,  Mr.  Menyweather  left  a  book  with  a 
£riend,  to  be  presented  him  the  first  opportunity,  and  shortly  after  writ 
the  following  letter  from  Cambridge. 


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1657-8.]        iciBCSLiiAirBOTrs  cossxsTOirDiarcE.  48T 

book,  he  endeavour'd  to  ehew,  that  nothing  but  cttstom  and 
education  kept  you  from  their  chnrch.  Since  my  retom  home, 
I  see  HackiuB,  the  Leyden  printer,  hath  made  a  new  impression, 
which  famished  me  afresh  with  some  copies,  and  whereof  th«t 
which  I  left  widi  Mr.  Prestoii  is  one,  as  is  easihr  observable  hv 
the  difference  of  the  pages,  and  the  omission  of  the  errata,  which 
were  noted  in  the  nrst,  tiioo^h  the  title  page  be  the  same  in 
both.  These  frequent  impressions  shew  the  wcxrth  of  the  book, 
which  still  finds  reception  and  esteem  abroad,  notwithstanding 
fill  that  diminution  and  loss  which  it  sofiers  l^  the  translation ; 
which  I  am  the  wiUinger  to  observe,  because  it  found  some 
demurr  in  the  £rst  impiresfiion  at  Leydem ;  and  upon  this  oeca- 
fii<m,  one  Haye,  a  book-merchant  there,  to  whom  I  first  offered 
it,  carried  it  to  Salmasius  lor  his  approbation,  who  in  state,  £rst 
laid  it  by  for  very  nigh  a  quarter  ofa  year,  and  then  at  last  told 
him,  that  there  were  indeed  in  it  many  things  well  said,  but  that 
it  contained  also  many  exorbitant  conceptions  in  religion,  and 
woidd  probably  find  but  frowning  entertainment,  especiaily 
amongst  the  mimsters,  which  deterred  him  from  imdertaking  the 
printing.  After  I  showed  it-to  two  more,  de  Yogel  and  Chriatian, 
both  printers;  but  they,  upon  advice,  returned  it  akoi  from 
these  I  went  to  Haokius,  who,  upon  two  days  delib^ractioQ, 
undertook  it.  Worthy  sir,  you  Bee  how  obstinately  beut  I  was 
to  divulge  my  own  shame  and  impudence  at  your  ezpence  ;  yet 
seeing  this  confidence  was  built  unon  nothing  else  but  the  innste 
juid  eesentiAl  worth  of  the  book,  which  I  perswaded  myself  would 
bear  it  up  from  all  adventitious  disadvantages,  and  seeing  I  have 
gained  rather  thim  failed  in  the  issue  and  success  of  my  hopes, 
■as  it  something  qualifies  the  scrunles,  which  the  conscience  of 
•my  own  rashness  had  in  cold  blooa  afterward  raised,  so  I  hope 
it  will  conduce  to  the  easier  obtaining  pardon  and  indulgence 
from  you  for  the  miscarriages  in  it.  This,  I  am  sure,  I  may  with 
a  dear  mind  protest,  and  profess,  that  nothing  so  much  moved 
me  to  the  enterprize  as  a  high  and  due  esteem  of  the  book,  and 
my  ileal  to  the  author's  meri^  of  whom  I  shall  be  ever  .ambitious 
to  show  my  self  aa  admirer,  and  in  all  things  to  give  some  testis 
mony  that  I  am,  honoured  sir^  your  most  fdOTectionato,  and  most 
devoted  servant,  John  Msbsywsathbil. 


Dr»  JBrovme  to  John  JEhelyn,  Esq, — Norwich,  Jan,  21,  1657-8. 

WoXT&Y  Sib, — ^In  obedience  unto  the  commands  of  my  noble 
finend,  Mr.  Paston,  and  the  respects  I  owe  unto  soe  worthy  a 
perdon  as  yourself,  I  have  presumed  to  preseirt  these  endoeed 
tines  unto  you,  which  I  beseech  you  to  accept  as  hints  and  pre- 
posalls,  not  any  directions  unto  your  judicious  thoughts.   I  hare 


Digitized  by  VjOOQIC  .^^ 


488  HISCELLA.K20US  COSBSSFONJ>EKCE.  [1657-8. 

not  taken  the  chapters  in  the  order  printed,  butt  sett  downe 
hints  upon  a  few,  as  memorie  prompted  and  my  present  diver- 
sions would  permit ;  readie  to  bee  your  servant  further,  if  your 
noble  worke  bee  not  alreadie  compleated  beyond  admission  of 
additionalls :  esteeming  it  no  small  honour  to  hold  any  com- 
munication with  a  person  of  your  merit,  unto  whom  1  shall 
industriously^  endeavour  to  expresse  myself. — Sir,  your  much 
honouring  mend  and  servant,  Thomas  Bbowjte. 

John  JEvelyn,  Esq,  to  Dr.  Brovme.^Co,  Garden,  Lond.  28  Jan, 

[1657-8.] 

HoNOUBED  Sib, — By  the  mediation  of  that  noble  person, 
Mr.  Paston,  and  an  extraordinary  humanity  of  your  owne,  I  find 
I  haue  made  acquisition  of  such  a  subsidiary,  as  nothing  but  his 
greate  favour  to  me,  and  your  communicable  nature  could  haue 
procur'd  me.  It  is  now,  therefore,  that  I  dare  promise  myselfe 
successe  in  my  attempt ;  and  it  is  certaine  that  I  will  very  justly 
owne  your  favours  with  all  due  acknowledgements,  as  tne  most 
obliging  of  all  my  correspondents.  I  perceive  you  haue  scene 
thejpro^^o^ma  and  delineation  of  my  designe,^  which,  to  avoyde 
the  inuiite  copying  for  some  of  m^  curious  friends,  I  was  con- 
etrain'd  to  print ;  but  it  cannot  be  imagined  that  I  should  haue 
travell'd  over  so  large  a  province  (though  but  a  garden)  as  yet, 
who  set  out  not  many  moneths  since,  and  can  make  it  but  my 
diversions  at  best,  who  haue  so  mauy  other  impediments  besieg* 
iug  me,  publique  and  personall,  whereoff  the  long  sicknesse  of 
my  wniem,  my  only  sonn,  now  five  moneths  afSicted  with  a 
double  quartan,  and  but  five  yeares  old,  is  not  one  of  the  least ; 
80  that  there  is  not  danger  your  additionalls  and  favours  to  your 
servant  should  be  prevented  by  the  perfection  of  my  worke,  or 
if  it  were,  that  I  should  be  so  injurious  to  my  owne  fame  or 
your  civility,  as  not  to  beginn  all  anew,  that  I  might  take  in 
such  auxiliaries  as  you  send  me,  and  which  I  must  esteeme  as 
my  best  and  most  efiectuall  forces.  Sir,  I  retume  you  a  thou- 
sand acknowledgements  for  the  papers  which  you  transmitted 
me,  and  I  will  render  you  this  account  of  my  present  vnder- 
taking.    The  truth  is,  that  which  imported  me  to  discourse  on 

'  A  projected  work  bearing  the  title,  Elysium  Britannicibm,  the  plan 
of  which  is  given  in  Upcott's  MiscellaTfieovs  Writings  of  J,  Evelyn,  Esq. 
This  work  was  intended  to  comprise  forty  distinct  subjects,  or  chapters, 
disposed  in  three  books.  One  of  the  chapters  was  "  Of  Hit  coronary 
garden,  <&<?.,"  to  which  Sir  Thomas  Browne's  tract,  *'  Qf  garlands,  and 
<:oronary  or  garland  plants,"  was  intended  as  a  contribution.  The  work 
however,  was  never  completed ;  though  parts  of  it  remain  amon^  the 
MSS.  at  Wotton.  One  chapter  only,  "  Of  Sallets,"  was  published  in 
1699,  under  the  title,  "  Acetaria  ;  a  XHscowse  of  Sallets." 


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1657-8.]  HISCELLAITEOTJS   GOBBESPOITDEKGE.  489^ 

this  Bubieot  after  this  sorte,  was  the  many  defects  which  I  en- 
counter d  in  bookes  and  in  gardens,  wherein  neither  words  nor 
cost  hii4  bin  wanting,  but  judgement  very  much ;  and  though  I 
cannot  boast  of  my  science  in  this  kind,  as  both  vnbecoming  my 
Teares  and  my  small  experience,  yet  I  esteem'd  it  pardonable  at 
least,  if  in  <K>inff  my  endeauour  to  rectifie  some  mistakes,  aud 
advanciDg  so  vserall  and  innocent  a  divertisement,  I  made  some  . 
essay,  and  cast  in  my  symbole  with  the  rest.  To  this  designe, 
if  forraine  observation  may  conduce,  I  might  likewise  hope  to 
refine  upon  some  particulars,  especially  concerning  the  omamenta 
of  gardens,  which  I  shall  endeavor  so  to  handle,  as  that  they 
may  become  usefull  and  practicable,  as  well  as  magnificent,  and 
that  persons  of  all  conmtions  and  faculties,  whidi  delight  in 
gardens,  may  therein  encounter  something  for  their  owne  ad-^ 
vantage.  The  modell,  which  I  perceive  you  haue  scene,  will 
aboundantly  testifie  my  abhorrency  of  those  painted  and  formal 
projections  of  our  cockney  gardens  and  plotts,  which  appeare 
like  gardens  of  past-board  and  marchpane,  and  smell  more  of 
paynt  then  of  flowers  and  verdure :  our  drift  is  a  noble,  princely, 
and  universal  Elysium,  capable  of  all  the  amoenities  that  can 
naturally  be  introduced  into  gardens  of  pleasure,  and  such  as 
may  stand  in  competition  with  all  the  august  designes  and 
stories  of  this  nature,  either  of  antient  or  modeme  tymes ;  yet 
so  as  to  become  vsefull  and  significant  to  the  least  pretences  and 
faculties.  We  will  endeauour  to  shew  how  the  aire  and  genious 
of  gardens  operat  vpon  humane  spirits  towards  virtue  and  sanc- 
titie,  I  meane  in  a  remote,  preparatory  and  instrumental! 
working.  How  caues,  grotts,  mounts,  and  irregular  ornaments 
of  garcfens  do  contribute  to  contemplatiue  and  philosophicall 
enmusiasme ;  how  elynumt  antrum,  nemus,  paradyaus,  /tortus. 
Incus,  &c.,  signifie  all  of  them  rem  sacram  et  divinam;  for  these 
expedients  do  influence  the  soule  and  spirits  of  man,  and  pre- 
pare them  for  converse  vrith  good  angells  ;  besides  which,  they 
contribute  to  the  lesse  abstnu^d  pleasures,  phylosophy  naturall 
and  longevitie:  and  I  would  have  not  onely  the  elegies  and 
efSgie  of  the  antient  and  famous  garden  heroes,  but  a  society  of 
i^  parodist  cultores,  persons  of  antient  simplicity,  Paradisean 
and  Hortulan  saints,  to  be  a  society  of  learned  and  ingenuous 
men,  such  as  Dr.  Browne,  by  whome  we  might  hope  to  redeeme 
the  tyme  that  has  bin  lost,  in  pursuing  J^lgar  jErrours,  and 
still  propagating  them,  as  so  many  bold  men  do  yet  presume  to- 
do.  Were  it  to  be  hoped,  inter  hos  armorum  strepttus,  and  in 
so  generall  a  catalysis  of  integrity,  interruption  of  peace  and 
propriety,  the  hortulane  pleasure,  these  innocent,  pure,  and 
ysenill  diversions  might  enjoy  the  least  encouragement,  whilst 
brutish  and  ambitious  persons  seeke  themselues  in  the  mines  of 


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490  MI6CIIXAKS01JB  COBBEBPOKBiarCll.  11657-8. 

our  miserable  yet  dearest  country,  quis  taliafando^ — -Bntj  mat^ 
I  will  not  inKpartime^yoti  with  these  matters,  nor  shal^titiey  be 
able  to  make  me  to  desist  from  my  designe,  bo  long  as  yoa  reani- 
mate my  lanffnishings,  and  pardon  my  impecfectio&s.  1  greately 
thanke  yon  lor  your  disoonrses,  and  the  aoonstie  diagramme,  &c. 
I  shall  be  a  f aitMnll  reporter  of  your  feyonrB  to  me.  -  In  my 
philosqihico-medicall  (BpBrtoi  yon  con  impart  to  me  extraordinary 
assistances,  as  likewise  in  tm  coronary  chapter,  and  that  of 
transmutations  c.  x.  lib.  3.  Korwich  is  a  place,  I  nnderstnid, 
which  is  very  mnch  addicted  to  the  flowiy  piat;  and  what 
indeede  may  1  not  promise  myselfe  £ram  your  ingenoitr,  scidnoe, 
and  candor  r  And  now  to  shew  you  how  fan*  I  am  adfuanced  in 
my  worke,  though  I  haue  dtsvnie  it  in  loose  sheetes,  almost 
^ery  chapter  rudely,  yet  I  cannot  «iy  to  haue  finii&ed  an^ihing 
tolldrably  farther  tlian  ehapter  xi.  Hb.  2,  and  those  which  are  so 
completed  are  yet  so  written  that  I  can  at  pleasure  inserte  what- 
soeurer  shall  come  to  band  to  obelize,  correct,  improve,  and 
adome  it  That  c^apt.  of  the  histcoy  of  gardens  bong  tke  7th 
of  the  last  booke,  is  m  a  manner  fini«ied  by  itselfe,  and,  if  it  foe 
not  ouer  tedious,  I  thinke  it  will  extreamely  gratifie  the  reader : 
for  I  do  comprehend  them  as  Tniversally  as  the  chapter  win 
beare  it,  and  yet  am  as  particular  in  the  dmteriplaons  as  is  pos- 
sible, because  I  not  onely  pretend  them  for  pompons  and  osten- 
tatiue  examples,  but  would  render  tiiem  usefoll  to  our  trauellers 
whidb  shall  goe  abroad,  and  where  I  haue  obserued  so  many 
partlcnlaritieB  as,  happly,  oldiers  desera^d  not  to.  If  you  permitt 
me  to  transcribe  you  an  imperfect  somm  of  the  heads,  it  is  to 
let  you  see  how  farr  we  correspond  (as  by  your  exoellenit  pa^en 
I  collect)  and  to  engage  your  assistEinoe  in  supfdimg  my  omis- 
sions ;  you  will  pardon  the  defects  in  ^e  sjnchronismes,  beeaBse 
they  are  not  yet  exactly  marshalled,  and  of  my  desultory 
scnbbHng. 

CHAP.  VII.  XIB.  IIL 

Paradise,  Elyftian  fields,  Hesperides,  Horti  AdoniSs,  Alcmoi,  Semy- 
ramis,  Salomon's.  The  pensile  gardens  in  Babylon,  of  Nabucodonosor, 
of  CyruB,  the  gardens  of  Panchaia,  the  Sabean  in  Arabia  F^ix.  The 
Egyptian  gardens  out  of  Alhen»us,  the  Villa  Laura  neere  Ale(zandm» 
tl^  gardens  of  Adominns,  the  garden  at  S8mos,.Bemoeiitiis*8  gardBO, 
Epicurus's  at  Athens,  £^>r^ort(m  iXU  moffieter,  as  Pliny  calls  him.  That 
of  Nysa  described  by  Diodorus  Sicnlns ;  Maonissa  s,  Lysandw's,  the 
garden  of  Laertes,  father  of  Ulysses,  ex  Homero.  Theophrastus'Sy  Mith- 
ridates'  gardens :  Alexandrus*s  garden  at  Sydon,  Hieron's  Nautilus 
gardens  out  of  Athenaeus ;  the  Indian  king's  garden  out  of  JEHian  ;  and 
many  others,  which  are  in  my  scattered  adversaria,  not  yet  inserted  into 
this  chapter. 

AmoTigst  the  ancient  Romans. — ^Nunia's  garden,  Tarqxtin's,  Scipio  Afri- 
canus'fl,  Antoninus  Pins's,  Dioclesian's,  Maecenas's,  MflrtutFs  gardens ; 


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Hbe  Tarentme  g^acden,  Oioero's  garden  at  Tusonlmn,  Ponnub,  Cuma ;  the 
lAnrentme  gsffden  of  PUnj  jnnior,  Cato,  at  SabmuB,  .^BlhiB  Spardanns's 
gnrden,  the  elder'Ofnrdian's,  Horti  Cassipedis,  Bnua,  DolaiieUa's  gard^^ 
'GtiiaeasxiB%  Seneoa^  J*7eFo'%  tbe  fiorti  Lamiani,  Agrippma's^'theJBBq'iu^ 
line,  Pompey's,  Luculla's  most  costly  gardens^  &c. 

More  modeme  cmdht  preaent. — CSement  the  dth-s  garden;  tbe  Medioean, 
3£athfB06  garden,  Oardmal  Pio's  ;  FacnesiaD,  liodovisian,  Borghesean, 
Aldobran£no'B,  Barberini's,  the  Belvedere,  Moirisha's,  fiosskis's,  ^v»- 
^tinian^.'s,  the  Qidrinal  gardens^  Comefous^  Mazarini's,  &e. 

Jn  taker  parte  of  Italy, — ^Ulmarrai's  at  Tiacenza,  Count  Oinsti's  at 
Verona,  Mondnigone,  ^esoati,  D'Ssie's  at  TiYoIi.  The  gardens  of  the 
Pialazzo  de  Pitti  in  Florence ;  Poggio,  Imperiale,  Pratoline,  Hierottjrmo 
del  Negro's  pensile  garden  in  Genoa,  principe  d'Oria's  gardei^  the  Mar? 
quesi  I)evaco*8  at  Naples,  the  old  gardens  at  Baiae,  Fred.  Buke  ot 
Urbine's  gardieh,  the  gardens  at  Pisa,  at  Padoa,  at  Capraronla,  at  St. 
Jfiohaei.  in  BoMo,  in  Bolognia ;  tiie  gardens  about  Lago  di  Oomo,  Big* 
juor  Sfondrati's,  4tc. 

In  Spame.— The  incomparable  garden  of  Aranzaes,  Garicius*B  garde)ft. 
at  Toledo,  &c. 

InFi-mice, — ^Diike  oif  Orleans  at  Paris,  Luxembiurg,  Thuillerie% 
Palais  Cardinal,  Belleyne,  Morines,  Jard.  Boyal,  &c. 

In  other  parts  of  France. — The  ^rdens  of  Frdment,  of  Fontaine 
l^elean,  of  the  Chastean  de  Fresnes,  Rnel,  Richelien,  Conranat,  Cauigny, 
Hubert,  Depont  in  Champagne,  the  most  samptuous  Kincy,  Nanteuile^ 
HaiBons,  Medon,  Bampien,'8t.  Oermain  en  Lay,  Rosny,  St.  Cloe,  Lian- 
court  in  Picardy,  Isslings  at  Essonne,  Pidanx  in  Poictiers.  At  Anet^ 
Valeri,  Folembourg,  Villiers,  Gafllon,  Montpellier,  Bengensor,  of  Mons. 
Piereskius.  In  Lorainey  at  .Nancy,  the  Jeauites  at  Liege,  and  many 
others. 

In  Flanders. — The  gardens  of  the  Hofft  in  Bruxelles,  Oroenendaers 
neere  it,  iUsewidk  in  Holland.  The  oonrt  at  the  Hague,  the  garden  at 
Jieyden,  Pretor  Hundius's  garden  at  Amsterdam. 

In  Qennmiy.—The  Eniperor's  garden  at  yi^ana^  at  Sali9burgh  ;  the 
medicinall  at  Heidelburg,  Caterus'e  at  Baeil,  Camerarius's  garden  of 
Horimburg,  Scholtzius's  at  Yratialania,  "at  Bonne  neere  -Collen,  the 
elector's  there .:  'Christina's  garden  dn  Sweden  made  lately  by  MoUet ; 
the  garden  at  Oracovia,  Warsovia,  Grqgning.  The  elector's  garden  at 
Heidelburg,  Tico  Brache's  rare  gardens  at  Yraneburge,  the  garden  at 
Copenhagen.    Tho.  Duke  of  Holstein's  garden,  &c. 

Jn  Twrkey,  the  East,  and  other  parts. — ^The  grand  Signer's  in  the  Ser- 
Taglio,  the  garden  at  Tunis,  and  old*  Carthage  ;  the  garden  at  Cairo,  at 
Fez,  the  pensal  garden  at  Peqnin  in  China,  cdso  at  Timplan  and  Poras^ 
sen  ;  St.  Thomas's  garden  in  tiie  island  neere  M.  Hecla,  perpetually 
yerdant.  In  l^rBia»  the  garden  at  Ispahan ;  the  garden  ^of  Tzurbugh  * 
the  Chan's  garden  in  Schamachie  neere  the  Caspian  asa,  ef  Ardelnl,  and 
the  citty  of  Caaauin  or  Arsacia  ;  the  garden  lately  made  at  Suratt  in  the 
East  Indias  by  the  great  Mogoll's  daughter,  &c. 

In  America — Montezuma's  floating  garden,  and  others  in  Mexico. 
The  King  of  Azcapuzulco's,  the  garden  of  Cusco  ;  the  garden  in  Nova 
Hispania.  '  Count  Maurice's  rare  garden  at  Boavesta  in  Brasile. 


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403  HISCELLAFBOUS  COBBESPOITDEKCE.  [1657-8. 

In  Sngland.--yri\ion,  Dodington,  Spendierst,  Sion,  Hai&eld,  Lord 
Brook's,  Oxford,  Kirby,  Howara's,  Durden's,  my  elder  brother  Creozge 
ETelyn'i  Id  Surry,  &r  surpuning  any  else  in  England,  it  may  be  my 
owne  poore  garden  may  for  its  kind,  perpetually  greene,  not  be  -vnwoithy 
mentioninff. 

Tbe  garaena  mentioned  in  Scripture,  &c« 

Miraouloua  and  extraordinary  ganlens  found  upon  huge  fiahes*  backs 
men  oyer  orowne  with  flowers,  &c. 

Bomantique  and  poeticall  gardens  out  of  Sydney,  Spencer,  AchiHes 
Statius^  Homer,  Polinhele,  £c.  All  these  I  have  already  described, 
some  briefly,  some  at  large  according  to  their  dignity  and  meiite. 

Bat  this  paper,  and  mj  reyerence  to  your  great  patience, 
mindes  me  or  a  condiuion. — ^Worthy  sir,  I  am  your  most 
humble  and  most  obliged  servant,  J.  SuxLTir. 

Sir,  I  beg  the  fanonr  of  you  when  you  see  Mr.  Paston  to 
make  my  seruice  acceptable,  and  to  let  nim  knowe  how  greately 
I  thinke  my  selfe  obliged  to  him  for  this  ciyiUity. 

I  make  oold  to  send  you  another  paper  of  the  chapters, 
because  I  haye  there  added  another  chapter  concerning  Hortulan 
entertainments ;  and  I  intend  another  K>r  wonderfull  plants,  &c. 

If  you  thinke  me  worthy  of  the  continuance  of  these  fauouia 
to  your  seryant,  your  letters  will  infallibly  find  me  by  this 
add&esse : — *'  For  Mr.  lohn  Euelyn,  at  the  Hauk  and  Feasant 
on  Ludgate  Hill,  London." 

Ih;  Browne  to  John  Svelyn,  Ssq,* 

WoxTHT  Six, — Some  weekes  past  I  made  bold  to  send  you  a 
letter  with  an  enclosed  paper  concerning  garlands  and  eoronarie 
plants,  which  I  hope  you  naye  receiyed,  Imying  directed  it  unto 
the  Hawke  and  Iheasant,  on  Ludgate-hill.  If  ^ou  think  fit  to 
make  use  of  such  a  catalogue  as  I  sent  therewith,  I  could  add 
unto  it.  However  for  Molif  fiore  luteo,  you  may  please  to  put 
in  Moly  Hondianum  novum,  I  now  present  unto  you  a  small 
paper  which  should  have  been  attended  with  a  catalogue  of 
plants,  wherein  experiments  might  bee  attempted  by  insition 
and  wayes  of  raopagation ;  but  probably  you  may  be  provided 
in  that  land,  let  I  have  not  met  with  any  of  tliat  nature  and 
particulars,  this  extending  beyond  garden  plants  unto  all  wild 
trees  among  us.  This,  if  you  please,  you  may  command  within 
very  few  dayes,  or  any  thing  in  the  power  of,  sir,  your  honoriDg 
friend  and  servant,  Thokas  Bbowvs. 

I  pray  toj  humble  service  unto  Sir  Eobert  Paston  when  j(n 
see  him,  wluch  you  may  now  at  pleasure,  he  being  of  the  House-, 
and  an  highly  deserving  and  loyall  member  of  it. 

■•  Indorsed  by  Evelyn  ''Dr.  Browne  finom  Norwich.** 

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1658.]  MISCELLAITEOUS  COBBESPONDBKGl!.  493 

The  gardens  upon  great  fiflhes  I  would  not  teanne  miraculous 
gardens,  but  rather  eztraordinarie  aad  anomalous  gardens^ 
OP  the  lie.  

J!f>.  Dugdale  to  Dr.  Browne, — Bhfth'hall,  near  Colhill,  in 
Warwickshire,  4dh  Oct.  1658. 

HoKOTTBBD  SiB, — Bv  jour  letter,  dated  27th  September 
{which  came  to  my  hands  about  two  days  since)  I  see  how  mudi 
I  am  obliged  to  you  for  your  readinesse  to  take  into  considera- 
tion those  things  which  1  desired  by  the  note  sent  to  Mr.  Watts ; 
so  that  I  could  not  omitt,  but  by  this  first  opportunity,  to 
retnme  you  my  hearty  thanks  for  the  fayour.  I  resolve,  God 
willing,  to  be  in  London  about  the  beginning  of  the  next  terme, 
and  by  Mr.  Watts  (my  kind  friend)  will  send  you  some  of  the 
bones  of  that  fishe  which  my  note  mentioneth. 

Cert^y,  sir,  the  gaining  Marshland, in  I^orfolk,  and  Holland, 
in  Lincolnshire,  was  a  worke  very  antient,  as  by  many  circum- 
stances may  be  gathered ;  and  therefore  considerm^  the  industry 
and  skill  of  the  Komans,  I  conceive  it  most  like  to  have  beenper- 
£[>rm.ed  by  them.  Mr.  Cambden,  in  his  Britannia,  speaking  of 
the  Eomans  in  Britaine,  hath  an  observation  out  of  Tacitus  in 
the  life  of  Agricola ;  which  Dr.  Holland  (who  translated  Camb- 
den) delivers  thus :  viz.  that  the  Bomans  wore  out  and  con- 
sumed the  bodies  and  hands  of  the  Britans,  in  clearing  of  woods, 
and  paving  of  fens.  But  the  words  of  Tacitus  are,  paludibu^ 
emuniendts,  of  which  I  desire  your  opinion ;  I  mesne,  whether 
the  word  enmniendis  do  not  meane  walling  or  banking. 

Sir,  I  accoimt  my  selfe  much  happy  to  be  thus  far  known  to 
you  as  I  am,  and  tnat  you  are  pleased  to  thinke  me  worthy  to 
converse  with  you  in  this  manner,  which  I  shall  make  bold  still 
to  do  upon  any  good  occasion,  till  I  be  more  happy  by  a  j>er- 
sonall  knowleaee  of  you,  as  I  hope  in  good  time  1  may,  resting 
your  very  humble  servant  and  honourer,  Wm.  Dugdalb. 

Mr.  JDuadale  to  Dr.  Browne.'-'From  my  chamber,  at  tJie 
.  -     Merauld*s  Office  in  London,  9th  liov.  1668. 

HoKouBBD  Sib, — ^Yours  of  October  27th,  with  that  learned 
discourse  inclosed,  came  safe  to  my  hands  the  last  weeke,  for 
which  I  return  you  my  most  hearty  thanks,  being  highly  satis- 
fyed  therewith.  Since  the  receipt  thereof,  I  have  spoke  with 
Mr.  Jonas  Moore  (the  chiefe  surveyor  of  this  great  worke  of 
drayning  in  Cambridgeshire  and  the  coxmties  adjacent)  who  tells 
me  that  the  causey  I  formerly  mentioned  is  sixty  foote  broad  in 
all  places  where  they  have  cutt  through  it,  and  about  eighteen 
inches  thickness  of  gravell,  lying  upon  the  moore,  and  now  in 
many  places  three  foote  deepe  under  a  new  accession  of  moore. 


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4&^  itfisoBLuarBcms  comatuvosBw^aL  [16581 

Itseemefl  I  inifftook  wkem  I  aignifycd  toyou  that  Mr.  Asbmole 
liad  Bome  'Romaae  coji^a,  wiiioE  were  feond  in  the  fens  ;  for  he 
now  tells  me  that  he  hath  nothing  as  jet,  but  that  nxne  which 
Jonas  Moore  gave  him ;  but"  my  lord  St.  John  had  diyers,  as 
lie  tells  me,  wmch  ore  lost,  or  mislajred. 

Jonas  Moore  now  tells  me,  tibat  very  lately,  in  digging  a  piece 
of  ground  which  lyes  within  the  precincts  of  SoS&m.  (about 
three  or  four  miles  from  Ely),  the  oiggers  found  seven  or  eight 
vmeS)  whieh  by  carelessnesse  were  broken  in  pieces,  but  no 
«oyne  in- or  near  themv  The  ground  is  about  six  aeres,  and  in 
the  nature  of  an  island  in  the  fenne,  but  no  raysed  heap  of  earth 
io  cover  thetn,  as  he  tells  me.  I  resolve  to  intreat  Mr.  OMehky 
(my  very  good  friend),  who  is  owner  thereof,  to  cause  some 
£irther  digging  there ;  for  thev  are  of  opinion  that  tiiere  are* 
many  more  of  that  kind  ;  and  then  I  shall  oe  able  to  satisfy  you 
better,  Imd  what  is  found  in  l^em.  Sir  Thomas  Cotton  is  not  as 
yet  come  up  to  London,  otheirwise  I  would  have  sent  you  some 
of  i^ose  bones  of  the  fishe,  whicb  I  will  be  sure  to  do  so  soon  as 
lie  comes. 

Mr.  Ashmole  presents  his  service  to  you,  with  great  t&anks 
for  your  kinde  oner,  desiring  a  note  of  what  manuscripts  you 
Imve  that  may  be  for  his-  purpose,  whereupon  he  will  let  you 
know  whether  he  wants  them  or  not ;  for  he  hath  others  than 
what  he  hath  formerly  made  use  of.  I  hope  I  shall  obtain  so 
much  favour  of  the  adventurers,  as  to  procure  one  of  those  large 
heaps  of  earth  to  be  cut  through,  to  the  end  that  we  may  see 
whether  any  umes  or  other  things  of  note  are  coveredtherewith. 

Sir,  this  fovour  which  you  are  pleased  to  afford  me,  thus  to 
trouble  you  with  these  things,  I  Jiighly  value,  and  shall  rest 
at  your  commands  wherein  I  may  serve  you, 

Dr.  Brown  to  Mr.  Duff  dale. — Norwich,  Nov.  ICfik,  1658. 

SiB,---Your  observation  is  aiag^olar,  and  guerie  very  ingenious, 
concerning, the  expression  of  Tacitus  in  the  life  of  Agricok,  upon 
the  complaint  of  the  Britans,  that  the  Bcnnans  consumed  and 
wore  out  their  bodyes  and  hands,  sylvis  etpaludibtuemumendig, 
that  is,  whether  thereby  walling  or  banclong  the  fennea  is  not 
to  bee  xinderstood  according  to  the  dgnification  of  tha  word 
emunire*  ^  » 

This^  indeed,  is  the  common  and  received  signification,  as 
probably  derived  from  the  old  word  mosnire^  that  is,  mcstUb^u 
dngere,  to  wall,  fence,  or  forti£e  by  enclosure,  according  to  the 
same  acception  in  warlike  munitions  and  entrenohmentB. 

But  in  thia  expression  strictly  to  m^e  out  the  language  of  ther 


yGoogk 


X6S8.]  HIS€EIiXiiLSlSQirS  COBSESTOISrDSKCEi  ^9& 

aatEor,  a  sense  k  to  be  foond  agreeable  imto  woods  as  well  as 
ieamea  and  mflrsbes ;  the  word  emwidendis  relating  unto  both,: 
wldcb.  will  butt  barahly  be  expressed  by  any  one  word  in  our 
language,  and  might  cause  such  different  and  subezpositiye^ 
translations. 

And  this  may  be  made  out  &om  the  large  signification  of  th& 
irrard  mwniref  which  is  sometimes  taken  not  omy  to  wail,  fence, 
or  enclose,  butt  also  to  laye  open,  and  render  fitt  for  passage. 
See  }»  that  of  lirie  expounded  by  learned  men,  when,  in  me 
passage  of  Hannibal  over  the  Alpes,  he  sayth,  rwpem  mmdendamh 
curamt,  that  is,  he  opened  a  passage  through  the  rock ;  and  least 
the  word  should  bee  thought  rather  to  be  read  minuendam,  a 
fewe  lines  after,  the  word  is  used  agayne;  et  quies  muniendo 
'fessis  kominibus  triduo  data^^ 

And  upon  the  same  subject  the  like  expressions  are  to  bee 
founde  in  the  Latin  translation  of  Polybius,  sett  forth  by 
Casaubon,  lahoreimproho  in  vpso  prmcipitio  viam  munivH.  And 
for  the  gettin^e  downe  of  his  caryages  and  elephants  &om  the 
hills  covered  with  ice  and  snowe,  it  is  afterwards  sayd,  Numidus 
cui  viam  mwdendam  per  vices  admovet  vixque  tertio  demwm  die- 
elephantog  trajecit,  which  cannot  well  be  understood  by  raysing 
any  banks  and  waUs,  butt  by  removing  the  snowe,  planing  the 
wayes,  and  making  it  passable  for  them. 

WhicK  exposition  is  received  by  Godelevaeus  upon  liivie,  and 
also  the  learned  Tumebus,  Adversariorum,  lib.  xiii.  "  Inter- 
preter autem  munire,  per  rupem  viam  aperire  eamque  in  ea  munire 
et  tanquam  struere,  earn  cs&clere  et  opere  laboreque  militari  com* 
planare,  et  eequare  iter  aut  deorsum  deprimere  et  declive  reddere 
quodam  anfiiactu  moUi.  Itaque  (pi  aggerem  jaciunt,  fossas 
apenunt,  vias  muniunt,  militiffi  munitores  vocantur." 

And  therefore  when  Dr.  Holland  tran^ted  this  passage  in 
Cambden  out  of  Tacitus,  by  cleering  of  woods  and  paving  the- 
fennes,  hee  may  be  made  out  by  this  acception  of  mimirei  ex- 
tending unto  fennes  and  woods,  and  comprenending  all  pyonera 
work  about  them.  As  likewise  Sir  Henry  Savile,  when  hee 
rendreth  it  b^  paying  of  bogges  and  woods ;  and  as  viam  mtimre 
is  also  taken  in  Livie,  that  is,  lapidihus  stemere,  * 

And  your  owne  acception  may  also  bee  admitted,  of  walling 
and  banking  the  fennes,  which  the  word  wiU  also  well  beare  in 
relaUon  to  paludibus,  beside  the  other  signification  of  causiea, 
wayes,  and  passages,  common  unto  woods  and  fennes  ;  nor  only 
l^e  clearing  of  woods  and  making  of  passages,  butt  all  kind  of 
pyoning  and  slavish  labour  might  oee  understood  in  this  speech 
ot  Gal^acus  which  with  stripes  and  indignities  was  imposed  upon 
the  Bntans  in  workes  about  woods,  bogges,  and  fennes ;  and  soe 
<;omprehend  the  laborious  aggers,  banks»  and  workes  of  seeure*^ 


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496  KISCELLAITEOITS  COKB£SPOin>El!rC£.  [1658. 

ment  agamst  floods  and  inimdatioiis,  wHerein  they  were  im* 
ployed  by  the  Eomans,  a  careful  and  provident  people,  omitting^ 
noe  wave  to  secure  or  improve  their  dominions  and  lands,  lost 
by  carelesse  ignorance  in  the  disadvantages  of  sea  and  waters, 
and  which  they  were  first  to  effect,  before  they  could  well 
establish  their  causies  over  the  marshes. 

And  so  the  translation  in  two  words  may  be  tolerably  made 
by  one.  By  clearing  the  woods  and  fennes,  that  is,  the  woods 
by  making  them  passible,  by  rendering  them  open  and  leese  fit 
for  retreat  or  concealment  of  the  Britans ;  and  by  clearing 
the  fennes  either  for  passage  or  improvement,  and  soe  oompre* 
bending  cawsing,  pavmg,  curayning,  trenching,  fencing,  and  em- 
banking agaynst  thieves  or  sea-flo^. — ^I  remain,  sir,  yours,  &c. 

■  Thohas  Browks. 

Mr,  DugdaU  to  Dr,  Browne, — London,  17th  Nov.  1658. 

HoNOUBBD  Sir, — ^Yours  of  the  10th  instant  came  safe  to  my 
haods,  with  that  learned  discourse  inclosed,  concerning  the  word 
emunire,  wherein  I  perceive  your  sense  is  the  same  with  my 
good  friends  Mr.  Bisne  and  Mr.  Junius  (with  both  whome  I  have 
also  consulted  about  it).  I  have  herewithall  sent  you  one  of 
the  bones  of  that  fish,  which  was  taken  up  by  Sir  Bobeit 
Cotton,  in  digging  a  pond  at  the  skirt  of  Conington  Downe, 
desiring  your  opimon  thereof  and  of  what  magnitude  yon  think 
it  was. 

Mr.  Ashmole  presents  his  best  service  and  thuiks  to  you,  for 
your  kinde  intention  to  send  him  a  list  of  those  books  you  have, 
which  may  be  for  his  use. 

ITiat  which  you  were  told  of  my  writing  any  thin^  of  Nor- 
folke  was  a  meere  story ;  for  I  never  had  any  such  thmg  in  my 
thoughts,  nor  can  I  expect  a  life  to  accompush  it,  if  I  should ; 
or  any  encouragement  considerable  to  the  chardge  and  pavnes 
of  such  an  undertaking.  This  I  mean  as  to  the  county,  ana  not 
my  Fenne  History,  vmich  will  extend  thereinto.  Ajid  as  for 
Mr.  Bishe,  who  is  a  greate  admirer  and  honourer  of  you,  and 
desires  me  to  present  his  hearty  service  and  thanks  to  you  for 
that  mention  you  have  made  of  him  in  your  learned  discourse 
of  Umes.  He  says  he  hath  no  such  purpose  at  all,  nor  ever 
had ;  but  that  his  brother-in-law  Mr.  Godard  (the  recorder  of 
Ljmne)  intends  something  of  that  towne,  but  whether  or  when 
to  make  it  pubUque  he  knows  not. 

And  now,  sir,  that  you  have  been  pleased  to  give  me  leave  to 
be  thus  bold  with  you  in  -interrupting  your  better  stu(Hes,  I 
shall  crave  leave  to  make  a  request  or  two  more  to  you.  First, 
that  you  will  let  me  know  where  in  Leland  you  finde  that  ex- 
pression concerning  such  buriall  of  the  Saxons,  as  you  mention 


# 


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1658.]  MISCELLANEOUS   OOBEBSPONDEKOE.  497 

in  your  former  diBConrse  concemiog  those  raysed  heaps  of  earth, 
which  yoa  ktely  sent  me ;  for  all  that  I  have  seene  extant  of 
bis  in  manuscn]9t,  is  those  yolmnes  of  his  Collectanea  and 
Itinerartfes,  now  m  the  Bodleyan  Library  at  Oxford,  of  which  I 
have  exact  copies  in  the  connl^. 

The  next  is,  to  entreat  you  to  Bpeake  with  one  Mr.  Haward 
(heir  and  executor  to  Mr.  Haward  lately  deceased,  who  was  an 
executor  to  Mr.  Selden)  who  nowlivefr  in  Norwich,  as  I  am 
told,  and  was  a  sheriffe  of  that  city  the  last  yeare :  and  to  desire 
a  letter  from  him  to  Sir  John  Trevor,  speedily  to  joyne  with 
Justice  Hales  and  the  rest  of  Mr.  Selden's  executors,  in  opening 
the  library  in  White  Friars',  for  Ihe  sight  of  a  manuscript  of 
Landaffe,  which  maybe  usefull  to  mee  in  those  additions  I 
intend  to  the  secona  volume  of  the  Monasticon,  now  in  the 
presse ;  for  Sir  John  Trevor  tells  me,  that  he  cannot  without 
expresse  order  from  him,  do  it :  the  rest  of  the  executors  of 
Mr.  Selden  being  very  desirous  to  pleasure  me  therein.  If  you 
can  get  such  a  letter  from  him  for  bir  John  Trevor,  I  pray  you 
enclose  it  to  me,  and  I  will  deliver  it,  for  their  are  3  keys  besides. 

And  lastly,  if  at  your  leisure,  through  your  vast  reading,  you 
can  point  me  out  what  authors  do  speake  of  those  improvements 
whidi  have  been  made  by  bankmg  and  draining  in  Italy, 
France,  or  any  part  of  the  Netherlands,  you  will  do  me  a  very- 
high  favour. 

From  Strabo  and  Herodotus  I  have  what  they  saj^  of  -^gypt, 
and  so  likewise  what  is  sayd  by  Natalis  Comes  or  Acamania : 
but  take  your  owne  time  for  it,  if  at  all  you  can  attend  it, 
whereby  you  will  more  oblige  your  most  humble  servant  and 
honourer,  William  Ditgdjlls. 

if.    ■ 

Dr.  Browne  to  Mr,  Dugdale,^  Norwich,  J)ec,  6, 1668. 

Worthy  Sie, — I  make  noe  doubt  you  have  receaued  Mr. 
Howard's  letter  unto  Sir  John  Trevor.  Hee  will  be  readie  to 
doe  you  any  seruico  in  that  kind.  I  am  gladyour  second  booke 
of  the  Monasticon  is  at  last  in  the  presse.  Here  is  .in  this  citty 
a  conuent  of  Black  Friers,  which  is  more  entire  than  any  in  these 
parts  of  England.  Mr.  King  took  the  draught*  of  it  when  he 
was  in  Norwich,  and  Sir  Thomas  Pettus,  Baronet,  desired  to 
have  his  name  sett  vnto  it.  I  conceive  it  were  not  fitt  in  so 
generall  a  tract  to  omit  it,  though  little  can  be  sayd  of  it,  only 

®  Not  in  Hamper's  Correspondence  of  Ihigdale.— This  letter  bears  the 
indorse  in  Dngdale's  hand-writing—"  Dec.  6,  1658,  Dr.  Browne's  letter 
(not  yet  answered).** 

«  Qre  :  to  ask  the  Docter  whether  ever  he  saw  this  draught.—3f /S. 
fMurffiml  Note  ly  DugdaU  in  the  Original, 

TOL.  III.  2  K 


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49S  .  MISCEIiLAJrSOUS  OOBBBBPOKBSSrOE.  [1658: 

ooniectur'd  that  it  was  foanded  by  Sir  John  of  Or;»ngham^  of 
Erpingham,  whose  coat  is  all  about  the  church  and  six'Camer'd 
steeple*  I  receaued  the  boae  of  the  fish,  and  shall  giue  you  some 
account  of  it  when  I  have  compared  it  with  another  bone  which 
is  not  by  mee.  As  for  Lelanms,  his  works,  are  soe  rare,  that 
few  pnrate  hands  are  maaters  of  them,  though  hee  left  not  a 
fewe ;  and  therefore,  that  quotation  of  myne  was  at  second  hand. 
You  may  find  it  in  Mr.  Inego  Jones'  description  of  Stonehen^, 
page  27 ;  haying  litle  doubt  of  the  truth  of  his  quotation,  because 
in  that  place  hee  hath  the  Latine  and  English,  with  a  partioukc 
eommendation  of  the  author  and  the  tract  quoted  in  the  margin, 
and  in  ^e  same  author,  quoted  p.  16,  the  page  is  also  mentioned ; 
butt  the  title  is  short  and  obscure,  and  therefore  I  omitted  it. 
Zeylande  Assert.  ArL  which  being  compared  with  the  subject  of 
page  2S,  JDBfj  perhaps  bee  De  Assertione  Arthuri,  which  is  not 
mentioned  in  the  catalo^e  of  his  many  workes,^  except  it  bee 
some  head  or  chapter  m  his  AjUiq.  JBritannicU  or  de  Virii 
illmtrihus,  I  am  much  satisfied  in  the  truth  thereof,  because 
Camden  hath  expressions  of  the  like  sense  in  diners  plaoes ;  and, 
as  1  think  in  Northamptonshire,  and  probably  from  Lelandus : 
for  Lambert  in  his  perambulation  of  Kent,  speakes  but  some 
times  of  Lalandus,  and  then  quoteth  not  his  words,  though  it  is 
probable  hee  waa  much  beholden  unto  him  haying  left  a  worke 
of  his  subject  Itinerarium  Cantiu  ' 

Sir,  haying  some  leasure  last  weeke,  which  is  uncertaine  with 
mee,  I  intended  this  day  to  send  you  some  answer  to  your  last 
querie  of  bankiag  and  draining  by  some  instanoes  and  ex* 
amples  in  the  four  parts  of  the  earth,  and  some  short  acoount  of 
the  cawsie,  butt  diuersions  into  the  country  will  make  me  defer 
it  until  Friday  next,  soe  that  you  may  receive  it  on  Monday e. — 
Sir,  I  rest  your  very  weU-wishing  friend  and  servant, 

Thomas  BBoyvKS. 


-        Mr,  Dugdale  to  Dr.  Browne, — Lond<m,  24  Feb,  1658. 

HoKouBSD  Sib,— Being  now  (through  (xod's  goodnesse)  so  wel 
recovered  horn,  my  late  sicknesse,  as  that  I  do  looke  upon  my 
bookes  and  papers  aj^aine.  though  1  have  not  as  yet  adventured 
abroad,  in  respect  ofthe  cold,  1  do  againe  salute  you,  giving  you 
ereat  thanks  K>r  your  continued  mindfulnesse  of  me,  as  appears 
by  that  excellent  note  which  1  yesterday  received,  ftossk  you, 
touching  the  drajming  made  of  late  years  by  the  Duke  of 
Holstein,  it  being  so  pertinent  to  my  ousiness.  My  thanks 
for  what  you  sent  me  from  your  learned  observations  touclung 

.  "^  ABsertioIndytifia.  Arturi,  &c.  4to.  15i0,  1544.    Tranalated  by  IL 
Bobinson,  4to.  1582.    Published  1^  HeadiiQ,  8vo.  Oxford,  1715. 


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1658.]  KisciLLAirxoirs  cobbespo^beitce.  499 

the  baxikmff  and  drajniug'  in  other  forreign  parts,  I  desired  my 
good  firiend  Mr.  Aslimole  to  present  to  you,  when  I  was  not  able 
to  write  mj-self ;  which  I  nresome  he  did  do. 

And  being  thus  emboMened  by  these  ^onr  favours,  I  shall 
htere  acquaint  jrou  with  my  conceipt  touchmg  this  spacious  tract 
in  forme  of  a  sinus  or  bay,  which  we  call  the  great  leyell  of  the 
fenns,  extending  fromlinne,  beyond  Waynflete  in  Lincohishire, 
in  leneth ;  and  in  breadth,  into  some  parts  of  the  counties  of 
17orfo&,  Suffolk,  Cambridge,  Kortiiampton,  Huntington,  and 
linooin,  intreating  your  opinion  therein.  That  it  was  at  first 
firme  land,  the  sea  harinff  no  reeourse  into  it,  I  am  induced  to 
belieye,  when  I  consider  thie  multitude  of  trees,  viz.  firre,  oake, 
and  of  other  kindes,  that  are  found  in  tiiose  draynes  and  digging 
which  hare  of  late  years  been  made  there ;  nay,  some  with  their 
Tootes  standing  in  the  sround  below  the  moore,  haying  been  cut 
off  about  two  foote  abore  the  ground,  as  I  ffuesse  $  which  I 
my  selfe  saw  at  Thomey,  they  having  been  dig^  up  in  that  fen. 
And  Mr.  Godard  (the  recorder  of  Limie)  assures  me,  that  lately 
in  Marshland,  about  a  mile  off  Magdalene  bridge,  at  17  foot 
deepe  (upon  occasion  of  letting  down  of  a  since),  were  found 
below  Ihe  silt  (for  of  that  nature  is  all  Marshland  and  Holland) 
in  the  yery  firme  earth,  fitrr-buahes  as  they  grew,  not  rotted ; 
and  nut-trees  with  nuts  not  perisht ;  neither  of  which  kind  of 
bushes  or  iarees  are  now  ^wing  upon  that  silthy  soil  of 
Marshland,  though  it  be  frmtfidl  and  noh  for  other  vegetables. 
The  like  firr-trees  and  other  timber  is  found  in  great  abundance 
in  Hatfield  level,  in  the  Isle  of  Axhohne,  where  I  am  assured 
from  ocular  testimony,  that  they  find  the  rootes  of  many 
firr-trees  as  they  stand  in  the  sqyle,  where  they  grew,  below  the 
moore,  widi  the  bodf  es  of  the  trees  lying  by  them,  not  eut  off 
with  an  axe  or  such  like  thing,  but  burnt,  the  coaU  appearing  upon 
the  ends  where  the^  were  so  burnt  asunder :  therefore  when,  or 
on  what  occasion  it  was  that  the  sea  flowed  oyer  all  this,  as 
appears  by  that  silt  at  the  skirt  of  Oonington  Downe,  wherein 
l£e  bones  of  that  fish  were  found  whereof  jou  have  one,  is  a 
iihing  that  I  know  not  what  to  say  to,  desiring  your  opinion 
thereof. 

I  shall  now  tell  you  how  I  do  conclude  that  it  became  a 
fen,  by  the  stagnation  of  the  fresh  waters ;  which  is  thus,  viz. 
that  the  sea  having  its  nassage  upon  the  ebbs  and  flows  thereof, 
alon^  by  the  coast  of  In  orfolle  to  the  coast  of  Lincolnshire,  did 
in  time,  hy  reason  of  its  muddinesse,  leave  a  shelfe  or  silt, 
betwixt  those  two  ^ints  of  land,  viz.  Eisinff  in  Norfolke,  and 
the  country  about  Spilsby  in  Lincolnshire,  whicn  shelfe  increasing 
in  height  and  length  so  much,  as  that  the  ordinary  tides  did  not 
OTfirBiow  it,  was  by  that  check  of  those  fluxes,  in  time,  so  niuch 
2x2 


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600  HIBCILULl^OUS   OOBBESPOHDENCE.  £1658. 

augmented  in  breadth,  that  the  Eomans  finding  it  considerable 
for  the  fertility  of  the  soyle  (being  a  people  of  great  ingenuity 
and  industry)  made  the  wnt  sea-banks  for  its  preservation  from 
the  spring  tioes,  which  might  otherwise  overflow  it.  And  now, 
sir,  by  &s  settling  of  the  silt  the  sovle  of  Marshland  and 
Holland  had  their  first  beginning^ ;  by  me  like  excesse  of  silt 
broufi^ht  into  the  mouths  of  these  rivers  which  had  their  out-falls 
at  Linne,  Wisbiche,  and  Boston,  where  the  fresh  waters  so 
stop*d,  as  tJiat  the  ordinary  land-floods  being  not  of  force  enoo^ 
to  grinde  it  out  (as  the  term  is)  all  the  levell  behind  became 
overflowed ;  and  as  an  ordinary  pond  gathered  mud,  so  did  this 
do  moore  which  in  time  hath  increased  to  such  a  thicknesse  that 
since  the  Podikewas  made  to  keep  up  the  fresh  water  fr<Ha 
drowning  of  Marshland  on  the  other  side,  and  the  bank  called 
South  Ea  Bank,  for  the  preservation  of  Holland  from  the  like 
inundation,  the  levell  of  the  fen  is  become  4  foot  higher  than  the 
levell  of  Marshland,  as  Mr.Yermuden  assures  me,  upon  view  and 
observation  thereof.  And  this,  under  correction  or  your  better 
jud^ent,  whereimto  I  shall  much  submit,  do  I  take  to  be  the 
originall  occasion  of  Marshland  and  Holland,  and  likewise  of 
the  fens. 

But  that  which  puzles  me  most  is  the  sea  comine  up  to 
Conington  Downe ;  as  I  have  sayd  therefore,  perhaps  oy  your 
great  reading  andphilosophicall  learning  you  may  shew  me  some 
probable  occasion  thereof.  That  the  sea  liaih  upon  those  coasts 
of  England,  towards  the  North-west,  much  altered  its  course  as 
to  the  height  of  its  fluxes  and  refluxes,  is  most  apparent  firom 
those  vast  banks  nere  Wisbiche,  which  you  shall  observe  to  be 
about  10  foot  in  height  from  the  now  levell  earth,  which  levell 
is  now  no  lesse  in  fuU  height  than  10  foot,  as  I  am  assured,  from 
the  ordinary  levell  of  the  sea,  as  it  rises  at  the  present. 

I  shall  be  able  to  shew  about  what  time  it  was  that  the  passage 
at  Wisbiche  was  so  silted  up,  as  that  the  outfjaJl  of  the  great 
river  Ouse,  which  was  there,  became  altered,  and  was  (Averted 
to  linne,  where  before  that  time  the  river  was  not  so  large ;  it 
being  in  Xing  Henry  IXI/s  time,  as  my  testimonyes  from  records 
do  manifest.  And  I  finde  in  King  Edward  III.'8  time,  that  upon 
the  river  Humber  the  tides  flowed  4  foot  higher  than  befere 
they  did,  as  the  commission  for  raysingthe  banks^  upon  the  sides 
of  that  streame,  as  also  of  the  great  causey  betwixt  Anlaby  and 
Hull,  doth  testify. 

Having  now  sufficiently  wearied  you,  I  am  sure,  for  wliich  I 
heartily  desire  your  pardon,  I  shall  leave  you  to  your  own  time 
for  considering  of  these  things,  and  vouchsafing  your  opinioa 
therein,  resting  your  most  humble  servant  and  honourer, 

William  Duodalx. 


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1662.]  MISCELLANEOUS   COEllESPOlri)ENCE.  601 


Mr,  Dugdale  to  Dr,  Browne. ^^London,  29  Nov,  1659. 

HoNOUBBD  Sib, — ^Yours  of  the  17tli  instant  came  to  my 
hands  about  4  days  since,  with  those  inclosed  judicious  and 
learned  observations,  for  which  I  retume  you  my  hearty  thanks. 

Since  I  wrote  to  you  for  your  opinion  touching  the  various 
course  of  the  sea,  I  met  with  some  notable  instances  of  that 
Idnde  in  a  late  author,  viz.  Olivarius  Uredius,  in  his  history  of 
Flanders ;  which  he  manifesteth  to  be  occasioned  from  earth* 
quakes. 

I  have  a  great  desire  that  you  should  see  my  copy,  before  I 
put  it  to  the  presse.  It  is  now  in  the  hands  of  the  late  chief 
rostice  St.  John,  who  desired  the  perusall  of  it.  In  Easter  term 
I  resolve  (God  willing)  to  be  agam  in  London ;  for  I  am  now 
going  into  Warwickshire ;  and  then  if  you  be  not  here,  I  will 
<^ndeavour  to  contrive  some  safe  way  for  conveying  my  papers  to 
you :  resting  your  most  obliged  servant  and  honourer, 

William  DuaDALE. 


Mr,  Dtigdale  to  Dr,  Brovme.^—'From  the  Serald*s  Office,  in 
London,  6th  April,  1662. 

HoNOUBED  Sib, — ^Havin^  at  length  accomplisht  that  worke, 
"whereunto  you  have  been  pleased  to  favour  me  with  so  consider- 
able assistance,  and  whereof,  in  page  175, 1  have  made  some 
brief  mention,  I  here  present  you  with  a  copye  thereof.  Some 
other  things  I  have  in  hand  of  my  owne,  which  (Grod  sparing 
me  life  and  health)  will  ere  long  be  ready  for  the  presse.  But 
at  present,  at  the  desire  of  my  lord  chancelour,  and  some  other 
emment  persons,  I  am  taken  up  much  with  the  ordering  of  Sir 
Henry  Spelman's  works  for  the  presse,  viz.  that  part  of  his 
Glossary  long  since  printed,  with  corrections  and  additions,  as 
he  left  it  under  Ins  own  hand ;  and  the  other  part  of  it  to  the 
end  of  the  alphabet :  and  of  his  second  volum  of  the  OounceUs, 
which  will  reach  from  the  Norman  Conquest  to  the  abolishing 
of  the  pope's  supremacy  here.  There  are  many  things,  which  I 
shall  from  my  own  coUections  add  to  these  wor&es,  from  records 
of  great  cremt ;  for  without  such  authorities  I  will  not  presume 
to  meddle.  If  in  any  old  manuscripts,  which  have  or  may  como 
to  your  view,  you  can  contribute  to  these  works,  I  know  it  will 
be  very  acceptable.  Sir,  if  your  occasions  shoiild bringyou  to 
London,  I  should  thinke  myself  happy  to  wayt  on  you.— -Besting 
ever  your  most  obliged  servant  ana  honourer, 

William  Dugdale. 

*  This  letter  is  not  in  Hamper's  Correspondence  of  Bugdalie. 


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502  MISOSLLAlTEOirS  COBBESTONBITTCIB.  [1668« 


[The  letters  between  Sir  Thomas  Brovme  and  Dr.  Merritt  rdaU  chiefly  to 
the  Nattmd  History  of  Norfolk.l 

Br.  Brovme  to  I>r,  MerriU.-^uly  13,  1668. 

Most  Honobbd  Sib, — ^I  take  the  boldness  to  salnte  jon  as  a 
person  of  singular  worth  and  learning,  and  whom  I  very  nmeh 
respect  and  honour.  I  presented  my  service  to  yoa  by  my  son 
some  months  past ;  and  had  thought  before  this  time  to  have 
done  it  by  birn  a^ain.  Brut  the  tmie  of  his  return  to  London 
being  yet  nncertam,  I  would  not  defer  those  at  present  unto  you. 
I  should  be  very  slad  to  serve  yon  by  any  obsenrations  of  mine 
against  the  secona  edition  of  your  Pinax,  which  I  cannot  suffi- 
ciently commend.  I  have  observed  and  taken  notice  of  many 
animals  in  these  parts,  wbereof  three  years  ago  a  learned  gen- 
tleman of  this  country  desired  me  to  give  him  some  account, 
which,  while  I  was  doing,  the  gentleman,  my  good  fii^id,  died. 
I  sh&U  onb-  at  this  time  present  and  name  some  few  unto  you, 
which  I  round  not  in  your  catalogue.  A  Trachwnis,  which 
yearly  cometh  before  or  in  the  head  of  the  herrings,  called 
therefore  a  horse.  Stella  marina  testacea,  which  I  haye  often 
found  upon  the  sea-shore.  An  Astactis  marimis  jpediculi  tnariid 
facie,  which  is  sometimes  taken  with  the  lobsters  at  Cromer,  in 
Norfolk.  A  JPtmgitius  marinus,  whereof  I  have  known  many 
taken  among  weeds  by  fishers,  who  drag  by  the  sea-shore  on 
this  coast.  A  Scarahcms  Capricomus  odoratus,  which  I  take  to 
be  mentioned  by  Moufetus,  fol.  160.  "I  have  taken  some 
abroad ;  one  in  my  cellar,  which  I  now  send ;"  he  saith,  "  Nucem 
moschatam  et  cinnamgmum  vere  ^irat"  To  me  it  smelt  like 
roses,  santalum,  and  ambergris.  1  have  thrice  met  with  Mergtke 
maximus  Farensis  Clueii;  and  have  a  draught  thereof.  They 
•  were  taken  about  the  time  of  herring-fishmg  at  Yarmouth. 
One  was  taken  upon  the  shore,  not  able  to  fly  away,  about  ten 
years  ago.  I  sent  one  to  Dr.  Scarborough.  Twice  I  met  with 
a  Skua  Soyeri,  the  draught  whereof  I  also  have.  One  was  shot 
in  a  marsh,  which  I  gave  unto  a  gentleman,  which  I  can  send 
you.  Another  was  £lled  feeding  upon  a  dead  horse  near  a 
marsh  ground.  Perusing  your  catalogue  of  plants,  upon  Acorus 
veruSf  I  find  these  words  : — "  found  by  Dr.  Brown  neer  Lynn  :** 
— ^wherein  probably  there  may  be  some  mistake ;  for  I  cannot 
affirm,  nor  I  doubt  any  other,  that  it  is  found  thereabout. 
About  25  years  ago,  I  gave  an  account  of  this  plant  unto  Mr. 
Goodyeere,  and  more  lately  to  Dr.  How,  xmto  whom  I  sent  some 
notes,  and  a  box  foil  of  the  fresh  juli.  This  elegant  plant 
growetlb  very  plentifully,  and  leaveth  its  julus  yearly  by  the 


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1668.]  MISCELLAJTEOVS  COBEESPOKDXITCS.  M3 

banks  of  Norwich  river,  cbiefly  about  Olaxton  and  Sorlingham ; 
and  also  between  Norwich  and  Hellsden-bridge ;  so  tliat  I  have 
known  Heigham  chnrch,  in  the  suburbs  of  Norwich,  strewed 
all  over  with  it.  It  has  been  transplanted,  and  set  on  the  sides 
of  marsh  ponds  in  several  places  of  the  country,  where  it  thrives 
and  beareth  the  julus  yearly. 

Sesamoides  salamoHticum  magnum  ;-^whj  you  omit  Sesa- 
moides  scUcunantium  parvum  ?  This  groweth  not  far  from  Thet- 
ford  and  Brandon,  and  plentiful  in  neighbour  places,  where  I 
fonnd  it,  and  have  it  in  my  hortus  hyemalis,  answering  the 
description  in  Gerard. 

Urtica  romana,  which  groweth  with  button  seed  bags,  is  not 
in  the  catalogue.  I  have  found  it  to  grow  wUd  at  Gk>kton  by 
Yarmouth,  and  transplanted  it  to  other  places. 


Dr,  Browne  to  Dr,  Merritt^Aug.  18,  1668. 

HoKOBED  SiE,-— I  received  your  courteous  letter,  and  am 
sorry  some  diversions  have  so  long  delayed  this  my  second  unto 
you.  You  are  very  exact  in  the  account  of  ike  fungi,  I  have 
met  with  two,  which  I  have  not  found  in  any  aufiior ;  of  which 
I  have  sent  you  a  rude  draught  inclosed.  The  first,  an  elegant 
famous  ligneiis,  found  in  a  hollow  sallow.  I  have  one  of  ti^em 
by  me,  but,  without  a  very  good  opportunity,  dare  not  send  it, 
fearing  it  should  be  broken.  Unto  some  it  seemed  to  resemble 
some  noble  or  princely  ornament  of  the  head,  and  so  might  be 
called  fungus  reaius  ;  unto  others,  a  turret,  top  of  a  cupola,  or 
lantern  of  a  builoing ;  and  so  might  be  jkamedfmi^usptefygoideSf 
pinnacularis,  or  tantemiformis.  You  may  name  it  as  you  please. 
The  Becond,  fungus  ligneus  teres  antliarum,  orfimgus  ligula/ris 
longissimus,  consisting  or  made  of  many  woody  strings,  about 
the  bigness  of  roimd  points  or  laces ;  some  above  haff  a  yard 
long,  shooting  in  a  bushy  form  from  the  trees,  which  serve  under 
ground  for  pumps.  I  liave  observed  divers,  especially  in  Nor* 
wich,  where  wells  are  sunk  deep  for  pumps. 

Thej^^^rtM  phalloides  I  found  not  far  from  Norwich,  large 
and  very  &tid,  answering  the  description  of  Hadrianus  Junius. 
I  have  a  part  of  one  dried  still  by  me. 

Fungus  rotundnis  major  I  have  found  about  ten  inches  in 
diameter,  and  [liave]  half  a  one  dried  by  me. 

Anotiier  smtdl  paper  contains  the  side  draughts  oi  fibuliB  m<i^ 
rin€B  pelltidoUe,  or  sea  buttons,  a  kind  of  squalaer ;  and  referring 
to  urtica  marina,  which  I  have  observed  in  great  numbers  hy 
Yarmouth,  after  a  flood  and  easterly  winds.  Thejr  resemble  the 
pure  crystal  buttons,  chamfered  or  welted  on  the  sides,  with  two 


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504  KISCELIiAJTBOirS   COBRESPOITDEKCE.  [1668. 

small  holes  at  the  ends.  They  cannot  be  sent ;  for  the  included 
water,  or  thin  jelly,  soon  runneth  from  them. 

Urtiea  marina  minor  Jbknstoni,  I  have  often  found  on  this  coast. 

Phfssalus  I  have  found  also.  I  have  one  dried,  but  it  hath 
lost  its  shape  and  colour. 

Galei  and  canicula  are  often  fomid.  I  have  a  fish  han|^ing  up 
in  my  yard,  of  two  yards  lon^,  taken  among  the  herrings  at 
Yarmouth,  which  is  the  canis  carcharius  alius  Johnstani, 
table  yi.  fig.  6. 

Jjumus  marinus,  you  mention,  upon  a  handsome  experiment, 
but  I  find  it  not  in  the  catalogue.  This  luptus  marinvs  or  Ivcos' 
tomug,  is  often  taken  by  our  seamen  which  fish  for  cod.  I  naye 
had  divers  brought  me.  They  hang  up  in  many  houses  in 
Yarmouth. 

Trutta  marina  is  taken  with  us.  A  better  dish  than  tbe  river 
trout,  but  of  the  same  bigness. 

Loligo  sepia,  a  cuttie ;  page  191  of  your  Pinax.  I  conceive, 
worthy  sir,  it  were  best  to  put  them  in  two  distinct  lines,  as 
distinct  species  of  the  molles. 

The  lotigo,  calamare,  or  sieve,  I  have  also  found  cast  upon  the 
sea-shore;  and  some  have  been  brought  me  by  fishermen,  of 
about  twenty  pounds  weight. 

Among  the  fishes  of  our  I^orwich  river,  we  scarce  reckon 
salmon,'  yet  some  are  yearly  taken ;  but  all  taken  in  the  river  or 
on  the  coast  have  the  end  of  the  lower  jaw  very  much  hooked, 
which  enters  a  great  way  into  the  upper  jaw,  like  a  socket.  You 
may  find  the  same,  though  not  in  ngure,  if  you  please  to  read 
Johnston's  folio,  101.  lam  not  satisfied  with  the  conceit  of 
some  authors,  that  there  is  a  difierence  of  male  and  female ;  for 
all  ours  are  thus  formed.  The  fish  is  thicker  than  ordinaiy 
salmon,  and  very  much  and  more  largely  spotted.  Whether  not 
rather  Boccard  gallorus,  or  Anchorago  Scaligeri,  I  have  both 
draughts,  and  the  head  of  one  dried;  either  of  which  you  may 
command.  Scyllarv^,  or  cancellus  in  turbine,  it  is  probable  you 
have.  Have  you  cancellus  in  nerite,  a  small  testaceous  found 
upon  this  coast  P  Have  you  mullus  ruber  asper  ? — Piscis  octan- 
gularis  Bivormii  ?'^Vermes  marini,  larger  than  earth-worms, 
digged  out  of  the  sea-sand,  about  two  feet  deep,  and  at  an  ebb 
water,  for  baitP  *  They  are  discovered  by  a  little  hole  or  siok- 
ingof  the  sand  at  the  top  about  them. 

Have  you  that  handsome  coloured  jay,  answering  the  descrip- 
tion of  garrulus    argentaratensis,    and    may  be    called    the 

'  In  June,  1827,  I  knew  of  two  salmon-trout  in  our  Overstrand 
mackarel  nets. — O. 
1  Bait  for  codling.— (?. 


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1668.]  MISCELLAlTEOTrS   GOBBXSFOl^BEKGE.  505 

parrot-jay  P  I  have  one  that  was  killed  upoa  a  tree  about  £ve 
years  ago.* 

Have  yoii  a  May  chit,  a  small  dark^rey  bird,  about  the  big- 
ness of  a  stint,  which  cometh  about  May,  and  stayeth  but  a 
month;  a  bird  of  exceeding  fatness,  and  accounted  a  dainty 
dishP  They  are  plentifully  taken  in  Marshland,  and  about 
Wisbeech. 

Have  jou  a  caprimulgus,  or  dorhawk  ;^  a  bird  as  a  pigeon, 
with  a  wide  throat  bill,  as  little  as  a  titmouse,  white  feathers  in 
the  tail,  and  paned  like  a  hawk  P 

Succinum  rarb  oecurrit,  p.  219  of  yours.  Not  so  rarely  on 
the  coast  of  Norfolk.^  It  is  usually  found  in  small  pieces ; 
sometimes  in  pieces  of  a  pound  weight.  I  have  one  by  me,  fat 
and  tare,  of  ten  ounces  weight ;  yet  more  often  I  have  found  it 
in  handsome  pieces  of  twelve  ounces  in  weight. 


Ih,  Browne  to  Ih-.  Merritt.Sept.  13,  [1668.] 

Sib, — I  received  your  courteous  letter ;  and  with  all  respects 
I  now  again  salute  you. 

The  molapiscis  is  almost  yearly  taken  on  our  cbast.  This  last 
year  one  was  taken  of  about  two  hundred  pounds  weight.  Di- 
vers of  them  I  have  opened ;  and  have  found  many  lice  sticking 
close  unto  their  giUs,  whereof  I  send  you  some. 

In  your  Pinax  I  find  ono'crotalus,  or  pelican ;  whether  you 
mean  those  at  St.  James's,  or  others  brought  over,  or  such  as 
have  been  taken  or  kiUed  here,  I  know  not.  I  have  one  hung 
up  in  my  house,  which  was  shot  in  a  fen  ten  miles  off,  about 
four  years  ago ;  and  because  it  was  so  rare,  some  conjectured  it 
might  be  one  of  those  which  belonged  unto  the  king,  and  flew 
awa^.  ^ 

Ciconia^  rarb  hue  advolat,  I  have  seen  two  in  a  watery 
marsh  eight  miles  off;  another  shot,  whose  case  is  yet  to  be  seen. 

Tttulus  marinus.  In  tractibus  horealibus  et  Scotia,  No 
rarity  upon  the  coast  of  Norfolk.*  At  low  water  I  have  known 
them  taken  asleep  under  the  cliffs.  Divers  have  been  brought 
to  me.  Our  seal  is  different  from  the  Mediterranean  seal ;  as 
liaving  a  rounder  head,  a  shorter  and  stronger  body. 

«  The  Garrulous  Roller. 

^  Not  uncommon  ;  I  had  a  young  one  brought  me  a  few  years  ago. — (7. 
^  It  is  hecoming  scarce  at  Cromer.     The  &t  amber  most  commonly 
occurs. — O, 

*  The  Stork. 

*  Very  rarely  seen  at  Cromer.  I  think  they  are  met  with  on  sand- 
banks near  Hunstanton. — G. 


y  Google         


506  MISCXLLAJTSOVB  COBBXSPOITDENO]:.  [166B. 

Eana  pUcatrix?  I  have  often  known  taken  on  our  coast ;  and 
some  very  large. 

Xiphiag  or  gladiug  piicU,  or  sword-fish,  we  have  in  our  seas. 
I  have  the  head  of  one  whidk  was  taken  not  lon^  ago  entangled 
in  the  herring-nets.    The  sword  about  two  feet  in  length. 

Among  the  whales  you  may  very  well  put  in  the  tpermaeetutt 
or  that  remarkably  peculiar  whale  which  so  aboundeth  in.  sper- 
maceti. About  twelve  years  aeo  we  had  one  cast  up  on  our 
shore  near  Wells,  which  I  descnoed  in  a  peculiar  chapter  in  the 
last  edition  of  my  "  Fseudodoxia  Epidemica  ;  and  another  was 
divers  years  before  cast  up  at  Hunstanton  ;  both  whose  heads 
are  yet  to  be  seen. 

Ophidion,  or,  at  least,  ofkidion  nos&cts,  commonly  called  a 
sting-fish,  having  a  small  pnckly  fin  running  all  alonff  the  back, 
and  another  a  good  way  on  the  belh*,  with  little  bla^  spots  at 
the  bottom  of  the  back  fin.  ^  If  the  nshermen's  hands  be  touched 
or  scratched  with  this  venemous  fish,  they  grow  painful  and 
swell.  The  figure  hereof  I  send  you  in  colours.  They  are  com- 
mon about  Cromer.    See  Schoneveldeus,  " De  Ophidia" 

Piscis  octoffonius,  or  octangularis,  answering  the  description  of 
Oataphractus  Schonevelde ;  only  his  is  described  with  the  fins 
spread ;  and  when  it  was  fresh  taken,  and  a  large  one.  How- 
ever, this  may  be  Tvostras^  I  send  you  one ;  but  I  have  seen 
much  larger  which  fisherman  have  brought  me. 

Fhmsalus,  I  send  one  which  hath  been  long  opened  and 
shrunL,  and  lost  the  colour.  When  I  took  it  upon  the  sea- 
shore, it  was  fall  and  plump,  answering  the  figure  and  descrip- 
tion of  Sondeletius.  There  is  also  a  like  fi^ire  at  the  end  of 
Mufietus.  I  have  kept  them  alive ;  but  observed  no  motion, 
except  of  contraction  and  dilatation.  When  it  is  fresh,  the 
prickles  or  bristles  are  of  a  brisk  green  and  amethist  colour. 
Some  call  it  a  sea-mouse.^ 

Our  mullet  is  white  and  imherhis  ;  but  we  have  also  a  mullut 
hwrbatus  ruber  miniaceus,  or  cinnaherinus ;  somewhat  rough, 
and  but  dry  meat.  There  is  of  them  major  and  minor,  resem- 
bling the  figures  in  Johnstonus,  tab.  xviL,  £otbart. 
^  Or  the  acus  marinus,  or  needle  fishes,  I  have  observed  three 
sorts.  The  acus  Aristotelis,  called  here  an  addercock;  acu9 
major,  or  garfish,  with  a  green  verdigrease  back-bone ;  the  other, 
saurus  acui  similis,  Actis  sauroides,  or  saurifbrmis,  as  it  may 
be  called,  much  answering  the  description  of  saurus  RondeleUt, 
In  the  hinder  part,  much  resembling  a  mackerell.  Opening  one, 
I  found  not  the  back-bone  green.    Johnstonus  writes  nearest  to 

'  Frog-fish. 

^  I  have  seen  a  sea-mouse  taken  out  of  a  cod-fish,  but  they  are  not 
common  at  Cromer. — (?. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


1668.]  MISCEXLAITBOITS  GOBBESPOin)EirCE.  507 

it,  in  luB  Acus  Minor,  I  send  you  the  head  of  one  dried,  bnt 
the  bill  is  broken.  I  have  the  whole  draught  in  picture.  This 
kind  is  much  more  near  than  the  other,  which  are  common,  and 
is  a  rounder  fish. 

Vermes  marim  are  laree  worms  found  two  feet  deep  in  the 
sea-sands,  and  are  digged  out  at  the  ebb  for  bait. 

The  avicula  Maialis,  or  May  chit,  is  a  little  dark  grey  bird, 
somewhat  bigger  than  a  stint,  which  oometh  in  May,  or  the 
latter  end  of  April,  and  stayeth  about  a  month.  A  marsh  bird, 
ti^e  legs  and  j^t  black,  without  heel;  the  bill  black,  about 
three  quarters  of  an  inch  long.  They  grow  very  fat,  and  are 
accounted  a  dainty  dish. 

A  dorhawk,  a  bird  not  fall  so  big  as  a  pigeon,  somewhat  of 
a  woodcock  colour,  and  paned  somewhat  hke  a  hawk,  with  a 
bill  not  much  bigger  thui  that  of  a  titmouse,  and  a  very  wide 
throat ;  known  by  the  name  of  a  dorhawk,  or  prey  er  upon  beetles, 
as  though  it  were  some  kind  of  accipiter  muscarius.  In  brief, 
this  accipiter  cantharopkagtu^  or  dorhawk,  is  avis  rostratula 
gutturosa,  quasi  coaxans,  scardbcds  vescens,  sub  vesperam  volans, 
ovum  speciosissimum  excluderts.  I  have  had  many  of  them,  and 
am  sorry  I  have  not  one  to  send  you.  I  spoke  to  a  friend  to 
shoot  one,  but  I  doubt  they  are  cone  over. 

Of  the  upvpas,  divers  nave  been  brought  me ;  and  some  I 
have  observed  in  these  parts,  as  I  travelled  about. 

The  aquila  Gesneri^  I  sent  alive  to  Dr.  Scarburg,  who  told 
me  it  was  kept  in  the  colledge.  It  was  brought  me  out  of  Ire- 
land. I  kept  it  two  years  in  my  house.  I  am  sorry  I  have  only 
one  feather  of  it  to  send  you. 

A  shoeing-hom,  or  barker,  from  the  figure  of  the  bill  and 
barking  note ;  a  lone-made  bird,  of  white  and  blackish  colour ; 
fin-footed ;  a  marsh- bird ;  and  not  rare  some  times  of  the  year  in 
Marshland.  It  may  upon  view  be  called  reeurvirostra  nostras^ 
or  avoseta ;  much  resembling  the  avoseta  species  in  Johnstonus, 
tab.  5.    I  send  you  the  headin  picture. 

Four  curlews  I  have  kept  in  large  cages.  They  have  a  pretty 
shrill  note ;  not  hard  to  be  got  in  some  parts  of  IS  orlblk. 

Have  you  the  scorpius  marinus  Sckoneveldei  1 

Have  you  put  in  the  musea  tuliparum  muscata  ? 

lliat  bird  which  I  said  much  answered  the  description  of 
garrulus  argentoraterisis,^  I  send  you.  It  was  shot  on  a  tree 
ten  miles  off,  four  years  ago.  It  may  well  be  called  the  parrot 
jay,  or  garrulus  psittacoides  speoiosus.  The  colours  are  muck 
£Euied.  If  you  have  it  before,  I  should  be  content  to  have  it 
again ;  otherwise  you  may  please  to  keep  it. 


»  The  Golden  Eagle.  »  The  Garrulous  KoUer. 

Digitized  by  VjOOQIC 


508  XISCELLAySOUS  COBB£SPOin)EirCE.  [1668. 

Garrulus  Bokemicus^  probably  you  have.  A  pretty,  band- 
tome  bird,  with  the  fine  cinnabrian  tips  of  the  wingB.  Some 
which  I  have  seen  have  the  tail  tipt  with  yellow,  which  is  not  in 
their  description. 

I  hare  also  sent  you  urtiea  mcts,  which  I  lately  gathered  at 
Grolston,  by  Yarmouth,  where  I  found  it  to  grow  also  twenty-fire 
years  ajeo.  Of  the  stella  marina  testacea,  which  I  sent  you,  I 
do  not  mid  the  fisrure  in  any  book. 

I  send  you  a  lew  flies,  which,  some  unhealthM  years,  come 
about  the  first  part  of  September.  I  have  observed  them  so 
numerous  upon  plashes  in  the  marshes  and  marish  ^  ditches, 
that,  in  a  small  compass,  it  were  no  hard  matter  to  gather  a  peck 
of  tiiem.  I  brought  some,  what  my  box  would  hold ;  but  the 
greatest  part  are  scattered,  lost,  or  given  away.  For  memory's 
sake,  I  wrote  on  my  box  musccB  palustres  autumnales.  Worthy 
Sir,  I  shall  be  ever  ready  to  serve  you,  who  am.  Sir,  your 
humble  servant,  Thomas  Browns. 


Dr.  Browne  to  Dr.  Merritt^-^Decemher  29,  [1668.] 

Sib, — ^I  am  very  joyful  that  you  have  recovered  your  health, 
whereof  I  heartily  wisn  the  continuation  for  your  own  and  the 
public  good.  And  I  humbly  thank  you  for  the  courteous  pre- 
sent of  your  book.  With  much  delight  and  satisfaction  I  nad 
read  Uie  same  not  once  in  English.  I  must  needs  acknowledge 
your  comment  more  acceptable  to  me  than  the  text,  which  I  am 
sure  is  a  hard,  obscure  piece  without  it,  though  I  have  not  been 
a  stranger  unto  the  vitriary  art,  both  in  England  and  abroad. 
I  perceive  you  have  proceeded  far  in  your  Finax.  These  few  at 
present  I  am  bold  to  propose,  and  hint  imto  you ;  intendiD£^,' 
Qod  willing,  to  salute  you  again.  A  paragraph  might  probab^ 
be  annexed  imto  Quercus.  Though  we  Imve  not  all  the  exotic 
oaks,  nor  their  excretions,  yet  these,  and  probably  more  super- 
crescencies,  productions,  or  excretions,  may  be  observed  in 
England. 

Viscum  "^polypodium  ^^jnli  ^^pilulce  —  gemmm  foraminataF 
foliorwm'^excrementwm  fungoswm  verticihus  scatens  —  excre- 
mentum  lanatum — ca/pitula  squamosa  jacogoe  €emula^-nodi — mel- 
leus  liqwyr^-^tuhera  radicum  vermibus  scatentia — mvrscus — lichen 
'^imgus-'^^aras  querciruje. 

Capillaris  marina  sparsa,  fucus  capillaris  marinus  sparsus  ; 
^ive,  capilUUus  marinus ;  or  sea-perriwig.  Strings  of  this  are 
often  found  on  the  sea-shore.  But  this  is  the  fall  ngure,  I  have 
seen  three  times  as  large. 

»  The  Waxen  Chatterer.  »  Marshy. 


yGoogk 


1668.]  hiscslIlOeovs  cobbsspoitdekce.  509 

I  send  Tou  also  a  little  elegant  sea-plant,  wHch  I  pulled  from 
a  greater  bnfih  thereof,  which  I  have,  resembling'^the  backbone  of 
a  fish.  JFkicus  marinus  vertebratus  pisciculi  spinum  rrferenSf 
ichthyorctchius  ;  or  what  jou  think  fit. 

Aild  though  perhaps  it  be  not  worth  the  taking  notice  of 
formica  arenaria  marttuB,  or  at  least  muscusjbrmicaritts  marirms : 
yet  I  observe  great  numbers  by  the  sea-shore,  and  at  Yarmbuth, 
4in  open  sandy  coast,  in  a  sunny  daj,  tobjij  large  and  winged 
ones,  may  be  observed  upon,  and  rising  out  of  the  wet  sands, 
when  the  tide  £b11s  away* 

Notonecton,  an  insect  that  swimmeth  on  its  back,  and  men* 
tioned  bv  Muffetus,  may  be  observed  with  us. 

I  send  you  a  white  reed-chock  by  name.  Some  kind  of  Jtmco, 
or  little  sort  thereof.  I  have  had  another  very  white  when 
£resh. 

Also  the  draught  of  a  sea-fowl,  called  a  sheerwater,  billed 
like  a  cormorant,  fiery,  and  snapping  like  it  u]9on  any  touch. 
I  kept  twenty  of  them  alive  five  weeks,  cramming  them  with 
ifish,  refusing  of  themselves  to  feed  on  anything ;  and  wearied 
with  cramming  them,  tliey  lived  seventeen  days  without  food. 
They  often  fly  about  fishing  ships  when  they  dean  their  fish,  and 
throw  away  the  offid.  So  that  it  may  be  referred  to  the  lari,  as 
Zanis  niger  gutture  alhido  rostro  adtmco, 

Gossander. — Videtur  esse  puphim  species,  "Worthy  sir,  that 
which  we  call  a  gossander,  and  is  no  rare  fowl  among  us, 
is  a  large  weU-ooloured  and  marked  diving  fowl,  most  answering 
the  merganser.  It  may  be  like  the  puffin  in  fatness  and  rank- 
ness ;  but  no  fowl  is,  I  think,  like  the  pufSin,  differenced  from  all 
others  by  a  peculiar  kind  of  bill. 

Bur^anders,  not  so  rare  as  Tum^  makes  them,  common  in 
lTorfou[,  so  abounding  in  vast  and  spacious  warrens. 

If  you  have  not  yet  put  in  larus  minor,  or  stem,^  it  would  not 
be  omitted,  so  common  about  broad  waters  and  plashes  not  far 
Srcfm  die  sea. 

Have  you  a  yarwhelp,  barker,  or  latrator,  a  marshbird  about 
ihe  bigness  of  a  godwitt  P 

Have  you  dentalia,  which  are  small  univalve  testacea,  whereof 
sometimes  we  find  some  on  the  sea-shore  P 

Have  you  put  in  nerites,  another  little  testticeum,  which  we 
haveP 

Have  you  an  apiaster,  a  small  bird  called  a  bee-bird  f 

Have  you  morinellus  marinus,  or  the  sea  dotterell,  better 
icoloured  than  the  other,  and  somewhat  less  P 

*  This  name  is  very  illegible.in  the  original. 

^  Probably  sterna  hirwrulo  and  minvta.  See  Sir  Thomas's  paper  "  On 
the  Birds,  Ac.  of  Norfolk.'' 


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510  MISCELLAJBTEOUS   COBBSBPOKDSKCX.  [1668-9. 

I  send  you  a  draoght  of  two  small  birds ;  the  bigger  e&Ued 
a  chipper,  or  betula  carptor;  cropping  the  first  sproatingi 
of  the  nirch  trees,  and  comes  early  in  the  spring.  The  other  a 
yeiy  small  bird,  less  than  the  certkya,  or  eye-creeper,  called  a 
whm-bird. 

I  send  you  the  draught  of  a  fish  taken  sometimes  in.  our  seas. 
Pray  compare  it  with  draco  minor  JohnstotU,  This  draught 
was  taken  from  the  fish  dried,  and  so  the  prickly  fins  less 
discemaUe. 

There  is  a  very  small  kind  of  smelt ;  but  in  diape  and  smdl 
like  the  other,  tak^i  in  good  ploity  about  Lynn»  and  called 
prims. 

Though  scombri  or  mackerell  be  a  common  fish,  yet  oat  seas 
afibrd  sometimes,  strange  lar^e  ones,  as  I  have  heard  fixna 
fishermen  and  others;  and  Uiis  year,  1668,  one  was  taken  at 
Leostoffe,  an  ell  long  by  measure,  and  presented  to  a  gentSeraan, 
a  friend  of  mine. 

Mu9ca  tuliparum  mosckata  is  a  small  bee-Uke  fly,  of  an  exeel- 
lent  fragrant  odour,  which  I  haye  qSobd.  found  at  the  bottom  of 
the  flowers  «of  tulips. 

In  the  little  box  I  send  a  piece  of  vesicaria  or  seminaria  marina 
cut  off  &(Hn  a  good  full  one,  found  on  the  sea-shore. 

We  have  also  an  ejectment  of  the  sea,  very  common,  which  is 
fuiMgo,  whdreof  some  very  large. 

I  thank  you  for  communicating  the  account  of  thunder  and 
lightning ;  some  strange  eflfects  thereof  I  have  found  here ;  but 
this  last  year  we  had  httle  or  no  thunder  or  lightning. 


Dr.  Browne  to  Dr.  Merritt.*— Norwich,  Fehr.  6,  [1668-9.] 

HoNouBED  Sib, — I  am  sorry  I  have  had  diyersiona  of  sudi 
necessity^  as  to  hinder  my  more  sudden  salute  sinee  I  received 
your  last.  I  thank  you  wr  the  sight  of  the  spennaoeti^  and  sui^ 
kind  of  eflects  from  lightning  and  thunder  1  have  known,  and 
about  four  yeares  ago  f2x>ut  this  towne,  when  I  withmany  others 
saw  fire-balls  fly,  and  go  off  when  they  met  with  resistance,  and 
one  earned  away  the  tiles  and  boards  of  a  leuoomb  window 
of  my  own  howse,  being  higher  ihan  the  neighbour  bowses, 
and  breaking  agaynst  it  wSk  a  report  like  a  good  canon.  I 
set  down  that  occurrence  in  this  citty  and  country,  and  hare 
it  somewhere  amongst  my  papers,  and  fragments  of  a  woeman's 
hat  that  was  shiyer'd  into  pieces  of  Ihe  bignesse  of  a  groat. 
I  have  still  by  me  too,  a  litle  of  the  spermaceti  of  our  wh^  as 
also  the  oyle  and  balsam  which  I  made  with  the  oyle  and  sper- 

*  Published  (erroneously)  as  a  letter  to  Mr.  Dugdale. 

Digitized  by  CjOOQIC 


1668-9.]       lascsLLAiTEorB  cobbespondekce*  511 

maceti.  Our  whale  was  worth  5001ib.  m^  apothecaiie  got  about 
fiftie  poxmds  in  one  sale  of  a  qnantitie  of  sperm. 

I  made  emuneration  of  the  excretions  of  the  oake»  which 
might  be  observed  in  Enghtnd,  because  I  conceived  they  would 
be  most  observable  if  •  jou  set  them  downe  together,  not 
minding  whether  there  were  any  addition:  by  excrementum 
jfkngaswm  vermiculis  scatens  I  only  meant  an  usual  excretion, 
soft  and  fhnffous  at  first,  and  pak,  and  sometimes  cover'd  in 
part  with  a  fresh  red,  growing  close  unto  the  sprouts ;  it  is  AiU 
of  mageots  in  litle  woodden  cells,  which  afterwards  tume  into 
litle  radish  brown  or  bay  flies.  Of  the  tuhera  indica  vermiculis 
scatentia  I  send  you  a  peece,they  are  as  big  as  good  tennis-balls 
and  hgneous. 

The  Ktle  elegant  fticua  may  come  in  as  a  diiSference  of  the 
ohies,  being  somewhat  like  it,  as  also  unto  the  4  corallium  in 
Crerhard,  of  the  sprouts,  whereof  I  could  never  find  any 
sprouts,  winss,  or  leaves  as  in  the  ahies,  whether  fallen  ofi*  I 
Imow  not,  though  I  call'd  it  ickthyomdiics  or  pisdculi  spinam 
referent,  jetynj  do  you  call  it  how  you  please.  I  send  you  now 
the  figure  of  a  miercus  mar.  or  alga,  wmch  I  found  by  the  sea- 
shore, differing  nom  the  common  as  being  denticulated,  and  in 
one  place  there  seems  to  be  the  beginning  of  some  flower-pod  on 
seed-vesseU. 

A  draught  of  the  morinellus  marinuSf  or  sea  dotterel,^  I  now 
send  you ;  the  bill  should  not  have  been  so  black,  and  the  le^gs 
more  red,  and  a  greater  eye  of  dark  red  in  the  feathers  or  wmg 
and  back :  it  is  iem  and  differently  coloured  from  the  common 
dotterelly  which  cometh  to  us  about  March  and  September :  these 
sea-dotterels  are  often  shot  near  the  sea. 

A  yare-whelp  or  barker,*  a  marsh-bird,  the  bill  two  inches 
long,  the  legges  about  that  length,  the  bird  of  a  brown  or  russet 
eolour. 

That  which  is  knowne  by  the  name  of  a  bee-bird,^  is  a  Htle 
dark  gray  bird ;  I  hope  to  set  one  for  you. 

That  which  I  call'a  betuUa  carptor,  and  should  rather  have 
cali'd  it  cUni  earptor,  whereof  I  sent  a  rude  draught ;  it  feeds 
upon  alderbuds,  nucaments,  or  seeds,  which  grow  plentiMly 
here ;  they  fly  in  little  flocks. 

That  call'd  by  some  a  whin-bird,^  is  a  kind  of  ox-eye,  but  the 

'  The  ring  plover  or  sea  lark,  plentifdl  near  Blakeney  ^  chartxdrius 
hiaticula. — ^G. 

'  Names  of  two  distinct  epecies,  the  godmt  or  ywnohdp,  scolopax 
cpgocephala,  and  the  tpotted  rtdihank  orharker,  S,  Totamts.  The  desorip- 
tion  agrees  with  neither. 

>  Probably  the  heanirbird,  or  flycatcher ;  Mtaeicapa  Orisola, — O. 

'  Possibly  the  golden-crested  wren,  MotaeiUa  JUguliu, 


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512  MISCELLANEOUS   COBBESPOlTDEirCE.  [1668-9. 

shining  yellow  spot  on  the  back  of  the  head,  is  scarce  to  bee  well 
imitated  by  s  pensilL 

I  confesse  for  such  litle  birds  I  am  much  tmsatiBfy'd  on  the 
names  given  to  many  by  countrymen,  and  uncertaine  what  to 
give  them  myself,  or  to  what  clcusis  of  authors  cleerlj  to  reduce 
them.  Surely  l^ere  are  many  found  among  us  which  are  not 
described;  and  therefore  such  which  you  cannot  well  reduce, 
may  (if  at  all)  be  set  down  after  the  exacter  nomination  of  small 
birds  as  yet  of  uncertain  class  or  knowledge. 

I  present  you  with  a  draught  of  a  water-fowl,  not  common,  and 
none  of  our  fowlers  can  name  it,  the  bill  could  not  bee  exactly 
expressed  by  a  coale  or  black  chalk,  whereby  the  little  incurvitie 
at  the  upper  end  of  the  upper  bill,  and  small  recorritie  of  the 
lower  is  not  discerned ;  the  wings  are  very  short,  and  it  is  finne- 
footed ;  the  bill  is  strong  and  sharp,  if  you  name  it  not  I  am 
uncertain  what  to  call  it,  pray  consider  this  anatula  or  merguhu 
melanoleucus  rostro  acuto. 

I  send  you  also  the  heads  of  mustela,^  or  mergus  mustelaris 
mas,  et  ftsmina,  called  a  wesel,  from  some  resemblanoe  in  the 
liead,  especially  of  the  female,  which  is  brown  or  russet,  not 
black  and  white,  like  the  male,  and  firom  their  preying  quality 
upon  small  fish.  I  have  found  small  eeles,  small  pertmes,  and 
small  muscles  in  their  stomachs.  Have  you  a  sea-phaysant,  so 
eommonly  called  from  the  resemblance  of  an  hen-phaisant  in  the 
head  and  eyes,  and  spotted  marks  on  the  wings  and  back,  and 
with  a  smau  bluish  flat  bill,  tayle  longer  than  ower  ducks,  longe 
winges,  crossing  over  the  tayle  like  those  of  a  long  winged  hawke.' 

Have  you  tucen  notice  of  a  breed  of  porei  soUdi  pedes  t  I 
first  observed  them  above  twenty  yeares  ago,  and  they  are  still 
among  us. 

Our  nerites  or  neritae  are  litle  ones. 

I  queried  whether  you  had  dentalia^  becaus  probably  you 
might  have  met  with  them  in  England ;  I  never  found  any  on 
our  shoare,  butt  one  brought  me  a  few  small  ones,  with  smooth 
small  shells,  from  the  shoare.    I  shall  inquire  farther  after  them. 

Urtica  marina  minor,  Johnst.  tab.  xviii.  I  have  found  more 
then  once  by  the  sea-side. 

The  hobbv  and  the  merlin  would  not  bee  omitted  among 
hawks ;  tlie  nrst  comming  to  us  in  the  spring,  the  other  about 
autumn.  Beside  the  ospray,*  we  have  a  larger  kind  of  eagle, 
caJl'd  an  eruh.^    I  have  nadfmany  of  them. 

^  This  must  be  the  smew,  Tnergus  (dbdlw :  which  comes  on  the  coast 
of  Norfolk  in  hard  winters. — (7. 

'  The  pin-tailed  duck.— (7. 

*  Several  ospreys  have  been  taken  near  Cromer. — (?, 

^  Bme  f — The  vrhite-tailed  or  cinereous  eagle ;  falco  aOnciUa- 


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1668-9.]  MISCELLAinBOUS   COBEESPONDBirCE.  513 

Worthy  deare  sir,  if  I  can  do  anything  farther  which  may  be 
serviceable  unto  you,  you  shall  ever  readily  command  my  en- 
deavours ;  who  am,  sir,  your  humble  and  very  rcBpectftdl  servant, 

Thomas  Beowne. 


Dr,  Browne  to  Br.  MerriU,  Feb.  12, 1668-9. 

WoETHY  SiE, — ^Though  I  writ  xmto  you  last  Monday,  yet 
having  omitted  some  few  things  which  1  thought  to  have  men- 
tioned, I  am  bold  to  give  you  this  trouble  so  soone  agayne. 
Have  you  putt  in  a  sea  fish  called  a  bleak,  a  fish  like  a  herring, 
often  taken  with  us  and  eat,  but  a  more  lanck  and  thinne  and 
dryefishP 

The  wild  swan  or  elk  would  not  bee  omitted,  being  common  in 
hard  winters  and  difierenced  from  our  river  swans,  by  the  aspera 
arteria,  Fulica  and  cotta  Anglorvm  are  different  birds  though 
good  resemblance  between  them,  so  some  doubt  may  bee  made 
whether  it  bee  to  bee  named  a  coot,  except  you  set  it  downe 
Fulica  nostras  and  cotta  Anghrutn.  I  pray  consider  whether 
that  water-bird  whose  draught  1  sent  in  the  last  box,  and  thought 
it  might  bee  named  anatula  or  mergulus  melanoleucos,  Sfc,  may 
not  bee  some  gallinula,  it  hath  some  resemblance  with  ^allina 
hypoleucos  of  Johnst.  tab.  82,  butt  myne  hath  shorter  wmgs  by 
much,  and  the  bUl  not  so  long  and  slender,  and  shorter  legs  and 
lesser,  and  so  may  either  be  called  gallina  aquatica  hypoleucos 
nostras,  or  hypoteucos  anatula,  or  mergulus  n^ostras. 

Tis  much  there  should  bee  no  icon  oi  raUas  or  raila  aquatica^ 
I  have  a  draught  of  some,  and  they  are  found  among  us. 

Thomas  Beownb. 

The  vescaria  I  sent  is  like  that  you  mention,  if  not  the  same, 
the  common  funago  resembleth  the  husk  of  peas,  this  of  barley 
when  the  flower  is  mouldred  away. 


Sir  Bobert  Paston  to  Dr,  Brovm^, — Oxnead,  April  the  Bth,  1669, 

HoNOSED  Sib, — On  Saturday  night  last,  going  into  my  labo- 
ratorie,  I  found  som  of  the  adrop  (that  had  beene  run  foure 
or  five  times  in  the  open  ayre,  and  euerie  time  itts  setheriall 
attracted  spiritts  drawne  of  from  itt)  congealed  to  an  hard  can- 
died substance,  the  which  1  ordered  my  man  to  grind  in  a  mar- 
ble to  attenuate  itts  parts,  and  make  itt  more  fitt  for  attraction, 
and  comming  in  in  the  operation,  I  chid  my  servant  for  grind- 
ing itt  where  white  lead  nad  before  beene  ^ound,  for  I  found  it 
from  itts  fuscye  red  color,  looke  licke  white  lead  ground  with. 

TOL.  III.  ^  2  L 


y  Google      ^ 


614  ^ISG£LI(127E0178  GOBBSSPeKDEITaE:.  [1674 

OTle,  butt  more  laatrousy  and  be  ta  convince  tbot  tbe  stone  was 
cieaae,  groHoJd  som  of  the  same  before  my  face  oa  a.  til^  ^tb 
another  nraller,  whieh  came  to  the  same  color  and  7i«eoaitye. 
I  must  confess  that  gave  me  a  transport  to  find  the  ayre  nad 
worked  such  an  efiect.  Uppon  about  half  a  pound  of  this  I 
eohobated*  som  of  itts  sothenaJl  spiritt,  which  itt  nottwithstand- 
inff  tinged  red»  and  I  am  now  drawing  itt  of  agsane,  for  I  think 
I  had  better  have  exposed  itt  in  itts  consistence  to  the  open  ajTe 
againe,  though  I  find  itt  hard  to  run  into  anye  thin  Bubstanee ; 
yett  periuropa  the  viseous  matter  manr  be  more  prettows»  smd  by 
often  griadmg,  exposing*  aaid  diattUing*  itt  may  att.  last  goe  a 
white  and  snias  wa^,  snob  an  one  aa  phifesophere  loohe  after, 

or  att  least  do  fitt  to  reeeiue,  and  be  aeuated^  with,  the and 

saline  parts  of  the  setheriaU  spiritt,  when  that  operation  comeam 
hand  if  itt  affords  us  aaye  that  way.  I  haue,  given  Mr.  Hen- 
ahaw  an  acoQm])tof  thisf  which  1  beleeve.  will  please  him,  and  I 
desire  your  advice  in  the  point  how  to  proceed  upon't,  for  cer- 
tainlye  if  these  matters  have  anye  truth  in  them,  wee  are  upon 
the  brink  of  a  menatruum  to  dissolve  mettalls  in  genezall.  The 
keya  are  not  yett  fitted  to  your  table,  butt  I  hope  wOlbebj 
Thuraday ;  my  service  to  your  ladye,  and  excuae  this  lekaJAaa 
with  that  generoaa  oondeaoention  tnat  aUowes  you  ta  considec 
even  the  lowest  thingeft.-^Sir»  I  am,  your  humble  servant. 

The  JSarl  of  Tarmottth  to  Sir  TKomas  Browne, — 8epi&mbr,  the 
Vdth,  1674. 
HoNossD  SlB, — ^The  great  ciuility  of  your  letter  is  an  obligar 
tion  I  haue  som  time  myne  under,  adiouming  my  retume  on 
purpose  that  I  might  haue  som  thinge  to  discourse.  My  fiiend, 
Mr.  Henshaw  (who  is  lately  retuinied  &om  his  empi^^t.  of 
envoye  extraordinary  in  Denmaik),.  and  has  brought  over  with 
him  many  curiosil^s ;  the  principle  of.  which  lyes  [in  the  JJmr 
comes  home,  in  wnich  he  has  as  much  as  he  nrises  att  foure  or 
five  hundred  pounds,  beeing  three  very  long  nomes  of  the  fish 
called  puach  and  seueradl  peeees;  many  ranges  of  amber;  great 
store  ofsucdrmm^  beeing  founcL  about  those^  shores,  and  a  very 
large  peece  he  gave  mee,  which  was  found  in  the  earth  many 
miles  nrom  the  sea ;  he  has  one  piece  in  which  a  drop  either  of 
water  or  quicksilver  is  inchided,  which  tumes .  round  aa  the 
amber  is  moved,  and  severall  withinsectain  them.  He  eon&sa^ 
he  had  licke  to  have  beene  cheated  b^  a  merchant  with  a  piece 
that  had.somwhat  included  in  itt,  which  he  fonnd  to  bee.iD8h>> 

*  Distilled  again.  ^Acidified 

^  Created  Earl  of  Yarmouth,  Jan.  llffTB:  •  Ambcn 


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1674.]  Ki^XESAKEars  cosBasHSQioniErcE.  515 

and  Tree  liaTe'a.wB^  to  ooqntcErfeitt  itt  recy  lutiMbomelj,  -wbkk 
he  has  taught  znse,  and,  if  wee  had  &  workxixaix  to  help  ng^ 
might  doe  man^p^  prettif  thinget  of  that  natore^  He  has  seueraU 
peecea  of  the  minesaliftof  Dtontliem.;  he  haa  brought  orersTeee* 
table  oalled  the  o/^a  stteoharifica^  whieh,  when.  he.  putt  itt  in  me 
box,  had  noting  on  the  leaves,  and  in  brangiBg'  haa  attracted  a 
matter  in  taat  and  feeling:  lioke  sugar.  He  tells  mee  the  former 
Sing  of  Denmark  was  carious  in  ul  manner  of  rarities,  and  haa 
one  of  the  bei^  colleotians  of  tiiat  kind  in  the  world,,  as  allsoe  a 
most  famoiui  lihonry  of  dhoyse  ooileoted  bookei^  butt  thia  king's 
dehghta  are  in.  honest  and  the  discipline  of  an  taaar,  of  whii»h  ne 
has  thirfy  IhousHod  brauelj  equipped;  which  Mr.  Hen^iaw  saw 
encamped,  att.  the  rendevous  atl  Coldia^,  in  Juteland;  aUsoea 
potnrirnaTy  ready  to  assist^those  that  will  pafythemost  for  them. 
The  king,  att  his  comming  away,  gave  him  considerable  presents 
to  the  vfdue  of  b^bweene  &ra  and  six  hundred  pounds,  and  has 
written  such  a  character  of  him  that  I  feare  may  invite  him 
thither  agayne»  if  our  king  has  any  occasion  to  send  one.  He 
was  there  acquainted  with  the  principle  physitian,  one  Bouchius, 
a  ^eat  louer  of  chymistary,  butt  I  thmke  nott  much  experienced 
in  itt,  who  assumed  that  leafe  gold  by  continuall  grinding  foe 
som  fourteen  dayes,  and  then  jratt  into  a  retort  in  nudo  igim 
yields  some  dropps  of  a  blood  red  lioquor,^  and  the  same  g[old 
exposed  to  the  ayre,  and  ground  againe,  doth  toties  qitoties  yield 
the  same ;  this  is  now  under  the  experiment  of  a  physitian  in 
this  towne,  to  whome  1  gave  the  process  to  undertake  tiie  try  all, 
and  shall  bee  able  short^^  to  give  you  an  aocompt  of  itt.  I  have- 
little  leysure  and  less  convenience  to  try  anything  heere,  yett  my 
owne  saat  wiU  sett  mee  on  work,  having  now  arrived  to  this  that 
I  can  with  foure  drachmes  of  itt  dissolve  a  drachme  of  leafe  gold 
into  an  high  tincture,  which  by  all  the  art  I  have  is  nott  sepe- 
rable  &om  the  menstruum  which  stands  fluid,  and  is  both  before 
and  after  the  solution  of  the  gold  as  sweet  almost  as  sugar> 
soe  farr  is  itt  &om  any  corrosive  nature.  I  am  gooing  to  seale 
up  two  glasses,  one  of  the  menstruum  with  gold  dissolved  in 
itt,  and  another  of  t&e  menstruum  per  so,  and  to  putt  them 
in  an  athanor,  to  see'  if  they  will  putrify,  or  what  alteration 
Tiill  happen.  I  have  att  Oxned  scene  this  salt  change  as  blacke 
as  inke,  I  must,  att  the  lowest,  have  an  excelent  aurum  potabUe, 
and  if  the  signes  wee  are  to  judge  by  iq  Sendivogius'  description 
bee  true,  I  mive  the  key  which  answers  to  what  he  says,  that  if 
a  man  have  that  which  will  dissolve  gold  as  warme  water  doth 
ice,  you  have  that  out  of  which  gold  was  first  made  in  the  earth. 
My  Bohitian  is  perfectly  agreeable  to  itt ;  dissolves  itt  without 
hissing,  babble,  or  noyse,  and  doth  itt  in  JHgido :  that  vdiioh 
enoomnfoea:  meet  is  that  I  shall  make  my  lump  with  spiritt  of 
2  L  2 


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516  MIBCELLAKEOrS  COBBESFOKDEITCE.  [1674. 

wine,  whicli  I  could  neTer  by  under  twelve  Bhillings  a  quart,  and 
now  heere  is  one,  which  Prince  Bupert  recommended  mee  to, 
that  selifl  it  for  eighteene  pence  the  quart,  and  will  fire  gun- 
powder after  itts  burnt  away  in  a  spoone,  and  answers  all  the 
tryalls  of  the  highest  rectified  spiritt  of  wine.  I  shewed  some  of 
itt  to  Dr.  Bugeoj,  who  thinkes  itt  must  com  from  molosses, 
butt  whatever  itt  comes  from,  there  itt  is  in  all  qualities,  bear- 
ing the  highest  tryalls  of  spiritt  of  wine.  Sir,  I  pray  taJce  my 
thankes  for  your  kind  remembrance  of  mee,  and  if  you  can 
recommend  mee  to  any  author  that  can  further  enlighten  my  un- 
derstanding, pray  doe.  My  wife  ioynes  with  mee  in  the  present- 
ments of  our  services  to  your  lady  and  yourself.  I  begg  your 
pardon  for  tiring  you  with  soe  many  words  to  soe  little  purpose, 
and  am,  Sir,  your  most  humble  servant,  Yaemouth. 

Sir  Thomas  Browne  to  JSlias  Ashmole. — Norwich^  Oct.  viij, 
1674. 

HoNOBD  Sib, — I  give  you  late  butt  heartie  thancks  for  the 
noble  present  of  your  most  excellent  booke ;  which,  by  the  care 
of  my  Sonne,  I  receaved  from  you.  I  deferred  this  my  due 
acknowledgment  in  hope  to  have  found  out  something  more  of 
Dr.  John  Dee,  butt  I  can  yett  only  present  this  paper  unto  you 
written  by  the  hand  of  his  sonne.  Dr.  Arthur  Dee,  my  old 
acquaintance,  containing  the  scheme  of  his  nativity,  erected  by 
his  father.  Dr.  John  Dee,  as  the  title  sheweth ;  butt  the  iudg- 
ment  upon  it  was  writt  by  one  Franciscus  Murrerus,  before 
Dr.  Arthur  returned  from  Kussia  into  England,  which  Murrerus 
was  an  astrologer  of  some  account  at  Mosko.  Sir,  I  take  it  for 
a  great  honour  to  have  this  libertie  of  communication  with  a  per- 
son of  your  eminent  merit,  and  shall  industriously  serve  you 
upon  all  opportunities,  who  am,  worthy  good  sir,  your  servant 
most  respectfully  and  humbly,  Thomas  Bbowke. 

From  Dr.  Sow^  to  Dr,  Browne. 

Sib,  my  choissst,  etc. — ^I  received  your  rare  present,  and 
shall  auRwere  your  summons  for  yourselfe,  or  friends,  with  any 
faire  florall  returnes,  pacquet  of  seeds,  or  if  this  place  may  any 
wayes  instrumentaly  present  mee  yours  I  shall  putt  on  such 
affected  employments.  For  the  dresse  of  our  garden,  that  you 
may  know  the  modell,  this  rough  titie  may  acquaint  you :  Bota- 
Tiotrophium  Westmonasteriense,  tentaminibtbs  noviter  exploratis 
Aortensibtts,    medicinalibus,    tin^entilms,   imjpragnatum.      The 

*  William  How,  of  St.  John's  Coll.  Oxon.  a  captain  of'horse  in  K. 
Charles  I.'s  army,  afterwards  a  physician  in  London ;  first  in  Lawrence 
Lane,  then  in  Milk  Street,  a  noted  herbalist  of  his  time.  He  published 
"  Phytoiogia  Britannica,"  &c.     Lond.  1650 :  and  died  in  1656. 


Digitized  by 


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1674.]  MISCELLAlTEOirS   COBEESPOKDEirCB.  617 

style  to  this  discourse  will  appeare  Soman ;  nor  shall  1  present 
you  with  a  catalogiie  of  nude  names,  a  mode  taken  npp  to  pre- 
vent further  scrutinyes,  in  which  designes  the  most  experienced 
botanists  find  too  much  anxie^;  the  younger  student  meetes 
with  nothing  but  confusion.  Therefore  to  each  recited  plant 
you  shall  have  the  originall  author  annexed,  and  paged,  that 
with  small  labor  they  may  peruse  the  plant ;  but  to  nondescribed 
species  who  refuse  hmitts,  wee  shall  present  them  delineated  in 
tneire  names.  The  method  wee  intend  in  paging  authors  may 
bee  discerned  in  this  instance :  PimptTtella  moschata,  sive  Agri' 
monicB  folio,  quorundam  Agrimonoides,  Fab.  Columnce  minus 
cognit,  stirp.  pag.  145 ;  after  wee  have  thus  circumscribed  the 
plant  wee  shall  adde  our  experiments ;  to  this  hortensiall  (where- 
m  acquirements  de  novo  are  onely  to  bee  inserted) ;  to  that,  me- 
dicinall,  if  never  formerly  approved  in  physicke,  or  applyed  to 
such  particular  disturbances ;  to  those,  tinctoriall,  if  oy  theire 
iuyces,  or  decoctions  any  such  qualityes  may  be  perceived.  For 
the  knowledge  of  our  garden  series  whereby  you  say  something 
might  bee  annexed,  wee  almost  equaly  boast  what  our  clyme 
inay  produce,  so  that  however  you  may  appropriate  your  diges- 
tions, wee  easily  may  render  them  classicaU ;  though  I  must  be 
compelled  to  confesse  you  haue  enrich't  mee  with  the  Fimpi- 
nella.  The  Carduus  Stsp.  siue  Cardwus  aculeatus,  Math,  edent, 
Bauh.  pag.  496, 1  further  want :  yett  our  little  instructed  farme 
numbers  aboue  2200  species,  submitting  to  no  European  culture; 
which  fabricke  might  be  compleated  with  any  of  your  mature 
explorate  additions !  since  our  designes  shall  acknowledge  those 
inuentions  with  affixed  titles !  "Wee  are  emboldened  from  your 
"  Common  Errors,"  pag.  103 ; — "  Swarmes  of  others  there  are, 
some  whereof  our  futim  endeauors  may  discouer:"  and  being 
rauished  with  those  learned  en(j^uiryes,  pardon  this  pressing  dis- 
course, therefore  vented,  posstt  ut  ad  momtum  jacere  tuum. 
Pag.  102 ; — "  That  Bos  solis  which  rotteth  sheep  hath  any  such 
cordiall  vertue  upon  us,  wee  have  reason  to  doubt."  If  the  salu- 
brious operation  m  decoctions  upon  tabid  bodyes  might  purchase 
credentialls,  troopes  of  physitians  might  appeare  combatants: 
nor  the  rotting  of  sheepe  in  our  apprehensions  any  wayes  op- 
pugnes  his  alexipharmacy  in  man :  Pinguiculam  omaricum  gre- 
gem  omnes  villatici  una  ore  necare  assenmt,  Matrona  graves 
CambrO'BritannicfB  ex  pinguicula  parant  syrupum,  uU  rosa- 
ceum  ad  evacuandos  pueros :  ruricottB  mulieres  horeales  ex  pulte 
avenacea,  aut  alio  jusculo  addita  pinguicula  pueros  purgant, 
evacuare  phiegma  verisimile.  "  That  cats  haue  such  delight  in 
the  herbe  nepeta,  called  therefore  cataria,  our  experience  cannot 
discouer."  I  haue  numbred  about  2  rootes  of  nep,  in  my  garden 
16  cats,  who  never  destroied  those  plants,  but  nave  totally  de- 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


S18  mmxtsLtJJswNm  cosBSSfOKPsarcE.        [I66&4. 

spelled  tke  seif^homiBff  birtfai  in  ihatbedd  iD  a7azd*«  dktm;ce» 
madnuf^  Hie  nlftce  baxd,  and  amoodi  ISce  a  waUro  widi  Haire 
fr&qoBtkt  'treddiiigf :  bat  of  this  una  lHura  ^iegt,  1  ;&id  nun  j 
of  my  lord  Baoon'a  ^eiperimBnti  oonaeniiiig  piiytdlogie  in  Mb  % 
and  7  eenturies,  reiy  cmdB.  If  you  may  eommandjiny  of  t^ese 
kaads  to  Dr.  Short  fax  Iub  «n]argm«its,  itanusl;  ^pDoue.a  fauar 
which  eannot  move  obieidge,  youzs  mott  obMBiuuit, 
Milk  Streete,  fiept.  20,  55.  ^Wisx..  How. 


llTieerating  extract  fivm  a  ^ery  long  letter  addretsed  to  Ihu  'Browne  hy 

StMrat,  Jan,  26,  1663-4. 

Oy  IVieaday,  iJie  fifth -of  Jannazy,  aboat  ten  m  ifaemominff, 
a  sadden  alazme  ma  bronght  io  our  hooae  Irom^e  tovme  wim 
news  that  Seiia-€be  -£mk,  or  pwiwapai  govBrnor,  (fur  mudi 
aaeome  not  the  name. of  taxe^  to  them  «liH»,-bnt  yet  endeimr 
to  bee  as  abeoloAe  eatdi  in  hu  proninee  as  his  vwnra  can  malce 
him,)  was  coming  downe  with  an  arm^r  of  an  Tneerttine-ninnber 
upon  Smat,  to  piUape  ^  cttty,  ^duch  neiro  atrook  ik>  smaSl 
ecmatemation  into  tj^-minds  of  a  weake  and  effemiikaie  peooie, 
in  see  maeh.that  on  all  hands  there  wasmothiBe  to^beaeeoe-Dot 
peo^e  flying  for  fiieir  .lives,  and  lamenting  Sie  loss  jof  tfaeir 
s,  toe  ria' 


eaUUiee,  the  zioher  sortj-whoae  stocSEO  of  maoney  washii^^e  4 
to  pondiase  that  ftsrost  at  the  hands  of  the  somznor  of  rde 
oastie,.  made  that  .their  sanetnary,  and  abandonea  tiuir  dweUrngs 
to  a  merciless  foe,  widbi  they  miebt  wellmon^iB  haoe  dBflandod 
with  the  rest  of  the  towne  hod  thay  had  tiie  hflartea  of  men. 
The  same  day  a. peat  eontesin,  and  tells  them  thatihesmnr  was 
come  within  tenne  couzse  or  fiaglish  aniies,  and  made  all  hast 
forward,  wich  put  the  loowardly  and  Tnfidtldul  govanor  of  iiw 
towne  to  send  a  aeeoant  ^to  SeTsgee  to  itceat  of  some  eonditions 
of  xsnsome.  But  BeTsgeeretsiBes  the  massei^ar  and  mardac 
f<M*wards  with  all  speed,  raod  tiiat  nu^ht  lodged  his  eomp  about  5 
miks  Englidi  feom  tiie  oify,  and  the  governor  pereeaeing^weU 
that  this  messenger  retomled  mot  againe,  and  thrt  Seva^ee  did 
not  intend  to  treat  at  that  distance,  he  craues  admisainn  into  the 
castle  and  obtaineih  it,  and  :Soe  deserted  insdioitne. 

The  city  of  Surat is  the  only  port  on  tiiis  sidelndia,  wich  be- 
longs to  the  Mo^ol,  and  stands  upon  a  rivar  eommodiona  enough 
to  admitt  vessdht  of  1060  tan,  seren  'mittes  up,  at^wtsh  distance 
&om  the  sea,  there  stands  a  reasonable .  strong  eaatle  well 
manned,  and  haneing  great:  store  of  good  guns  nnmnted  for  tiw 
secnring  of  the  riuer  at  a  conoenient  distance,  on  the  north  east 
and  souiii  sides  of  this  castle  is  the  eitiy  of  Sorrat  bnilt  of  a 
kxge  extent  and  rezy  popelns.    iElioh:in.marchandiae»  as  being 


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Googk 


1668-4.]         KisosLi^Aisrsoirs  cossmsmiyEsc^.  519 

themott  for  the  gr^t  empire  of  i&e  Mo^ol,  bat  ill  (xmtriued  into 
juirrom  lanes  and  without  «ny  fon&e.  j^d  for  buildings  consists 
pacftlj  of  briok,  soe  t&e  kouses  of  tiie  richer  sort  partly  of  wood, 
me  maine  posts  of  wich  eort  only  lire  timber,  Hie  rest  is  built  of 
bambooes  (as  they  eall  them)  or  caines,  «ueh  as  those  voue  make 
jour  angles  at  ^orwidi,  bat  Tory  large,  and  these  oeing  tyed 
togather  with  tiie  eords  made  of  ooeonutt  rinde,  and  beinis: 
dawbed  ouer  with  dirt,  are  the  walls  of  ^e  whole  house  and 
floors  xji  the  tipper  story  of  their  hoases.  Now  the  number  of 
the  poore  exeeedingly  surmountii^  the  number  of  those  of  some 
qnelity,  tiieae  basiboo  houses  are  increaiSed  ynmeasumbly,  soe 
tiiot  in  the  greater  part  of  the  towne  scarce  two  or  three  brick 
houses  are  to  bee  seen  in  a  street,  and  in  some  part  of  the  towne 
iBot  one  for  many  streets  togather ;  those  house?  wiehnre  built  of 
hfricke  are  vsuafiy  built  stim^,  their  walls  of  two  or  two  and  a 
half  feet  thicke,  and  ihe  room  of  them  flat  and  oouered  with  a 
phuter  like  plaster  of  Pans,  wich  meakes  most  comodous  places 
to  take  the  euening  aire  in  the  hotter  seasons ;  the  whole  town 
is  un&nifled  ether  by  art  or  nature,  its  situation  is  upon  a  larg 
piameof  many  miles  extent  and  their  oare  hath  been  so  little  to 
seeure  it  by  art,  that  they  hare  cmly  made  against  the  cheefe 
soNiues  of  tbe  towne,  eome  wvake  and  ill  built  gatts  and  for  the 
ifest  in  some  parts  a  diy  ditch,  easily  passable  hy  a  footman, 
wanting  a  wall  or  other  defence  on  the  innerside,  the  rest  is  left 
floe  open  that  scarce  any  signe  of  a  dich  is  p^oeiuable;  the 
people  of  the  towne  are  eitlj^r  'the  marchants,  and  those  of  all 
nations  almost,  as  English,  DutcJi,  Fortugalls,  Turkes,  Arabs, 
Armenians,  Persians,  Jews,  Indians,  of  seueral  sorts,  but  princi- 
pally JBanians,  or  ds  Moone  the  conquerors  of  the  country 
fiindues,  or  the  ancient  inhabitants  or  Persees,  whoe  are  people 
fled  out  of  Persia  ages  agoe,  and  here  and  some  miles  up  me 
eoqmtry  setded  in  great  numbers.  Q^lo  Banian  is  one  who -thinks 
it  the  greatest  wi<Scednes8  to  kill  any  creature  whatsoever  that 
hath  life,  least  possibly  they  might  bee  the  death  of  their  father 
or- relation,  ana  ^e  Pereee  doth  supperstitiously  adore  the  fire 
as  his  God,  and  thinks  it  an  vnooraonable  sin  to  throw  watter 
upon  it,  soe  that  if  a  house  bee  nred  or  their  clothes  upon  their 
backs  Inamin^  thay  will  if  thay  can  hinder  any  man  from  quench- 
ing it.  The  MoQves  ar  troubkd  with  none  of  these  eupoFstitions 
but  yet  through  the  unworthy  couetuousness  of  the  gouemour 
of  the  towne  thay  had  noe  body  to  head  them,  nor  none  vnto 
whome  to  joyne  themselYes,  and  soe  fled  away  for  company, 
whereas  if  there  had  been  SOO  men  trayned,  and  in  a  ready  ness, 
as  by  order  from  the  king  there  ever  should,  whose  pay  the 
gouemour  puts  into  his  own  pocket,  the  number  to  deifend  the 
eitty  would  haue  amounted  to  some  thousands.  This  was  the 
condition  of  the  citty  at  the  tyme  of  its  inuasion. 


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Googk 


520  MISCELLANEOUS  COBEESPONBEUCB.  [1663-4l 

The  inuader  Seva  Gee  is  as  I  haue  said  by  extraction  a  Eayar 
or  a  gouemour  of  a  small  country  on  the  coast  sonthward  of 
Basiue,  and  was  formerly  a  tributary  to  the  King  of  Vijajpore, 
but  being  of  an  aspiring  and  ambitious  minde,  subtile  and  withall 
a  soldier,  hee  rebells  against  the  king,  and  partly  by  &aude, 
parthr  by  force,  partly  by  corrup  oftion  the  kings  ffouemours  of 
the  kings  castles,  seasetn  many  of  them  into  his  hands.  And 
withall  parte  of  a  coun^  for  wich  the  King  of  Vijapore  paid 
tribute  to  the  Mogul.  His  insolencys  were  soe  many,  and  his 
aucoess  soe  great,  that  the  King  of  Yijapore  thought  it  high 
tyme  to  endeavor  his  suppression,  or  els  all  would  be  lost,  '^e 
raises  his  armies,  but  is  worsted  soe  euery  where  by  the  rebbell, 
that  he  is  forced  to  conditions  to  release  homage  to  Sevagee  of 
those  lands  wich  hee  held  of  him,  and  for  the  rest  Sevagee  was 
to  make  good  his  possession  against  the  Mogol  as  well  as  hee 
could,  after  some  tyme  of  forbearance.  The  Mogol  demands  his 
tribute  from  him  of  Vijapore,  whoe  returns  answer  that  hee  had 
not  possession  of  the  tributary  lands,  but  that  they  were  de- 
tayned  from  him  by  his  rebbeU  who  was  grown  too  strong  for 
him.  Upon  this  the  Mogol  makes  warr  both  ypon  the  King  of 
Vijapore  and  Seuagee,  but  as  yet  without  any  considerable  suc- 
cesss ;  many  attempts  have  been  made,  but  stiU  frusterated  either 
by  the  cunmg,  or  valour,  or  money  of  Seuagee :  but  now  of  late 
!ELuttun  Chawn,  an  Umbraw,  who  passed  by  Surrat  since  I 
arriuea  with  5000  men,  and  14  elephants,  and  had  9000  men 
more  marched  another  way  towards  their  randevouz,  as  wee  hear 
hath  taken  from  him  a  strong  castle,  and  some  impression  into 
his  country,  to  deuest  wich  ware  it  is  probable  ne  took  this 
resoiuetion  for  inuation  of  this  country  of  Guzurat.  His  person 
is  described  by  them  whoe  haue  seen  him  to  bee  of  meane  stature, 
lower- somewhat  then  I  am  erect,  and  of  an  excellent  proportion. 
Actual  in  exercise,  and  when  euer  hee  speaks  seemes  to  smile  a 
quicke  and  peercing  eye,  and  whiter  then  any  of  his  people. 
Hee  is  distrustfdll,  seacret,  subtile,  cruell,  perfidious,  insultmg 
over  whomsoever  he  getts  into  his  power.  Absolute  in  his  com- 
mands, and  in  his  punishments  more  then  severe,  death  or  dis- 
membering being  the  punishment  of  every  offence,  if  necessity 
require,  venterous  and  desperate  in  execution  of  his  resolues  as 
may  appeare  by  this  following  instance.  The  King  Vijapore 
sends  aown  his  vnckell  a  most  accomplished  soldier,  with  1400O 
men  into  Sevagee's  country :  the  knowne  vallor  and  experience 
of  the  man  made  Seuagee  conclude  that  his  best  way  was  to 
assassinate  him  in  his  owne  armye  by  a  sudden  surprise.  This 
conduct  of  this  attempt,  how  dangerous  soever,  would  haue 
been  vndertaken  by  many  of  his  men  of  whose  conduct  hee  mi^ht 
haue  assured  himselfe,  but  it  seemes  he  would  haue  l^e  action 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


1663-4.]  .  KISCELLAJfEOXrS  COBBESFOKDSKGE.  521 

wHolly  his  own,  hee  therefore  with  400  as  desperate  as  himselfe 
enters  the  army  yndiscoyered,  comes  to  the  generalls  tent,  falls 
in  upon  them,  Kills  the  guard,  the  generalls  sonne,  wounds  the 
father,  whoe  hardly  escaped,  seiseth  on  his  daughter  and  carries 
her  away  prisoner,  and  forceth  his  way  backe  tmrough  the  whole 
army,  and  returns  safe  witiiout  any  considerable  loss,  and  after- 
ward in  dispight  of  all  the  Xing  of  Yijapore  could  do,  hee  tooke 
Itajapore,  a  great  port,  plundered  it,  and  seised  our  English 
marcnants,  Mr.  Eivington,  Mr.  Taylor,  and  digged  vp  the 
English  house  for  treasure,  and  kept  the  merchants  in  prison 
about  8  months. 

Wedensday,  the  6th  Janu:  about  eleven  in  the  morning, 
Sevagee  arriued  neere  a  great  garden,  without  the  towne  aboul 
a  quarter  of  a  mile,  and  whilst  hee  was  busied  in  pitching  his 
tents,  sent  his  horsmen  into  the  outward  streets  of  the  towne,  to 
fire  the  houses,  soe  that  in  less  then  halfe  an  houer  wee  might 
behold  from  the  tops  of  our  house  two  great  pilliers  of  smoke, 
the  certaine  signes  of  a  great  dissolation,  and  soe  they  continued 
burning  that  &j  and  night,  Thursday,  Eriday,  and  Saturday ; 
still  new  fires  raised,  and  every  day  neerer  and  neerer  approach- 
ing our  quarter  of  the  towne,  that  the  terror  was  great,  I  know 
youe  will  easily  belieue,  and  uppn  his  first  beginning  of  his 
firing,  the  remainder  of  the  people  fied  as  thicke  as  possible,  so 
that  on  Thursday  the  streets  were  almost  empty,  wich  at  other 
tymes  are  exceeding  thicke  with  people,  and  we  the  English  in 
our  house,  the  Duch  in  theirs,  and  some  few  merchants  of  Tur- 
key and  Armenia,  neighbours  to  our  English  house,  possessed  of 
a  seraw,  or  place  of  reception  for  strangers,  were  left  by  the 
gouemor  and  his  people,  to  make  what  shift  we  could  to  secure 
ourselves  from  the  enemys :  this  might  the  English  and  Duch 
have  done,  leaving  the  towne,  and  gooing  over  the  riuer  to 
Swalley  to  our  shipps,  which  were  then  ridmg  in  Swalley  hole, 
but  it  was  tho^ht  more  like  Englishmen  to  miuce  ourselves  ready 
to  defend  our  hues  and  goods  to  the  uttermost,  than  by  a  fiight 
to  leaue  mony,  goods,  house,  to  merciless  people,  and  were  con- 
firmed in  a  resolation,  that  the  Duch  alsoe  determined  the  same, 
though  there  was  no  possibility  of  relieuing  one  another,  the 
Duch  house  beeing  on  the  other  side  of  towne  almost  an  English 
mile  asunder. 

In  order,  therefore,  to  our  better  defence,  the  president,  St. 
George  Oxinden,  a  most  worthy,  discreet,  courageous  person, 
sent  advice  to  our  ships  at  Swalley  of  our  condition,  with  hia 
desires  to  the  captains  to  spare  him  out  of  their  ships  what  men 
they  could,  and  wee  in  the  meane  tyme  endeavoured  to  fitt  our 
house  soe  well  as  wee  could,  sending  out  for  what  quantity  of 
prouision  of  victualls,  watter  and  pouder  we  could  gett,  of  wich 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


522  HHOsukibKsoim  coBBxavcmBsmcnE.       [16684. 

wee  ffoU  a  eompetant  itore.  Taw  brass  gum  we  pioenred  tiiat 
dsi^  &om  a  maxmiaiit  in  towne,  of  about  l^cee  bundled  weigjit 
apieee,  and  witii  oMdbL]p«amBffeB,mifiiiitedithsaD»  aaitntBib  prats 
in  our  great  gate  for  tnem,  to  ]paf  out  of,  to  seonse  a  skorte  pas- 
nge  to  oar  house ;  that  <afternooue  we  ^eotaboead  aship  intibe 
riaer  for  guns,  and  had  tow  of  abont-sixkiradredm  ^ce,  testim 
in  next  mominff ,  with  sfaatt  co&iienient ;  some  are  ^9M  to  nut 
lead  and  make  oollets,  others  with  dsMEels  to  cutt  kod  into  ^iap, 
no  hand  idle*  but  all  iinployed  to  .stE«ng&en  ewrery  Tibee,  m 
tfme  would  give  leaue  to  Ihe  best  adTsnt^ie.  On  ^eddeindaj 
men  arriued  to  the  number  of  forty  odd,  and  bring  witk  tium 
tow  brass  guns  move,  our  foar  smalfarguns  are  tfamuamedTp 
to  the  tope  of  the  house,  and  ifaree  t)f  ihem  |[daiited  to  aeooie 
two  greet atreets,  the  four  was  bentTpen  a  ndi  churleskiRitt 
(Sto^  Said  Beeg  of  whom  mare  by  sad  by)  bsauiie  itwM 
eqoaliy  of  h^ht  and  bei^  posased  by  ttiie  vnemy  inightliunte 
beene  dangerous  to  our  house;  captaiBes  are  appmnted  and 
enresy  man  quartered  and  ordertakan  for  relieniBg  one  anoiker 
?pon  neoesssty ;  a  fresh  reonite  of  men  coming  of  about  tireiify 
more,  wee  thni  began  to  oonsider  what  houses  nsoEe^vs^m^  bee 
most  prejudusiall ;  and  on  one  side  weetookejKJaseasioa  of .psgod, 
or  Btuiian  idol  temple,  whksh  was  just  'vncwr  uor  .house,  nick 
hauing  taken  wee  were  muchtmoEe  seeuied  on  tisat  quarter ;  on 
the  other  a  Maiish  MeeeetowhereaeueMlI  people  weceharboinsd, 
and  had  windowos  into  tOur  outward  JiKti,  was  tboaght  good  to 
bee  cleared  and  -shutt  Tpp,  widi  aoeorangly  done  1^  a  pi^i  ^ 
ihe  ipeo^  sent  to  seeke^some  other  -ulaae  io  harbour  hi.  Tnkigt 
being  thus  reasonably  wdl  prepared,  newes  is  brought  tb  tint 
Mr.  Aathaay  Smith,  a  servant  of  the  voDipni^eSyDne  whoe  halk 
been  cheife  m  aererall  faotoryes,  was  tokenrpzisonsr  by:Seoagee 
soulderiers  as  he  came  ashore  neeie  the  Imdi  house,  and  ms 
oomeing  to  the  'EQglish,**HEyEi  mtotunate  aeoedeat- wich  made  rs 
all  much  ooneemed,  knowing  Seuagee  crudty,  wmA  indeed  gaw 
him  ouer  as  quite  lost :  hee  (M>taineB  leaue  «Hiie:few;houenaft0r 
to  send  a  note  to  the  presid^it,  wherin  hee  aquants  him  with  bis 
eendittion,  that  hee  being  brought  before  Savagee  iioe  was  asked 
what  hee  was  and  such  &ke  questioiis,  «nd  att  last  by  Sevagee 
told  timt  he  was  not  eome  to  doe  any  parsonall  hmte  to  tiie 
Eng:li8h  or  other  marchants,  but  only  to  revenge  him  -selfe  of 
Groin  2ieb  (the  sreat  Mogol),  because  hee  luid  invaded  his 
eounttry,  had  killd  some  of  hk  relations,  and  ihat;hee  would 
only  have  Ihe  English  and  Duch  give  him  some  treaaufe  and  hee 
would  not  nsedle  with  their  houses,  else  hee  would  doe  themsH 
mischeefe  possible.  Mr.  Smith  desired  him  to  send  a  gnsid 
with  him  to  the  English  house  least  hee  should  finde  aaymoOflB- 
tation  from  his  men,  but  hee  answers  as  yet  hee  must  notgoe 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


1668-4]         MiBOEiiLAHsairB  ccHtBBBfiosingfos.  SSB 

asmj,  but  coiaands  liim  to  bee  earned  to  the  lest  of  the  UMir 
chants,  wfasre,  when  hee  cane,  bee  found  ike  endmsMuloT  irom 
the  greet  kh^  of  Ethiopia  Tnto  Oram  Zeb  pnsoiier,aiid  pinioned 
with  a  great  number  HaniiiM  and  others  in  the  same-coaidition : 
hauing  set  there  some  iqnne,  about  halfe  an  bower,  hee  is  seised 
ypon  by  a  capple  of  blacoc  rogffes,  and  pinioned  in  that  aztcemety 
that  hee  hath  brought  awaj  uie  maike  in  his  armes  with  him ; 
this  what  hee  writt  and  part  of  what  he  rekcted  when  wae  gott 
him  agisine.  The  presioent  by  the  messenger  one  of  Seragee 
men,  as  we  imagined,  xetumed  answer  that  bee  wounderd  at 
him,  that  professm^  pease  bee  should  detaine  an  Snglish  Bian 
pzissoner/and  that  if  be  wonld  send  him  borne,  and  mot  to  suffer 
ius  people  to  come  so  neeie  his  bouse  as  to  gii^  oaase  of  auspi- 
iion,  bee  would  hurt,  none  of  his:sien,  other  wayes  bee  was  ypon 
bis  owne  defence  upon  tbene  tearmes ;  wee  were  all  Wedensday 
andvntil  Thursday  about  tow  at  afternoon,  when  percmueing 
tops  of  lances  on  me  cAber  side  of  a  neighbour  bouse,  and  baue* 
log  called  to  i^Lemmi  to  depart  and  not  come  so  neste  tb,  but 
thay  not  stirring  and  inteiii£ng  as  wee  coneludRKL  to  aett  £er  to 
the  bouse,  on  tEo  cruantor  wfaoeby  our  house  would  ba?e  been 
in  most  eminent  daiiger  of  being  ^ered  akee,  tbe^prssident 
comaaded  twenty  men  Tnder  Ibe  comand  of  Mr.  Ganaid  Ann- 
gier,  brother  to.my'lord  Aungier,  to  sally  forth  rpon  tbam,  and 
another  party  of  about  aoe  many  more  to  ^make  good  their  re* 
treate,  they  did  see,  and  when  ikey  facd  them,  judgd  them  to 
bee  about  twenty ^five  borsmen  well  mounted,  ibey  discharged 
at  them  and  wounded  one  man  and  (me  hone,  the  zest  fao'd  about 
and  fled  but  made  a  shift  to  carry  off  liieir  wounded  man,  but 
the  bone  fi^,  bauetng  gone  a  fittie  way ;  what  became  of  the 
wounded  man  we  cannot  tell,  but  Mr.  Smith  «aw  him  brought 
into  the  armey  upon  mens  shoulders  and  skewed  there  to 
Sevagee  ;  two  of  our  men  were  hurt,  one  shott  sightly  into  the 
i6K^  with  an  arrow,  the  jother  rashly  parting  from  the  rest  and 
runmg  on  before  was  cutt  deep  ouer  the  woulder,  but  thanks 
to  Grod  in  a  faire  way  of  reeoreiy . 

On  Wedensday  aneznooae  a  party  of  the  enemy  same  downe 
to  Hogee  Said  Begs  hmue,  hee  then  in  the  oastle,  one  of  a  pro- 
digous  estate,  and  brake  open  the  vndefended  doores,  and  tber 
continued  all  that  night  long  and  till  next  day,  that  we  sallyed 
out  ypon  their  men  on  the  other  quarter  of  our  house,  they  ap- 
pearcNi  by  two  or  three  at  a  tyme  ypon  the  tope  of  his  bouse, 
to  spye  what  preparations  wee  made,  but  as  yet  had  no  order  to 
fier  ypon  them,  we  heard  them  all  night  long  boating  and  break- 
ing open  chests  and  doores,  with  great  manles,  but  were  not 
much  concerned  for  him,  for  had  the  wretch  had  soe  much  heart 
as  to  haye  stood  ypon  his  guard,  the  20  part  of  what  they  tooke 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


524  VISOSLLAJnSOVB  C0BS£SP02n}£KCE.  [1663-4 

from  bim,  would  have  hiered  soe  many  men  as  would  liane 
secored  all  the  rest ;  when  they  heard  that  we  wear  abroad  in 
the  streets  they  imediatly  in  hast  deserted  the  house,  and  that 
as  it  afterwards  appeared,  in  such  hast  as  to  leave  tow  baggs  of 
mony  dropt  downe  behind  them,  yet  with  intention  as  they  told 
the  people  they  mett  (such  poore  wretches  as  had  nothing  to 
loose  and  knew  not  whether  to  flye)  to  retumenext  day  [to]  fier 
the  house,  but  that  was  prevented.  On  Friday  morning,  the 
president  sent  vnto  the  castle  to  Hogee  Said  Beg  to  know  whe- 
ther he  would  permitt  him  to  take  possession  of  and  secure  a 
great  company  of  warehouses  of  his  adjoyneing  to  our  house, 
and  wich  would  bee  of  great  consequence  to  preserve  both  his 
goods  and  our  house,  hee  testified  nis  willingness,  and  imme- 
diately from  the  tope  of  our  house  by  help  of  a  ladder  we  entred 
it,  and  haueing  found  the  enemie,  haueing  beene  all  Wedensday 
afternoon  and  night  till  past  Thursday  noone  plundering  the 
great  house,  had  likewise  entered  and  l>egun  to  plunder  his  first 
warehouse,  but  were  scard  and  that  little  hurt  was  done,  they 
had  time  to  carry  nothing  that  is  yet  knowne  of,  and  only  broken 

rn  certaine  vessells  of  quickesilver,  which  there  lay  spilt  about 
warehouse  in  great  quantetye ;  wee  locked  it  vp  and  put  a 
guard  in  the  roome  next  the  street,  wich  through  help  of  a  bel- 
coone  secured  by  thicke  planks  tyed  to  the  beleoone  pillers,  soe 
dose  on  to  another  as  no  more  space  was  left  but  for  a  muskett 
to  play  out,  was  so  secured  as  no  approach  could  bee  made  againe 
to  the  doore  of  his  great  house  or  any  passage  to  the  warehouse, 
but  what  must  come  vnder  dainger  of  our  shott.  In  the  after- 
noone  on  Friday,  Sevagee  sends  Mr.  Smith  as  his  messenger  to 
our  house  with  propositions  and  threats,  haueing  first  made  him 
oblige  himselfe  to  returne,  and  with  all  obliging  himselfe  when  he 
did  returne,  that  hee  would  doe  him  noe  hurt,  what  soeuer 
mesage  hee  should  bring,  his  message  was  to  send  him  3  lacks  of 
rupees ;  (every  lack  is  100,000,  and  every  rupee  is  worth  28.  3d.) 
or  ehus  let  his  men  freely  to  doe  their  pleasure  to  Hogee  Said 
Begs  house,  if  not  threatening  to  come  and  force  vs,  and  vowed 
to  kill  euery  person  in  the  house,  and  to  dig  vp  the  houses  foun- 
dation. To  this  it  was  answered  by  the  messenger  that  came  with 
Mr.  Smith,  that  as  for  his  two  propositions  he  desired  tyme  to  mak 
answer  to  them  till  the  morrow,  they  being  of  soe  great  moment, 
and  as  for  Mr.  Smith  that  hee  would  and  did  keep  him  by  force, 
and  hee  should  not  returne  till  than,  when  if  hee  could  consent  to 
either  proposition  hee  would  send  him.  Mr.  Smith  bein^  thus 
returned  to  vs,  youe  may  bee  sure  each  man  was  inquisitive  to 
know  news ;  whoe  told  vs  for  their  number,  they  did  giue  them- 
selues  out  to  bee  10,000,  and  they  were  now  at  least  a  very 
considerable  armey,  since  the  coming  of  two  rayers  with  theif 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


1663-4.]  MISCELLAJ^OXrS  COBBESPOSDSKCE.  525 

men  whose  names  hee  knew  not :  that  their  horse  were  very 
good,  and  soe  indeed,  those  wich  we  saw  were :  that  when  hee 
came  away,  hee  could  not  guess  by  the  mony  heaped  vp  in  tow 
great  heapes  before  Seyagee  his  tent,  than  that  he  had  plundered 
20  or  25  lack  of  rup.  that  the  day  when  hee  came  away  in  the 
morning,  there  was  brought  in  neere  ypon  300  porters  laden  each 
with  tow  baggs  of  rupees,  and  some  nee  guessed  to  bee  gold, 
that  thay  brought  in  28  sere  of  large  peane,  with  many  other 
jewels,  great  diamonds,  rubies,  and  emeralds  (40  sere  make 
37  pound  weight)  and  these  with  an  increedable  quantety  of 
mony,  they  found  at  the  house  of  the  rei>uted  richest  marcnant 
in  the  world,  his  name  is  Verge  Yora,  his  estate  haueing  beene 
esteemed  to  bee  80  lack  of  rup. 

That  they  were  still  eyery  hower,  while  hee  was  there, 
bringing  in  loods  of  mony  from  his  house ;  his  desire  of  mony 
is  soe  great,  that  he  spares  noe  harbours  cruelty  to  extort  con- 
fessions from  his  prisoners,  whip  them  most  cruely,  threatens 
death,  and  often  executeth  it,  [if]  they  doe  not  produce  soe 
much  as  hee  thinks  they  may,  or  desires  they  should,  at  least 
cutts  of  one  hand,  some  tymes  both ;  a  yery  great  many  there 
were,  who  hearing  of  his  coming  went  forth  to  liim,  thinking  to 
fare  the  better,  but  found  there  fault  to  there  cost ;  as  one  whoe 
come  to  our  house  for  cure,  hee  went  forth  to  meete  him  and 
told  him  he  was  come  from  about  Agra  with  cloth,  and  had 
brought  40  oxen  loaded  with  it,  and  that  hee  came  to  present 
him  with  it  all,  or  elss  what  part  hee  should  please  to  command. 
Seyagee  asked  hinn  if  he  had  no  mony,  hee  answered  that  he  had 
not  as  yet  sold  any  cloth  since  hee  came  to  towne,  and  that  he 
had  no  mony :  the  yillaine  made  his  right  hand  to  bee  cutt  of 
imediately,  and  than  bid  him  begone,  ne  had  noe  need  of  his 
cloth ;  the  poore  old  man  returns,  findes  his  cloth  burnt,  and 
himselfe  destetute  of  other  harbor,  comes  to  the  English  house 
where  hee  is  dresed  and  fed. 

But  to  proceed,  Mr.  Smith  farther  tells  ys,  that  on  Thursday 
their  came  a  young  fellow  with  some  condition  firom  the  goyenor, 
wich  pleased  Seyagee  not  at  all,  soe  that  hee  asked  the  fellow 
whether  his  marster,  being  now  by  him  cooped  up  in  his  chamber, 
thought  him  a  woman  to  accept  such  conditions.  .The  fellow 
imediately  returns,  "  and  we  are  not  women ;  I  haye  somewhat 
more  to  say  to  youe;"  drawes  his  dagger,  and  runs  full  at 
Seyagee  breast ;  a  fellow  that  stood  by  with  a  sword  redy  drawne, 
strikes  between  him  and  Seyagee,  and  strikes  his  hand  almost 
of,  soe  that  [it]  hung  but  by  a  pece  of  flesh ;  .the  fellow  haueing 
aiade  his  thrust  at  Seyagee  with  all  his  might,  did  not  stop,  but 
ran  his  bloody  stumpp  against  Seyagee  breast,  and  with  force 
both  Seyagee  and  hee  fell  together,  tne  blood  being  seen  upon 
Seyagee  the  noise  run  through  the  camp  that  hee  was  killed,  and 


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USaCXUAJSTBOVB  COBXESPOJTDEKCX.  [1663-4 

the  erje  went,  kill  the  Ixrisonara,  where  imon  acxme  weie  inkers 
ably  DAcked  ;  bmt  Serui^ee  hauing^  quitted  hiimidUe,  and  hee  that 
stood  by  hamh^  oknaeii  the  fell0w»  sonli,  oonsiid  was  given  to 
stay  the  ezeeutum,  and  to  bring  the  piiseners  befbiw  him,  wich 
was  imediately  doae^  and  Seraree  aoooidinip  as*  it  oameinhis 
minde  caused  tiiiem  to  oat  of  this  manr  l»Bad,  that  mans  ri^ 
hand,  both  the  hands  of  a  tiiird.  It  oomea  ta>Mr;  Smith  tonie, 
and  his  rij^t  hand  being  oomanded  to  bee  cntt  of;  hee  ctjeA 
out  in  In£stan  to  Beragee,  rather  to  cntt  ef  his  head,  Tnto  inch 
end  his  hatt  was  taken  of,  but  Seragee  atopt  execution  and  soe 
pndsed  be  Grod  hee  eseaped. 

There  were  than  about  four  heada  and  24  hands  cntt  of  ate 
that  Mr.  Smith  was  come  away,  and  retayned  by  Mie  presidoi^ 
and  they  heard  the  answer  hee  sends  t^  endmasador  of  Ethio- 
pea»  whome  hee  had  sett  fne  uiptm  deliyery  of  12  horses  sad 
some  other  things^  sent  by  his  king  to  Orcm  Zeb,  to  teU  the 
EnffHsh  that  hee  did  intoul  to  visitt  Vs^  and  to  raise  the  house 
and  kill  everv  man  of  ts. 

The  president  resolntly  answent  liiat  we  were  redy  for  bim 
and  resolned  not  to  stirei  bat  let  him  oome  when  hee  Tdeased, 
and  since  hee  had  as  hee  saide  resolued  to.  oome,  hee  bid  him 
come  one  pore,  that  ia  about  the  tyme  of  a  watch,  soonw  than 
hee  intended.  With  thia  answer  tW  ambassador  went  his  msfr 
and  wee  heard  na  faarther  from  him  any  more  bn^  in  the  terri3ue 
noise  of  tiie  fier  aad  the  hodeona  smoke  wioh  wee  saw,  bat  faf 
Grods  mercy  came  not  soe  neere  tb  as*:  to  tak«  hold  of  V8»  erar 
blessed  be  hia  name.  Thnrsdajr  and  Friday  niahts  were  the  must 
terrible  nights  for  fier:  on  Friday  afber  nee  had  ransaked  and 
dug.yp  Vege  yoraa  honse-,  hee  fiered  it:  and  a  greait  vast  nomW 
more  towards  the  Datoh  houae,  a  fier  soe  gp*eat  as  tnmd  the  ni^t 
into  day;  as  before  the  Eonoke  in  i^e  day  tyme  had  sdmost  tnmd 
day  into  night;  rising  soe  thicke  aa  it  diorkened  the  sun  like  a 
great  cloud.  On  Sunday  morning  about  10  a  doeke  as  thaytell 
YS  hee  went  his  way.  And  that  night  la^  six  conrss  of,  and  next 
day  at  noone  was  passed  aver  Brooch  river;  there  is  a  credahie 
informatiQn  ihst  he  hath  shipt  hia  treasure  to  cany  into  his  own 
country,  and  Sr  Gfeoige  Oxenden  ]ukihi  sent  a  mgate  to  see  if 
hee  can  light  of  them,  widli  God  grant.  We  kept  our  watch  still 
till  Tuesday- 

I  had  forgote  to  writte  you  the  manner  of  their  cutting  of 
mens  handsi  which- was  tiiuss ;  the  persea  to  suffer  is  pinioned 
as  streight  as  possibiy  they  can,  and  l^en  when  the  nod  is  ginen,. 
a  soldier  come  with  a  whitle  or  blunt  knife' and  throws  Ae  poore- 
patient  downe  Tpon  hia  face,  than  draws  his  hand  backwan&and 
setts  his  knee  upon  the  prtsonezB-  baoke,  and  be^s  to  hadce 
and  cutt.  on  one  side  and  o^er  about  the  wrest,  m  the  mesne' 
tyme  the  poore  man  roax^h  exceedingly,  kicking  and  bitting  tiir 


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1671.]  HTSOXLLAITEOUS  COBBESPONDBKOi:.  527 

grmmd  for  very  angni&hy.when  tibe  villiane  peroeines  tke  bone 
to  bee  laid  bsre  on.  all  sides*  hee  setteth  the  wrest  to  his  Icnee 
and  giaee  it  a  snap  and  proceeda  till  be  hatk  hacked  the  hand 
quite  oi,  whieh  done  thay  force  him  to  rise,  and  make  hbn  mn 
aoe  long  till  throngk  naine  and  loss^of  blood  he  falls  downe,  the^ 
then  vnpinion  him  and.  the  blood  stops. 


JDr,  JS.  Browne  to  his  Father:-— September  7,  1671. 
Most  Hoxottbed  Fathbb, —  Sir,  I  have  formerly  sent  you 
word  of  Captain  Narborongh's  voyage  in  the  Sweepstakes  to 
Saldavia  in  the  South  Sea ;  and  having  since  been  in  Ms  com- 
pany, and  seen  llr.  Thomas  'Wood's  mappea  of  the  southern 
parts  of  America,  and  of  Tierra  del  Euego,  and  enquired  after 
man^r  things  in  their  vovage,  I  wiQ  set  downe  as  much  as  I  can 
in  tma  sheet  of  paper,  least  that  you  should  not  meete  with  any 
other  account ;  seing  divers  of  tnose  who  understande  most  of 
the  voyage  are  seeking  out  fhrther  employe,  andMr.  Woode,  who 
giveth  me  the  greatest  satisfaction  m  everything,  thinks  still 
upon  greater  actions,  and  hath  already  ofTered  his  service  to  the 
Sast-iuidia  Company  to  goe  for  Japan.    The  Sweepstakes  was 
long  upon  the  Atlantiok  ocean,  before  they  made  the  coast  of 
America,  almost  five  moneths  ;  the  Pinke,  which  went  with  them; 
beine  but  a  slow  sayler.    The  day  before  thev  saw  lande,  they 
left  we  Pinke,  with  cnrder  for  her  to  star  at  such  and  such  places; 
and  afterwards  to  come  in  to  the  Streights  of  Magellan,  and  there 
remain  till  they  met ;  but  die  Pinke,  bein^.  once  out  of  sight, 
sliifted  her  course,  and  with  eighteen  men  m  her,  bore  away  for 
Barbadoff,  and  so  into  England,  reporting  the  Sweepstakes  to  be 
lost.    The  rest  oentinued  their  voyi^e,  and  the  next  day,  dis* 
oovenng  America  belowe  the  river  or  Plate,  they  hasted  away  to 
Bort  Pesire,  and  tliere  put  in.    At  the  mouth  of  this  port  is  one 
of  the  best  sea-markes  in  the  world — a  vast  rock,  in  the  shape  of 
a  tower.     They  went  up  here  to  Le  Maire's  lalande,   and 
found  a.  leaden  boxe,  with  an  account-  of  his  voyage  so  farre 
in  it.    They  went   also  to  Drake's  Islande,  where  Sr  Erancia 
Drake  executed  one  of  his  officers,  and  went  up  and  downe  the 
coontry ;  but  sow  no  inhabitants,  although  they  were  sensible  that 
the  country  waa  not  without  people ;  for  they  had  divers  things 
stolen  horn  them,  and  at  their  return  thither,  they  founde  a 
modell  of  their  owne  shippe,  of  the  bi^sse  of  an  ordmary  boate» 
built  by  the  Indians  out  of  peeces  of  boards  and  broken  oares 
which  the  EngUahliad  left  there«  Mr.  Woode  founde  two  mussell 
i^eUs  here  tyed  together  wii^  peeces  of  ffuts  and  divers  peeces 
and  kernels  of  gold  in  them,  siune  of  whim  I  have  seen,  they  lost 
>  or  left,  upon  the  sande  I  suppose  by  some  American.    At  their 
coining  hither  ttiey  saw  divers  graves,  and  some  of  t^em  very 


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528  MISCELLANEOUS  C0BEESP05DEKCE. '  [1671. 

long,  which  they  tooke  at  first  to  be  the  sepnlchres  of  the  Patago- 
nian  gyants,  written  of  by  Magellan  and  others,  and  pictnied  in 
mappes  with  arrowes  thrust  downe  their  throates ;  but,  opening 
their  tombes,  which  are  heapes  of  stones  thrown  over  them, 
they  founde  none  to  exceed  our  stature,  and  the  people  which 
they  saw  all  along  that  coast  are  rather  lowe ;  and  Captain 
Narborough  affirmes,  that  he  never  sawe  an  American  in  the 
southern  parts  so  hieh  as  himself.  They  opened  nuiny  tombes, 
as  they  say,  out  of  curiosity ;  I  know  not  whether  they  might 
not  also  have  hopes  of  finding  treasure  buried  with  them,  for 
certainly  there  is  mnch  gold  in  some  of  those  conntryes,  and 
the  Indians  in  other  places  seeing  a  gold  ring  on  the  captain's 
finger,  would  pointe  to  the  hills  and  to  the  ring,  intimating 
from  whence  inat  metal  came;  but  as  to  the  tombes,  they  at 
last  discovered  the  reason  of  their  great  length,  and  founde  that 
it  was  their  way  to  bury  one  at  the  foot  of  another,  the  head  of 
one  touching  the  feet  of  the  other,  perhaps  man  and  wife,  for 
they  have  brought  home  a  man  and  a  woman's  sknll  taken  ont 
of  one  grave  laiing  in  that  posture,  so  that  they  have  hereby 
discovered  that  the  race  of  the  gyants  are  much  diminished  in 
their  stature.  From  Port  Desire  they  sayled  to  Port  Julian, 
another  faire  port ;  they  stayed  also  here  sometime ;  bnt  this, 
of  all  things  which  they  relate,  seemeth  most  strange,  that, 
going  up  the  country,  they  discovered  a  lake  of  salt,  or  rather 
a  field  of  granulated  *salt,  of  some  miles  over ;  some  of  which 
they  separated  from  the  rest  near  the  border.  At  their  return 
thither,  tbree  days  after,  there  was  no  salt  at  all  left,  except 
what  they  had  separated  at  some  distance  from  the  other, 
neither  had  it  rained  from  the  time  they  first  sawe  it  to  the  time 
they  cam  thither  again  and  found  none ;  the  salt  had  been  above 
the  earth  about  a  foot  deepe,  and  Mr.  Woode,  pacing  and  ex- 
amining the  grounde  whereon  it  had  layne,  founde  a  deep  h<de 
or  well  in  the  middle.  I  can  imagine  no  other  way  to  solve 
this,  then  by  comparing  it  to  the  Lake  of  Zirknitz,  where  the 
water  springs  out  from  under  the  grounde  and  retires  againe,  or 
rather  like  to  a  tide's  well,  which  often  ebbes  and  flowes,  and 
so  might  springe  out  of  the  grounde,  dissolve  the  salt,  and 
carry  it  with  itselfe  into  the  earth  again  by  large  passages. 
The  quantity  of  salt  was  great  which  afterwards  £sappeai^ ; 
for  to  use  their  own  expression,  there  was  more  salt  than 
would  serve  aU  the  shippes  in  the  world.  From  hence  they 
•sayled  to  the  streights  of  Magellan,  where  they  spent  five  or 
six  weekes  giving  names  to  the  islandes,  capes,  inlets,  bayes, 
harbours,  and  remarkable  places,  most  of  their  acquaintance 
sharing  in  their  discovery,  and  iJie  Duke  of  Yorke's  servants 
names  are  given  to  many  places ;  amongst  whome  Mr.  Heniy 


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1671.]  MISCBLLAIfBOUS  COBEBSPONDEKCE.  529 

-Savill,  whom  I  formerly  trayelled  with  in  Italy,  gives  hia  name 
to  the  Bouthermostpart  which  they  saw  off  Tierra  del  Fuego. 

At  the  coming  into  the  streignts,  they  pass  a  double  nar- 
row, and  afterwards  it  is  larger  and  full  of  islands.      The 
country  is  mountainous  on  each  side  and  the  hills  covered  with 
snowe  all  the   year  long;   so  that  they  sayle  as  in  a  deepe 
Tally.    The  sea  in  the  middle  is  so  deepe  as  they  could  finde 
no   Dottome — six  hundred  fathomes  would  doe  nothing;  but 
near  the  shoars  they  foimd  anchorage,  which    they  exactly 
marked.    Tl^ere  are  many  rivers  and  inlets  into  these  streights, 
but  they  wanted  their  Pinke  much  to  discover  more,  and  they 
thinke  Tierre  del  Fuego  to  be  many  islandes.    They  saw  many 
fires  there ;   from  hence  it  had  its  name.      They  are  not  the 
dames  of  burning  mountaines,  but  the  inhabitants  make  fires, 
and  also  bume  tne  grass  and  weeds,  as  in  Hungair,  where  I 
have  seen  the  count]^^  on  fire  for  a  great  way  together.    Most 
of  these  islandes  are  fall  of  scales  of  a  larger  size  than  oures, 
many  of  which  they  killed,  no  otherwise  than  by  knocking 
them  on  the  head,  and  salted  them  up.    They  tooke  also  a 
great  number  of  pengyiins,  which  served  the  seamen  in  the 
Toyage.    About  the  middle  of  the  streights  they  touched  at 
a  phu^e  on  the  north  shoare,  called  Port  Famine,  where  there 
was  formerly  a  plantation  of  Spaniards,  but  they  were  starved 
to  death,     rfear  to  this  place,  further  on,  they  discovered  a 
country  full  of  provisions,  and  have  therefore  named  it  Cape 
Plenty.    The  inhabitants  of  the  streights  goe  all  naked,  men, 
women,  and  children :  some  few  onely  wearing  a  circle  of  net 
about  their  heades,  Hke  our  shoemakers,  although  the  country 
be  cold  in  53  and  64  degrees  of  southern  latitude.     Their 
colour  is  much  the  same  with  the  other  Americans,  and  dif- 
fers little  from  them  that  live  under  the  line ;  they  goe  all 
with  bowes  and  arrowes,  and  many  of  them  conversed  freely 
with  the  English,  came  on  boarde,  and  went  a  shoare,  eat  and 
dranke  with  them,  without  taking  any  great  notice  of  any 
thinge.     They  would  eat  the  meat  and  anoint  themselves  all 
over  with  the  fat  and  grease ;  they  painte  themselves  rudely, 
and  when  they  came  to  the  English,  sometimes  in  sight  of  them, 
rather  then  want  that  ornament  they  woulde  daube  up  one 
eye  or  one  side  of  their  face  with  clay  or  dirt.    The  whole 
country  on  this  side  firom  the  river  of  "Plate  to  Cape  Plenty 
in  the'  streights,  or  thereabouts,  is  one  great  plaine,  the  same 
with  Pampas,  where  no  trees  growe,  ana  the  captain  compared 
it  to  New  Market  heath.    The  other  side  it  is  all  hilly,  and  the 
rivers  runne  downe  so  impetuously  into  the  South  sea,  that  they 
may  see  them  runne  a  long  way  into  the  ocean,  and  have  fresh, 
water  out  of  great  rivers  at  the  sea  side.    Beyond  the  streights 
YOL.  III.  2  H 


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58Q  mibceiiLjukeoiib  cobbssfokdehcs.         |1674. 

they  sailed  up  to  CastrOy  aa  ialand  where  the  SpaniardB  liye, 
there  being  none  of  them  now  upon  all  the  coast  of  America, 
between  that  place  and  the  riyer  of  Plate ;  from  Castro  they 
went  to  Baldayia,  but  I  have  not  room  to  write  what  passed 
there.— Your  m.  o.  son,  E.  B. 

Sir  Thomas  Browne  to  Mr.  JElieu  Askmole. 

I  was  very  well  acquainted  with  Dr.  Arthur  Dee,  and  at  one  time 
or  other  hee  hath  given  me  some  account  of  the  whole  course  of 
his  life :  hee  gave  mee  a  catalogue  of  what  his  father  Dr.  John 
Dee  had  writt,  and  what  hee  intended  to  write,  butt  I  think  I 
have  seen  the  same  in  some  of  his  printed  bookes,  and  that 
catalogue  hee  gave  me  in  writing  I  cannot  yet  find.  I  never 
heard  him  say  one  word  of  the  booke  of  spirits,  sett  out  by 
Dr.  Casaubone,  which  if  hee  had  knowne  I  make  no  doubt  butt 
hee  would  have  spoake  of  it  unto  mee,  for  he  was  very  inquisitive 
after  any  manuscripts  of  his  father's,  and  desirous  to  print  as 
many  as  hee  could  possibly  obtaine ;  and  therefore,  understand- 
ing that  Sir  Willuun  Boswell,  the  English  resident  in  Holland, 
had  found  out  many  of  them,  which  he  kept  in  a  trunck  in  his 
howse  in  Holland,  to  my  knowledge  hee  sent  divers  letters  unto 
Sir  William,  humbly  desiring  him  that  hee  would  not  lock  them 
up  from  the  world,  butt  suffer  him  to  print  at  lesat  some  thereof. 
Sir  William  answered  some  of  his  letters,  acknowledging  that 
hee  had  some  of  his  father's  works  not  vet  published,  and  tibat 
they  were  safe  from  being  lost,  and  that  nee  was  readie  to  showe 
tkem  unto  him,  butt  that  hee  had  an  intention  to  print  some  of 
them  himself.  Dr.  Arthur  Dee  continued  his  solicitaticm,  butt 
6r.  William  djing  I  could  never  heare  more  of  those  manuscnpts 
in  his  hand.  I  have  heard  the  Dr.  saye  that  hee  lived  in  Bohe- 
mia with  his  father,  both  at  Prague  and  other  parts  of  Bohemia. 
That  Prince  or  Count  Eosenbere  was  their  great  patron,  who 
delighted  much  in  aLchymie;  I  have  often  lizard  him  affirme^ 
and  sometimes  with  oaths,  that  hee  had  seen  projection  made 
and  transmutation  of  pewter  dishes  and  flagons  into  svlver^ 
which  the  goldsmiths  at  Pra^e  bought  of  Uiem.  Ana  that 
Count  Bosenberg  playd  at  quaits  with  silver  quaits  made  by  pro- 
jection as  before ;  that  this  transmutation  was  made  by  a. powder 
the;^  had«  which  was  found  in  some  old  place,  and  a  booke  lyii^ 
by  it  Gontaining  nothing  butt  hieroglyphicks,  which  booke  h» 
fidiher  bestowed  much  time  upon ;  but  loould  not  heare  that  he 
could  make  it  out.  Hee  sayd  alio  that  £elly  delt  not  justlT  1^ 
his  father,  and  that  he  went  away  with  the  greatest  part  ot  tike 
powder  and  was  afterwards  imprisoned  by  the  'Emfeeor  in  a 
eastle,  from  whence  attempting  an  escape  downe  the  wall,  hee 


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1672-3.]  JCISGELLAKEOTTS  COEBBSFOKBEITG^.  §3l 

fell  and  broake  his  legge  and  was  imprisoned  affayiie.  That  his 
&ther,  Dr:  John  Dee,  presented  Queen  £lizabe3i  with  a  little  of 
the  powder,  who  havinff  made  IxiaU  thereof  attempted  to  ^et 
Kelly  ont  oi  prison,  and  sent  some  to  that  purpose,  who  givmg 
opium  in  drinck  unto  the  keepers,  layd  them  f  o  faste  asleepe 
that  Kellj  fbund  opportunity  to  attempt  an  escape,  and  there 
were  hcoies  readie  to  oany  nim  away;  butt  the  buisinesse  un- 
happily succeeded  as  is  before  declared.  Hee  sayd  that  his 
father  was  in  good  credit  with  the  Emperour  Bodolphus,  I  thinck, 
and  that  hee  g&ve  him  some  additioiL  imto  his  coat  of  armes,  by 
a  mathematioall  figure  added,  which  I  thincke  may  bee  seen  at 
Mr.  Biowland  Bee's  howse,  who  had  the  picture  >  and  eoat  of 
azmes  of  Dr.  John  Dee,  which  Dr.  Arthixr  Dee  left  at  Mr.  To* 
ley's  when  hee  dyed.  Dr.  Arthur  Dee  waa  a  yong  man  when  he 
saw  this  projection  made  in  Bc^mia,  butt  hee  was  so  inflamed 
therewith,  tnat  hee  fell  early  upon  that  studie  and  read  not 
much  all  his  life  but  bookes  of  that  subject,  and  two  years  before 
Ills  dea^  contraoted  with  one  Hunniadee,  or  Hans  Hanyar,  in 
London,  to  be  his  operator.  This  Haas  Hanyar  haying  liyed 
long  in  Landon  and  growing  in  yean,  resdyed  to  retume  into 
Hungtrie ;  he  went  &rat  to  ionsteirdam  where  hee  was  to  remain 
ten  we^,  tSi  Dr.  Arthur  came  unto  him.  The  Dr.  to  my  know- 
ledge was  serious  in  this  buisinesse,  and  had  proyided  all  in 
reamnesse  to  gue ;  bat  suddenly  hee  heard  that  Hans  Hanyar 
was  dead.. 

If  hereafter  any  thing  farther  oeouxveih  to  mj^memorie  I  shall 
adEertiae«  (No  Signature  J 

Mmm  Sir  Thomas  Browne  to  Mr,  Jhkn  Aubrey, 

WoBTHT  Good  Sb. — I  reeeared  your  courteous  letter  and 
therein  Mr.  Woods  his  request.  Dr.  Thomas  Lushington  was 
borne  at  Canterbury,  was  chaplaine  unto  Dr.  Corbet,  bishop  of 
Norwich,  and  afterward  imto  Frinee  Charles,  now  our  king,  in 
his  Tommtv ;  was  rector  of  Bumham,  in  Norfolk,  and  dyed  and 
was  buryed  at  Sittingbourne,  in  Sent. 

Hee  wzilt  a  Logick,  after  a  new  method,  in  Latin.  A  com* 
ment  upon  tbe  Hebrews  English,  both  printed  at  London. 

Hee  writt  also  aLatin  Treatise  of  1^  Passions,  acc(nrding  to 
Aristode  and  Thomas  Aquinas.  And  also  up<ni  the  Theologie 
of  ]|^elus,'  butt  they  nerer  were  publs^ed  as  I  oould  heare, 
and  IknoifsiKil  wketner  anyone  hatli  the  coppies. 

I  was  borne  at  St.  Michaels  Cheap  in  London,  went  taschoole 
at  Winchester  Colledge,  then  went  to  OidTord,  spent  some  yeares 

'  His  portrait  is  preserred  in  the  Ashmolean  Museum — W.  ff.  B. 
*  Probably  MS,  Sloan,  18ZS,— Caiatogw  of  BraOne^s  MSS,  Ko.  1,  4to. 
2  M  2 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


532  HiscsiJLdjnsoirs  cosrespokdekce.        [1672-3. 

ia  forreign  parte,  was  admitted  to  bee  a  Socius  Sonorarius  of 
the  College  of  Physitians  in  London,  knighted  September,  1671, 
when  the  Xin^,  Queen,  and  Court  came  to  I^rwich ;  writt 
BeligioMedici  m  English,  which  was  since  translated  into  Latin, 
French,  Italian,  High  and  Low  Patch. 

JPseudodoxia  JEpidemica:  or  JEnquiries  into  Common  and 
Vulgar  Errors,  translated  into  Dutch,  four  or  five  years  ago, 

Adriotaphia,  or  Ume  BurialU 

Mortus  Cyri,  or  de  Quincunce, 

Have  some  Miscellaneous  Tracts  which  may  be  published. 

I  can  giye  you  little  or  no  account  of  any  writers  of  Pembroke 
CoUedge,  ana  I  believe  Atr.  Woods  may  better  informe  himself 
upon  the  place.  Dr.  Stamp,  who  was  T  think  chaplaine  to  the 
Queen  of  jBohemia,  and  preached  sometimes  at  Stepney,  pub* 
lished  somewhat,  but  I  remember  not  the  title.  There  was  one 
Dr.  Dowdswell,  a  learned  man,  lately  prebend  of  Worcester, 
butt  whether  hee  published  any  thing  I  knowe  [not]  ;  as  also 
Dr.  Bludworth,  a  divine,  and  Dr.  William  Child,  now  one  of 
the  Masters  of  Chancerie. 

Some  accept  against  an  expression  they  sometimes  use  at 
Oxford  in  bookes  printed  at  the  theatre,-— ^x  T^grapkia 
Sheldoniana,  and  tnink  better  of  JEx  Typographvo  or  Typo^ 
grapheio,  or  Tjfpis  Sheldonianis. 

Sr.  your  friends  who  persuade  you  to  print  your  Templa 
Druidum,  ^c.  do  butt  what  is  fitt  and  reasonable..  I  shall 
observe  your  desires  as  to  observation  of  such  things  as  you 
require.  My  wife  and  daughters  present  their  respecte  and 
service.    I  rest,  Sr.  your  affectionate  &eind  and  servant, 

Norwich,  March  14, 1672-3.  Tho.  Bbowite.    , 


M*om  Sir  Thomas  Browne  to  Mr.  John  Aubrey. 

WoBTHY  Sib,— I  was  not  unmindful  of  Mr.  Wood's  desires ; 
butt  the  deane,  in  whose  hands  the  records  are,  being  of  late 
much  out  of  the  towne,  occasiond  this  delay :  I  now  send  you 
inclosed  what  is  to  be  found.  You  will  find  Mr.  Eobert  Talbot 
named  in  the  first  of  Edward  the  sixth ;  butt  when  hee  dyed 
as  to  the  yeare  is  uncertaine,  for  after  this  I  send,  the  church 
hath  no  register  untill  the  7t)i  yeare  of  Queene  Elizabeth,  after 
which  there  is  a  good  accoimt  of  the  prebends ;  but  Mr.  Talbot's 
name  not  to  bee  found  among  them,  so  that  hee  dyed  before 
that  time. 

Bishop  Corbet  never  had  any  epitaph  I  could  here  of, 
though  there  are  many  that  can  remember  his  death,  and 
some  the  place  where  hee  was  buried ;  and  though  there  have 
been  many  bishops  buryed  in  this  church,  yett  mere  are  butt 


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1673.]  MISCELLANEOUS  COBBESPOITDENCE.  533 

3  that  have  epitaphs,  viz.  Bishop  Parkhurst,  B.  Oyerall,  and 
B.  Montague ;  the  rest  have  fayre  tombs,  but  no  inscriptions. 
A  dark  of  the  church  told  mee,  that  in  the  late  times  above 
an  hundred  brasse  inscriptions  were  stolne  out  of  the  church, 
and,  therefore,  to  prevent  all  oblivion  of  the  rest,  I  toohe  the 
best  account  I  could  of  them  at  the  king's  retiune,  from  an 
tmderstandinff  singinffman  of  91  years  old,  and  sett  them 
downe  in  a  booke,  which  otherwise  would  chance  in  a  short 
time  been  forgotten ;  the  churchmen  Uttle  minding  such  things. 
Bishop  Herbert,  the  founder  of  that  church  in  William  Bufus 
his  time,  was  borne  in  Oxford,  and  so  probably  h%i  his 
education  there.  I  do  not  find  that  he  writt  any  thing ;  butt 
hee  was  a  famous  man,  and  great  builder  of  churches;  as 
this  cathedrall,  St.  Margaret's  at  Lvnne  a  fayre  church,  St. 
I^icolas  at  Yarmouth,  an  handsome  church  at  lameham  in  Nor- 
folk, and  St.  Leonards  chappell  upon  the  hill  by  Norwich.  In 
the  3rd  or  4th  of  our  Bishops  there  was  also  one  John  of  Oxen- 
ford.  For  Broadgate  Hall,  I  was  of  it  butt  about  a  yeare  before 
it  was  made  Pembroke  Colledge.  Bishop  Bonner  was  of  that 
house,  and  Camden,  as  old  Dr.  Clayton  told  mee,  and  Noticia 
Oxonia  mentions.  Dr.  Budden,  also  a  civilian,  was  principall 
not  very  long  before  my  time,  and  Dr.  Clayton  remembered  him. 
Hee  hath  left  some  things  in  writing,  but  perhaps  hee  was  first 
of  Magdalen  colledge,  having  writ  the  life  of  William  of  Wayn- 
fleet. 

1  am  glad  you  have  been  so  observant  as  to  take  notice  of  the 
Boman  castrum  in  those  parts  you  mention. 

There  hath  been  a  Eoman  castrum  by  Castor  neere  Yarmouth, 
but  plowed  up  and  now  nothing  or  litle  discernible  thereof ; 
butt  1  have  had  many  Eoman  coynes  found  thereabout :  that 
castle  you  mention  there  is  an  old  remainder  of  Sr.  John  Fall- 
stafs  house.  There  is  also  a  Eoman  Castrum  3  miles  from  Nor- 
wich, at  Castor,  anciently  Yenta  Icenorum,  containing  about  30 
akers  of  ground,  where  there  are  still  playne  marks  of  the  4 
port®,  and  1  have  had  many  coynes  from  thence,  and  some  other 
antiquities.  There  is  also  a  castrum  at  Brancaster  by  Bumham 
in  Norfolk,  containing  8  akers  of  ground ;  butt  the  rampier  of 
that  is  almost  digged  downe.  I  hope  you  proceed  in  your  obser- 
vations concerning  the  Druids  stones.  I  pray  my  humble  ser- 
vice and  good  wishes  unto  that  worthy  gentleman  Mr.  Wood. 
I  rest,  Sr.  your  very  respectfull  freind  ana  humble  servant. 

Tho.  Bbowne. 


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Googk 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Aa&on**  breaat-pltte,  i.  191 ;  hU  rod,  iii. 

168 
Abganas,  king  of  EdMW,  Us  |iict«re  of  out 

Saviour,  ii.  26 
Abraham  sacrificing  Iiaac,  ptetnra  of,  ii« 
38  more  abturd  pictuiea  of  tfaia  inci- 
dent, ib.  n. ;  hiii  grave  at  JSeersheba,  902 
Absalom,  whether  haaged  by  hi*  hair,  ii.  S4i 
ActKOD,  fable  of,  asplained,  i.  47 
Adam,  whether  an  nerma|dirodite,  1.  906 ; 

th^u^t  by  Bome  to  have  been  thirty 

years  old  at  hi*  creation,  ii.  3t2 ;  whether 

a negvo,  iii.  189  $  bia  af^le,  what,  3iO 
Adam  and  Eve  drawn  with  navels,  ii.  14 ; 

absurd  pictures  of,  ib.  a. 
Adam,  Dr.  Walter,  on  the   oateologieal 

symmetry  of  the  camel,  &c  ii.  ia7»  n* 
Adipoeire,  iii.  SI 
JElian  Claudiua,  his  Hiat.  Auinutlhim  and 

Varia  Historia  contain  some  false,  some 

impossible  things,  i.  69 
dEsehylus,  his  reported  death,  ii.  379 
^son's  bath,  ii.  387 
^tites,  or  eaglestone,  fabled  to  prMoote 

delivery,  i.  189  ^nd  n. 
Ague,  » charm  against,  iu  184 
AhasueruB,  king,  feasting,  picture  of,  ii.  76 
Ahaz,  »un-dial  of,  il.  57,  Sll,  n. 
Albertus  Magnus,  his  ooilyiiun,  i.  58 ;  hie 

works  on  natural  science  to  be  .received 

with  caution,  69 
Alboin,  tragical  history  of,  alluded  to,  ii. 

385 ;  more  correctly  stated,  ib.  n. 
Albumen,  theory  of  the  coagulation  oi,  i. 

375 
Alchymy,  Sir  Thomas  Browne's  opinions 

respecting,  shared  by  eminent  men  of  his 

time,  i.  Ix. 
Alexander  the  Great,  why  represented  on 

an  elephant,  ii.  43 
Alexandnan  library,  loss  of,  dqpkured,  ii. 

356 
Al^ee,  mentioned  in  the  book  of  Wisdom, 

iii.  17s 
41iBonds,  bitter,  wbetheranantidoteagainst 

drunkenness,  i.  iog 
AlphonsuB,  Duke  of  Ferran,  his  powder,  i. 

180 
Alumen  plumotam,  how  used,  i.  394 
Amber,  ancient  and  modern  opiniona  re* 

spectingits  nature,  i.  l63;  flies  in,  l64, 
.  n.  where  found  and  how  large,  iii.  505 
Amber  and  jet,  the  electrics  of  the  ancients, 
•  i.  Ifl3 
Araphisbeena,    opinion   that   it  has   twp 

lieadB,  i.  294 


Amulet*,  some  remaricB  on,  i.  173,  n. 

Anatomy,  pursved  io  a  rev«t«nt  spirit  by 
the  autlMr,  ii.  378  aad  a. 

Anchiale  and  Tarsus,  built  in  a  day,  ii. 
380 

Ancient  writers,  many  at  Aeir  sayings  too 
highly  extolted,  i.  47;  their  auHioftty 
often  adduced  where  none  is  needed, 
ib.  i  cttciotts  example  of  tkis,  ib.  n« 

Andreas,  an  aodent  writer  on  pofpnlar 
errors,  i..4^;  note  rtspeeting,  ib,  n. 

AngeU,  guardian,  ii.  3S4 ;  their  eeorteons 
reveUtioos,  868 ;  Df .  Johnson's  belietf  in, 
S69,  n. ;  not  a  new  opinion  of  the  chweh  oC 
Rome,  but  an  old  tme  of  Pythagoraa  aad 
Plato,  370 

Animals,  that  sleep  idl  winter,  i.  963  {  cog- 
nate, in  land  and  aea,  344 

Animal  worsiiip,  Egyptian,  i.  31,  n. 

Answer  to  certain  queries  relatieHB^toilahney 
birds,  and  insect*,  iii.  310 

Ant.    See  Pismire 

Anthropoj^hagy,  fable  of,  its  ovigin,  i.  47 

Antipodes,  denied  by  Augustin,  asserted 
by  Virgilius,  ii.  36j,  n. 

Andquity,  obstinate  adherence  to,  a  eauae 
of  error,  i.  39;  its  fables  increase  the 
danger  of  adherence  to  it^  44 

Apes,  incapable  of  a  tmly  ereet  posture,  u 
879»  n. ;  an  ape  supposed  dM  tempter  of 
Eve,  ii.  12,  n. 

Apocryphal  Gospels,  die,  i.  85,  a. 

Apparitions  ana  ghosts  attributed  to  the 
devil,  ii.  380 ;  opinions  of  others,  ib,  n. 

Apparitions  of  plants,  u.  880,  n, 

Apuleius,  suspected  of  magie,  ii.  317,  n. ; 
his  apology  in  answer  to  the  charge,  ib. 

Arabians,  heresy  of  the,  it.  329;  succes^ully 
opposed  by  Origen,  i6.n. ;  what  it  was, 
ii.s  Pupe  John  XXll.  ML  into  it,  ib. 

Arehiraedes,  his  setting  fire  to  tiie  ships  of 
Marcellus  examined,  ii.  378 

Arden.  dedared  himself  the  M essias,  i.  38 

Arethusa,  river,  ii.  Si8;  fountain,  men- 
tioned by  Seneca,  Scrabo,  and  Swin- 
bome,  t6.  n. 

Arirtotle,  various  opinions  of,  examined,  i. 
219.  238,  312;  question  of  his  death,  ii. 
246 

Ark,  the,  how  it  could  contain  all  the  crea- 
tures, ii.  352 

Arundel,  Earl  of,  his  rarities  kept  at  the 
duke's  palate,  Norwich,  iii.  398 ;  house 
and  gardens  in  the  Strand,  405 

Asbestos,  styled  salamander's  wool,  u 
293,  n. 


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536 


G£K£BAL  HTDEX. 


Aabet,  whether  a  pot  full  of  ashes  will  still 
contain  as  mach  water  as  it  would  with- 
out the  ashes,  i.  174 

Ashmole,  Elias,  letters  to,  iii.  6I6,  530 

Aspect,  what,  i.  433,  n. 

Asphaltites,  the  Iske,  ii.  S5S 

Asphaltan,  ssid  not  to  be  eleetriesl,  i.  157 

Astrologj,  of  Satanic  ori^n,  i.  86 

Astronomy.    See  Copemicsn  System 

Athen«iis,  his  Dei]moupkUta ;  a  delectable 
author,  but  so  miseellsneoas  that  he 
must  be  received  with  caution,  i.  67 

Aubrey,  John,  antiqnery,  letters  to,  iii. 
531,  533 

Authority,  adherence  to,  promotes  error, 
i.  51 ;  of  no  Tslidity  alone,  ib.i  ab- 
surdities which  have  pleaded  it,  53,  n.; 
of  those  of  one  profession  of  little  validity 
on  questions  of  other  profeisions— exam- 
plea  given,  54 ;  of  the  best  writers,  some- 
times to  be  rejected  even  in  their  own 
profession,  55 ;  some  examples,  ib. ;  dis- 
cosaed  in  notes,  ib,  n. 

Authors,  litft  of  those  who  have  directly 
promoted  popular  errors,  i.  59 ;  of  those 
who  have  indirectly  so  done,  73 ;  their 
many  strange  relations  should  deter  our 
reliance  on  authority,  57 

Avarioe»  rather  a  madness  than  a  vice,  ii.  448 

Ave  Uaiy  beU,  ii.  381 

Averroes,  his  relatiou  of  a  woman  who  con- 
ceived in  a  bath,  ii.  S59 

Axholme,  iale  of,  treea  found  under  ground 
in,  iii.  499 

BabbIh  tower  of,  whether  erected  against 

a  second  deluge,  ii.  335 
Babylon,  gardens  of,  ii.  498 
Bacon,  Francis  Lord,  speculated  on  the 

makin|r  of  gold,  i.  bd. ;  stories  about  the 

charming  away  of  warts,  ii.  101,  n. 
Bacon,  Friar,  his  brazen  head,  ii.  875 
Bacon  of  GiUingham»  account  of  the  family 

of,  ii.  463 
Badger,  said  to  have  legs  of  unequal  length, 

i.  845 ;  ito  mode  of  wallting,  846 
Baldness,  panegyric  on,  iii.  vSl 
Balsam  of  Judea,  what,  iii.  I60,  181 
Barchochebas,  iii.  153 
Baricellns,  ludicrous  experiment  by,  iii.  369 
Barley  harvest,  in  Egypt,  preceded   that 

of  wheat,  iii.  188 
Barlow,  Professor,  remsrks  on  the  polarity 

acouired  by  heated  iron  on  cooling,  i. 

116,  n. 
Barrow,  Isaac,  on  benevolence,  ii.  439 
Ba*il  aaserts  that  the  serpent  once  went 

erect  like  man,  i.  57 
Basil,  a  plant  said  to  propagate  scorpions, 

i.816 
Basilisk,  various  fables  concerning,  i.  850 ; 

Scripture  mention  of,  860 
Bay-leaves,  said  to  be  found  green  in  the 

tomb  of  St.  Humbert,  iii.  83 
Bay-trec,  said  to  protect  against  lightning, 


i.  307;  comparison  drawnfrom  it,  iii.  19a 

and  n. 
Bean,  council  of  the,  what,  i.  87 
Bear,  if  it  has  a  breasUbone,  iii.  457 ;  that 

U  produces  its  cubs  unshaped,  i.  247; 

absurdity  and  almost  impiety  of  the 

opinion,  848 
Beaver,  story  of  his  sdf-mutilation,  i.  940 ; 

its   anatomical   inaccuracy,    844 ;     the 

tail  of,  divided  quincuncially,  ii.  530 
Beda,  his  fidile  about  Bellerophon's  hone, 

i.  147 
Belief,  only  to  be  obtained  by  experiment 

in  things  doubtful  or  novel,  ii.  884 
Belisarius,  inquiry  into  the  generally  re- 
ceived account  of,  ii.  867 ;  Lord  Mahon's 

opinion,  ib,  ri. 
Bellerophon,  his  horse,  said  by  Beda  to  be 

made  of  iron,  and  suspended  between 

two  loadstones,  i.  147 
Bembine  (or  Isiac)   table,    Dr.   Young's 

account  of,  i.  853,  n. 
Benevolence,  remarks  on,  ii.  429*  430,  n. 
Bemacles,    and    goose-trees,    marvelloov 

stories  of,  i.  377 ;  correction  of,  ib,  n. 
Bible,  Urination  by  opening  the,  ii.  97 
Birds,  their  skins  and  feet  quincnndally 

marked,  ii.  530;  found  in  Norfolk,  iii.  31 1 
Bishe  (or  Bisse),  his  comment  on  Upton, 

iii.  490 
Bittern,  how  he  makes  his  cry,  i.  36!  i  his 

name  in  Greek,  ib.  n. ;  curious  incident 

told  by  Fovar^e,  36s 
Black,  whether  it  absorfw  heat  more  than 

white,  ftc.  ii.  190 
Blackness,  digression  concerning,  ii.  197 
Blount,  Sir  Henry,  Voyage  into  the  Levant, 

ii.  338,  n. 
Blnmenbach,  Professor,  supposed  Adam  to 

have  been  of  Caucasian  complexion,  ii. 

189,  n. 
Bodies,  electrical.    See  Electrical  bodies 
Books,  list  of  rare  and  unknown,  iii.  808 
Boramets,  or  vegetable  lamb  of  Tartary, 

i.  376 ;  modem  account,  ib.  n. 
Boringdon,    Lord,  fatal   accident  to,   i. 

168,  n. 
Bostock,  Dr.  his  lemarks  on  the  powder  of 

sympathy,  i.  154 
Boulimia  Centenaria,  narrative  of  a  wonran 

with  this  disease,  Hi.  338 
Boyle,  Hon.  Robt.  his  new  experiments  on 

air,  iii.  437 ;  his  absurd  explanation  of 

a  cure,  i.  173,  n. 
Brain,  comparative  sixe  of  the  human,  and 

others,  i.  384 
Bramble  of  Scriptttre,  iii.  155 
Brampton,  urns  found  at,  iii.  53 
Briareus,  fable  of,  explained,  i.  47 
Bricks  and  tiles  how  they  contract  vertidty, 

i.  119 
British  Museum,  MS.,  collections  of  Sir 

Thomas  Browne  and  Dr.Edward  Browne, 

still  preserved  there,  i.  vii.  Ixvii. 
Brothersi  Ridiard,  an  enthusiast,  i.  23,  n* 


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QEKBEAIi  OTDEX. 


687: 


Browne,  Dame  Dorothy,  wife  of  Sir  TIioi* 

i.  XV.  xlii. 
Browne,  Edward,  eldest  son  of  Sir  Thos« 

i.  xxv«  zliz. ;  his  journal,  iii.  398 ;  let< 

ters  from,  425,  427,  429,  43R,  439,  480 ; 

his  papers  in  the  PMlotophical  TtanwiC' 

Horu,  441,  n. 
Browne,  Thomas,  fitther  of  Sir  Thomas,  i. 

ix.  Ixviii.  n. 
Browne,  Thomas,  younger  son  of  Sir  Thoa. 

i.  xlix. ;  his  letters,  iii.  419,  420 
Browne,  Thomas,  grandson  of  Sir  Thomas 

Browne,  i.  Ixvi. 
Browne  family,  other  members  of,  i.  zxt. 

liii.  Ixi.  Ixvi. 
Browne,  John,  relates  a  story  of  Sir  Thos. 

Browne,  in  his  Adenochinradelogia,  i. 

Ixii.  n. 
Brutus  wisely  interprets  an  oracle,  i.  29 
Bubbles,  remarks  on,  iii.  380 
Bullets,  said  to  melt  or  become  red-hot  in 

thdr  flight,  i.  181 ;  how  expluned,  ib.  n. 
Burning,  or  cremation,  very  ancient,  iU.  8 ; 

various  examples,  ib. ;  when  disused,  17 
Burton,  Dr.  of  Philadelphia,  on  the  stupi- 

fying  power  of  several  of  the  serpent 

tribe,  i.  255,  n. 
Burr  St.  Edmund's,  trial  of  witches,  i.  liv. 
Bush,  good  wine  needs  none,  ii.  418  and  n. 
Butterfly,  head  of  the  canker  becomes  tail 

of  the  butterfly,  ii.  537;  an  erroneous 
n,  ift.  n. 


Cabbala,  ii.  396,  n. 

Cabens,  his  experiment  on  congelation,  i. 
107 ;  his  theory  of  electricity,  i60 

Caesar's  religion,  what,  ii.  389  and  n. 

Cain,  whether  he  intended  to  slay  his  bro- 
ther,  i.  10 

Caitiff,  how  explained,  ii.  420,  n. 

Calendar,  proposed  plan  for  an  historical, 
iii.  3 

Camel,  osteology  of  the,  ii.  537,  n. 

Camphor,  absunl  fable  respecting,  i.  213 

Canoles,  bnmin|r  dim  or  blue  at  the  ap- 
proach of  a  spirit,  ii.  95 

Canicular.    See  Dog-days 

Carbuncle,  said  to  flame  in  the  dark,  i.  188 ; 
since  fully  proved,  ib.  n. 

Cardanus,  Hieronymus,  too  greedy  a  re- 
ceiver of  assertions,  and  therefore  to  be 
read  suspiciously,  i.  70 ;  Mr.  Crossley's 
account  of,  1*6.  n. 

Cartes,  Ren^  des,  theory  of  electricity,  i.  l60 

Castor  and  Helena,  fsbleof,  explained,  i.  48 

Cat's  brains,^destructive  propertiesascribed 
to,  i.  378 

Cato  Major,  his  three  regrets,  ii.  4l6,  n. 

Cedar  of  Lebanon,  what,  iii.  188 ;  Burck- 
hardt's  description,  189,  n. 

Centaurs,  origin  of  the  fable,  i.  26 }  similar 
incident  related,  ib.  n. 

Cerumen,  account  of,  iii.  450 

Chameleon,  opinion  that  he  lives  on  air, 
i.  321 }  its  fabulous  change  of  colour,321n. 


ChampoIlioD,  notice  of  hieroglyphics,  u 

147(  n.  ^ 
Changelings,  what,  ii.  366,  and  n« 
Charity,  due  to  aU,  even  Turks,  infldels, 
and  Jews,  ii.  318;  should  make  us  slow 
to  doubt  the  salvation  of  those  who  differ 
from  us,  414 
Charles  I.  his  murder  to  be  expiated  yeariy, 
iii.  400 ;  tried  the  S&rtea  VirgiHanae,  ii. 
97,  n* ;  said  by  Evelyn  to  be  like  one 
Osbum,  a  hedger,  iii.  272,  n. 
Charles  II.  knighted  Browne,  i.  Iviii. 
Charms,  amulets,  &c.  of  Satanic  origin, 

i.  86 
Charon,  fable  of,  explained,  i.  47 ;  further 

explanation,  ib,  n. 
Cheek-burning,  ominous,  ii.  82 
Cherubim,  opinions  on,  ii.  69,  n« 
Chicken.    See  Egg 
Child's  caul,  why  prised,  ii.  87 
Childerick    I.    his    monument   found   at 

Toumay,  treasures  in  it,  iii.  24 
Chinese  language,  iii.  225 
Chiromancy,  author's  disposition   to,  ii» 

419,  n. 
Church  of  England,  Browne  a  sworn  sub- 
ject to  her  faith,  ii.  322 
Ctcmla,  what  7  ii.  9,  iii.  213;  its  French, 

Italian,  Spanish,  and  Ssxon  names,  <6. 
Cicero,  M.  T.  begins  Pro  Arehia  with  a. 
hexameter,  ii.  440 ;  not  the  author  of 
that  oration,  ib.  n. 
Cinnamon,  ginger,  clove,  mace,  and  nut- 
meg, said  to  be  the  produce  of  the  same 
tree ;  disproved,  i.  199  and  n. 
Circles,  number  of,  in  the  heavens,  i.  429,  n. 
Clarke,  Dr.  Adam,  on  the  temptation  of 

Eve,  ii.  12,  n. 
Clarides,  monkeys  have,  iii.  400 
Clay,  used  for  coffins  as  well  as  urns,  iii,  22 
Cleopatra,  picture  of  her  death,  ii.  39 
Climacterical  year,  the  great,  i.  425 ;  the 
calendar,  old  and  new  style,  441 ;  Wren'» 
calculations  on  the  calendar,  444 
Clocks,  when  invented,  ii.  57 
Clouds,  remotest  distance  of,  i.  178 
Cloven  hoof  attributed  to  the  devil,  ii.  90 
Coaches,  in  London  and  in  Mexico,  how 
many,  iii.  470 ;  in  Elisabeth's  time,  ib. 
Coagulation,  remarks  on,  iii.  366 
Cock,  the  lion  afraid  of,  i.  365 
Cock's  eggs,  curious  account  of,  i.  258        ^ 
ColebrooKC,  Mr.  on  quinary  arrangements, 

ii.  527,  n* 
Coleridge,    S.  T.  remarks  on  Quineunat, 
ii.  499;  on  the  concluding  passage  of 
Oarden  ofCynu^  563,  n. 
Cologne,  the  three  kings  of,  ii.  232 ;  royal 
oflerings  at  St.  James's  still  continued, 
233,  n. 
Comets,  opinions  respecting,  ii.  209 
Common-place  books,   extracts  from,  iii. 

349 
Compass,  mariner's,  i.  138;  variation  o| 
the  u.   62,  n. 


Digitized  by 


Google       -^ 


589 


onzttix  nTDSx. 


Cosringr,    Hermui, 
Mediei 

ii.4St 


ihi«i,iiLa71 

,    opinioD    ot  BMgio 

-^     ,  H.  Ml 


I. 
OTBiaiag 
■fHigfi 

Dean  Wrm,  ift.  a. 


Cookworthy,  Mr.  Wm.  of  Plyaoatk,  mi 


Com. 


i.  If 


.  its  diiwriptkn,  IM,  a.;  wbf  worn  by 

cbildrea,  li.  95 
eocB,  oui  (tf.  plocked.  U.  105 
Coronary  plaata.    See  Oarlanda 
Cotton,  Sir  Bobcrt^  a  giiAn's  Smm  is  M> 

library,  i.  Izxz. 
Coaneil  of  die  bean,  wbaftp  i.  97 
Coirerly.SirBfl        '    ~ 

i.  kxzfii.  a. 


esMeialty 
■  of  Plato  I 


aadAria. 


Cveati0n»    a  aiyvtaryf 
man,  ii.  3/5 ;  opinunu 
toCle  thcraoB,  a. 

Crednlity  and  saplaity, 
LSS 

CreaiatioB.    Sea  Bnmiar 

GMle,la^yinlliaf,U.ftii;  tbeidandiaid 
to  ba  frea  £nni  Tanomoos  tiaamucj, 
i.a78 

Crcfviae,  or  oaylUi,  stoaai  on  tbe  bead  of, 
ii-iOB 

Crocodile,  wipuueed  neverto  oeaae  growing, 
U.  1S8 ;  trnth  of  tUa,  H.  n. 

Giaaaa.    Sea  Ddpboe 

Crux  anaata,  what,  ii.  591  and  n. 

Crystal,  wrongly  rappoaed  to  be  notiifng 
ont  iee  strongly  congealed,  i.  04 ;  tbe 
anthor**  notions  of  its  chemical  nataie 
wrbng,  195 

Otesia*,  aeeased  of  having  raid  in  bis 
Indian  Blatmy  what  he  had  neither  teen 
nor  heard,  i,  dl ;  an  examination  of  the 
charge,  ik,  n.;  examination  of  his 
authority  on  Persian  affairs,  02,  n. ; 
8trabo*s  censure  upon  him,  0S,  n. ;  his 
atory  of  a  horse  pismire,  10g,  n. ;  on. 
ginated  the  fable  that  an  elepliant  has  no 
jointo,  aio,  n.  391.  n. 

Cueumbera  of  Egypt,  iii.  159,  n. 

Cummin  seed,  in.  103 

Curiosity,  too  nice,  cenaurc  of,  iil.  307 

Cnvier,  Jl^gne  Animal^  quoted  to  show 
that  elephnts'  tusks  are  teeth,  i. 
928,  n. ;  his  account  of  the  bear,  249,  n  ; 
his  reflections  on  those  creatures  which 
aerre  as  connecting  links  between 
different  tribes,  273,  n.;  interesting 
account  of  tbe  rattlesnake,  399;  his  re- 
marks on  the  supposed  social  feelings  of 
the  dolphin,  ii.  5,  a.  ' 

Cymbals,  tinkUng,  an  inappropriate  term, 


CyaOia,  htaeyi  ring«a  fhe  flagw  of  bcr 

ghoat,  iii.  18 
Cypress.  9i.  150 
Cyras,  a  s^endBd  aad   tagndar  |Aaater, 


DjWALva,  the  fable  of;  explaiacd,  L  47. 
DaMaa.  Dr.  Oa  Me  ^faete  i^f  ifiMaapJIcrar 

PSresaarc  on  the  Hummn  Frwme^  i.  000,  n» 
Damps  ia  coal^miaea,  safety  *laaxp  iavoulad 

as  a  security  against,  i.  SC8,  a. 
Daadolo,  Doge  of  Veniee,  coadncta  tbe 

siege  of  Zara  in  defiaaoe  a£  tbe  Boaraa 

pontic  H.  894,  n. 
Daniel  destroying  the   dragoa,    i.    109; 

poan  Wfca'a  oomaaeat  upon,  ift.  a.; 

in  tte  aery  fnranee^'  yanons  KyioseBta- 

tions  of,  ii.  78 
Darnel,  wltat,ifl.  901 
Davenport,  Christopher,  aibar  yraiwiSa  do 

SMu  dan,  noCiee  of  his  life  ad  wotka, 

ii.809  ^^^ 

David,  why  be  was  paaMaed  for  nuaiberiB^ 

the  oeepie,  ii.94l;  whether  the  aaaao  as 

Orpheus,  i.  40 
Davy,   Sir  Humphrey,  hia    iaveatian  of 

the  .'safety-lamp,  i.  399*  b.  ;  tab  axn« 

menta  against  ttie  existence  of  menaaads, 

iL  59,  n. ;  mistaken  fnrone  htniad^0O,a. 
Di^s,  computation  of,  ii.  127 
Days  of  tiie  week,  their  oamea,  wbeaee  de- 
rived, ii.  99 
Dead,  burning  of  the,  iU.  8 
Dead  Sea,  iii.  250 
Death,  contemplatioBS  on  the  Ibar  o^  ii. 

381 ;  Dr.  Dn&e's  remarks  on  the  paa* 

aage,  389.  n. 
Death-watch,  aa  evil  omen,  i.  Sl«;  wlat 

it  is,  1*6.  n. 
Dee,  Arthur,  M.D.  son  of  Dr.  Joha  Doe. 

account  of,  iii.  530 
Dee,  John,  D.C.L.  notice  of,  iii.  510 
Deepham,  lime>tr«e  at,  i.  xlvii. 
Dver,  its  longevity,  i.  309  ;  a  passage  ftom 

Heslod,  900 ;  notes  on  the  re]MT>ductioa 

of  lost  limbs,aod  new  inarehing  of  noaoa, 

909,  n. 
Delphos,  answers  of  the  orade  of  Apollo, 

at,  iii.  950 
Demosthenes,  whetherthe  son  of  a  black- 
smith, ii.  907 
Devil,  the,  geneimlly  supposed  to  bavo  a 

cloven  foot,  ii.  90 ;  why,  ib,  and*  a.  ;  of 

Delphos,  i.  94 
Devonshire,    Duke    of,    his    pietnre    of 

Browne's  family,  i.  Ixviii. 
Diamond,  said  by  ancient  writen  to  He 

broke  by  die  blood  of  goa' 

oftheisble.i.  100 
Diet,  our  various  choice  of,  i.  340 ; 

ancient  JeiNdsh  and  national  dishes,  350; 

a  tale  told,  353 
Digby,  Sir  Kenelm,   his  story  about  the 

powder  of  sympathy,  i.   153;    his  cor^ 

respondence  with  the  author,   ii.  311 ; 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


OSKEBAL  IKBSZ. 


bis  obsenmtioiu  <m  Utt  XeRgi9  IMHei^ 

■  453 

Diomed,  fable  of  bM  boMm,  I.  46 

Dioscoridea,  to  be  rmA  frf  medietA  eta- 

•  dents,  iH.  488;  bat. not  neeifed  im- 
plicitly, i.  65  ^  ^ 

Diutumity,  feAeetioOi  ti|ioii  "the  denfe  w, 

xmtural  to  vum,  m.  45 
DhiBiDK,  byvod,  ii.  96;  by  beek,  «7 ;  b j 

stmff,  98 
Divinity,  tbe  meiOior's,  eodlected  froen  tiro 

books,  the  Bible  and  Nsitiue,  U.  8«1 
Dodder,  qvineancial  unBgeuient  of  tiie 

•  ran!  cbwm  agnnet,  ii.  6Q9 
Dodo,  seen  by  L' Estrange,  i.  Ixzz. 
Do^-da^,  their  fabled  infliMBee  in  medi- 
cine, i.  446 

Dog-star.    See  DMr-days 

Dogs,  edible,  iL  19* 

Dolphin,  the,  picture  <^,  H.  4 ;  Cvrier's 
aceount  of  its  alleged  affBetien  to  man, 
A,  n. ;  vs^  as  a  devlee  l^  some  learned 

'  printers,  6,  n« 

Dorset,  Thomas,  Mafqnia  of.  Us  body 
found  uneormpted  aner  78  yem'  inter- 
ment,^. 81,  n. 

Dort,  Synod  of,  net  in  aB  pomts  right,  ii. 
383 

Drabitius,  his  propfaedes  «ad  fate,  nl.  899 

Dread,  explanation  of  the  term,  iii.  241 

Dreams,  reflection  on,  iii.  841 

Dmids,  th^r  sepulture,  iii.  19 

Dnnhenneae,  monthlr,  whyteeemmmded, 
and  with  what  medical  and  mond  pro- 
priety, H.  88 ;  Wren's  lemaiks  on,  tft.  n. ; 
Bp.  Hall's  eaeellent  observation,  89,  n. 

Dugdale,  Wm.  of  BlyCh  Hail,  letters  of, 
ill.  493,  496,  496,  501 

Dutton,  Sir  llKnnas,  married  Browne's 
mother,  i.  z. ;  snppoaed  by  BIreh  to  be 
the  same  person  mentioned  in  his  Li^e 
of  Prinee  Henrfft  as  Imring  kilkd  Sir 
Hatton  Cbeke  in  a  duel,  zxiix. ;  Browne's 
Tcrses  on  that  occasion,  fA. 

Dyers,  their  art,  ii.  103 

EAOLKaTOMi,  i.  189 

Ear,  tingling  of  it,  ominous,  ii.  M;  Wicn 
accounts  rar  it,  ib.  n. 

Ear  of  rye,  fatal  eifect  of  ew  allowing  an, 
i.  168,  n. 

Earth,  LadantiaB's  opinion  of  Its  llgnre, 
i.  54  ;  a  magnetical  body,  US  ;  in  what 
senses  it  is  not  so,  Ifr.  n. ;  in  what  senses 
it  is  so,  114 

Earthquake,  aboard  aceoont  of  the  cause 
and  nature  of,  i.  83 ;  Lemerys  experi- 
ment respectiDg,  179,  n. 

East  and  west,  proprieties  thereof,  H.  1S8 ; 
learning  and  arts  from  the  east,  16 1 

Echoes  said  to  tpemk  with  a  mouth,  i.  881 ; 
correction  of  this,  ib,  n. 

Eclipse,  in  1681*8,  lunar,  total,  obserm- 
•  tioos  on,  iii.  478 

Eclipses  superstitiously  regardedi  ii  87 


Edessa,  portfeit  of  our  Saviour  from,  ii* 
86 

Eels,  account  of  some,  by  Dean  Wren, 
i.  881,  n. 

Effluxions,  doctrine  of,  1.  114;  aofe  le* 
speeting  it,  ib.  n. 

Egg,  wheuier  the  diidien  proceeds  from 
^e  yolk,  i.  873;  Harvey's  neat  prln- 
ciple,  oNMla  e«  oso,  eenflrmed  by  modem 
investigation,  374,  n. ;  the  Egyptian 
and  Bfljbyloniaa  methods  of  hatdimg 
eggs  compared,  ib. ;  some  odd  queries 
briefly  disposed  of,  375  j  unlucky  not  to 
bi«akitssbeH,ii.81 

Egypt,  oBoens  and  gariie  of,  iii.  189;^ 
plagues  of,  183 

Egyptian  aninud  worsUp,  i.  II 

Egyptian  hierogly^es,  haTo  been  the 
means  of  advwicing  popular  eoneeits, 
i.  74,  76 

E^ptian  mummies  beeome  metch«iidlfe» 

Egyptian  papyrus,  iii.  109 
Bnrptfam  seiiulmre,  iii.  18 
Elder-berries  &lsely  supposed  poisonous, 

Eleetrical  bodies,  concerning  them,  i.  167 ; 

correction  of  the    author's   assertion, 

159,  n. 
Electricity,  the  philosophy  of  its  operation, 

various  ezplcnatlons  of,  i.  168,  n. 
Elefriuuit,  popular  errors  respecting,  i.  SI9 ; 

modem  prevalence  of  these  faUes,  185,  n. 
BHas  the  rabbin,  his  propbeoy,  H.  898 
Elve-locks.    See  Hair 
Emeu,  or  cassowary,  Charles  I.  luul'  one. 

iii.  469 
Enoch's  piUara,  ii.  856 
Entosoa,  parasitic  worms,  ii.  524 
Epiourus,  bis  diaraeter  and  doctrines,  ii .  875 
Epimenides,  his   proverb   respecting  the 

Cretans,  u.  435 
EpiUphs,  vanity  of,  iii.  47 
Equivocations  m  words  and  phrases— the 

aouvoe  of  ddusioB  and  error,  i.  86 
Ensmua,  his  absurd  titarf  of  a  toad,  i. 

364.  n. 
Escahot,  If.  letter  from,  in.  618 
EAiopiana,  their  diet,  ii.  414,  n. 
Etymology  ran  mad,  i.  194 
Ensebius  on  the  cessation  of  oracles,  ii. 

144 ;  hi»  aceount  of  a  wonderful  plant  near 

the  statue  of  Christ,  883 
Evangelists,  emblema  of  the  fiMir,  S.  84,  n. 
Eve,  from  wMefa  nde  of  Adam  was  she 

framed,  it  850 ;  manner  of  her  original 

temptatien,  i.  8 ;  was  her  sin  or  Adam's 

the  greater?  10;  picture  of  the  serpent 

tempting  her,  ii.  9;  picture  of,  with  1^ 

navel,  14 
Evelyn,   John,   his  intercourse  with   Sir 

Thomas  Browne,  i.  ILx. ;  letter  from,  iii. 

488 
Evening  Hymn,  an,  ii.  446 
Extracts  from  Common-place  bookv,  iii.  849 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


MO 


OBXTEIUL  INDEX. 


Sye-wtth, 
Dertaa,  i. 


abmurd  on«  propoMd  by  Al» 
56 


Fabi],  ttorj  of  the,  U.  S78 

FabiM  of  antiqoityt  i>  44 ;  oied  for  moral 

•ad  religioua  iUiutration,  may  indirectly 

promote  errort  72 
Fabfitiu*  Paduaaioi,  on  tho  dimacterical 

year,  i.  438 
Fairies,  Patacebna'a  receipt  for  making, 

ii.STO 
Fairyatonee,  popularly  eommended  for  the 

■tone,  i.  190 ;  their  true  natore,  ih,  n. 
Faith  and  reaion  at  fariance,  ii.  340 
Falconry.    See  Hawka 
Fall.    See  Han ;  Temptation 
Falla^,  Bentham't  work  on,  i.  Izxiii. 
Fallacy  and  mieappreheniion  great  canae 

of  error,  i.  30 ;  various  forms  of,  with 

examples,  tA. 
Feasts,  posture  at,  among  the  Jews  and 

Eastern  nations,  ii.  17 
Fens  of  Lineoln  and  Norfolk,  Dugdale  on, 

lii.499 
Ferrum  equinum,  absurd  story  concerning 

it,  i.  207 
Field,  a  green,  fdescribed  as   appearing 

at  the  bottom  of  the  Red  Sea,  explana- 
tion of  it,  iii.  17s 


Fiery  furnace,  pictures  of  the,  ii.  77 
Fig-tree  cursea  by  our  Lord,  explanation 
of  the  narrative,  iii.  101 ;  brief  solution 


of  the  difficulty,  109,  n. ;  remarks  on, 

387 
Fig4eaves,  iii.  Ift9 
Fioravanti    Leonardo    says  that  pellitoiy 

never  grows  in  sight  of  the  north  star,  i. 

87 
Fir-trees,  dug  up  in  the  marsh  land,  iii. 

490 
Fire-damp,  experiments  on,  i.  839,  n. 
First  cause,  or  final  cauae,  on,  ii.  339 
Fishes,  their  scales  miincuncial,  ii.  629; 

did  not  escape  the  deluge,  iii.  8 ;  tract 

on  those  eaten  by  our  Saviour  with  his 

disciples,  308. 
Fitches,  what,  iii.  I63 
Five,  mystical  notions  respecting,  ii.  6O6 
Flax,  how  smitten,  when  Uie  wheat  and 

rye  escaped,  iii.  133 
Flies,  &c.  in  amber,  i.  104,  n. ;  in  oak 

^ples,  see  Oak 
Flint,  why  it  strikes  fire,  i.  104,  n. 
Flood,  of  Noah  and  Deucalion,  i.  363 ;  list 

of  writers  on,  353 ;  whether  the  world 

was  slenderly  peopled  before  the,  ii.  136 ; 

no  rainbow  before  the,  an  absurd  fancy, 

919 
Flos  Africanus,  said  to  poison  dogs,  i.  8I7 ; 

several  sorts  of  it,  ib.  n. 
Flowers,  fruiu,  and  seeds,  in  which  the 

number  five  obtains,  ii.  513 
Flucttts  decumanus.    See  Wave 
Forbidden  Droit,  an  apple,  ii.  310 


Fougade,  what,  ii.  843,  n. 

Fovargttc,  Rev.  S.  relates  an  incident  re* 
specting  a  bittern,  i.  S0S»  n. 

Frankincense,  ui.  157,  n. 

Freesing,  of  tggt,  gall,  blood,  and  manow, 
iu.460 

Friendship,  its  wonders,  ii.  431 

Frogs,  toads,  and  toadstone,  various  parti- 
culars eonceminr,  i.  384 ;  frog  spawn 
said  to  be  of  meducal  use,  289;  of  tad- 
poles, 390 ;  Dean  Wren's  obaervationa 
thereon,  ib,  n. 

Fruits  of  the  fourth  year,  iii.  1 89 

Funeral  rites,  great  variety  of,  iii.  34,  37 ; 
urns,  7,  53 

Fungns,  account  of  various  kinds  of,  iii. 
603 

Gadbubt,  John,  his  astrology  charged  with 
treason,  iii.  408 

Galbanum,  iii.  158,  n. 

Galen  and  Hippocrates,  the  fathers  of  me- 
dicine, iii.  483 ;  Galen's  conscientious  si- 
lence as  to  poisons,  ii.  389 

Galileo,  his  system  of  the  universe,  ii.  350 

Gall,  said  to  be  wanting  in  the  horse  and 
pi^n,  i.  333,  334  ;  Wren's  opinion  as 
to  Its  office,  339,  n. 

Ganganelli,  Pope,  said  to  be  poisoned,  ii. 
387,  n. 

Gardens,  reference  to  several  articles  on, 
ii.  503,  n. ;  Evelyn's  chapter  on,  iii.  49a 

Garlands  and  Coronary  or  Garland  Plaius» 
iii.  903 

Garlic,  said  to  destroy  the  power  of  the 
loadstone,  i.  130;  of  Egypt,  iii.  159 

Gellius,  Aulus,  notes  books  with  odd  titles. 
U.308 

Gems,  how  many  truly  so  called,  i.  193,  n. 

Generation,  equivocal,  believed  by  Browne, 
i.  190 ;  Harvey'a  maxim  destructive  of 
the  system,  ib,  n. ;  curious  note  respect- 
ing* 378,  n. ;  of  the  phoenix,  281  ;  of 
some  fishes,  ib,  n. 

Genesis,  meaning  of  the  first  chapter,  ii. 
353 ;  Jews  not  allowed  to  read  it  till  thirty 
years  old,  ib.  n. 

Geographers,  'aome  elder  ones  have  inac> 
curately  described  the  forma  of  several 
countries,  ii.  307 

Geography  of  religion,  ii.  318  and  n. 

George  David,  of  Lejden,  deemed  the 
Ifessias,  i.  33,  n. 

Gerard,  John,  gardener  to  Lord  Burleigh, 
his  Herbal  referred  to,  iii.  450 

Germany,  the  three  great  inventions  of,  ii. 
357 ;  what,  tft.  n. ;  the  maid  of,  307 

Germination,  examination  of  the  process 
of,  ii.  517;  of  seeds  in  water  and  oil, 
£40,  n. 
Geryon  and  Cerberus,  fable  of,  explained, 

i.  40 
Gestation,  human,  period  of.  i.  55,  n. 
Ghosts  and  apparitions,  opinions  respect- 
ing, u.  397 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


OSmBBAL  rRDEX. 


541 


Gilbert,'  Dr.  W.    work   on   magnetinii, 

i.  128;  bit  theory  of  electric  effluvia, 

161 
Girdle,  unlucky  to  be  without,  ii.  85 
Glass,  taid  to  be  poiton,  i.  l07 ;  probable 

ground  of  thie  error,  ib, ;  a  glaat  repaired 

for  Tiberius,  170 
Glastonbury.  See  Thorn 
Glow-worm,  varioua  wonders  asserted  of, 

i.  368 
Glutton,  Mustela  Oulo,  account  of,  ill.  446 
Goat's  blood,  said  to  break  the  diamond, 

i.  IM 
God,  on  the  pictures  of,  with  some  others, 

ii.  73 ;  danger  of  attempting,  ib.  and  n. ; 

on  his  wisdom  in  the  motion  of  the  sun, 

130 

Godfirey,  of  Bouillon,  refused  to  wear  a 

.  crown  of  gold  where  his  Saviour  wore 
one  of  thorns,  ii.  S64 

Gold,   conversion  of    other  metals  into, 

.  asserted  specimens  among  the  Empe- 
ror's rarities,  iii.  437 ;  its  use  in  medi- 
cine, i.  171 ;  its  medical  estimation  at 
the  present  day,  ib,  n.;  whether  used 

.   as  an  amulet,  173;    remarks  on  this, 

'   ib.  n. 

Golden  hen,  of  Wendlerus,  i.  173 

Gordon,  Major,  some  recent  particulars 
respecting  the  fascination  of  serpents,  i. 
255,  n. 

Grafting,  rules  to  be  observed  in,  iii.  340 

Grain,  increase  of,  iii.  176;  preservation 
of,  177 

Grapes,  enormous  sixe  of  the  bunches, 
ill.  157  and  n. 

Grasshopper,  picture  of,  ii.  6 ;  no  such  in- 
sect as  the  true  cicada  found  in  England, 
ib. ;  till  discovered  by  the  editor,  as 
figured  in  Curtis'iEntomologPf  7»  n* ;  its 
species  discriminated,  »6. ;  the  locust 
intended,  9 

Grecian  cavalry  quincunelally  arranged, 
U.  510 

Green  colour,  advanta^  of,  ii.  549 

Gregorius  Magnus,  his  error  concerning 
crystal,  i.  94 

Griffins,  various  fables  concerning,  among 
the  ancients,  i.273;  hieroglyphical  testi- 
mony, S53,  n.  273,  n.;  sculptured  at 
Persepolis,  i.  04,  n. 

Grotius,  Hugo,  a  civilian,  Wrote  excellently 
on  the  truth  of  Christianity,  i.  54 

Gualdi,  Galeazsi,  notice  of,  ui.  407 

Guardian  angels,  Browne's  opinions  re- 
specting, ii.  809 ;  iti.S5S 

Gunpowder  J  question  as  to  place  of  its  in- 

•  vention,  ii.  357 ;  ita  ingredients  and 
mode  of  manufacture,  i.  17O ;  further 
particulars  coneeminff,  <A.  n. 

Gumey,  J.  J.  extract  from  hia  PeeuUari' 
Uea  of  the  Friends,  ii.  405,  n. 

Gyges,  his  ring,  ii.  981 

Gypsies,    concerning    their   original,  ii. 


Haib,  why  grey  only  in  man?  I.  41  $  note 
ofl^explanation,  ib, ;-  custom  of  nourish* 
ing  it  on  moles,  ii.  84  ;  Wren's  nostrum 
for,  ib.  n. ;  polling  elve-locks,  85 ;  Hun* 
garian  knot,  ib,  n. 

Halcyon,  what,  iii.  SIS 

Hale,  Sir  Matthew,  trial  of  witches  before, 
i.  liv.  . 

Halec,  a  little  fish  used  for  pickle,  iii.  SIO 

Hall,  Joseph,  D.D.  Bp.  of  Norwich,  his 
picture  of  a  superstitious  man,  ii.  104,n. ; 
extract  from    his    Hard    Measure,    i. 


Ixiii.  n* 

Ham,  age  of,  ii.  SS3 

Haman  hanged,  picture  of,  ii.  O9 

Band,  right  and  left,  i.  S91 

Hanging,  various  ancient  modes  of,  ii.  09 

Hannibal,  that  he  brake  through  the  Alps 
with  vinegar,  ii.  277 ;  modem  opimoiw 
thereon,  w,  n. 

Happiness,  none  in  this  world,  ii.  450 

Hare,  that  it  hath  double  sex,  i.  305 ;  vnl* 
gar  dread  of  one  crossing  the  highway, 
ii.  79 

Harmony  of  the  works  of  God,  ii.  440 

Harvey,  WiUiam,  M.D.  his  book  de  Cir. 
eul.  Sang,  better  than  Columbus's  dis- 
covery of  America,  iii.  483 

Hase,  John.  Esq.  Richmond  Herald,  the 
editor  of  Repertorium,  iii.  279 

Hawks  and  Falconry,  iii.  S14 ;  authors  to 
be  consulted  respecting,  S17 

Haselrods,  iii.  162 

Heath,  what  plant,  iii.  155 ;  various  read- 
ing, ib.  n. 

Heathens,  examination  of  the  lives  of; 
whether  consistent  with  their  own  doc- 
trines ;  Aristotle,  Seoeea,  &e.  ii.  407,  n. 

Heart,  whether  on  the  left  side?  i.  383 

Heaven  and  Hell,  their  plaoe  and  nature, 
ii.  398 

Hebrew,  whether  the  original  language, 
ii.  93;  whether  of  Shemitiah  or  Mita- 
ritish  origin,  ib.  n. 

Hector,  why  drawn  on  a  horse,  instead  of 
in  a  chariot,  ii.  43 ;  picture  of,  dragged 
by  Achilles  round  Troy,  not  consistent 
with  Homer's  account,  74;  ridieuloaa 
picture  of  his  burial,  ib,  n. 

Heineken,  Dr.  on  the  reproduction  of  the 
claws  of  spiders  and  Crustacea,  i.  S40,  n. 

Hetster,  Frederick,  defends  Sir  Thomas 
Browne,  U.  301 

Heliogabalus,  his  supper  of  ostrich  brains, 
iii.  336 

Hell  torments  set  forth  by  fire,  U.  401 

Henry,  the  Emperor,  poisoned,  ii.  287 

Henry  VIII.  not  the  founder  of  our  reli- 
gion, ii.  383 ;  refused  not  the  faith  of 
Rome,  ib, 

Heraclitus  held  that  the  sun  is  no  b^jger 
than  it  appears,  i.  191 

Heraldry,  origin  of,  ii.  35 

Herbert,  Edw.  Lord  Herbert  of  Cherbury, 
his  works,  ii  30S 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


MS 


GEnSAL  TSJ>KSx 


BmaOm,  Mdtd  labows  of,  u  47 
BtNty  diltiogiaulMd  fnm  ttTOr,  ii«  331 
0anB«|»lirodU«s,  i.  307 
HcOMS*  slksoffiaa  deAnition  of»  i.  333 ; 

deems  the  visible  a  piekmre  of  tbe  invi- 

■ible  world,  336 
Ifond  mpfOMd  bf  Mne  to  b«  Ihe  U es* 

slas.  i.  S3,  n. 
Hcrodota*  of  SalifMniMwa,  hat  pvomotad 

popolMr  omn,  i*  69 ;  styled  by  some  rnen- 
'rfacMrtHnjMfer,  6u  deienttsof  him*  39»  n. 
jBerriof  aoc.kivoiva  to.tbe  Md«nts,  iii.SlO 
Hterocles  on  our  relative  duties,  iL  43B,  n. 
Hieroglypkies  have  been,  tkroagh  tho  as- 

sistaace  of  aaiiiltn  aod  poets,  the  n 

ndirectiy  pn        ' 


of  ind 

i.  74  t  pi«t« 


(solar  < 
86:  IX 


wriliaff .  H.  06 :  \n«o's 


story  of  a  colt  aad  mastiff,  de,  n. 
Hiero^s  ffiaat  ship,  ii.  sa» 
Hieronymus.    See  St.  Jeroaia 
Hills,  mtiieU.    See  Tamnli. 
Hiats  and  cKtmeta  fov  Dr.  B.  BfomM,iii.  340 
HippocaB^ms  ectoaaauslj  said  to  be  an  in> 

sect,  L  345 ;  what  it  is,  ib,  n. 
Hippaesatei,  life  o4  L  4A7 ;  m  odd  say- 

iliKaf,iU.«0 
Hobboa.  Thos.  of  Bfalmasbury,  ii.  342,  a. 
Holland,    the    Otand    •aifniar's    duaat 

agaiMl,tt.  344 
Home,  Sir  Bveiard,  aeaanat  of  the  1am- 

pnif,  i.  381  {  on  the  appanat  egprn  of 

snaili,  319,  a. 


Homer,  his  chun,  ii.  346;  hispiaiacrain^ 

vpott  thft  riddU  of  tha  fishermea  not 

likely,  437 
Honofomnb,  quiacvadai,  it  *S9 
Hooke,  Bobont,    M.D.    his   eaperiaMaU 

OB  tha  collision  of  fliat  aail  «tocl»  i.  lOS 
Hoopoe,  iu.  911 
HwmcomhMla,iLaiO 
Horapollo,  Dr.  Tonng's  aceoont  of  him, 

Lms 
Karisoa,r«tioMlaMlaeaaiU«»ii.  1S3 
Horse,  that  he  bath  ao  gaU,  i.  83a;  ax- 

pariaMBtattv  and  aeewatdy  dispravad, 

933 ;  raamaiw  on  tha  chapter,  9M,  n. 
Haiaa^iash,  eating  of,  i.  8»l. 
Banft>pismii«,  GtesiasU  stoiy  ofa,  L  I4l0 
fione-radish  a  cure  far  sora  duaat,  L  915, 

v.;  thapsalbLAarseaxplaiaod,  jA-n. 
Hospital,  St.  Bartholoasew*s,  sdbMry  of  the 

phyaicitti  of,,  iii*  490 
Hospital,  St.  Thomas's,  lar^nr  than  8t. 

BartfMriiwmtr*t;  iii.  439 
How,  William,  M.D.  a  corraspoadent  of 

Sir  Thomaa  Biasrne,  i.  zlvL  iU.  U6 
Howaid,  Beary,  bnothar  and  saaaessor  of 

Thamas  Daka  of  Noifelk,  iu.  399 
Honard,  Philip,  bmhat  of  the  Doha  of 

Norfolk,  a  Dominican,  the  qiaaea'aeon- 

fBaior,iii«491 
Hudibras,  remarks  on,  iii.  909 
Hamming-birds,  bu  I69 
HtMka«f  the  pradisal,  what,  iiL  158 
Ross,  John,  whether  a  aianyr?  u.  369,  n. 


HydfophohU,  enrea  fbr,  i.  46l ;  iii.  36l 
Hygrometers,  various,  iii.  358 
Hymn,  evening,  ii.  446 ;  a  Tnrluah,  iii.  930 
Hyperiasn,  or  Fnga  Dsaoumia,  a  magical 

plant,  i.  99,  n. 
Hyssop,  what,  iii.  155  and  n. 

Ibis,  Egyptian  tradition  of;  i.  359;Wren'a 

note  on  this,  ib.  n. 
Ice,  not  crystal,  i.  94 ;  will  swim  in  water, 

100,  n. 
Iceland,  acoouat  of,  in  l669,  iii.  sog 
Ichneomonidee  deposit  dicir  ^gs  in  some 

caterpillars,  ii.  524 
Idolatrous  worship  of  cats,  lixarda,   and 

beetles,  i.  91,  n. 
Immortally  of  the  soni  doubted   by  an 

Italian  doctor  because  Galen  seemed  t^ 

doubt  it,  iL  349:  rdlections  on,  liL  41 
Impossibifides,  not  enough  in  religion  for 

an  aedve  fisith,  il.  339 
Impostors,  the  three,  ii.  349 
Imposture  of  popidi  relics,   detected  by 

the  editor,  i.  93,  n. 
In  balneo,  explained,  i.  9S*  n. 
India,  account  of  a  voyage  to,  ui.  518 
Infirmity  of  human  nature,  the  first  canae 

of  error,  L  7 
Inquii7,  neglect  of,  a  great  cause  of  eiTor» 

1.37 
Ipbigenis,  fehle  of,  founded  on  tiie  nam* 

tive  of  Jephthah  and  his  daughter,  ii.  4% 
Ireland,  exempt  from  venomous  creaturea, 

spiders,    toads,   and   analDes,    ii.  157; 

which  will  die  in  earth  bron^t  thence, 

10.  n. ;  no  spidlen  in  the  row  of  Klf^a 

CoUece  GhweU  Cambridge,  becanaa  it 

is  bttut  of  Iruh  timber,  ift.j  tttt  story  un- 
true, 958 
Iron,  digestion  of,  bj  tfie  ostiieh,  i.  394 
Iron  and  steel  have  polarity,  thon^  not 

excited  by  the  ioadstone,  1.   115 ;  how 

far  this  assertion  is  true,  ib,  n. 
Isaac,  sacrifice  of,  picture  of,  ii.  98 
Isiodoms  Pehisbta,  errors  of,  i.  94, 106,  las 
Israel,  scutcheons  of  the  tribes  of,  ii.  39  ; 

heraldry  traced  to  the  Bible  by  Biahop 

Hall,  and  by  Morgan  and  Favine,  35 
Israelites,  not  guilty  of  dishonesty  agaiaat 

the  Egyptians,  i.  919,  n. 
Istria,  remarkable  for  erip^es,  BL  79 
Ivy,  that  a  cup  made  of  it  will  separato 

wine  from  water,  found  incorrect,  i.  9l6; 

different  kinds  of,  ib. ;  remarks  on,  iii. 

154, 386 

Jabl  and  Sisera,  pielureaf,  qnaitiawaMe, 

ii.  76 
Amseniin  sappasea  tha  pigeon  Uhaisano 

gall,  i.  986 
Janus  and  Noah  tha  anna  peiion,  ii.  146 
Japheth,  aga  of,  ii.  998 
Jaundice,  a  vngieal  anve  for,  iit.  499;  a 

country  remedy  for,  496 
Jephthah,  the  pittaia  of,  oaciifioar  his 

daughter,  ii.  47;  Adam  CUrke'a  pao- 


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.eSKSBAIi  XBSBX. 


848 


poMd  interpmtsfeion  of  the  pawafe,  ib. 

n. ;  dottbtml  meanigg  of  the  text,  49 
Jericho.    Jtee  fioee 
Jevame,  St.  picture  of,  u.  56 
Jane,  Mr.  ramarka  00  nuaaltoa.  i.  203 
Jeauita,  ezpelled  from  Veaicei^  ii.  323  $  re- 

admitted  in  1667,  aad  whj,  924,  n. 
Jaava  Chriat,  no  salvatien  but  to  these 

who  belieTa   ia,  ii.  404  ;  eatXMt  from 

J.  J^Gumey,  406,n.;  the  PaMOvec, ii.4S; 

picture  of,  with  long  hur,  26 ;  pietme  of, 

aalaep  in  the  ehip,  incenect,  77 ;  pic. 

tuni  of,  OB  a  pinnade  of  tiie  temple,  ii. ; 

meaniag  of  the  term,  ib,  ». ;  date  ot  his 

activity  and  paasion,  113;  astrenonsical 

attempts  to  decide  this,  i&. ;  coocteding 

reflfeccions  on  his  firat  and  second  ad- 

Trent,  lU ;  that  he  never  laughed.  261 
Jet,  and  Amber,  the  electrics  of  the  an- 
cients, i.  157 
Jew,  the  waaderiac,  hie  story  detailed,  iL 

379 ;  DoBEs|ffiel]a*a  neceont  of,  274,  a. 
Jewish  and,  Oaontal  feaata,  pietmea  of, 

ii.  17 
Java,  that  they  atink,  i.  413;  their  diet, 

419;  their  mode  of  feaating,  see  Feasts ; 

ibeir  practice  of  sepnltme,  iii.  11, 12  ; 

the  Ten  Tribes,  i.  419»  n. 
Jew'e  eaia,  what  ao  called,  i.  «i 
Joan,  Pope,  fable  of»  ii.  274 
Job,  thooght  by  acme  m  Idumeaa,.  ii*  218 
John  the  Baptist,  picture  of,  in  a  camel's 

akin.  ii.  M ;  cenoeming  hie  food,  S96 
John  the  Evangelist.    See  St.  John 
Johnsea,  Sam.    LL.D.    hia  Life  of  Sir 

Thomas  Browne,  v.  iac 
Joiats  d  depbanta,  i.  22* 
Jonah's  gourd,  iii.  154  and  n. 
JoaM,  Theodore  minister  ef  Hitteidala. 

hie  aecouot  of  Iceland,  iu.  aof 
Jttdaa  Iscaciot,  how  periiOied?  iL  354,  n«; 

vaaioaa   aeeoants    of  his  death,    242; 

crinaca  imputed  to  him,  968;  dniihtwd  iqr 

Wren,  0,  n. 
Judgment,  day  ei;  it.  303 ;  its  iaftaenfaan 

mir  artjena,  ik. 
Jnliaa  calendar,  the,  iL  129 
Juntpa».tne,  iiL  186 
Jaments  (hwsee,  oxen,  and  aaaaa),  why 

they  have  no  eractation?  L  41 
Jaatiaaa  bonewed  from  Trogne  Fomaeiae, 

i.  43 ;  more  properly  epitomiaad,  w.  a. 

K4JLK,  P.  aa  tba  fcaciaaden  el  serpaata,  i. 
258 

Xaek,  Mr.  llioaiaa,  audior  of  JmiotelsDns 

en.  Jlel^^  MatfM,  iL  308 
Kwt,  Lear taUs  ^  l«9i>Mi  of  the,  L  420 
King's  evil,  touching:  far,  i.  laii. 
KiagSaher,  eonoeit  that  if  haaged  hf  the 

biU  it  points  to  the  wind,  i.  270 
Kiagaof  Gologaa,  the  three,  ii.  239 
Kiranides,  his  works  collected  frem  Bar- 

poeraliaa  and  oAart,  and  full  eC  vaitftiy, 


Kirby,  Rev.  Wro^  hh  opiaion  on  quiaavy 
arraagcmeat,  ii.  5&5,  n. 

Kiicher,  Atfaaaas,  Jesuit,  his  assertion  tiiat 
the  magnet  will  attract  red-hot  iron, 
i.  117.  n. ;  hie  reason  for  the  variation  of 
the  compass,  128 ;  hu  opiaion  as  to  Ar- 
chimedea's  burning  glasses,  ii.  278 

Enorr  (or  Peganius),  Christian,  Baron  von 
Boaenroth,t>aBalaled  aodedited  Browne's 
works,  in  German,  iL  300 

Knot,  true  lever's,  ii.  82 

Koran,  various  absurdities  of  it,  L  34 ;  de- 
nied by  Sale,  «A.  n. 

Lababum,  the,  of  Constaatiae,  ii.  501 

L^iyrtnth  of  Crete,  ii.  A.|  1 

Lacedmmenians,  feflecthms  on  their  policy, 
iii.  362 

Laeepede,  Coaat,  opiaien  on  the  fudnt^ 
tiaa  of  sarpeats,  L  255 

Lactantius,  his  opinion  on  the  figure  of  the 
earth,i.  54 

Lamb,  vegetable,  i.  376 

LamJbe-woal,  what,  iii.  44(5 

Laatech,  hie  speeeh,  i.  16 

Lao^ueys,  that  they  have  many  eyes,  i.  2l6 

Lamps,  sepulchral,  aften  obscene  in  their 
omamenu,  iii.  26 

land  animaia,  sappoeed  to  exist  also  in 
their  kind,  in  the  sea,  i.  344 

I^ngaege,  whathet  children  would  nato- 
xaUy.  and  if  aniangfat,  sneak  the  primi- 
tive laiq^uageof  the  world,  ii.  ffl 

Languages,  lemarka  on,  iii.  283 

Lash,  a  provincialism,  its  meanioa,  ii.  569 

Lead,  not  changed  by  aquafortis,  1.  335 

LMk, -the  aaaanakee  of ,  iL  927 

LearBiag,paniOteakumffity,  U.  437;  that 
of  to«aay  unlearned  to-morrow,  UL 
' ,  ita  supposed  nutrinMnt,  L  832,  a. 


Leeks,  of  Egypt,  iii.  159 
Leftside,! 


,  erraasiegaading,  i.  388,  385 
Leibniti,  his  account  of  a  dog  wbieh  conld 

apadt,L9a8,a. 
Lemery,  his  experiment  on  the  nature  of 

earthquakca,  1.  179,  a. 
I^atahH,  hia  letter  desertUng  ear  Saviaai, 


a  forgoty,  ii.  2ft 

>o,  John,  cal 


Leo,  John,  called  the  African,  iL  318,  a. 
Leo  X.  Pope,  Ua  pnrfaaien  led  to  the  Ro. 

fonnation,  iL  8I9,  n. 
Lepanto,  the  battle  of,  iL  488,  a. 
L^fietraage,  .Sir  Ba.  of  Haaataatoa,  L  alH. 
Lewenheeck,  hie  remark  oneedieh,  iu.  464 
lihfaries,  pnhlic,  how  aaciaat,.iH.  268,  n. ; 

Adam's,  <&. 
Libttssa,  princess  of  Bohearia,  a  great  aor- 

ceiesf,  liL  489 
life,  long,  not  to  be  deeired,  ii.  385 ;   of 

aovenl  cBsatuaea  diaeneaed,  ib,  a. 
Lightning,  extnardinaex  kataaoe  of  ita 

effects,  i.  208 
Lilies,  in.  lis,  n. 

'ih,  iamiaata  the  feaee  of  gan- 
L181 


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544 


OlKKBiLL  nnDsx. 


lindtejr,  ProfeHor,  on  the  forbiddm  frait, 
ii.  211,  n. ;  on  qniiMurf  amagcmcDtin 
]>ImiU,  6A6,  n. ;  on  the  growth  of  nuaei* 
toe,  i.  90a,  n. 

linueus,  his  texnel  ■yetem,  i.  194,  n. 

Xinichotlen,  hia  ftocoootof  poreelnin,  i.  187 

Lion,  afraid  of  m  cock?  i.  905;  ezperi- 


«,  M.  n. 
lione'  heeds,  why  the  < 
of  eqeedttcts,  &c.  ii.  85 


whirh  ere  trae,  i.  119 
Lobster,  * 


his  one  claw  sometimes  lonfter 
than  Uie  other,  i.  245 ;  cause  of  this,  and 
its  core,  <*.  n. 

Longerity  of  the  deer,  i.  2fiS ;  that  of  vari- 
ous other  ereaturee,  tft. ;  a  very  ancient 
opinion,  ih. 

liongitnde  and  latitude,  diffsrenees  between 
the  ancient  and  modem  computation,  ii. 
906 

Loagomontanus  on  the  seventy  weeks  of 
Daniel,  ii.  118 

Lot's  daughters,  question  respecting,  ii.  S69 

Lot's  wife,  was  her  transformation  real  or 
metaphorical  ?  ii.  941 ;  |Dr.  Claihe's  com- 
mentary on,  249.  n. 

Lover's  uot,  ii.  89 

Lucian,  a  plagiarist  firom  Ludns  Pratenais, 
i.  43 

Xnther,  Martin,  an  Eremite  friar;  his 
Reformation,  not  the  setting  up  of  a  new 
religion,  but  the  restoration  of  the 
Christian  religion  to  its  primitive  integ- 
rity, ii.  818 

Mac  Culloch,  Dr.  on  thepneess  by  which 
some  insects,  &e.  leproduee  their  claws, 
i.  945,  n. 

Mace,  clove,  nutmeg,  ginger,  &e.  vulgarly 
confounded,  i.  199 

Macedonian  phalanx  quincundally  ar- 
ranged, ii.  511 

Macleay,  W.  S.  on  quinary  anangements, 
ii.  554,  n. 

Magicians  of  E^^t,  i.  79.  n, 

M^gic,  how  distinguished  from  philoeophy, 
ii.  367 ;  of  Satanic  origin,  L  89 ;  various 
absurditiee  of,  tft. 

Maginu.    See  Natoie's  Cabinet 

Magneria,  Asia  Minor,  aceount  of,  i.  145,  n. 

Magnet.    See  Loadstone 

Magnetic  needle,  its  dip,  i.  llfi;  poles, 
193;  variation  of  the  needle,  135  ;   rocks 

•  and  mountains,  143 ;  these  not  occa- 
sioned by  the  presence  of  the  loadstone, 
ib.  I  iUustn^ns,  ib.  n. 

Magnetism  of  the  earth,  i«  119 ;  of  the 
human  body,  140 

Mahomet,  his  delusions,  i.  93  ;  his  camel, 
ii.  981 ;  his  tomb,  absurdity  of  the  etories 
respecting  it,  i.  147 

Man,  his  deceptible  condition,  i.  7;  his 

.  iUl,  8 ;  originally  deceived  by  Satan,  t6.; 
angels  deceivable  as  well  as  he,  11  s  his 


nature,  ii.  879;  'called  a  micfoeosm, 
ib.  X  his  soul  immaterial,  378 ;  Thr. 
Drake's  remark,  ib,  n. ;  devonreth  him- 
self, 379 ;  Bf  oltke's  notes  on  this  singalar 
passage,  ib,  n. ;  the  I2th  fmrt  of,  made 
for  woman,  438 ;  the  whme  world  mad 
breath  of  God;  woman,  the  rib  and 
crooked  part  of  man,  ib.  t  has  one  rib  leas 
than  woman,  91S  ;  that  he  only  hath  an 
erect  figure.  379 ;  Wren  says,  ineorredly, 
baboons  and  apes  also  walk  erect,  ib, 

Mandeville,  Sir  John,  adopta  aome  of  the 
aaaertiona  of  Ctesias,  i.  03 ;  Dr.  Mor- 
rajr's  account  of  his  travels,  ib*  n. 

Mandrakea,  many  feblea  concerning  tiicm, 
i.  193  ;  of  Leah,  ii.  997* 

Mankind,  on  the  origination  of.  ii.  104 

Manuscripta  left  by  Browne,  notice  of  them 
bj  the  editor.;  .where  now  pieaerved,  L 
vii.  Izvii. 

Marsigli,  Count,  on  coral,  \.  185,  n. 

Mattmolns  says  that  garlic  hinders  the  at- 
traction of  the  loadstone,  L  136  ;  Rims 
believea  it,  ib,  n. 

Meat  and  drink,  whether  fhey  go  throng 
different  passages  into  the  stoeudi,  i. 
408 ;  danger  of  substances  getting  into 
the  windpipe,  168,  410,  n. 

Medea,  fable  of  her  sorceries  aroee  out  of 
her  knowledge  of  simples,  i.  4tt 

Medicine,  students  in,  books  useful  to,  iiL 
483 

Mendoia,  Gontales  de,  inquiries  eoneem- 
ing  porcelain,  i.  187 

Merfin  begotten  by  the  devtt,  u.  960 

Mermaids,  &c.  picture  of,  iit  59 ;  collec- 
tion of  modem  opinions  about  mer- 
maids, ib. 

Merrett,  Chr.  M.D.  hia  correapondeaee 
with  bir  Thomaa  Browne,  iii.  509 

Merryweather,  John,  B.D.  notice  of,  and 
hiaworka,i.  zv.  xlii.  $  letterfrooa,  iii.  486 

Metempsychosis,  remarka  on,ii.S79aadn* 

Meteorites,  account  of,  i.  36,  n. 

Methuselah  the  longest  liver,  IL  916 

Mice,  whether  brnl  of  putrefactioa  T  i. 
378 ;  Ross's  note,  showing  him  to  be  a 
stout  believer  of  equivocal  generation,  t^. 

Millekma,the,  said  to  be  the  nnicora,  i.SSS 

Milo,  fable  of  his  carrying  a  bull,  ii.  979 

Milton,  quotation  from,  applied  to  Biowoa, 
i.  zzznii.  n. 

Minotaur,  whence  the  fable  of,  i.  47 

Miracles,  the  author  thankful  that  he  lived 
not  in  the  days  of,  ii.  339 ;   their   eeiss 
tion,  362  ;  of  the  JesuiU,  ib. ;  of  popish 
relics,  ib.;  Browne's  lifs  a  miraete  of 
thirty  years,  444 ;  Johnson's  n 
this  paassge,  1.  xiv. 

Misapprehension   and   fidlacy, 
error,  i.  96 

Miselthrush,  iurdtts  eiaeisonw;  why  ao 
called,  i.  903 

Miaeltoe,  aupposed  by  the  ancients  to  be 
produced  from  seeds  dropt  on  trees  by 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


OXmSBAL  IlfTDEX. 


54>5 


Urdt,  eipedally  thrasliei,  i.  SOl ;  ra- 
riovu  tpeciei  of,  SOS,  n. ;  mtgkal  virtues 
ascribed  to  it ;  the  relic  of  Druidism,  t6. 

Mist,  account  of  the,  which  happened  Nov. 
37,  1674,  iii.  SSg 

Moles,  that  they  are  blind,  i.  313 

Moltke,  Levin  Nicol  von,  or  L.  N.  M.  E. 
N.  his  opinion  of  ReHgio  Medici,  ii.  399 

M0I7,  mentioned  b^  Homer,  ii.  373 

Monstrous  productions,  ii.  377 ;  Blamen* 
bach  reprobates  the  notion,  ib,  n. 

Montagu,  Basil,  Esq.  extract  from  his  lec- 
tures on  Bacon,  i.  Izxi. 

Months,  how  best  computed,  ii.  308 

Moon,  pictured  with  a  numan  shape,  ii.  74 

Moore,  Jonas,  chief  surveyor  of  fen  drain- 
age, iii.  493 

Moraan,  Sylvanns,  on  nobility  native  and 
nobility  dative,  ii.  35 

Moses,  earlier  writers  than  ?  ii.  355 ;  pic- 
ture of,  with  horns,  39 ;  occasioned  by 
an  ambiguity  in  a  Hebrew  word,  ib,; 
perhaps  the  same  person  as  Bacchus,  31 ; 
pictures  of,  prayii^  between  Hur  and 
Aaron;  several  inconsistent  with  the 
Scriptural  account,  79 ;  his  rod,  for  di- 
vination, 9S 

Motion  of  the  heavens;  whether  on  its 
cessation  all  things  would  perish?  ii.  309; 
of  animals,  quincuncial,  634  ;  propor- 
tion in  the  parts  of  motion,  537 

Mountains,  comoarative  height  of,  ii.  168 

MojEcr,  Mr.  his  character  of  the  European 
nations,  ii.  434 

Mugil,  not  the  mullet,  iii.  310 

MoTtitude,  the,  "one  great  beast,  more 
prodigious  than  hydra,"  erroneous  dis- 
'  position  of,  the  great  cause  of  popular 
errors,  i.  10 ;  led  rather  by  sense  than 
reason,  rather  by  example  than  precept, 
18;  led  into  idolatry,  31 ;  examples  of 
their  delusion,  33 

Mammies,  Vansleb's  account  oC;  iii.  447 ; 
the  quinenndal  arrangement  of  their 
folds,  ii.  533 ;  the  StahuB  IHatM  found 
about  them,  ib. 

Mummy  become  merchandise,  iii.  46 

Mosaeum  Clausum,  an  imaginary  catalogue 
of  lost  books,  iii.  s08 

Music,  of  love,  ii.  438 ;  of  the  ipberes»  439 ; 
philosophical  theonr  of  musical  effect, 
tb,i  remarks  on  the  passage,  ib,  n. ; 
tavern  music,  ib, 

Mustard-seed,  its  sice,  iii.  167 

Mutiny  in  the  wilderness,  i. 

Myrrh,  what,  iii.  158  and  n. 

Myrtle,  iii.  157 

NAiLg,  superstitions  about  paring,  ii.  84 ; 

spots  in,  popular  presages    from,  91 ; 

Oardan  appliol  them  to  himself,  ib. ;  how 

dyed  red,  369 
Names  of  plants,  i.  314 ;  crrora  epringing 

from,  ift. 

TOL.  ni. 


Naphtha,  ii.  347  n. ;  Creusa  and  Alexander's 

boy  set  on  fire  by,  i.  338 
Narborough,  Capt.  his  voyage  to  the  South 

Sea  described  m  a  letter  from  Dr.  Edward 

Browne,  iii.  587 
Nard,  the  ointment  of  the  Evangelists,  ii. 

339 
Natural  arrangement.    See  Quinary 
Nature's  Cabinet  Unlocked,  professing  to 

be  by  Browne ;  disclaimed,  ii.  504 
Navel.    See  Adam  and  Eve 
Navigation  of  the  ancients,  how  performed, 

i.  130 
Naaarites,  ii.  37 
Necromancy,  belief  in,  a  delusion  of  Satan, 

i.83 
Needle.  See  Magnetic  needle 
Negro  slavery,  its  termination  prophesied, 

iu.  304 
Negroes,  blackness  of,  ii.  180 
News-letters,  supplied  the  place  of  printed 

journals,  iii.  407 
Newton,  Sir  Isaac,  at  one  period  disposed 

to  alcbymy  and  astrology,  i.  Ix 
Nicander,  the  poet,  his  works,  i.  67 
Nidor  xadfuligo,  distingnished,  ii.  198 
Nierembegius,  his  fancy  concerning  the 

magnetism  of  tiie  human  body,  i.  140 
Niger,  its  overflow,  ii.  169 
Night-mare,  charm  against,  ii.  101 
Nightingale,  its    tongue,    i.  57;  sitting 

against  a  thorn,  878 
Nile,  number  of  its  mouths,  ii.  l63  ;  sup- 
posed cause   of  the   overflow  of  Nile, 

170 ;  various  attempts  to  cut  a  canal  from 

the  Red  Sea  to  it,  175 ;  speculations  on 

similar  attempts,  176,  n. 
Nimrod,  the  same  as  Belus,  i.  147 
Nineveh,  larger  than  Babylon,  ii.  511 
Ninus,  the  same  person  as  Assnr,  ii.  147 
Niobe,  fable  of  explained,  i.  47 
Noah,  the  same  person  as  Janus,  ii.  148 ; 

or  the  same  as  Saturn,  334 
Norfolk  birds,  account  of,  iii.  311  ;  fishes, 

383 
Norfolk  provineialisms,  iii.  833  and  n. 
North-east  passage,  its  discovery  prophe- 
sied, iii.  360 ;  Mr.  Barrow's  remarks  on, 

ib.u. 
Norwich,  monnments  in  the  cathedral  of, 

iii.  377;  thundcarstorm  at,  341 
Noses,  Moorish,  ii.  187 ;  inarching  of,  i. 

369,  n.    See  Taliacotiua 
Nutmeg,  what,  i.  300 
Nut-trees  dug  up  in  Marshland,  iii.  499 
Nycticorax,  the  night  raven  7  iu.  318 
Nysus,  a  kind  of  hawk,  ui.  313 

Oak,  Wren  calls  the  gall  its  proper  fruit, 
and  the  acorn  an  excrescence,  i.  308,  n. ; 
account  of  one  growing  in  the  New 
Forest,  300,  n. ;  insects  found  in  oak- 
apples  deemed  a  presage  of  war,  famine, 
or  pestilence,  31 1  ;  example  of  one  na- 
tmally  grafted  on  a  willow  poUard,  iii.  849 

2n 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


546 


OEITBSjLL  IITDEX. 


Oak  of  Seriptara,  what,  iH.  187 
Oblivioii,  r^ectiona  on,  iii.  44 
Obaequiea.   SeAjEHMiml  Rites 
Oil.trce,  Ui.  16/ 
Ointment,  what,  iii.  158 ;    wh«th«  Iraak- 

inoenae,  i6. 
Olaiu  If  agnna,  his  aeeoont  <rf  mi^etie 

Tocks,  i.  14S 
.Oleum  Samaritanum,  iii.  100 
Olive,  how  the  dove  eould  find  a  men  leaf 
of,   after   the   deluge,  ui.    IW;   wild, 
grafted  into  a  good,  17s 
Omcna  and  presages,  of  Satanic  origin,  i. 

87 ;  aereral  ahsurd  ones  noticed,  ii.  79 
Onions  of  Egypt,  iii.  169! 
Ophir,  question  respecting  its  true  situa- 
tion, i.  129 
.Opium,  said  to  deaden  the  force  of  gun- 
powder, i.  181 
Oppianus,  a  Cilieian  poet,  some  errors  in 
his  works  noticed,  i.  07 ;   his  denial  of 
sight  to  moles,  SIS 
.Oiades,  a  form  ui  Satanic  agency,  i.  81 ; 
cessation  of,  at  the  birth  of  Christ,  ii. 
243;  tract  on,  iii.  8i3.  See  also  Delphos 
Oribasitts,  a  plaa;iarist  of  Oalcn,  i.  43 
Origen,  successfully  opposed  the  Arabian 
heresy,  ii.  389,  u. ;  accused  by  Aug^ustin, 
Epiphanius,  and  Jerome,  of  heretical 
opinion,  330 
Oroin  Zeb  (Aurungseb),  iii.  689 
Orpheus,  fable  of  ms  hurp,  i.  4^;  supposed 

to  be  David,  ib, 
Ortelius,  metamorphosis  of,  iii..  31 
Ostrich,  0]nnion  that  it  digests  iron,  i.  SS4  ; 

pspen  on  the,  iii.  336 
Osyns,  supposed  the  same  as  Uiarsim,  ii. 

148 
Ovidius  Naso,    bis   M^tamorphotn  bor- 
rowed from  Parthenius  Chius,  i.  4%;  his 
poem  in  Gethic,  Mr.  Taylor's  note  re- 
q>ecting,  iii.  S68 
Ovum  decumanum,  ii.  37a 
Owls  and  ravens  deemed  ominous,  ii.  79; 

why.  t«.  n. 
Oxenden,  Sir  George,  president  of  India, 
character  of,  iii.  581 


Paljbphatub,  hiM  book  of  fabulous  nar- 
rations, i.  46 

Palingenesu,  ii.  397i  n. 

Palm-tree,  iii.  l69>  197 

Pamphylian  sea,  said  to  retire  bcibre  Alex- 
ander, ii.  S81 

Pantagruel's  library,  ii.  351 

Paper  reed  of  Egypt,  iii.  190 

Papin,  Nicholas,  his  book  De  Pulvere  Spm- 
pathetieOf  iii.  458 

Papin,  I>enys,  son  of  Nicholas,  his  bone 
digester,  iii.  458 

Paracelsus,  his  pretended  cures,  ii.  347 ; 
his  receipt  to  make  a  man,  376 ;  similar 
speculauons  of  others,  i6.  n. ;  his  abuse 
of  all  other  writers  in  his  own  profession. 


i.  55 ;  Dr.  ThomMm's  aeeomit  of  Um, 
ib.  n. ;  affirms  that  a  loadstone  put  into 
quicksilver  loseth  its  attraction  ibr  ever, 
137 ;  his  pigmies,  4i4 
Paradise  planted  on  the  third  d»y,  ii.  497  ; 
ite  probable  situation,  t6. ;  tree  of  know- 
ledge afforded  to  it  a  centre  of  dccuaaa 
tioo,  505 ;  the  term  of  Peraiaa  origin, 
499 
Parrote,    their  screaming,  how  made,  i. 

308,  n. 
Parthians,  their  diet,  ii.  414,  n. 
Parysatb.    See  Poison 
Passages,  that  there  are  separate  iiassigri 

for  meat  and  drink,  i.  408 
Passing-bell  to  invite  prayer  for  the  dying, 

u.  438,  n. 
ftasover,  our  Saviour  at  the,  ii.  S9 
Paston.    Sir   Robert  (afterwards  EaH  of 
Yarmouth),    correspondence   .with    Sir 
Thomas  Browne,  iii.  513 
Pau,  Peter,  professor  at  Leyden,  dissfctgd 

a  gnlo,  iii.  445 
Paul  V.  Pope,  his  contest  with  the  Vene- 

tian  republic,  ii.  395,  n. 
Pauaanias  does  not  mention  Eoiipas,  ii. 

248 
Peacock's  flesh  said  to  keep  very  long,  i- 

369 ;  Wren's  note,  i6.  n. 
Pegaaius,  the  Latinised  surname  of  Knoir» 

11.300 
Pdicaa,  on  the  picture  of  the,  ii.  1 
Pentangle  of  Solomon,  i.  83,  n. 
People.    See  Multitude 
Pertomes  mentioned  in  Seriptnn,  iii.  157 
Persecution  reprobated,  ii.  859 
Persepolitan  sculpture  gav»riae  to  Ctesias's 

description  of  gri&is,  &e.  i.  04,  n. 
Pettingal,  Dr.  on  the  story  of  St.  Geotge, 

U.  64 
Peyssonnel  discovered  the  apparent  flowen 
of  coral  to  be  the  polypi  whidi  prodace 
it,  i.  185 
Philes,  a  writer  on  animals,  follows  the 

ancient  stories,  i.  08 
Philip,  Rev.  Dr.  account  of  amennaid,  ii. 

01,  a. 
Phillips,  Mr.  Wm.  on  the  divining  rod,  iL 

90,  n. 
Philo  Judaeus  says  the  forbidden  fruit  has 
never  been  produced  since  the  fall,  iL 
Sll 
niiloxenus,  his  wish  for  die  nedc  of  a 
crane,  ii.  969  ;  droU  stories  in  illnatra- 
tion,  954,  n. 
Phoenicians,  their  colonies  in  Africa,  i.  149; 

near  the  Red  Sea,  177 
Phoenix,  fable  respecting  it,  i.  977;  cril^ 

cism  on  the  name,  983,  n. 
Physicians    and    philosi^hen 
atheists  and  magicians,  ii.  319; 
ber  of  physicians  in  the  Romiah  c 
of  saints,  iii.  304 
Physiognomy,  ii.  417»  »•;  almoat  cndkw 
variety  in,  ib. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


GENEEAL  INDEX. 


547 


Pia  Fraudea,  ii.  365 

Pictures,  some  venr  absurd,  ii.  79 

Pierins,  his  absura  antidote  against  the 
sting  of  a  scorpion,  i.  68 

Pigeon,  said  to  have  no  gall,  i.  235 ;  cor- 
rect statement  of  the  &ct,  337,  n. 

Pigmies,  their  existence  discussed,  i.  421 

Pigs,  whole-footed,  ii.  191,  n. 

Pineda  quotes  1040  authors  in  his  Monar- 
chia  Eeelesia8iiea,  ii.  367 

Pismire  said  to  bite  off  the  ends  of  com  to 
prevent  iu  growth,  i.  371 ;  correction  of 
the  error,  id.  n. ;  horse  pismire  of  Cte- 
aias,  169,  n. 

Pitch,  why  black,  ii.  199 

Plagues  of  E^t,  in  what  season  they 
happened,  iii.  183 

Planets,  their  number,  i.  428 

Planting,  various  conveniences  of  the 
quincundal  arrangement  in,  ii.  641 

Plants,  revived  from  their  ashes,  ii.  396 ; 
whether  all  have  seed,  i.  212  ;  the 
question  answered,  ib.  n.  ;  many 
absurd  modes  of  naming  them,  214; 
erroneous  impressions  have  arisen  from 
some  of  these  appellations  respect- 
ing the  nature  of  the  plants,  ib. ;  many 
and  strani^  faculties  and  properties 
falsely  ascribed  to  them,  216 ;  observa- 
tions on  several  named  in  Scripture,  iii. 
161. 

Plato,  his  year,  ii.  329,  n. 

PliVBtus,  the  meaning  of  a  passage  in,  i.  129 

Ploades,  their  number,  i.  428 

Pleurisies,  only  on  the  left  side,  i.  385; 
ignorance  of  anatomv  led  to  the  notion,  ib, 

I^linius  Secundus,  Hiai.  Nat.  jeers  at  books 
with  odd  titles,  ii.  308 ;  the  greatest  col- 
lector  of  all  the  Latins,  his  Nat.  Hist. 
collected  out  of  2000  authors,  i.  66 ;  Dr. 
Thomson's  opinion  of  him,  66,  n. ;  pro- 
IMgates  many  errors,  66 

Poison,  carries  its  own  antidote,  ii.  443; 
the  PayUi,  ib,  n. ;  of  Parysatis,  271 ; 
fabulous,  ib,  n.  ;  will  break  a  Venice 
glass,  ift.;  Ross's  evidence,  ib.  n.;  at- 
tempt to  poison  Alexander,  272 ;  Ireland 
free  from  venomous  creatures,  27s ; 
Wren's  bitter  remark,  ib.  n. ;  adminis- 
tered in  the  Eucharist,  287  and  n. 

PoUinetors,  the  Egyptian,  ii.  286 

Pomegranate-tree,  ui.  172 

Pope  Joan,  story  of,  fabulous,  ii.  274 

Popes,  their  custom  of  changing  their 
name,  ii.  263 

Poplar',  the,  iii.  162 

Popuhv  opinions,  various  erroneous,  ii.  91 

Popular  plurase,  used  in  Scripture,  not 
always  mtended  to  be  taken  literally,  i. 
72 ;  application  of  this  remark  to  astro- 
nomy and  geology,  73,  n. 

Porcelain,  common  error  respecting,  i. 
186  ^  its  true  ingredients,  Ut.  n. 

Porpoise  and  dolphin  differ,  how,  ii.  6 

Porta  Baptista,  aoeount  of  his  works,  many 


'  things  in  them  not  true,  i.  70 ;  Taylor's 
recommendation  of  his  Phpaiognomyy 
ib.  n. ;  Conybeare's  opinion  of  his  JVo. 
iural  Magic,  ib,  n. 

Porwigle,  what,  i.  290 

Posture,  superstitions  respecting,'  i.  84 

Potiphar's  wife,  pictures  of,  ii.  75 

Power,  Dr.  Henry,  of  Christ  College,  Cam- 
bridge, letter  on  a  passage  of  the  Garden 
o/{7yrt«,  with  answer,  ii.  6l7,n.:  another 
letter,  iii.  484 

Powder,  white  and  noiseless,  i.  178;  ful-- 
minating,  ib.;  invented  by  Alphonsus, 
duke  of  Ferrara,  180 

Powder  of  sympathy,  Papin's  work  on,  iii. 
458;  Digby's,  i.  153 

Powder-plot,  the,  alluded  to,  ii.  343 

Prateolus,  Gabriel  (Du  Preau),  account  of 
him,  i.  29 

Prayer  for  the  dead,  the  author  inclined  to, 
as  was  Dr.  Johnson,  ii.  330  and  n. 

Precious  stones  mentioned  in  Scripture,  iii. 

Predictions,  augurial,  whence  originating, 
i,  87 

Prega  Dio,  or  praying  mantis,  found  in 
Provence,  1.  381 

Presages  of  death,  various,  iii.  68;  from 
dreams,  74 

Prester  John,  still  a  mulatto,  ii.  191 

Pride,  discUimed  by  the  author,  ii.  435; 
Dr.  Watts's  censure  on  this  passage  dis- 
cussed, ib.  n. 

Printing,  question  as  to  the  country  of  its 
invention,  ii.  357 

Procreation,  the  author's  extraordinary  wish 
respecting,  ii.  438 

Propnecy,  an  old,  iii.  261 ;  expounded,  262' 

Proportions  existing  in  animal  conforma- 
tions, ii.  637;  Dr.  Adam's  rei 


ib.n. 


I  remarlu  on, 


Prosperity,  not  desired,  at  the  expense  of 

others,  ii.  441 
Public  librariesbefore  the  flood,  iii.  268,  n. 
Pulse,  Daniel's  food,  what.  iii.  i60 
Pygmalion,  fable  of,  ii.  286 
Pythagjoras,  i.  27 ;  his  notions  respecting 

numbers,  426;  Bishop  Hall's  reflections 

on,  ib,  n. 

QuBBiKS,  brief  reply  to  several,  iii.  210 
Quicksilver,  said  by  Paracelsus  to  destrey 

the  power  of  the  loadstone,  i.  137 ;  >aid 

to  be  more  destructive  than  shot,  181 
Quinary  arrangement  of  nature,  ii.  627,  n. 

554,  n. 
Quince,  one  of  the  meanings  of  the  Greek 

word  for  apple,  ii.  212 
Quincundal  ordination,  503 

Rabblb,  to  be  found  among  gentrv,  ii.  416 
Raehel,  her  alleged  motive  for  asking  for 

the  mandrakes,  ii.  227 
Rahab,  whether  correctiy  termed  a  harlot, 

ii.80 

2  K  2 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


548 


GlBinBBAL  TSTDIEX, 


Bain,  only  spparantly  pore,  i. 
Bainbow,  none  before  the  flood 


.331 
B  flood,  tax  abnird 
fancy— and  why,  ii.  219 

Bam'e  home,  eaid  to  take  root  in  the 
ground,  ii.  647 

Bamunua'  account  of  porcelain,  i.  186 

Battlesnake,  ite  euppoeed  power  of  fu- 
cinating,  Cuvier's  account  of,  i.  855,  n. ; 
rccMvea  its  young  into  it*  mouth  for 
safety,  301 

Bavena,  why  ominous,  ii.  79*  n« 

Bay,  Bev.  John  (spelt  also  Wray),  his  in- 
teroourae  with  Sir  Thomas  Browne,  i. 
Ivu. 

Beaping  in  the  East,  iii.  185 

Beason,  a  rebel  to  faith,  ii.  346 

Bed  Sea,  whence  its  titie,  ii.  176 ;  other 
seas  of  the  same  name,  179 

Bedi,  Francisco,  his  remarks  on  vipers, 
conflrmed  by  later  observation,  i.  3»4,  n. 

Be^o  Montanus,  his  fly  and  eagle,  ii.  340 

Bemagle,  B.  B.  Esq.  on  an  ancient  en- 
caustic painting  of  the  death  of  Cleo- 
patra, ii.  39i  n. 

Belations,  enumeration  of  some,  the  truth 
of  which  we  fear,  ii.  S84 

Religio  Medici,  list  of  works  similar  in  title, 
ii.  302 

Beligions,  computation  of  the  relative 
numbers  professing  various,  ii.  358,  n. 

Bemains,  Boman,  in  the  fens,  iii.  494 ;  in 
Norfolk,  533 

Bemora,  absurd  account  of  it,  i.  377 

Bepentance,  description  of,  ii.  434 

Besurrection,  attempt  to  illustrate  from 
the  metamorphoses  of  the  silkworm, 
ii.  383 ;  mode  of,  discussed,  394 

Bibs,  whether  a  man  has  fewer  than  a 
woman,  a  common  conceit ;  but  neither 
true  nor  reasonable,  and  why,  ii.  214 ; 
mutilations  not  transmitted,  215 ;  Bishop 
Hall's  reflectioni  on  the  point,  2l6 

Bight  and  left  hand,  i.  391 ;  the  right  pre- 
eminently used ;  whether  naturally  7  t6. ; 
conclusion  against  the  ntUural  pre- 
potency of  the  right  side,  400  ;  yet  does 
this  seem  to  be  the  fact,  from  modern 
investigation,  401 

lUng-flnger,  fancies  respecting  the,  i.  386 

Bings,  what  implied  by  wearing,  i.  387,  n. 

Bobmson,  John,  his  attack  on  Pseudodturia 
Epidemiea,  i.  Ixxvii. 

Bocks  of  Iceland,  described,  iii.  310 

Bod,  divining,  or  Moses's,  its  origin,  and 
use  in  minmg,  ii.  96 ;  modern  accounts 
of,  ib.  n. 

Bollrich  stones,*the,  iii.  21 

Boman  battalia  quineuncially  arranged,  ii. 
510 

Boman  stations  in  Britain,  iii.  14;  coins 
found  in  Britain,  16 ;  urns,  14 ;  empe- 
rors in  Britain,  17 

Borne,  its  true  name,  i.  25  ;  not  built  in  a 

.  day,  contrasted  with   the  assertion  of 

Strabo,  that  Anchiale  and  Tarsus  were 


built  by  Sardanapaltts  in  a  day,  il.  980 ; 

the  bishop  of,  entitied,  as  a  temporal 

prince,  to  the  duty  of  good  1  angusge,  324 
Bopalic,  or  Gradual  Verses,  iii.  221 
Bos  Solis  sud  to  give  the  rot  to  sheep,  i. 

216 ;  remarks  thereon,  ib.  n; 
Boee,  "  under  the,"  import  and  wigin  of 

the  phrase,  ii.  82 ;  modem  aoeonnta  of, 

ib.  n. ;  five  brethren  of  the,  526,  n. ;  of 

Jericho  flourishing  at  Christmas-eve,  L 

206 ;  what  it  is,  iii.  I70 
Boses  brought  firom  Egypt  to  Borne,  till 

cultivated  there,  iii.  205 
Ross,  Alexander,  attacked  ReKgio  MeUd 

and  Digby's  Observaticms,  i.  xv.  ii.  296 
Boss,  Commander  J.  C,  on  the  msgnetie 

pole,  i.  124,  n. 
Buck,  fable  of  the,  ii.  282 
Bueus  says  that  garlic  hinden  the  attrae- 

tion  of  the  loadstone,  i.  136 ;  oraceming 

coral,  183 
BuiBnns,  story  of  an  iron  chariot  suqpended 

by  loadstones,  i.  147 
Rump  of  sheep  very  larg«  in  Jodea,  iii.  197 
Rupertus  supposes  a  pigeon  to  have  no 

efall,  i.  236 
Rye,  fatal  effects  of  swallowing  an  ear  of,  i. 

168,  n. 

Sabbatical   river,  diaoordant  aeeoimti 

of  the,  ii,  282 
Saddles,  when  invented?  i.  64,  n. 
Safeiy-lamp,  history  of  its   invention,  i. 

328,  n. 
St.  Christopher,  picture  of,  carrying  oar 

Saviour  through  the  water,  ii.  52  ;  irtio 

he  was,  and  what  he  did,  53 
St.  George,  picture  of,  ii.  54 ;  who  was  he? 

ib. ;  pageant  of  St.  George  at  Norwich,  55 
St.  Jerome,  of  his  picture,  ii.  56 
St.  John,  that  he  should  not  die,  ii.  285 
St.  Peter  in  the  prison,  Bubens's  picture  of, 

a.  77 

St.  Vincent,  account  of,  iii.  364 
Salamander,   fable  of,  i.  29 1 ;    mpposed 

grounds  for  it,  292 
Salamander's  wool,  i.  293;  the  asbestos 

ib,  n. 
Salt,  whether  dissolvable  most  easily  in 

cold  water,  i.  42 ;  explained,  ib.  n. ;  its 

fall  ominous,  ii.  80;  taxed  in  Prance, 

ib.n. 
Salvation,  confldenee  req>ecting  our,  how 

far  justified,  ii.  418 
Samaritans,  their  chronology,  ii.  107 
Sandarach,  what,  i.  182,  n. 
Sap,    theory  of  its  circulation,  i.  21S; 

opinions  of  several  eminenl  vegstablfl 

physiologists,  ib.  n. 
Satan,  his  equivocations  in  the  replies  of 

oracles,  i.  28 ;  his  endeavours  the  grest 

promoter  of  popular  error,  75 
Satanic  agency,  orades  and  witdieraft,  tits 

result  of,  i.  81 
Saturn,  the  sama  as  Noah,  ii.  148 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


C^EITEBAL   INDSX. 


54(9 


Saturn  Egyptlof,  the  Mune  m  Chun,  ii. 

148 

Saxon  langaag«i  «onpared  with  modern 

Engl»h»  iii.  330 
Scarlet  berry,  whether  known  in  Judea, 

iii.  180 
Science!,  authority  of  no  validity  in  aeve- 

ral,  especially  matbematici,  i.  SS ;  most 

of  them  illustrated  bySeriptore,  iii.  152 
Scolopendra,  said  to  be  double-headed,  i. 

897 
Scripture,    observations  on  plants   men- 
tioned therein,  iii.  151 
Scutcheons  of  the  twelve  tribes  <rf  Israel, 

u.  32 
Scutellaria,  as  a  remedy  for  hydrophobia,  i. 

462.  n. 
Scythians,  their  languages  supposed  the 

fountain  of  the  languages  of  Europe,  iii. 

224 

Sea,  its  ebb  and  flow,  ii.  348 ;  animals  in, 

popular  error,  844 
Seasons,  their  division,  ii.  122 
Sebets,  or  Zebets,  little  known  of,  iii.  465 ; 

probable  account  of,  ib.  n. 
Seound,  Raymund,  a  physician,  wrote  on 

natural  theology,  i.  64 
Seed,  consideration  of  its  increase,  iii.  176  { 

the  seven  .years  of  plenty  in  Egypt,  176 
Seeds  of  plants,  i.  212 
Semiramis,  her  immense  army,  ii.  151 
Seneca,  of  books  with  odd  titles,  ii.  308 
Septuagint,  its  antiquity,  credit,  and  his- 
tory, ii.  Ill 
Seraglio,  extent  of  daily  provision  for  the 

use  of  the,  ii.  206 
Serapis,  why  figured  with  a  bushel  on  his 

head,  ii.  32 
Sersitts  II.  not  the  originator  of  the  change 

of  name  by  the  popes,  ii.  26S 
Serpent,  wlutt  was  it,  by  whom  Eve  was 

tempted,  and  how,  ii.  9 
Sexes,  in  plants,  i.  194,  n. 
Sfenra  cavalh>,  or  Ferrum  eqvinnm,  its 

fabled  power,  i.  207 
Shekel  01  the  sanctuary,  ii.  241 
Shells,  said  to  be  of  all  colours  but  blue, 

ii.  181,n. 
Shem,  Ham,  and  Japheth,  their  relative 

ages,  ii.  222,  and  n. 
Shittah  tree,  iiu  156  and  n. 
Mowers  of  wheat,  the  seeds  of  ivy-berries, 

i.  213 
Sibyls,  the  pictures  of,  ii.  38 
Side.    See  Left  Side 
Signaturists,  what,  i.  199 
Silkworms,  their  metamorphoses  compared 

to  the  resurrection,  ii.  383 
Silly-how,  what,  and  why  prised,  ii.  87 ; 

advertisements  for,  ib.  n. 
Silvester  II.  Pope,  passed  for  a  magician, 

ii.S17 
Sitting  cross-legged  unlucky,  ii.  84 
Skin  and  membranes  of  man  and  animals 

often  exhibit  the  quincunx,  ii.  531 


Sleep  and  dreams,  thoughts  upon,  ii.  447 

Small  coal,  the  old  term  for  charcoal,  i. 
177 

"  Smoke  foUows  the  fairest,"  ii.  83 ;  still 
a  common  sayins  in  Norfolk,  ib,  n. 

Snails,  that  thev  have  no  eyes,  i.  818 ;  di- 
gression on  double  and  single  vision, 
820  }  Dr.  Wollaston  hereon,  ib.  n. 

Snakes  and  vipers,  that  they  sting  by  the 
tail,  denied,  i.  376 ;  some  not  poisonous, 
and  therefore  eaten,  876 ;  poisonous  ser- 
pents also  edible,  ib.  n. 

Snap,  at  Norwich,  what,  ii.  65,  n. 

Snast,  a  Norfolk  vulgarism,  i.  294,  ii.  96 

Sneeiing,  concerning  the  custom  of  salut- 
ing thereupon,  i.  410 

Snow,  its  exquisite  configuration,  i.  106 

Sodom  and  Oomorrha,  ii.  348;  Ui.  260 

Solinus  Julius,  his  PolyhiMtor  a  plagiary 
from  Pliny,  i.  66 

Solitude,  no  such  thing;  none  truly  alone 
but  God,  ii.  443 

Solomon,  lost  works  of,  ii.  366 ;  his  gar- 
dens, 604 

Sorites,  a,  ii.  346,  n. 

Sortes  HomericfB,  or  VirgiliansB,  defined 
and  denounced,  ii.  97 ;  King  Charles  I. 
tried  them,  ib.  n. ;  casual  opening  of  a 
Bible  noticed  by  Cardan,  ib.  n. 

Soul-sleeping,  Browne's  opinions  respect* 
ing,  ii.  329 

Sower  and  bis  seed,  parable  of  the,  iii.  174 

Spartan  youth,  Plutarch's  story  of  the, 
ii.  281 

Speech,  whether  animals  are  capable  td  at- 
taining, i.  230,  n. ;  Wren's  stories  about 
apes  speaking,  t6.  n. 

Spelman,  Sir  Henry,  his  Works,  Dugdale 
editing,  i.  392 

Spermaceti  whale,  i.  363 

Spider,  red.    See  Tainct 

Spider  and  Toad.    See  Toad 

Spiders  ssid  not  to  be  found  in  Ireland,  nor 
in  Irish  timber,  e.  g.  in  King's  College 
roof,  Cambridge,  ii.  167;  not  true,  268 

Spirits,  good,  ii.  »68 ;  writers  on,  referred 
to,  16.  n. ;  a  passage  on  the  subject  from 
Collet  a  Relies  0/ Literature,  ib.,  n. 

SpitUe,  fssting,  i.  878 

Spurge-leaves  said  to  be  purgative  or 
emetic  accordins  to  the  direction  in 
which  they  are  plucked  off  the  plant,  i. 
216 

Standing,  one  kind  of  exercise,  i.  284 ;  to 
what  animals  a  position  of  rest,  ib.  n. ; 
Wren  thinks  it  tends  to  produce  swelled 
legs  and  gout,  ib.  n. ;  what  would  pro- 
bably  have  been  Darwin's  opinion  on  the 
point,  ib. 

Starfish,  or  sea  stars,  how  many  points 
have  they?  u.  660,  n. 

Stark,  Dr.  on  the  effect  of  colour,  on  heat, 
and  odour,  ii.  189,  n. 

Stars,  their  ascension,  &c.  especially  the 
dog-star,  i.  447 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


550 


GENXBAIi  HTDEX. 


Stater,  tlia  coin  foond  ia  the  flah't  moath, 
U.fl41 

Steel,  ezperimento  on  ite  eoUinon  with 
flint,  i.  109 

Stirrape,  how  inelent,  ii.  44,  46 

Stoics,  deny  e  muI  to  pbmta,  ii.  840,  n. 

Stonueh,  Mine  animals  have  four,  i.  S95 

Stonee,  sundrr  faholou  opinions  conoem- 
inc  divert  Unds  of,  i.  igo 

Storks,  that  they  will  only  live  in  free 
states,  i.  300 ;  obrioosly  fidse,  ift. ;  an 
hospital  at  Pes  for  sick  storks,  s6l ;  rest- 
ing on  trees  in  Galilee,  iii.  180,  n. 

Strabo,  his  doak,  what,  ii.  411,  n. 

Straw,  Terj  short  in  Egypt,  iii.  105 ;  stub- 
ble, why  substituted,  id. 

Sun,  site  and  motkm  of,  ii.  ISO ;  dandng 
on  Easter-day,  87 ;  pietnie  of  the  sun 
and  moon,  74 

Sundlalof  Ahas,U.  211 

Superstitious  man,  charartfir  of,  by  Bishop 
Hall,  ii.  109,  n. 

Surat,  lively  description  of  its  attaek  and 
pillage  by  Sevagee,  iii.  699 

Swallows,  unluckv  to  kill  them,  ii.  95; 
similar  superstition  attaches  to  the  robin 
and  the  wren,  H.  n. 

Swan,  its  fobled  musical  powers,  i.  867 ; 
anatomy  oi  the  organs  oi  voiee  in,  358, 
n. ;  black,  no  lon^  a  fiction,  ii.  <k,  n. 

Swimming  and  fioatmg,  i.  402 

Sybils,  errors  in  the  pictures  of,  ii«  88 

Sycamore-tree,  iii.  173 

Sylvester  II.  Pope,  for  his  science,  counted 
m  magician,  ii.  317,  n. 

SympaUiy,  powder  of,  i.  153,  n. 

Syracusia,  Hiero's  great  ship,  ii«  980 

Syria,  fomous  for  gardens,  ui.  106 

Syrian  lilies,  iii.  197 

Tacitus,  first  line  of  his  AtmaU  averse,  ii. 

440 

Tadpoles,  i.  70;  Wren's  observation  of 
them,  ib,  n. 

Tainct,  a  kind  of  spider,  supposed  to  be 
very  poisonous  to  cattle,  i.  307 

Taliacotius,  in  hisDcCurtorumCMrvrfia, 
seta  forth  his  art  of  communicating  with 
absent  friends,  i.  155 ;  his  new  art  vi  tho 
inarching  of  noses,  969,  n* 

Tamerlane,  his  extraction  discussed,  ii.  965 

Tarantula,  wondrous  stories  about  the,  i. 
376 ;  set  right  by  modem  experiment, 
ib.  n. 

Tares,  what,  iii.  200 

Tarsus  and  Aaehiale  built  in  a  dav,  ii.  981 

Tartaretus,  imaginary  work  of,  described, 
ii.  851 

TartaiT,  vegetable  lamb  of,  i.  376 

Tau,  the  mystical,  ii.  501 

Temptation,  original,  of  Satan,  how  was  it 
conducted,  i.  8;  various  queries  re- 
specting, 10,  11 ;  Hadrian  Beverland's 
theory  respecting,  i6.  n. 

Ten  Tribes,  note  on  the>  i.  415 


Tenison,  Abp.  first  edited  Browne's  works 
collectively,  i.  xzvi. 

Testimony,  absence  of,  no  proof  of  negm- 
tive,  i.  66 

Tetragrammaton,  the,  i.  83 

Thales  held  that  the  earth  swims  in  water, 
i.  114 ;  deemed  water  the  original  of  all 
thinge,  iii.  9 

Theodoret,  on  the  cessation  of  orades,  ii. 
945 

Theodorick,  King,  manner  of  his  death,  iii. 
909 

Theophrastus,  to  be  read  by  medical  stu- 
dento,  iii.  883 ;  on  the  plantations  of  In- 
dia, 503 ;  where  he  made  his  observa- 
tions, 493 

Thendas,  his  history,  i.  93 

Thistles  of  Scripture,  iii.  903 

Thomson,  Dr.  notice  of  Paraedsna  in  his 
History  0/ Ckemistrjf^  i*  155,  u. 

Thorn  of  Glsstonbury,  i.  905 ;  some  parti- 
culars respecting,  ib.  n. ;  Wren's  certifi- 
cate respecting  a  similar  plant,  an  oak 
in  the  New  Forest,  906,  n. 

Thorns  of  the  cross,  what,  iii.  155  and  n. 

Thunder  compared  with  the  report  of  gun- 
powder, i.  178 ;  in  a  clear  sky,  1 79 ;  attri- 
Dttted  to  the  fall  of  meteoric  stones,  of 
old  called  thundeibolto,  ib.n, 

Thunderbolto,  what,  i.  179 

Thunderstorm  at  Norwich,  aceount  of,  iu. 
341 

Tierra  del  Fuego,  account  of,  iii.  597 

Tigers,  swiftness  of,  doubted,  i.  877 

Tifiotoon,  John,  D.D.  alludes,  in  his  140th 
sermon,  to  apassage  in  BeUgio  Media, 
i.  xliii. 

Time,  what  it  is,  i.  435 ;  ancient  measures 
of,  ii.  57;  divisions  of  the  year,  199; 
three  great  periods  of,  187 

Toad  and  spider,  antipathy  between,  i* 
864 ;  Erasmus's  ridiculous  story  of  this, 
ib.  n.  , 

Toads,  errors  regarding,  i.  984 

Toadstones,  i.  284,  987,  n. 

Tobacco,  remarks  on,  iii.  385 

Tobias,  cured  by  the  gall  of  the  fish,  re- 
marks on  this,  i.  938 

Tooth,  imposture  of  the  golden,  i.  405 

Toothanage,  or  Tutenague.    See  Zinc 

Torpedo,  its  shock,  i.  954,  n. 

T<ffrid  xone,  supposed  uninhabitable,  ii.  968 

Tostatus  says  that  Nilus  increases  eveiy 
new  moon,  i.  57 

Tnueetion,  instances  of  the  use  of  the  term, 
ii.  496,  n. 

Transparency  of  crystal,  i.  109 :  cause  e^ 
ib.  n.;  how  destroyed,  110 

Trees  and  shrubs,  vegetables  thus  divided 
in  Scripture,  iii.  190 

Trent,  the  Council  of,  not  in  all  points 
wrong,  ii.  323 

Trinity,  refiections  on  the  doctrine  of  the, 
ii.  335 ;  of  souls,  ib,  n. 

Troas,  what  place  meant  by  that  name  iii.164 


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6ENEBAL  IKBEX. 


661 


Tnie-loTen'  knots,  ii.  89 

Tubal  Cain,  why  associated  with  Jubal,  iii. 

851 
Tulips  never  blue,  ii.  181 
•Tumuli,  or  artificial  hills,  iii.  342 
Turkish  hymn,  iii.  230 
Turnips,  by  some   said  to   change  into 

radishes,  i.  306 
Turpentine-tree,  what,  iii.  171  *ind  n. 
Tcetzes,  Johannes,  a  traoscriptive  writer, 

not  to  be  trusted,  i.  68 

Ubi  tres  Medici,  duo  Athei,  a  common 
speech,  ii.  81 7>n< 

"  Ungirt,  unblest,»*  its  import  supposed, 
ii.  86 ;  Wren's  note  thereon,  ib,  n. 

Unicom,  what  is  it?  i.  338;  modem  ac- 
counts of  it,  ib.  n. ;  picture  of,  in  the 
arms  of  Great  Britain,  li.  62 

Unicorn's  horn,  popular  errors,  i.  337 

Universal  redemption,  Browne's  opinions 
respecting,  ii.  330 

Upas  tree,  particulars  respecting  it,  i.  254 

Urns,  funeral,  figures  of,  ii.  3,  54 ;  their 
contents,  13 

Uro-burial,  very  ancient  examples  of,  iu.  8 

VALBMTiAg,  the  true  and  proper  name  of 

Bome,  i.  25 
Variation  of  the  compass,  i.  136,  ii.  l62 
Vegetable  lamb  of  Tartary,  i.  376 
Vegetation,  remarks  on,  iii.  382 ;  vegetables 

before  the  flood,  i.  347 
Venice,  contest  of  the  republic  with  the 
see  of  Rome ;  expels  the  JesuiU ;  adheres 
nevertheless  to  the  faith  of  Bome,  ii. 
823,  n. ;  duke  of,  the  annual  ceremony  of 
his  casting  a  ring  into  the  Adriatic,  408 
Venice  glass,  what,  i.  106 
Venomous  creatures,  Ireland  said  to  be 
exempt  from,  ii-  157,  n* ;  >dso  the  island 
of  Crete,  273 ;  Wren's  bitter  sarcasm  on 
this,  ib.  n. ;  the  story  not  trae,  258 
Vermin,  distinct  species  peculiar  to  various 
animals,  &c.  i.  197 ;  correctness  of  the 
assertion,  106,  n. 
Veraoriam,  meaning  of  the  word  in  Plautus, 

i.  129 
Verses,  ropalic,  or  gradual,  iii.  221 ;  other 

similar  affected  modes,  222 
Vice,  extravagance  in,  ii.  434 
Vigors,  N.  Esq.  on  quinary  arrangements 

in  birds,  ii.  556,  n. 
Vincent,  St.,  account  of,  iii.  364 
Vincentius  Belluacensis,  derived  his  Spe- 
culum  Naturale  firom  Oulielmus  de  Con- 
chis,  i.  69 ;  account  of  him  by  Conybeare, 
i^.n. 
Vines,  why  said  to  give  a  good  smell,  iii. 

166 ;  their  great  sue,  170  and  n. 
Viol,  or  lute,  that  the  string  of  one  will 
answer,  on  the  touch  of  another,  in  uni- 
son with  it,  ii.  284 
Vipers,  fables  respecting,!.  297;  Roman 
punishment  of  parricides,  by  means  of. 


298  ;    on    Paul's  hand,  ib, ;  Quasi  ti 

pariatt  ib. 
Vubiasses)  a  term  of  doubtful  meaning,  iii. 

72 
Virgilittf,  Bp.  of  Saltcburv,  said  to  have 

suffered  martyrdom  in  the  cause  of  the 

antipodes,  ii.  36l,  n. ;  disproved,  ib,  n. 
Virgtlius,  Pub.  Maro,  his  Eclogues  hotw 

rowed   from  Theocritus,    his  Georgies 

from  Hesiod  and  Aratus,  hM^neid  ftom 

Homer  and  Pisander,  i.  43 
Virtue  its  own  reward,  but  a  cold  prin- 

dpie  of  action,  ii.  393 
Vision,  single,  with  two  ^es,  i.  330 
Vitrification,  definition  of,  i.  104 
VoetiuB,  number  of  authors  quoted  by,  ii. 

357 
Volcano,  an  artifidal,  i.  I79i  n« 
Vulcan  giving  arrows  to  ApoUo  and  Diana, 

on  their  fourth  day,  may  have  arisen 

from  the  creation  of  the  sun  and  moon 

on  the  fourth  day,  ii.  497 
Vulgar  errors,  Daines  Barrington  on  points 

of  law,  i.  Ixxx. 
Vultures,  absurd  fancy  about,  ii.  67 

Wales,  singular  boats  used  in,  i.  141   , 

Wallis,  Dr.  on  the  cause  of  thunder,  i.  178 

Wandering  stars  mentioned  in  Scripture, 
what,  iii.  152 

Warts,  charms  against,  ii.  101 ;  used  by 
Lord  Baeon,  ib,  n. ;  Digby's  experiment 
hereon,  ib.  n. 

Water,  whv  hot  will  not  melt  metals,  i. 
98 ;  distiUed  makes  beer  without  boiling, 
ii.  550 

Waters  and  springs,  some  will  not  freeze, 
i.  96 ;  why,  ib,  n. 

Watts,  Dr.  Isaac,  his  charge  of  arrogant 
temerity  upon  Browne,  strictures  there- 
on, ii.  435,  n. ;  dialogue  with  an  African 
as  to  Adam's  complexion,  ii.  189,  n. 

Wave,  the  tenth,  conceit  respecring,  ii.  269; 
curious  particulars  in  illustration  of,  ib.  n. 

Weight  ox  the  human  body  alive  and  dead, 
and  before  meat  and  after,  i.  405 

Welsh  language,  the,  iii.  225 

Whale,  the  spermaceti,  i.  353;  modem 
name  of  this  whale,  354 

Whelps,  whether  blind  for  nine  days,  i. 
363  ;  Aristotle's  opinion  on,  ib. 

White,  H.  K.  remarks  on  the  magicians  oi 
Pharaoh,  i.  79,  n. 

White,  Thomas,  some  account  of  him  and 
his  works,  ii.  460,  n. 

White  noiseless  powder,  i.  175 

Whitefoot,  Rev.  J.  M.  A.  some  account  of 
him,  i.  vi. 

Willoughby,  Francis,  his  Omithologia, 
Browne's  share  in,  i.  Ivii. 

Witchcraft  and  Satanic  influence,  the 
author's  opinions  respecting,  i.  liv. ;  ac- 
cordant with  those  or  Bacon,  Bp.  Hall, 
Baxter,  Hale,  Lavater,  &c.  ii.  366 ;  list 
of  writers  on,  ib.  n. 


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552 


OESISBAL  INDEX. 


Ha 


WitdiM,  trial  oC»  in  lO«4,  at  Bury  St.  Ed- 

mand'i,  84,  n. 
Wolf,  fable  of  his  ttrildDg  a  man  dumb. 

i.  961 ;  Wren's  opinion  of  this,  ib.  n. 
WoUaeton,  Dr.  on  eingle  vieion  with  two 

eyea,  i.  SSO,  n. 
Woman  conceiving  in  a  bath,  Avenoes' 

£0)16  of  a,  ii.  259 
Wooton,  Sir  Henry,  his  napkin  of  aabettos, 

i.  S93,  n. 
World,  period  of  its  commencement,  ii.  103 ; 

in  what  season  created,  119;   whether 

slenderly  peopled  before  the  flood,  136 
Worms  supposed  by  most  to  be  ezsangni- 

Doas.  i.  807 ;  *re  not  so,  ib,  n. 
Worthies,  picture  of  the  nine,  ii.  48 ;  who 

they  were,  ib.  n. 
Wotton,  Wm.,  Browne's  testimony  to  his 

acquirements,  i.  lis. 
Wounds  cured  by  the  powder  of  sympathy, 

i.  158,  n. 
Wray.    See  Bay 
Wren  Christopher,  D.D.  dean  of  \^nd> 

sor,  his  notes  to  Pseudodoxia  Epidemiea, 

i.  faonriii. ;  his  character,  ib. ;  his  defence 

of  the  Ptolemaic  system  of  astronomy, 

35,  n. 
Wren,  Sir  Christopher,  D.C.L.,  his  dreams, 

i.  IzxTiii. 
Wren,  superstition  in  fsTour  of  the,  ii.  95 

XBMOPHANB8  held  that  the  earth  has  no 


bottom,  i.   114;    that  there  is 

world  in  the  moon,  91 
Xenophon,  his  description  of  the  Sardio 

plantations  of  Cyrus,  ii.  500 
Xerxes'  story  that  his  anny  drank 

rivers  dry,  ii.  276 


Yabmouth,  Earl  of.    S 

Tarrell,  Mr.  his  Memoirs  on  the  OrgaM 

of  Speech  m  £mb,  i.  830  1 

Tear,  civil  and  natural,  i.  443 ;  division  ol    ]* 

the,  ii.  122.  ^ 

Tew,  said  to  be  poisonous,  but  contradicted    n 

i.  217;  some  animals  asserted  to  h*-" 

died  from  eating  it,  ib.  n. 
Toung,  Dr.  On  Hieroglyphics^  i.  47,  a*J 

on  the  Isias  table,  268,  n. ;  aoooant  s     ;^ 

Horapollo,  853 ;  on  the  crux  astsata,  n. 

501,  n.  "■ 

Zbcchinblli,  Signor,  on  the  natoral  jn- 

potency  of  the  right  side,  i.  401  < 

Zeno,  denies  motion  in  nature,  i.  36 
Zinc,  or   tunenague,    called 

iii.  456 
Ziiania,  what,  iii.  200 
Zodiac,  rabbinical  speculations    on  AC| 

ii.  80 ;  declination  of  the  sun  in  the,  lfl| 
Zone,  the  torrid,  supposed  to  be 

able,  ii.  258 
Zoroaster,lus  early  date,  ii.  355,  n. 


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u^Iinquish  the  design,  even  after  he  had  made  some 
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greater  concern  on  this  occasion  than  the  author  of 
these  pages,  who,  from  an  unexpected  occurrence  of 
circumstances  has  supplied  his  place.  He  feels 
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%e  is  only  anxious  that  such  defects  may  not  ob- 
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SELECT  WORKS 


OF 


BENJAMIN  STILLINGFLEET, 


SEVERAL  OP  WHICH  HAVE 


NEVER  BEFORE  BEEN  PUBLISHED. 
ILLUSTRATED  WITH   PLATES, 


»     > 
VOL,  I.  '  *' 

LITERARY  LIFE, 


LONDON  r 

PRINTED   BT   J.  NICHOLS   AND.SOX> 
Red  Lion  Passage,  Fleet  Street ; 

FOR  LONGMAN,  HURST,  R££S,  ORME,  AND  BROWN, 
PATERNOSTER   ROW. 

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ADVERTISEMENT 


TO 


THE    SECOND   VOLUME. 


THE  Selection  which  is  here  given  to  the  public, 
consists  partly  of  original  works,  and  partly  of 
translations.  Of  the  original  works,  those  which 
have  not  been  before  given  to  the  public,  are  distin- 
guished in  the  table  of  Contents  by  an  asterisk :  the 
reasons  for  the  selection  of  the  others  will  appear  in 
the  Preface  and  in  the  Life. 

The  Works  are  divided  into  Poetical  and  Natu- 
ral History. 


a  2 


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CONTENTS. 


VOL.  11.    PART  I. 

POETICAL. 

Pag« 

Epistle  to  a  Friend,  written  in  1723             -             -  I 

Verses  occasioned  by  two  lines  in  a  Poem  of  Mr,  Taleur  6 

An  Essay  on  (Conversation           -           -           •       -  11 

Poem  cm  the  Earthquake          -        -        -         "        -  .^* 

Poetical  Efiusion  on  the  Economy  of  Nature           -  45 

DRAMAS. 

^Joseph  -  -^-  -  -  -5« 

-^Moses  and  Zipporah            -           -           -           -  8G 

*Medea           -           -           -           .           *         -  li«- 
^Select  Songs  from  the  Oratorio  of  Paradise  Lost^  and 

other  pieces          -            -          -            -~          -  145 

SONNETS. 

*To  Price            •            -            -            -            -  1^1 

To  Williamson           -           -           -          -         ^  16« 

*ToD8unpier            ..--,-'•  163 

*To  Windham           .           -            -           -          -  164 

*ToAldwortb 1^5 

*ToBaillie             -             -            -,          -           -  W 

*Tp  Lord  Haddington   ,        -            -           -          -  1^7 

*ToTate           .        ,           -           -           -           -  168 
*These  Sonnets  are  accompanied  by  a  character  of  Robert  - 

Price,  esq.            -            -    ,       *            -            -  169 


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Page 

Prefece  to  the  Miscellaneous  Tracts              -            -  185 
Discourse  concerning  the  Irritability  of  Flowers,  translated 

from  the  Italian  of  Count  Giov.  dal  Colvolo            -  203 
Swedish  Pan,    or  Introduction  to  the  Observations  on  * 
Grasses,  translated  from  the  original  treatise  by  Nicho- 
las Hasselgren,  in  the  Upsal  Transactions              -  229 
Observations  on  the  Grasses             ...  249 
*Additional  Observations,  by  Professor  Martyn            -  303 

VOL.  II.     PART  IL 

Oil  the  Foliation  of  Trees,  translated  from  the  Treatise  by 
Harald  Back^  as  an  Introduction  to  the  Calendars  of 
Flora  -  -  "  -  -         361 

Calendar  of  Flora. 

. Swedish  -  /-  -  337 

English  -  -  -  447 

'■  Greek,  from  Theophrastus         -        481 

♦Additions  to  the  Calendar  of  Flora,  by  Professor  Martyn, 
containing  General  Observations  on  the  Leafing  and 
Flowering  of  certain  Plants^  during  a  series  of  years    -     493 

♦Memoranda  for  the  History  of  Husbandry        -         505 
Introduction,  on  Savage  and  Pastoral  life         -  -  509 

Part  I.     Sect.  I. 

Probfe  of  the  flourishing  state  of  Agriculture  in  Egypt  at 

an  early  period  -  -  -  -  516 

Sect.  II. 

Memoranda  on  subjects  relative  to  the  Husbandry  of  the 
Greeks  and  Romans — ^Eleusinian  Mysteries — Hesiod— 
Theophrastus — ^The    Vine,    Misseltpe,    and    Cytisus— - 
'  Geoponic  Writers— Virgil's  Georgicfi — ^Pliny  -  530 


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Pag* 
Part  IL 

English  Husbandry. 
Eemarks  on  the  Early  Agricultural  Writers — ^Tusser — ^Tar- 
»er — Heresbach — Harrison — Lord   Bacon — Utility  of 
such  Writings         -----  55S 

Practical  Agriculture,  ^ 

Maxims  in  Farming — Georgics  of  the  Mind — Improvement 
of  Land — ^Watering  —  Fences,  and  particularly  the 
Bramble — ^Willows— Pillas,  or  Naked  Oats — Sheep       -    605 

Appendix. 

*No.  I.  Of  the  Grasses  mentioned  by  Theophrastua        -         635 
No.  IL  Index  to  the  Calendars  of  Flora  -  ^         639 


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A  POETICAL  EPISTLE 

TOAFRIEN0. 

WRITTEN  IN    1723* 


LONG  has  my  soiil  in  vain  with  Beauty  strovei 
And  vanquish^  Reason  often  stoop'd  to  Love  i 
In  me  no  arrows  have  resistance  founds 
And  Cupid  neiFer  shot,  but  sure  to  wounds 
At  length  to  books  and  fidendly  ease  retir'd^ 
Warm'd  with  no  passion,  by  no  mistress  firM ; 
To  you,  deai^  friend,  my  Muse  in  humble  lays. 
Attempts  the  business  of  her  happier  days. 
For  of  what  use  do  all  our  pleasures  prove 
Hid  in  ourselves,  and  kept  from  him  we  love  ?     » 

No  haughty  {torter  waits  my  humble  gate, 
Secure  without  the  pageantry  of  state ; 
No  ivory  doors  are  in  my  cottage  known. 
Nor  golden  pillars  pressed  with  polish'd  stone ; 

B 


y  Google 


No  long  retinue  does  my  footsteps  grace, 
Wait  on  my  looks,  and  live  upon  my  face ; 
Yet  blest  with  leisure  and  obscurity, 
Who  lives «o  |)teasM  add  s* 4ed«re  as  I?  •    '- 

What  tho'  my  foitttiies  ^Y^lfy  Fite  confinM, 
My  soul  no  limit  knows,  and  free  my  mind  : 
The  various  scenes  of  life,  the  change  of  fate. 
Shows  to  be  happy  is  not  to  be  gpreat. 
Who  is  it  that  we  great  or  happy  call, 
He  that  enjoys  or  that  potnesses  all  ? 
If  he,  whose  fancy's  warmM  with  gay  desires. 
Whose  wit  is  poignant,  and  who$e  satire  fires ; 
If  he,  who  spends  in  luxury  tte  iiay, 
Shines  in  the  ball,  and  JB^aorkles  in  the  pUj^ 
Be  happy,  be  it  so ;  While  gently  I 
In  my  belovM  retreat  setasrely  lie. 
All  to  be  wished,  without  a  taste  of  w)6e, 
I  have ;  xyt  what's  as  g6^t  I  fancy  ko. 
The  fleeting  pleas^iren  of  ah  iU^spant  life, 
'Th'  queasy  gtoried  *of  a  woririBy  strife, 
With  all  the  certain  ills  the  mighty  see, 
Touch  not  my  little  t^nreilile^t  nor  iwe  : 
Within  this  blissful  seat,  and  humble  cell, 
Eternal  peace  and  saci^d  sileiscne  dwell. 
*  When  ni^ht  with  sable  ctirtaan  veils  the  *day. 
And  drives  with  awful  shades  tbe  Kght  away. 


yGoogk 


And  gentle  slumbers, ;sQfteu  my  repQ^^,,|     ^  ,, 
If  e'er  my  wandering  ffincy  chance  to  jStpjy,  i 
And  to  some  unknown  region  wing  her'i^^y  ; , 
No  hideous  spectre  haunts  the  plea^i];\g  4^^  ; 
But  some  fair  flowery  mead,  or  purling  ,s^e%m. 
Some  shady  grot,  or  everlasting  grove. 
The  soft  Retreats  of  innocence  and  Iqv^ ; 
Or  some  fair  nymph,  on  tender  moss  reclin'd, 
Leaves  a  delightful  picture  on  my  mjbad^  ,    . 

The  sleepingJiero,  overcome  widi  care. 
Of  conquering  nations,  and  the  spoils  of  ^^r. 
Rushes  impetuous  to  the  distant  plain. 
And  fights  his  painful  battles  o^er  again. 
The  moQ^cb>  softly  laid  on  beds  of  down^ 
CharmM  wi.th  the  gaudy  titles  of  a  crown^ 
Deluded  now  ^is  fancy'd  honours  mourns. 
And  fear  sBd  majesty  prevail  by  turns  *,     , 
From  clim^.  tp  clime  his  absent  senses  go, 
And  each  n^w  clime  presents  an  unknown  foe. 

With  some  small  volumes  is  my  study  graced, 
For  use,  not  ornament,  in  order  placM. 
Here  Milton  soars  on  high-aspiring  wings. 
And  our  first  Sire  in  heavenly  numbers  sings ; 
Here  Homer's  army  darkens  all  the  plain, 
And  Waller  charms  us  in  a  softer  strain  ; 
Here  Ovid  does  the  fate  of  lovers  tell, 
And  paints  the  passion  that  he  knew  too  well : 

B2 


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*^  **. — ^ ^ ..  .. —  ...J^  ^J_ ^~- 

These  are  thcfiiends  I  cherish  :  for  the  rest, 
Whom  oft  we  make  the  partners  of  our  breast  j 
Imperfect,  have  their  faults  ;  but  such  as  these 
Shine  with  new  lustre,  and  are  sure  to  please. 

When  hunger  calls,  not  sooner,  a  repast 
Of  cooling  nerbs  or  wholesotae  firuits  I  taste : 
No  flowery  wreaths  my  joyful  temples  bind. 
Nor  with  my  hairs  are  purple  roses  twinM ; 
By  me  no  vines  with  swelling  clusters  grow. 
Nor  fragrant  bowls  of  mighty  Ne^ctar  flow : 
The  drink  that  sooths  my  pain^  and  life  revives^ 
Is  what  the  stream  of  sdme  cool  fountain  gives* 
Thus  were  with  health  our  first  forefathers  ble9t> 
When  want,  not  luxury,  prepared  the  feast. 
And  thus,  ere  licence  in  the  court  begun> 
And  nauseous  draughts  of  physick  were  unknown. 
*Twas  then  Disease,  with  all  her  sickly  train, 
Kindly  withdrew,  and  left  the  happy  plain  : 
No  gouty  foot  the  velvet  slipper  gracM ; 
They  know  no  pain  who  temperate  pleasures  tastp. 
No  mother  by  debauches  lost  her  son. 
No  wither' d  beaus  bewail' d  their  vigour  gone ; 
But  endless  peace  and  joy  were  wedded  there. 
And  sweet  contentment  crown'd  the  gaitle  pair. 

But  why  presumes  my  infant  Muse  to  tell 
A  trifling  tale  to  you,  who  sing  so  ^jbU  ? 


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Make  Harley's  greatness  live,  and  Prior's  verse  ; 
Otway  to  you  his  lasting  honour  owes, 
Wliile  in  your  lays  his  goodness  gently  flows. 
Long  may  this  sacred  fire  thy  bosom  warm, 
Long  may  thy  wit  improve,  •  and  music  charm ! 
And  when  thy  soul,  from  that  dull  mansion  free, 
Shall  her  own  native  skies  ascend  and  see. 
May  such  s^no^^r  ^ise  to  sing  of  thee ! 


} 


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VERSES 


OCCASIONED  riy  THE  TWO   FOLLOWING  LINE9* 
IN  A  POEM   OF  MIU  TALEUR's  : 


^'  And  should  she  yklij  who  once  said  Nay  ; 
**  I^d  turn  mjflack^  and  walk  away!'* 


'TIS  nobly  said,  my  Friend ;  what !  be  endaVd 
To  the  fond  threats  of  inconsistent  Woman ! 
Court  empty  smiles,  or  tremble  at  vain  frowns, 
By  turns  succeeding,  like  the  troubled  waves. 
Which  rise  this  moment  to  the  fleeting  wiiid. 
Then  straight  beneath  their  usual  level  sink  !. 
Let  causes  light  as  this  and  as  inconstant 
Govern  their  frowns  and  smiles,  but  not  our  joys  : 
I  'd  rather  be  for  centuries  exposM 
To  nipping  winds  on  the  soul-bleaching  plains 
Of  grizly  Pluto,  till  contractive  cold        ' 
Had  pinch'd  me  to  a  point ;  or  rarified 


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Stretched  to  the  utmcpt  iimka.x)^  expansion, 

Were  just  prepar'd  to  batii^y  like  ihe  thist  dii , 

X)n  the  top  atm99pbese,  vfa^re  matter  'gins     ^     v 

To  melt  away,  and  lose  itself  in  nothing. 

Imperious  Woman  I  tn^ifig  hal&exis|etice1  - 

Made  of  the  shayings  4:t  % hcidett^em'^ 

Shall  she  pretend  to  iord  it  oiser  Man  (! 

What !  doth  she  Ju^ey  fMcdh'dbn  tb?  sidlts  of  Vanity, 

To  outstrut  Nature !  Sooner  the  low  shrub 

Shall  overtop  the  tall  cloud-piercing  pine. 

Or  human  laws  arrest  the  wandering  planets 

As  in  their  orbs  they  roll :  much  rather  learn, 

Fndl  Woman,  to  submit,  and  spread  no  more 

Thy  swelling  top-sails  to  the  fluttering  gales 

Puff *d  from  the  bloated  cheeks  of  Self-conceit 

Learn  from  the  Eastern  females  to  adore. 

Who  stoop  with  joy  to  catch  the  handkerchief 

Dropp'd  by  their  gracious  lord.     The  happy  she. 

Envied  by  all  who  find  it  at  her  feet ; 

The  rest  withdraw,  and,  like  the  race  of  insects  ^ 

Debarred  the  cheering  sun,  incline  their  heads. 

And  seek  the  sable  mantle  of  oblivion* 

Thus  o'er  the  banks  my  passion  boilM, 

Till  Cselia  to  my  mind  arose ; 
She  all  my  noble  projects  spoiPd, 

My  blpodl  shrunk  back,  and  almost  froze^ 


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Angry  at  some  imagined  slave^ 
\Vho  durst  dispute  his  royal  will, 
\Vho  durst  his  dreadful  fury  brave ; 

With  stately  step  he  now  ]M*epares 
The  saucy  phantom  to  chastise  ; 

But,  if  the  keeper's  voice  he  hears, 
Down  tamely  on  the  <»traw  he  lies. 


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AN   ESSAY 


ON 


CONVERSATION, 


WKOH   DODSLEY  S  COLLECTION  OF  POEMS* 


04erunt  hUdrem  triiH»  trtstemquejocosit 

S^dttium  ceieret^  ^Um  gnavwmqiM  remUHm   '       Hor. 


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AN  ESSAY 


ON 


CONVERSATION. 


THE  art  of  Convene,  how  to  sooth  the  soul 
Of  haughty  man,  his  passions  to  controul. 
His  pride  at  onoe  to  humble  and  to  please. 
And  join  the  dignity  of  life  with  ease. 
Be  now  my  theme.    O  thou,  whom  Nature's  hand 
FramM  for  this  best,  this  delicate  command. 
And  taught,  when  lisping  without  Reason's  aid^ 
At  the  same  time  to  speak  and  to  persuade ; 
Wyndham,  with  diligenoe  awhile  attend. 
Nor  scorn  th'  instructions  of  an  oldar  friend ; 
Who  when  the  world's  great  commerce  shall  haw  joined 
The  deep  reflecticNa,  and  the  strength  of  miad^ 
To  the  bright  talents  of  thy  youthful  state. 
In  turn  shall  on  thy  better  lensons  wait. 

Whence  comes  it,  that  in  every  art  we 
Many  can  rise  tQ  a  supr^iKie  degree ; 


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You'll  say,  perhaps,  we  think,  we  speak,  we  move^. 

By  the  strong  springs  alone  of  selfish  love : 

Yet  among  all  the  species,  is  there  one, 

Whom  with  more  caution  than  ourselves  we  shun  f 

What  is  it  fills  a  puppet-show  or  court  ? 

Go  none  but  for  the  profit  or  the  sport  ? 

If  so,  why  comes  each  soul  fetiguM  away^ 

And  curses  the  dull  puppets  same  dull  play ; 

Yet,  tinconvhic'd,  is  temj^ted  slill  to  go  ? 

*Tis  that  we  find  at  home  our  greatest  foe. 

And  reason  good  why  solitude  we  flee ; 

Can  want»  with  self-sufficiency  ^ree  I  '    ' 

Yet,  such^ur  inconsistency  of  mind^ 
We  court  society,  and  hate  mankind. 
Wi&  some  we  quarrel,  foi:ithey  'je  tp^^  sincere ; 
With  others,  for  they  're  jclose,  res^rv'd,  .^ifd  quf er  A 
This  is  too  learn' d,  too  prudent,  or  t^q  ]w;se ; 
And  that  we  for  his  igsoraiuce  despis^.^ 
A  voice  perhs^s  our  ear  ^hall  har3hly.  ^strike, . . 
Then  strait  ev^n  wit  itaelf  «h«}l  raise  dislike.; ; 
0«tf  eye  may  by  somefeature.be  fumpy'd, 
Behold  ^i  once  a  character  de9troy^<il. 
One  's  so  gopd-natu^'d,  he 's  beyond  ^11  beating. 
He'll  ridicule  no  friend,,  though  Q[ut  o^f  hearing.; 
Another,  warm'd  with  zeal,  offends  our  eyes. 
Because  he  holds  the  mirror  up  to  yice. 
^No  wonder  then,  since  fanqi^js  wild  a^  thesjs 
Can  move  our  spleen,  that  real  faults  displeasev 


yGoogk 


Ana  teacn  Argyff  ^  i;o  speaK^  ana'cswiii?  %o  wnve  ; 
When  Flavia  entertains  ud  with  h^r  dreams, 
And  Macer  With- his  no  less  airy  schemes ; 
When  peevishness,  andjealousy^  and  pride, 
And  inftest  that  can  brother  hearts  divide, 
In  their  imaginM/forms  dur  eye-sight  hit, 
Of  an  old  maid,  a  poetj  peer,  or  cit ;  \ 

Can  then,  youUl  say,  Philosophy  refrain, 
And  check  the  torrent  of  each  boiling  vein  ? 
Yes.     She  can  still  do  more ;  view  passion^s  slave 
With  mind  serene,  indulge  him^  and  yet  save. 

But  Self-conceit  steps  in>  and  with  strict  eye 
Scans  every  man,  and.  every  nian  awry ; 
That  reigning  passion,  which  through  every  stage 
Of  life,  still  haunts  us  with  unceasing  rage. 
No  quality  so  mean j  but  what  can  raise 
Some  drudging  driveling  candidate  for  praise ; 
Ev'n  in  the  wretch,  who  wretches  can  despise, 
Still  Self-conceit  will  find  a  time  to  rise. 

*  This  was  John  Duke  of  Argyll,  who  is  so  justly  celebrated  for 
bis  eloquence  by  the  contemporary  poets.     Pope  says  of  him  2 

"  Argyll,  the  state's  whole  thunder  born  to  wield^ 
*^  And  shake  alike  the  senate  and  the  field.'^ 

And  Thomson : 

— X— —  «  From  his  rich  tongtie 
"  Persuasion  flows,  and  wins  Ihe  high  debate**' 

He  died  in  1743.  His  singular  character^  and  chequered  politicsi]  life, 
are  given  in  tb«  <*  Mcmt^ifi  of  Sir  Robert  Walpole,"  vol  I.  ch.  S3.    . 


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And  thinli^  he  currier  his  excuse  in  lace. 

You  ask  why  Clodius  bullies  all  he  can  ? 

Clodius  will  tell  you»  he's  a  gentlenutp. 

Myrtilla  struts  and  shudders  half  the  je9X9 

With  a  round  cap»  that  shews  a  fine-turuM  ear ; 

The  lowest  jest  makes  Delii^  laugh  to  de^th ; 

Yet  she  ^s  no  fool,  she  has  only  bandswie  teeth- 

Ventoso  lolls,  and  scorns  all  human  kind^' 

Jrom  the  gilt  coach  with  four  lacM  slaves  l^ehind  : 

Does  all  this  pomp  and  state  proceed  ftom  merit  ? 

Mean  thought !  he  deems  it  nobler  to  inherit : 

While  Fopling  from  some  title  draws  his  pride, 

Meanless,  or  inforaous,  or  misapply^ ; 

Free-mason,  rake,  or  wit,  'tis  just  the.  same. 

The  charm  is  hence,  he  has  gained  himself  a  name. 

Yet,  spite  of  all  the  fools  that  Pride  has  niade, 

'Tis  not  on  man  an  useless  burthen  laid ; 

Pride  has  ennobled  some,  and  some  disgracM  ; 

It  hurts  not  in  itself,-  but  as  ^tis  placM ; 

When  right,  its  view  knows  none  but  Virtue's  bound ; 

When  wrong,  it  scarcely  looks  one  inch  around. 

Mark !  with  what  care  the  fair-one's  critic  eye 

Scanis  o'er  her  dress,  nor  lets  a  fault  slip  by ; 

Each  rebel  hair  must  be  reduc'd  to  plac^ 

With  tedious  skill,  and  tortur'd  into  grace ; 

Betty  must  o'er  and  o'er  the  pins  dispose. 

Till  into  modi^  foids  the  drapery  flows ;  .       > 

And  die  ^ole  frame  is  fkted  to  expri^s  , 

The  chums  of  decency  and  nakedness. 


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To  captivate,  yoti  ^U  cry,  no  doubt,  ^tis  meant 
True«     But  let 's  wsdt  upon  this  £atir  machine 
From  the  lon^  cloaet  to  the  social  soene ; 
There  View  her  loud,  affect^,  scornful,  som*^ 
Paining  all  others,  and  heaelf  still  more. 
What  means  she,  at  one  instant  to  disgrace 
The  labour  often  hours,  her  much*lovM  face  ? 
Why,  'tis  the  self^^same  passion  gratify*d ; 
The  work  is  rained,  that  was  rais'd  by  pride* 


[* 


Yet  of  all  tempers,  it  requires  least  padn, 
Could  we  but  rule  ourselves,  to  rule  the  vain« 
The  prudent  is  by  Reason  only  sway'd. 
With  him  each  sentence  and  each  word  is  weighM ; 
The  gay  and  giddy  can  alone  be  caught 
By  the  quick  lustre  of  a  happy  thought ; 
The  miser  hates,  unless  he  steals  your  pelf; 
The  prodigal, .  unless  you  rob  yourself ; 
The  lewd  mil  shun  you,  if  your  wife  prove  chaste; 
The  jealous,  if  a  smile  on  his  be  cast : 
The  steady  .or  the  whimsical  will  blame, 
Either  because  you  're  not,  or  are  the  same ; 
The  peevish,  sullen,  i^iewd,  luxurious,  rash. 
Will  ^with  your  .vhAue,  peace,  or  interest,  clash* 
But  mark  the  proud  man's  price,  how  very  lowl 
'Tis  but  a  civil  speech,  a  smile,  or  bow. 

,    Ye  who,  push'd  on  by  noble  ardour,  aim 
In  social  life  to  gain  immortal  fame, 


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How  youth  from  manhood  differs  in  its  yiews. 

And  how  old  age  still  other  paths  pursues ; 

How  zeal  in  Priscus  nothings  more  than  heats^ 

In  Codex  bums,  and  ruins  all  it  meets; 

How  freedom  now  a  lovely  face  shall  wear^ 

Now  shoC:k  us  in  the  likenesa  of  a  bear ; 

How  jealousy  in  some  resembles  hate>  '^'i 

In  others,  ■  seems  but  love  grown  de^cate ; 

How  modesty  is  often  pride  refin'd. 

And  virtue  but  the  canker  pf  the  mind ; 

How  love  of  riches,  grandeur^  life^  and  fame. 

Wear  different  shapes,  and  yet  are  still  the  same<  . 

But  not  our  passions  only  disagree^ 
In  taste  is  found,  as  great  variety. 
Sylvius  is  ravished  when  he  hears  a  hound. 
His  lady  hates  to  death  the  odious  sound ; 
Yet  both  love  music,  though  in  different  ways  j 
He  in  a  kennel,  she  at  operas. 
A  florist  shall,  perhaps,  not  grudge  some  hours^ 
To  view  the  colours  in  a  bed  of  flowers ; 
Yet,  shew  him  Titian's  workmanship  diyi^e, 
He  passes  on,  and  only  cries,  'tis  fine. 
A  rusty  coin,  an  old  worm-eaten  post. 
The  mouldy  fragment  of  an  author  lost ; 
A  butterfly,  an  equipage,  a  star, 
A  globe,  afinelac'dhat,  achinajajfj 

>  .1  i 


yGoogk 


Then  study  ^«ch  man^s  passion  and  hit  Usto^    ^ 
The  first  to  soften,  aad  indulge  the  bet : 
Not  like  the  wfeteh,  who  beaks  dovm  ^rtue^s  fenoe^ 
And  deyiitsa  fixqu  the  paths  of  common  sense ; 
Who  daubf  with  Msooie  0alte«3%  bUndf  and  boM, 
The  very  weakness  we  with  grief  heboid. 
Passions  ar^  eemition  to  the  fpol  and  wise, 
And  all  would  hide  them  nnd^r  art's  disguise  ; 
For  so  avow'dt  in  others  if  their  sh^n^e, 
None  hates  them  inore^  than  he  who  has  the  eame. 
But  taste  seems  more  peculiarly  our  <^wn, 
And  e^erjr  man  is^  fen4  to  make  his  known ; 
Proud  of  a  mark  he  fanctes  is  designed 
Qy  nature  to  actvptnee  him  o'er  his  kind; 
And  where  ke  sees  thai  chai^ct^r  impressed. 
With  joy  he  hugs  the  fiiFOurite  to  his  breast* 

But  the  main  stress  of  all  our  eares  must  11^ 
To  watch  ourselves  mih  stviot  and  constant  eye; 
To  mark  (he  working  aj^nd^  when  passion's  eourse 
Begins^  to  eweU,  and  reason  still  has  ^ree  \ 
Or,  if  she 's  conquer^  by  the  stronger  tide^ 
Observe  the  moments  when  Ihey  first  rabside^ 
For  he  nrho  hopes  a  vietoiy  to  win 
O^er  other  men,  mudt  with  himself  begin; 
Else  like  a  tov^n  by  mutiny  oppressed, 
He's  rum'd  by  fbe  ioe  within  hig  breast ; 

Vol.  I.  C 


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All  other  creatures  keep  in  beaten  ways, 
Man  only  moves  in  an  eternal  maze. 
He  lives  and  dies,  not  tamM  by  cultivationi 
The  vnreteh  of  reason  and  the dape  pf  passion; 
Curi6us  of  knowing,  yet  too  proud  to  learn ; 
More  prone  to  doubt,  than  anxious  to  discern: 
Tir*d  with  old  doctrines,  prejudiced  at  new ; 
Mistaking  stiU  the  pleasing  for  die  true; 
Foe  to  restraints  approved  by  general  voice. 
Yet  to.  each  fool-born  mode  a  slave  by  choice* 
Of  rest  impatient,  yet  in  love  with  ease ; 
When  most  good-naturM,  aiming  how  to  teaze; 
Disdaining  by  the  vulgar  to  be  awM, 
Yet  never  pleasM  but  when  the  fools< applaud  > 
By  turns  severe;  indulgent,  humble,  vain; 
A  trifle  serves  to  lose  him  or  to  gain. 

Then  grant  this  trifle,  yet  his  vices  shun, 
Kot  like  to  Cato  or  to  Clinias'  *  son :  , 
This  for  each  humour  every  shap^  could  take,  . 
£v*n  Virtue^s  own,  though  not  for  Virtue'^  sake; 
At  Athens  rakish,  thoughtless,  full  of  Are, 
Severe  at  Sparta,  as  a  Chartreux  friar ; 
In  Thrace,  a  bully,  drunks:),  rash,  and  rude; 
In  Asia  gay,  effeminate^  and  lewd. 

.      ■     *  Alcibiades. 


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Could  not  to  save  the  cause  he  died  for  bend ;   - 
In  him  'twas  scarce  an  honour  to  be  good. 
He  more  induIgM  a  passion  than  subdu'di 

See  how  the  skilful  lover  spreads  hi^  toils. 
When  eager  io  pursuit  of  beauty's  spoils! 
Behold  him  bending  at  his  idol's  feet; 
Humble,  not  mean;  disputing,  and  yet  sweet; 
In  rivalship  not  fierce,  nor  yet  unmov'd; 
Without  a  rival  studious  to  be  lov'd; 
For  ever  cheerful,  though  not  always  wltty^ 
And  never  giving  cause  for  hate  or  pity. 
These  are  his  arte,  such  arts  as  must  prevail, 
When  riches,  birth,  and  beauty's  self  will  fail: 
And  what  he  does  to  gain  a  vulgar  end^ 
Shall  we  neglect^  lo  make  mankind  our  friend? 

Good  sense  andiearning  may  esteem  obtain ; 
Humour  and  wit  a  laugh,  if  rightly  ta'en ; 
Fair  virtue  admiration  may  impart; 
But  'tis  good-nature  only  wins  the  heart: 
It  moulds  the  body  to  an  easy  grace, 
And  brightens  every  feature  of  the  face ; 
It  smooths  th'  unpolish'd  tongue  with  eloquence, 
And  adds  persuasion  to  the  finest  sense. 
Yet  this,  like  every  disposition,  has 
Fixt  bounds,  o'er  which  it  never  ought  to  pass ; 
When  stretch'd  too  far,  its  honour  dies  away. 
Its  merit  sinks,  and  all  its  charms  decay : 

c  "2 


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And  to  its  rain  tbQ  muficAQui  dr^ws : 
A  slave  to  all,  tidbo  forcis  it,  or  entioe^ 
It  falls  by  chanqq  ill  virtue  Or  in  yii^. 
*Tls  true,  in  pity  for  the  poor  it  bleeds. 
It  cloaths  the  nakied^  alid  the  bungty  fb^ds^; 
It  cheers  the  sti^gei^  tuny  its' foe  d^nd% 
But  then  as  often  ii^itrds  its  best  friendSw 

Study  with  car^  Politeiiess^  that  musiik  teach 
The  modish  forms  of  gesture  and  of  ^neach* 
In  vain  Formality,  w^tb  taair^nk  mieiiy 
And  Pertness  apes  her  with  fitmiliiur  grin : 
They  against.  ii»tttre  foar  appJavses  strain,. 
Distort  themselves,  and  give  aU  others  pain : 
She  moves  with  easy,  though  with  measurM  piiMj^ 
And  shews  no  pdrt  of  study  but  tb^  ^ace. 
Yet  ev*n  by  this  man  is  but  half  refinM, 
Unless  philosophy  aubdiftes  the  mind  i       .. 
'Tis  but  a  varnish  that  i&  quickly  lost^ 
Whene'er  the  soul  in  pas«ii»a*s  am»  is  tost. 

Would  you  both  plMae  aad  be  instriKAed  toe^ 
Watch  well  the  rage  Of^ilong^  lo  subdue  | 
Hear  eveiy  mmt  u^n  bis  fer'nlo  theme, 
And  ever  be  more.  hniOHiriRg  than  you  seem. 
The  lowest  genius  will  ulFof  d  some  hg^^ 
Or  give  a  Um  that  had  escaped  yma  sight  f      . 
Doubt,  till  be  thinks  y<m  on  canviefeioo  yield. 
And  with  fit  questions  let  eaeb  pause  be  fiU'd, 


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The  rays  6f  i»4t  giki  «vkete«oe*er  they  strike, 
But  are  not  tberi&lbr^  fit  for  all  alike ; 
They  cb«n»  Ae  lively,  ImA  Ae  grare  <3*fe»d; 
And  raise  a  foe  as  often  b(s  ft  friend  ; 
Like  ihe  resisdess  beams  of  blazing  Ugfat| 
That  cheer  the  strong,  and  paki  the  weakly  sight 
If  a  bright  fancy  therefore  be  your  share, 
Let  judgmcfnt  watch  k  witb  a  gnardtan^s  ctare ; 
•Tis  like  a  tormnt  apt  to  overflow. 
Unless  by  constant  goTemment  kept  low ; 
And  ne'er  inefficacions  passes  by. 
But  overturns  or  gladdens  all  that's  nigh. 
Or  else,  like  trees,  when  sufferM  wild  to  shoot. 
That  put  forth  much,  but  all  unripen'd  fruit; 
It  turns  to  affectation  and  grimace,  . 
As  like  tp  wit,  as  dullueiis  is  to  gra:ce. 

How  hard  soe'er  it  be  to  bridle  wit, 
Yet  memory  oft  no  less  requires  the  bit : 
HQwijiaoy,  hnmed  by  its  force  away. 
For  tstrer  in  ike  land  of  gosbips  «tray  I 
tfaut^  the  profince  of  tib^e  nune  to  Inlt, ' 
Without  her  privilege  for  being  duUI 
Tales  upon  tab9  they  rai9e  ten  j^tprie^  b%bi 


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A  story  should,  to  please,  at  least  seem  true. 

Be  a-propo$^  well  told,  concise,  and  bqw.; 

And  whensoever  it  deviates  from  these  rules,     , 

The  wise  wiU  sleep,  and  leave  applfiuse  to  fo^Is. 

But  others,  more  intolerable  yet. 

The  waggeries,  that  they  Ve  said,  qr  heard,  repeat;  < 

Heavy  by  ^nem'ry  made,  and  what's  the  Worst* 

At  second-hand  a?  often  as  at  first. 

And  can  ev'n  patience  hear,  without  dis^suin. 

The  maiming  register  of  sense  onoe  slain  ? 

While  the  dull  features,  big  with  ^archness,  strive 

In  vain,  the  forcM  half-smile  to  keep  alive. 

*  He  alludes  probalily  to  Ripley,  an  i»rchitect  iif bqm  it,  was  t^q 
fashion  to  abuse.    He  is  thus  satirized  by  Pope : 

'*  Heaven  visits  with  a  taste  thie  wealthy  fool, 

**  And  needs  no  rod  but  Ripley  with  a  rule." 

Moral  Essays,  £p,  4.  v.  18. 
And  again, 

«'  Who  builds  a  bcid^e  that  never  drove  a  pile, 

<*  Should  Ripley  venture  all  the  world  would  smile.'*' 
The  late  lord  Orford  in  his  Anecdotes  of  Painting  speaks  more 
favourably  of  this  Architect,  who  was  employed  by  Sir  Robert  Wal^ 
pde,  and  by  Lord  Walpole  in  Indlding  Woltecton.  ^  Both  of 
these,"  he  says,  •'  t^ill,  as  long  as  fhey  remain,  acquit  the  artist 
of  the  charge  of  ignorance,"  Anecdotes  of  Fjuntin|^,  art.  Thom0t$ 
Ripley.  ' 

There  is  a  good  portrait  of  Ripley  at  Wolterton.  Being  patro- 
liized  by  Sir  Robert  Wal^ole  he  ^%s  the  butt  of  the  Opposition  Wits ; 
and  it  cannot  be  denied  that  the  Admiralty,  and  some  of  hb  oth<;|r 
public  buildings,  gave  some  scope  to  their  raillery. 


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Haurd  tiurough  a  language's  {>erplexing  inaze; 
*Till  oh  a  mate,  that  seems  t' agree,'  they  light, 
Like  mail  and.wife,  that  still  are  opposite. 
Not  lawyers  at  the  baa*  play  more  with  sense. 
When  brought  to  the  last  trope  of  eloquence  ; 
Than  they  on  every  subject,  great  or  small. 
At  clubs,  or  councils,  at  a  church  or  ball ; 
Then  cry  we  rob  them  of  their  tributes  due  ; 
Alas!  hdw  can  we  laugh  and  pity  too? 

While  others  to  extremes  as  wild  will  run. 
And  with  sour  face  anatomize  a  pun ; 
When  the  brisk  glass  to  freedom  does  entice. 
And  rigid  wisdom  is  a  kind  of  vice. 
.But  let  not  such  grave  fops  your  laughter  spoil ; 
N6'er  frown  where  sense  may  innocently  smile. 

,  Cramp  not  your  language  into  logic  rules, 
To  rostrums  leave  the  pedantry  of  schools^ 
Nor  let  your  learning  always  be  discern' d, 
But  chu^e  to  seem  judicious  more  than  learn'd^ 
Quote  seldom,  and  then  let  it  be,  at  least,  . 
Some  fact  that's  prov'd,  or  thought  that's  well  express'd 
But  lest,  disguis'd,  your  eye  it  should  escape, 
Know,  pedantry  can  put  on  6very  shape: 
For  when  we  deviate  into  terms  of  art, 
Unless  con$train'd,  we  act  the  pedant's  part. 
Or  if  we're  ever  in  the  self-same  key, 
I^o  matter  of  what  kind  the  subject  he, 


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As  good  hear  Betidey*  dictate  on  epistles. 

Or  Bunnanf  ceoiiiieiit  on  the  Gtedaa  ^iitbK) 

As  old  Obesiw  pieaich  upon  his  beMy, 

Or  Phileuaudia  taut  on  Farinelli ; 

Flirtilla  read  a  lecture  ton  a  fan^ 

Or  W d  set  forth  the  praise  of  KQ«di-Kh«ii. 

But  above  all  things  raillery  declini^. 
Nature  but  fevir  does  for  that  task  design : 
^Tis  in  the  ablest  hand  a  diiig^t»  tool^ 
But  never  fails  to  wound  the  ftieddihig  i&^l; 

*  The  author  here  alludes  to  thie  fiilxioas  tovAx^mtif.JiMtMti 
Bentley  and  the  Hoa.  Charles  Boyle,  caaceraing  the  authdnticity  of 
the  Epistles  of  Phalaris ;  in  ivhich,  however,  Bentlej  was  com- 
pletely victorious,  though  his  opponent  was  assisted  by  bean  Switt, 
Dr.  Aldridge,  and  the  greatest  Wits  of  the  times. 

Mr.  Boyle  waa  afterwards  knotni  ah  Earl  of  Orrety,  to  'which 
title  he  succeeded.  For  an  «ccomit  of  this  singular  tontn>T»my  sae ' 
the  Biographia  Britannica,  urt,  Bentley ^  taui  Soviet  Ckarlee^  Em^E 
ef  Orrery, 

The  prejudices  which  Mr,  Stillingfleet  had  jlistly  conceived  against 
Bentley  were  so  strong,  thift,  like  tnluiy  of  hil  coAtetnpbraries,  he 
dNl  4iot  give  due  weight  to  the  iberits  of  Hie  itpgmalk  and  Vtdent, 
but  great  Critic. 

.  f  Peter  Burman,  Professor  of  History  and  Eloqaenee  at  ikn 
University  of  Leyden,  was  remarkable  for  his  classical  knowledge^ 
He  published  an  ironicacl  oration  against  the  study  of  the  antient  lan- 
guages ;  and  tins  eftisionlxavfaigbeen  'irarmly  approved  t^^  Beiitlejr 
as  an  excellent  piece  of  ir<ony  in  ^ae  ttifimer  of  £<i^iMi,  f  roeireil 
t|i«  l^med  Professor  a^Ia^  l»y  tb^  «dc  Uihl^vfiif  Iw  feavufid  Qritie, 


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Googk 


Not  wit  alone,  nor  humour's  sielf,  will  do. 
Without  good-lilMre,  ^aMd  txnich  )>rtidene6  %oo^ 
To  judge  aright  of  petdoni^,  place,  bndtime; 
For  taste  deereeft  "vvtifiit 's  Imt,  and  what^s  «ubl&fke : 
And  what  might  ttmntxA  to^dify,  or  o*er  a  ^ess, 
Perhaps  at  court,  or  n^^  tkjr,  "HHanaid  not  pMi. 
Then  leave  to  tow  tneifiboiis,  by  castxMii  bred^ 
And  formed  by  nalure  «6  be  kkk^d  «&d  fed. 
The  vulgar  and  unfenvied  tadc,  to  hk 
All  persons,  right  or  wtongj  witib  random  wit. 
Our  wise  forefathers,  bom  ik  isober  days, 
ResignM  t^ fools  libe  tart  and  *witty  phrase; 
The  motley  coat  ^ve  wiaming  lor  tke  jest, 
ExcusM  the  wound,  and  sanctified  the  pesti 
But  we  froift  high  t^  lew  idl  iAri^«  to  sneer, 
Will  aU  be  witii,  and  not  the  livery  \irear. 

Of  8^  tlie  qtiaKties  tii8^  help  to  raise 
In  men  tiie  universal  voice  <o(  pm^e. 
Whether  in  pleasure  or  in  ilse  ^they  etid, 
'There 's  notie  tittrt  can  "^Ath  utbile^ky  catitenA. 
'Tis  a  transparent  veil  that  helps  i(iie  iMght, 
And  lets  us  look  on  ment  ^th  dehght : 
In  others,  'tis  a  kindly  lfg|te,  iSmt^eems 
To  gild  the  woi«t'deiects  with  %ont>w*d  beams. 
Yet  'tis  but  little  that  its  Ifarm  be  Hcttught, 
Unless  its  origin  be  ftrit  in  tfiou|ht^       a 


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And  the  whole  work  bf  art  at  once  defeat 

Hold  fprth  upon  yourself  oii  no  pretence, 
Unless  invited,  or  in  self-defei>ce; 
The  praise  you  take,  although  it  be  your  due. 
Will  be  suspected,  if  it  come  from  you: 
For  each  qian,  by  experience  taught,  can  tell 
How  strong  a  flatterer  doed  within  hita  d^rell. 
And  if  to  self-tcondemning  you  incline. 
In  sober  sadness,  and  without  design ; 
(For  some  ynH  slUy  arrogate  a  vice, 
That  from  excess  of  virtue  takes  its  rise) 
The  world  cries  out,  why  does  he  hither  come? 
Let  him  do  penance  for  his  sips  at  home. 

No  part  of  ponduct  ai^ks  for  skill  more  nice. 
Though  none  more  common,  than  to  give  advice ; 
Misers  themselves  in  this  will  not  be  saving. 
Unless  their  knowledge  makes  it  worth  the  having. 
And  whereas  the  wondi^,  when  we  will  obtrude 
An  useless  gift,  jt  meets  ingratitude? 
Shun  then,  imaskM,  this  arduous  tas^  to  try; 
But  if  consulted,  use  siacerity; 
Too  sacred  is  the  welfare  of  a  friend. 
To  give  it  up  for  any  selfish  end. 
But  use  one  caution,  sift  him  o'er  and  o'er. 
To  find  if  all  be  not  resolv'd  before. 
If  such  the  case,  in  spite  of  all  his  art, 
Some  word  will  give  the  soundings  of  his  heart) 


yGoogk 


That  setres  him  not,  and  may  his  .friendship  loise? 

Yet/still  on  troth  bestow  tbis^mark  of  love. 

Ne'er  to  commend  the  thing  you  canH  af^rove. 

Sincerity  has  such  resistless  chaniis. 

She  oft  the  fiercest  of  our  foes  disarms; 

No  art  she  knows,  in  native  whiteness  dr^ss'd, 

fier  thougfatd  all  ptite,  and  therefore  ^  expressM: 

|She  takes  from  error  its  deftnrraity; 

And  without  her,  all  other  viitues  die. 

Bright  source  of  goodness!  to  my  aid  descend. 

Watch  o'er  my  heart,  and  all  my  words  attend; 

If  still  thbu  deign  to  set  thy  foot  below. 

Among  a  race  quite polishMinto  show ; 

Oh !  save  me  from  the  jilt'g  diasembling  part, . 

Who  grants  to  all,  all  favours-  but  her  heart ; 

jPerverts  the  end  of  charming,  for  the  fiime; 

To  fawn,  het  business;  ta.deceive,  her  aim. 

She  smiles  on  this  man,  tips  the  wink  on  that. 

Gives  one  a  squeeze,  another  a  kind  pat; 

Now  jogs  a  foot,  now  whispers  in  an  ear; 

]9ere  slipau  letter,  and  there  casts  a  leer ; 

'Till  the  kind  thing,  the  company  throughout, 

pistributes  all  its  pretty  self  about; 

While  all  are  pleas'd^  and  wretched  soon  or  late^ 

All  l^ut  ;the  wise,  who  see  and  shun  the  bait  . 

Yet  tf^  iss  domplaisance  required  to  do, 
^n4  rigid  virtue  sometimesr  will  allow, 


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To  cherish  gmmbg/viirtue,  vice  t^  fthame^     . 
And  turn  to  iiobU  vhevm  Ae  hiwt  o£  fame ; 
And  not,  like  fawiiiAg  paraatfaft^  unaHr^d 
By  sense  or  trutli,  be  ereiy  pasdon^s  bawiL 

Be  rarely  vmrm  in  «enMre»  or.jo  pr^iies 
Fiew  men  deserve  our  paiami  teitber  ways; 
For  Ualf  the  world  b&t  4q»i»  'twist  good  fUdd  £ll» 
As  chance  dispoMtiobjeetay  tbeoetbewilh 
'Tis  but  a  aee-saw  game,  iwbepe  virtue  tiow 
Mounts  above  vioe,  and  then  siidsa  ^owu^  W. 
Besides,  the  wise  itill  hold  it  far  •  nie» 
To  trust  thfttjudgmttitflaosi,  that  aecoM  aoet  eocil; 
For  all  that  tiaea  tohy|ierboie» 
Proves  that  we  err^  ftt  least  ia  the  ^tegsca 
But  if  your  temper  to  extsemes  abould  lead^ 
Always  upon  tii'  indidging  aide  .exceed ; 
For  though  to  Maine  most  iend  a  willing  0ai^ 
Yet  hatred  ever  wiU  attend  on  fear ; 
And  when  a  aeigkboor's  dnrdling  blam  out. 
The  world  will  tUrit '4ja  tine  to  birik  «beitt^ 


Let  not  the  cmioaa  from  your  boaom  atad 
Secrets,  whene  Prt4eiibe<night  tooetjMrMd; 
Yet  be  so  frank  and  plain,  that  at  one  view^ 
In  other  things,  each  oian  mvp  i«e  yaa  liunMig^; 
For  if  the  mask  of  policy  fonoi  meat. 
The  honest  hate  you,  and  the  cunnmg  fear* 


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HememlK^  eauch  man  Yanqi}iid%M  m  a  jfoo* 

Resist  not,  therefore,  with  your  utmost  might, 

But  let  the  weakest  think  he's  sosnetimes  ri^H; 

He  for  «ach  triumph  you  shall  thus  decUne, 

Shall  give  ten  opportunities  to  shine ; 

He  sees,  sii^ee  once  you  own'd  him  to  exoel. 

That  'tis  his  interest  you  should  reason  wdl : 

And  though  wben  roughly  us^d,  be^s  full  of  chdier^ 

As  blustering  Bentley  to  a  brother  schotar^ 

Yet  by.  d^rees,  inure  him  to  submit. 

He 's  tai^e,  and  in  his  mouth  receives  the  bit 

But  chiefly  agaiqat  trifling  contests  guards 

'Tis  h^o  submkston  seems  tor  man  most  hard: 

Nor  imitate  that  resolute  old  fool*, 

Who  undertook  to  kick  against  his  mole. 

But  those  wbo  wiU  not  by  instruction  karo. 

How  fatal  trifles  prove,  let  story  warn. 

Panthus  aisd  £uclio,  linkM  by  friendship's  tic^ 

LivM  each  for  each,  as  each  for  each  would  die; 

Like  objects  pbas'd  them,  and  like  objects  pain'd; 

'Twas  but  one  soul  that  in  two  bodies  reign'd. 

One  night,  as  usu^  'twas  dioir  niglii^  to  pass^ 

They  ply'd  the  cheerful,  but  stilt  temp'fate  glass, 

When,  lo!  a  do^jM:  is  rsiU'd  about  a  word ; 

A  doubt  that  must  be  endod  by  tbo  sword. 

One  falls  a  victim ;  mark,  O  man,  thy  shame, 

Be^ftutre  dieif  gto^sarie^  weref  not  the  same. 

*  Ctenphoe 


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For  his  two  tomes  of  words,  though  half  his  own? 

For  whut  remains  of  fellings  without  end. 
Morals  must  ^omej  and  some  the  la^ws  must  mend. 
While  others  in  such  monstrous  forms  appear. 
As  tongue-tii^d  sourness,  sly  suspicion's  leer, 
Free-fisted  rudeness,  dropsical  pretence. 
Proteins' caprice,  and  elbowing  insolence; 
No  caution  to  avoid  them  they  demand. 
Like  wretches  branded  by  the  hangman's  hand. 

If  faith  to  some  {riulosc^>hers  be  given, 
Man,  that  groat  lord  of  earth,  that  heir  of  Heaven^ 
Savage  at  first  inhabited  the  wood. 
And  scrambled  with  his  fellow<^brutes  for  Ibod; 
No  social  home'  he  knew,  no  friendship's  tie,  . 
Selfish  in  good,  in  ill  without  ally ; 
'Till  some  in  length  of  time,  of  stronger  nerve,- 
And  greater,  cunning,  forc'd  the  rest  to  serve 
One  common  purpose,  and,  in  nature's  spites- 
Brought  the  whde  jarring  species  to  upite.  , 
But  might  we  not  with  equal  reason  s^y, 
That  every  single  particle  of  clay 
Which  forms  our  body,  was  at  first  design'd 
To  lie  for  ever  from  the  rest  disjoint? 

*  Nathan  Bailej^the  compiler  of  a  Latin  and  Englidi  I>ictionarj-» 
and  editor  of  scTcral  ciaiijcs  for  the  use  of  ichoob.  He  died 
June  27,  174«.  ' 


yGoogk 


If  so;  we  own  tiiat  man,  at  first,  by  art 
Was  sootbM  to  act  la  social  life  a  part. 
^Tis  true,  in  aome  the  seeds  of  discord  seem 
To  cpntradictthis  all- uniting  scheme; 
But  that  00  more  iharts  nature's  general  course^ 
Than  matter  found  with  a  repeUing  force. 

Turn  we  awhile  on  lonely  man  our  eyes, 
And  see  what  frantic  scenes  of  folly  rise; 
In  some  dark  monastery's  gloomy  cells. 
Where  formal  selfrpresuming  Virtue  dwells  ; 
Bedoz'd  with  dreams  of  grace-distilling  caves, 
Of  holy  puddles,  and  consuming  graves, 
Of  animated  plaster,  wood,  and  stone. 
And  mighty  cures  by  sainted  sinners  done. 
Permit  me.  Muse,  still  &rther  to  explore. 
And  turn  the  leaves  of  superstition  o'er ; 
Where  wonders  upon  wonders  ever  grow, 
Chaos  of  zreal  and  blindness,  mirth  and  woe; 
Visions  of  devils  into  monkeys  turn'd. 
That  hot  from  hell  roar  at  a  finger  bum'd*; 
Bottles  of  precious  tears  that  saints  have  wept  f, 
And  breath  a  thousand  years  in  phials  kept  %  ; 

*  St  Dominicky  vid^  Jansenius  (Nic.) 

f  -Of  our  Saviour  and  others,  vide  Ferraad. 

X  Of  Joieph,  vide  Moliaaeum. 


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Googk 


Obedient  fleas  %f  and  smperstitipufi  imce  ^ ;   . 
Confessing  wolves  K^  aji^  aaiiotifyiiig.  hce^*^^ 
Letters  andiiouset  by  an  aagci  carried  ft } 
And^  wondrous !  virgm  imas  to  Jesats  mitiried  Xt  \ 
One  mon^  not  Lnowing  bom  to  spemi  kas  tine. 
Sits  down  to  find  out  some,  unk«aird-o£  erane  ; 
Increases  the  large  catalogue  of  sins. 
And  where  the  sober  6»i^y  tbc^re  begi^$v 
Of  death  eternal  his  d^^ree  is  patft^ 
For  the  first  crim^,  9fi  &^^d  as  for  the  last. 
While  thal^  a»  id)o>  mi  as^  piQDu»  too, 
Compounds  with  &k^  r^giai^.for  thf^  tnie ;  . 
He^  courtly  usher  to  tJ»^  Wfist  abod^, . 
Weighs  all  the  niceties  of  foym^  and  ouxMs: ; 
Ai^d  makes  the  rugged  juath  so  ismooth  m^  0Ten, 
None  but  an  iil-bred  wiii  cau  mfes  of  Heaven.    , 
One  Heaven^^inspirM  iiay^ut^  a  iiociK  ^  hoQ4  v 
The  taylor  no\5r  CHts  o^  and  vmrk  gr<^  giKfd^ 

*  St.  Cathro*8,  y'lde  Goli^um. 

t  St.  Anthony. 

i  Vide  Life  of  St.  Colman  by  Colgsuius.  '      ^ 

^  The  same  IHk  by  the' same  author. 

I  Vidle  Spe^uliiia  yOim  mfoM  Fna^isel. 

**  St  Mnonu  gathered  thoie  that  dropt  from  him,  and  put  them 
in  their  place  again  $  -vide  Act.  Sanctoram^ 

ft  From  St.  Firinao  to  St.  Cplumba,  Ti<)e  Colganuui*  Ch^^ptf  of 
Loretto. 

a  Maria  de  U  Visitation  i  Tide  her  life  by  Lusignan. 


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Because  he  fancies  virtue  dweOs  with  dirt; 

While  all  concur  to  take  away  die  ^less 

From  weightier  points,  and  lay  it  on  the  less. 

Anxious  each  paltry  reliqiie  to  preserve . ' 

Of  him,  whose  hungry  firiends^they  leave  to  starve ;    ^ 

Harass'd  byiwatchi^s,  abstinence,  and  chains; 

Strangers  to  joys,  familiar  grown  with  pains ; 

To  all  the  means  of  virtue  they  attend 

,  With  strictest  cai*e,  and  only  miss  the  end^ 

Can  Scripture  teach  us,  or  can  sens^  persuade^ 
That  man  for  such  employments  e^er  was  made  ? 
Far  be  that  thought !  but  let  us  now  relate 
A  character  as. opposite,  as  great. 
In  him,  who  living  gave  to  Athens  fame,       ^ 
And,  by  his  death,  immortalizM  her  shame. 
Great  scourge  of  sophists !  he  from  heaven  brought  down. 
And  plac'd  true  wisdom  on  thf  usurper's  throne  : 
Philosopher  in  all  things,  but  pretence  ; 
He  taught  wh^t  they  neglected,  common  sense. 
They  o^er  the  stiff  Lyceum  formed  to  rule  ; 
He,  o'er  mankind;  all  Athens  was  his^ school. 
The  sober  tradesman,  and  smart  petit-maitre. 
Great  lords,  and/ wits,  in  their  own  eyes  still  greater. 
With  him  grew  wise ;  unknowing  they  were  taught : 
He  spoke  like  them,  tho'  not  like  them  he  thought : 
Nor  wept,  nor  laugh' d,  at  man's  perverted  state ; 
But  left  to  women  this,  to  idiots  that 

Vol,  I,  D 


yGoogk 


Insulted  by  a  peevish,  noisy  wife, 

Or  at  the  bar  foredoomM  to  lose  his  life ; 

What  moving  words  flow  from  his  artless  tongue. 

Sublime  with  ease,  with  condescension  strong  1 

Yet  scOrn'd  to  flatter  vice,  or  virtue  blame ; 

Nor  changM  to  please,  but  pleas'd  because  the  same  i 

The  same  by  friends  caressM,  by  foes  withstood, 

Still  unaffected,  cheerful,  mild,  and  good. 

Behold  one  pagan,  drawn  in  colours  faint. 

Outshine  ten  thousand  monks,  tho*  each,  a  saint !  ^ 

Here  let  us  fix  our  foot,  hence  take  our  view^ 
And  learn  to  try  false  merit  by  the  true. 
We  see,  whea  reason  stagnates  in  the  brain^ 
The  dregs  of  fancy  cloud  its  purest  vein ; 
3ut  circulation  betwixt  mind  and  mind 
Extends  its  course,  and  renders  it  refinM. 
When  warm  with  youth  we  tread  the  flow'ry  way, 
All  nature  charms,  and  ev'ry  scene  looks  gay ; 
Each  object  gratifies  each  sense  in  turn. 
Whilst  now  for  rattles,  now  for  nymphs  we  burn  j 
EnslavM  by  friendship's  or  by  love's  soft  smile. 
We  ne'er  suspect,  because  we  mean  no  guile. 
Till,  flush'd  with  hope  from  views  of  past  success. 
We  lay  on  some  main  trifle  all  our  stress  ; 
When,  lo  !  the  mistress  or  the  friend  betrays. 
And  the  whole  fancied  cheat  of  life  displays. 


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For  instinct  ml* d^  when  reason  should  have  chose  $ 
We  fly  for  comfort  to  some  lonely  scene, 
Victims  henceforth  of  dirk,  and  drink,  ^nd  spleen. 

But  let  no  obstacles  that  cross  our  views, 
Pervert  our  talents  from  their  destin'd  use ; 
For,  as  upon  life's  hill  we  upwards  press. 
Our  views  will  be  obstructed  less  and  less. 
Be  all  false  delicacy  far  away. 
Lest  it  from  nature  lead  us  quite  astray ; 
And  for  th'  imagined  vice  of  human  race, 
Destroy  our  virtue,  or  our  parts  debase  ; 
Since  God  with  reason  joind  to  make  us  own, 
That  'tis  uot  good  for  man  to  be  alonie, 


D  2 


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Googk 


d  by  Google 


SOME  ffiOlTGHTS 


occAitoireD  iY 


*rHE  LATE  EARTHQUAKES. 


A  POEM. 


tlKST  tRlNTlCO  IN  1750. 


Digitized  by  VjOOQIC 


Oif 


SOME  THOUGHTS 


OCCASIONED   BY 


THE  LATE  EARTHQUAKES. 


YES,  glorious  fieiilg,  humbly  I  addi*e 
Thy  dreadful  footsteps  !     Who  but  Thou  coilld  shake 
The  firm  fou^idations  of  this  solid  globe  ! 
Tliou,  by  whose  potent  breath  old  Ocean  swells 
Into  ^uge  mountains,  and  o'erturns  at  once 
Cities  atld  niounds>  and  all  the  works  of  man  : 
Even  works  whose  texture  seem'd  with  rocks  to  vie ! 
Heaps  rolPd  on  heaps,  all  moulder  at  thy  touch, 
And  crumble  into  atoms.     Wing'd  by  Thee 
The  viewless  air  grows  like  the  crystal  firm, 
And  ruins  all  before  it.     For  when  Thou 
Hast  issued  forth  thy  just  and  sure  decree. 
Nothing  is  strong  or  weak,  but  as  it  serves 
Thy  will  omnipotent.     Then,  at  thy  throne. 
Let  me  again  my  adorations  pay  ; 
And  own  the  hand  that  wrought  this  mighty  de^d. 


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Despise  the  vulgar,  and  with  idle  prate 

Try  to  confound  the  workman 'with  the  work. 

But  who  at  first  the  migh'ty  vapour  form'd  ? 

Who  placed  it  there  ?  and  who  assigned,  its  coujfise  ? 

Would  he  who  fram'd  this  mighty  mass  of  things  } 

Who  clothes  it  all  in  beauty ;  makes  it  move 

With  harmony,  and  every  part  adjusts 

With  nicest  order — can  we  think  that  He 

Would  leave  this  wond'rous  subterraneous  power 

To  act  at  random  ?     Would  the  Hand  divine 

Thus  work  by  halves  ;  work  in  a  way  beneath 

The  skill  of  man  ?     Oh,  no  ;  the  thought 's  absurd. 

As  well  might  planet  upon  planet  rush 

Without  his  guidance.     He  who  knows  but  this 

Knows  all  that's  needful  now.     Far  be  it  from  me 

To  blame  thee,  fair  Philosophy ;  for  thou 

From  Heaven  descended'st,  and  to  Heaven  dost  lead. 

But  there 's  a  time  for  all  things  :  and  when  death 

And  desolation  threaten  all  around, 

^Tis  better  far  to  know  the  end  than  cause. 

Then  vanish  every  less  important  thought. 

And  let  the  dire  explosion  bring  to  mind 

That  day  when  the  foundations  of  the  earth 

Shall  quiver  to  the  center ;  when  the  trumps 

Of  angels  and  archangels  shall  resound 

Through  this  vast  concave,  and  awake  the  dead ; 

When  all  the  trappings  of  this  world  shall  pass  ; 

And  every  man  in  his  own  shape  appear 


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For  final  judgment ;  there  to  give  account^ 
A  strict  account,  for  every  foul  misdeed. 

Britain,  surrounded  by  her  subject  main 
(Defence  more  sure  than  ramparts,  or  thm  rocks)^ 
With  a  mild  climate  blessM,  and  fertile  soil. 
Sits  as  the  Quieen  of  Isles ;  and  says  her  throne 
Shall  last  for  ever.    From  afar  she  hears 
Of  nations  perishing  beneath  the  sword ; 
Pining  with  famine ;  by  the  pestilence 
Consuming  ;  or  with  subterraneous  fires 
Sinking  into  the  bottomless  abyss 
With  sudden  rtiin.     Of  this  she  only  hears, 
Herself  ilnhurt.     But  when  her  time  is  come 
Nought  shall  avail  her  :  from  the  distant  South 
The  wide-destroying  locusts  forth  shall  come 
In  hideous  legions,  and  our  fields  lay  waste. 
If  He  commands  who  made  them ;  nor  shall  feel 
The  change  of  climate.     At  his  powerful  nod 
The  very  winds,  whose  fetvouring  breath  conveys 
Our  ships  to  every  port  around  the  globe. 
And  brings  the  riches  of  the  nations  home ; 
^hat  makes  our  merchants  princes>  aud  to  us 
Assigns  the  vast  dominion  of  the  sea  : 
Those  very  winds,  at  hi»  all-powerful  nod, 
Shall  war  against  us,  ahd  our  fleets  destroy. 
'  If  He  but  wills,  this  mild  and  wholesome  air 
That  now  invigorates  our  comely  limbs. 
To  man  shall  grow  infectious ;  and  our  towns 


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Convincing  and  alarming  proof !  that  He 
Wanteth  not  stores  to  execute  his  wradi 
Wherever  Vengeance  calls :  the  gaping  gulph 
Shall  overwhelm  us  if  He  give  the  word. 

Thou,  best  enlightener  of  the  human  mind. 
Religion,  guide  me  to  thy  sacred  page ! 
There  let  me  pensive  muse,  and  turn  my  eyes 
On  Sodom  and  Gomorrah,  on  Babylon, 
Sidon  and  Tyre  ;  but  last  and  chief  of  all. 
On  thee,  Jerusalem !     There  let  me  mark 
The  various  warning  given  the  chosen  seed. 
With  more  than  a  paternal  tenderness, 
Before  the  final  ruin.     Let  me  weigh 
la  equal  scale  their  crimes  against  our  own^ 
And  judge  if  we  are  not  what  they  once  were. 

Does  not  Oppression  stride  with  giant  step 
Throughout  this  land,  and  tread  upon  the  necks 
Of  the  defenceless  and  the  innocent  ? 
Do  not  our  orphans  and  our  widows  sigh 
In  vain  for  justice,  and  look  up  to  Heaven, 
Their  only  refuge  ?     Have  not  Infidels^ 
Trampled  oH  all  things  sacred,  and  defyM 
The  living  GoD  ?     Nay,  have  not  priests  themselves 
Taught  us  to  prove  rebelUous  to  that  Being 
Whom  thgy  were  sworn  to.  serve  ?     Do  we  not  all 


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And  Avarice  at  once  ?     See^  iu  our  street^ 
UnpunishM  flaunts  tbe  harlot,  with  fair  speech 
And  wanton  arts  to  draw  our  heedless  youth 
Like  oxen  to  the  slaughter?     *    *     * 
*         *        *        *        *         *         O  land 
Of  virtiue  once !  how  art  thou  now  become 
A  prey  to  every  vice  that  bears  a  name  ! 
And  calls  not  this  for  vengeance  from  above  ? 

Yet  still  suphiely  in  the  very  time 
Of  peril,  all  our  follies  we  pursue, 
And  all  our  sins ;  and  with  presumptuous  thought, 
Or  fix  the  dreadful  day,  or  boldly  cry. 
It  is  not  near :  pray  Heaven  it  may  not  be ! 
May  we  avert  it  by  incessant  prayer, 
And  that  best  sacrifice,  an  humble  heart. 
Pure,  undefil'd ;  and  at  the  throne  of  grace 
Made  acceptable  by  our  Great  High  Priest. 

Be  this  each  soul^s  concern ;  but  chiefly,  tl^ou, 
Imperial  City,  be  the  first  to  lead 
,  The  way  in  humiliation  ;  may  thy  priests. 
Clothed  in  the  robe  of  righteousness,  declare 
The  people's  sins,  and  spare  not :  may  all  try. 
Princes,  and  priests,  and  people,  with  one  voice, ' 
To  depre^te  Heaven's  wrath,  that  it  may  spare 
The  many  unrighteous  for  the  righteous  few. 
And  give  time  for  repentance !     Gracious  Heaven ! 
To  thy  once  favour'd  people  grant  this  boon : 


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And  lead  us  to  the  paths  we  long  have  shunnM, 
Teach  us  obedience  to  thy  holy  word. 
That  word  which  our  forefathei's  usM  to  deem 
Their  chiefest  grace  ahd  glory !     Can  the  maid 
Forget  her  ornaments  ?  or  the  young  bride 
Her  gay  attire  i    Yet  we,  unnatural  race^ 
i)ays  without  number  have  forgot  ihy  word ; 
Or,  'tis  betome  but  as  a  pleasant  song,  -' 
Sung  by  a  melodious  voice,  to  instruments 
Well-tunM  and  touched  with  skill.     For,  if  we  hear. 
We  do  it  not     Oh,  teach  us  this,  good  Heavenf, 
Oh,  teach  us  Thee  to  fear,  and  we  are  safe ! 


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POETICAL  EFFUSION 

ON  THE 

(ECONOMY  OF  NATURE. 

Printed  in  the  Miscelianeous  Tracts,  p.  126. 


THE  CEconomy  of  Nature,  though  a  subject  ofteu 
treated  by  learned  and  ingenious  men,  seems  to  me  to 
contain  many  things  new  and  curious,  and  to  griye  a 
more  comprehensive  and  distinct  view,  as  it  were  in  a. 
map,  of  the  several  parts  of  nature,  their  connexions 
^nd  dependencies,  than  is  any  where  else  to  be  found. 
But,  exclusive  of  this,  or  any  other  comparative  merit, 
it  certainly  conveys  an  useful  lesson,  and  such  an  one  as 
the  best  of  us  often  want  to  have  inculcated. 

From  a  partial  consideration  of  things,  we  are  very 
^pt  to  criticise  what  we  ought  to  admire ;  to  look  upon 
as  useless  what  perhaps  we  should  own  to  be  of  infinite 
ftdvantage  to  us,  did  we  see  a  little  farther ;  to  be  pee- 
vish where  we  ought  to  give  thanks,  and  at  the  same 
^\me  to  ridicule  those,   who    employ  their  time  and 


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In  shorty  we  are  too  apt  to  treat  the  Almighty  worse 
than  a  rational  jjnan  would  treat  k  good  mechanic ;  whose 
works  he  would  either  thoroughly  examine,  or  be  ashamed 
to  find  any  fault  with  them.  This  is  the^ect  of  a  par- 
tial consideration  of  Nature ;  but  he  who  has  candour  of 
mind  and  leisure  to  look  farther,  will  be  inclined  to  cry 
out :  ^  ' 

How  wondrous  is  this  scene !  where  all  is  form'd 
With  number,  weight,  and  measure !  all  desighM 
For  some  great  end !  where  tiot  alone  the  plant    . 
Of  stately  growth,  the  herb  of  glorious  hue. 
Or  food-full  substance ;  not  the  labouring  steed. 
The  herd,  and.  flock  that  feed  us ;  not  the  mine 
That  yields  us  stores  for  elegance  and  use. 
The  sea  that  loads  our  table,  and  conveys 
The  wanderer  man  from  clime  to  cUme,  with  all 
Those  rolling  spheres,  that  from  on  high  shed  down 
Their  kindly  influence ;  not  these  alone, 
Which  strike  ev'n  eyes  incurious ;  but  each  tnoss. 
Each  shell,  each  crawling  insect  holds  a  rank 
'Important  in  the  plan  of  Him,  who  fram'd 
This  scale  of  beings ;  hpld^  a  rank,  which  lost 
Would  break  the  chain,  and  leave  behind  a  gap 
Which  nature's  self  would  rue.     Almighty  Being, 
Cause  and  support  of  all  things,  can  I  view 
These  objects  of  my  wonder  ;  can  I  feel 
These  fine  sensations,  and  not  think  of  Thee  ? 


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Alone,  shalt  Thou  alone  excluded  be 

From  this  thy  universe  ?     Shall  feeble  man 

Think  it  beneath  his  proud  philosophy 

To  call  for  thy  assistance,  and  pretend 

To  frame  a  world,  who  cannot  frame  a  clod  ?-— 

Not  to  know  Thee,  is  not  to  know  ourselves— 
Is  to  know  nothing— nothing  worth  the  care 
Of  man's  exalted  spirit — all  becomes 
Without  thy  ray  divine,  one  dreary  gloom ; 
Where  lurk  the  monsters  of  fantastic  braius, 
Order  bereft  of  thought,  uncaus'd  effects, 
Fate  freely  acting,  and  unerring  Chance. 
Where  meanless  matter  to  a  chaos  sinks, 
'  Or  something  lower  still,  for  without  Thee 
Jt  crumbles  into  atoms  void  of  force. 
Void  of  resistance — it  eludes  Our  thought. 
Where  laws  eternal  to  the  varying  code 
Of  self-love  dwindle.     Interest,  passion,  whim. 
Take  place  of  right  and  wrong,  the  golden  chain 
Of  beings  melts  away,  and  the  mind's  eye 
3jees  nothing  but  the  present.     All  beyond 
Js  visionary  guess — ^is  dream — ^is  death ! 


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-J 


DRAMAS. 


1.  JOSEPH. 

2.  MOSES  AND  ZIPPORAH. 

3.  MEDEA. 


Vol.  L  E 

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JOSEPH. 


£  2 


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e- 


DRAMATIS  PERSONS. 


Joseph. 

potiphar. 

Amenthe^  Wife  to  Potiphar. 

Mbthura,  Servant  and  Confident  to  Amenthe. 

Angels. 

Priests^  Musicians,  &c. 

Scene,  Heliopolis,  in  Egypt. 


The  Drama  begins  early  in  the  mortiing.     Potiphar  sets 
out  for  Sais.     In  the  evening  Amenthe  tempts  Joseph. 
Towards  the  moniing  the  hymn  begins.     Towards  the 
^  evening  Potiphar  returns  to  Heliopolis. 


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ADVERTISEMESfT.  r 


{  N  Older  to  vindicate  myself  haaa  the  impvtation  of 
having  capriciously  invented  ciccttmstoiKces  ihiareky.  fot 
the  embellishment  of  the  following  Drama,  it  will  be  ne- 
cessary to  cite  soiAe  paarfagea  from  writers  not  geneh:tilly 
jread  ;  Jbr  though'  th^  Muse  i5  alk)W^  a  gfeat  Istitudd 
for  invlention,  yet  no  oimaments  bec<nne  her  so  much  as 
those  which  she  borrows  from  History,  because  ho  other 
can  have  equal  propriety. 

'  Gentle  asp,  p.  60.--*It  may  be  worth  while  4:o  eitd  htfe 
a  curious  piece  of  nat^al  history,  in  relation  to  the  sttp^ 
Pmsper  Alpinus,  Bier.  iEgyp.  Kb.  iv.  0.4,  says,  Jbha«  U^ 
bite  is  very  small;  idbttt  it  does  not  cause  any  inflamitta- 
tipn  or  swelling ;  and  that  its  poison  immediately  rmim 
over  all  the  body,  and  brings  on  a  kind  of  numbness  or 
lassitudife,  accompanied  With  a  gentle  sleep,  so  that  those 
tviio*  die  of  it  die  not  without  pleasure.  Prosper  Alpimri 
seems  to  say  this  from  his  own  knowledge,  atid  qubtes' 
Nicartder  to  the  same  prurpose. 


yGoogk 


lib.  I,  menttoning  that  passage  in  the  Odyssey,  where 
Homer  describes  the  descent  of  the  souls  of  the  suitors 
into  Hades,  lib.  24,  says,  that  by  the  gates  of  the  sun ' 
the  pdet  meant  the  city  Heliopolis ;  and  by  the  As* 
phodel  meadow,  where  he  supposed  the  dead  to  inhabit, 
he  meant  a  place  beyond  the  Acherusian  lake,  near  Mem- 
phis, where  there  were  most  beautiful  meadows  and 
pools  abounding  with  the  lotus  and  the  calamus  aromati- 
cus.  Homer,  adds  the  Historian,  very  properly  makes 
this  place  the  seat  of  departed  souls,  for  most  JEgyptians 
were  buried  there,  their  bodies  being  transported  thitlier 
over  the  Acherusian  lake* 

To-marrow  is  the  Feast  of  Lights f  p.  61.*-*Herodotu8 
saystfausy  Euterpe,  62.  p.  112,  <<  When  the  ;£gyptians 
assemble  together  at  Sais  to  sacrifice  in  the  night,  they 
light  up  lamps,  and  place  them  about  the  houses*  The 
lamps  are  supplied  with  oil  and  salt ;  the  wick  Ao9fs 
upon  the  surface,  and  bums  all  night  This  feast  is 
called  the  Feast  of  Lamps.  They  who  do  not  come  to 
the  meeting  still  observe  this  nightly  sacrifice,  and  set 
up  Umps ;  ISO  that  not  only  at  Sais,  but  all  over  £gyp^ 
hmp»  are  lighted.  Why  this  night  is  celebrated  appeals 
in  their  sacred  writings.*' 

Sinus,  rise,  &c.  p.  74. — So  much  for-  the  Feast  of 
}.aii^  in  general.  As  to  the  meaning  and  intention 
gf  it ;  Jablouski,  one  of  the  most  judicious  and  saga* 
GiQus  writers  upoi)  the  Egyptian  Antiquities^  supposes. 


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the  rising  of  Sinus,  or  the  Dog-star,  t.  e.  when  this  star 
was  ao  fax  to  the  West  of  theSuii  that  it  could  be  seen 
before  day-break ;  at  which  season  the  Nile  rises,  and 
the  iEgyptian»  began  their  year,  and  believed  the  world 
was  first  formed.  This  opinion  of  Jablouski  is  very- 
probable,  and  becomes  more  so  if  we  consider,  that  we 
may  fairly  suppose,  that  when  this  feast  was  first  ap- 
pointed the  Dog-star  rose  in  ^gypt  about,  the  summer 
solstice,  vid.  Petav.  Uran.  p.  77.  t.  e.  when  the  days 
are  longest.  Now,  according  to  Horapollo,  rthe  Egyp- 
tians above  all  men  delighted  in  the  Sun.  This  is  so 
true,  that  its  progress  through  the  Zodiac  furnished 
many,  if  not  most  of  their  festivities  and  humiliations, 
as  we  know  from  undoubted  authority. 

Hephaestion  says,  that  the  antient  Egyptians,  when 
they  observed  the  Dog-star  to  rise  with  a  golden  co- 
lour, expected  a  proper  rising  and  falling  of  the  Nile, 
upon  which  the  success  of  their  harvest  entirely  de- 
pended. 

For  these  reasons  I  availed  myself  of  Jablouski's 
conjecture  at  the  end  of  the  second  act ;  and  thought 
no  time  could  be  pitched  upon  more  proper  for  Amen- 
the's  purpose  than  when  her  husband  Potiphar  must  ne- 
cessarily be  absent  at  Sais,  as  he  was  a  Priest  of  the 
Sun. 

Wheels  the  planets^  &c.  p.  75. — ^As  to  the  Copernican 

'  system  alluded  to  in  this  place,  there  is  great  reason  to 

believe  that  it  was  the  discovery  of  some  nation  where 


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nimipfMr.  Macliuciii.  <  To  vfaift  people  th^a  tarn  tltfs 
sf»Um  her  a^tribntid .  ifitii  sol  mneh  preMnility  as  Ae 
JBgpptiam^  mce  jt  was  caartmfy  fki^  made  kfipwn  i« 
Gffa«c«3)}&tPytii6gorai,  who  |«sided  maii]r.3nBaa^  amongst 

tlitmt'.'U  /Ik.:  •    .     ..   - 

Thi*  Dritfha,  a|>pea)ring  to  betinfit  for  th«  stage,  wiasnot 
filfedtrp  >Wth  the  nutdbe^  of  soigs  ttfecfes^ar^  to  give 
it  » |>r'o|ier  length  of  time  in  jrerfoithirtg. 


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J  O  S  B  PH. 


Ae^  f. 

SCENE    L 
Amenthe,  Methura,  an(2  Attendants, 

CHORUS. 

LET  not  xxuiQ  complain  of  fate. 
Though  some  woe$  attend  his  state ; 
For  where  Reason  darts  her  ray> 
All  be^comes  serene  aud  gay. 

AMENTHE. 

My  soul  is  not  in  tune  for  mirth :  repeat 
That  plaintive  air  again.     It  better  suits  , 
My  present  thoughts. 

SONG. 

Envy,  hate,  ambition,  strife, 
Cloud  the  mournful  scene  of  life ; 


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Soon  does  with  tyrannic  sway 

Drive  all  joy  and  peace  away. 
Well  may  we  then  complain  of  fate. 
Since  woes  attend  our  happiest  state. 

[AH  exeunt  btU  Am£NTH£  and  Methura. 


SCENE    IL 
Amenthe,  Methura. 

AMENTHE* 

— .-"  Drives  all  joy  and  peace  away !" — 

O  fatal  truth  to  wretches,  who  like  me 

Have  drunk  the  dregs  of  Lovers  enchanted  cup ! 

Each  hour,  each  moment,  of  my  life,  I  feel 

The  poison  Working  here — ^For  this  disease. 

This  first  of  all,  why  has  not  Nature  given 

Some^^ealing  antidote  ?  Is  there  no  charm 

In  all  thy  stores,  O  Isis  ? — Is  there  none 

To  cure  a  wounded  heart  ?     Alas  !  I  've  tried 

AH  hitherto  in  vain.     For  magic  charms 

Have  lost  all  power  with  me :  each  waking  thought 

Saddens  the  cheerful  day ;  while  every  dream 

Makes  gloomy  night  more  gloomy,  and  conspires 

.To  rack  my  heart  with  Joseph. 


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i^eave  iucn  tnougncs 
For  those,  on  wKom  Nature  has  not  betftowM 
Her  chief  endowment,  beauty;  ivhobutact 
The  part  of  wisdom,  when  they  strive  to  quell 
A  passion,  that' can  hope  for  no  return. 
To  th'  homely  leave  such  charms  as  these— ^o  diou 
Use  such  as  Nature  gave  thee%  and  which  she  meant    ' 
Should  be  employed. 

AMENTBE. 

They  too  have  been  employM. 
Thou  know'st  it,  and  I  blush  to  think  thou  dost. 
They  too  have  lost  all  power.     He  feels  them'  not. 
O  Joseph,  Joseph 

METHURA. 

Blame  not  the  sweet  youth ; 
But  blame  thyself.     Full  inany  a  moon  has  wained 
Since  first  this  passion  seiz'd  thee,  and  no  signs 
Have  yet  been  given  by  which  to  read  thy  mind. 

AMENTHE. 

Then  nature  has  no  language  to  express 
The  feelings  of  the  heart,  but  that  of  words ; 
Nay,  these  have  not  been  wanting. 

METHURA. 

Tell  mc  not 
Of  hints,  of  glances ;  ii^  a  case  like  this 
More  is  expected.     Boldly  then  resolve 
To  clear  these  doubts,  or  tear  him  from  thy  heart 


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Shall  do  thbi  IheiMllj  lOffikc^ ;  she  afiaU  A^^  j 
Her  pleasing  hdimm  Mi  tli^fe<¥ein^^aa<d  etir^  . 
At  one  kiikd^trokQ^.  ^^fl^^  mni^ti^m^reagi^  gwlt 
O  the  delightful  thought  J  to  rest  oly  he^d 
On  I^eiatfi'B  softpilknK;,  ^  compQ/s^JQ  e^p» 
In>0ii^N^te<iia}  fllt#p^  the  vocis  iuid  pa^gis 
That  make  life  grievous !  Or,  if  priests  4aj  true^ 
What  rapture  will  it  be^  when  wafted  o'er 
T^atlake,  which- parts  thi«i  busy,  bustling  world 
From  the  bless'd  mansioos  oi  the  ppa€<eful  dead. 
To  breathe  ambrosial  air ;  to  tread  thos^.  fields 
Where  grow  the  lotus,  asphodel,  And  reed 
Of  fragrant  scent,  and  there  in  pleasing  dreams 
Wait  for  my  Joseph ! 

SONG. 
Metiunks  I  bear  the  murmuring  sound 
Of  happy  nymphs  and  swaips  around ; 
On  flowery  banks  they  sit,  or  rove 
In  twilight  walks,  and  feast  on  love : 
While  glassy  lakes,  and  falling  streams, 
Reflect  fair  Isis^  silver  beams ; 
And  the  sweet  songster  of  tbe  iiight  * 
Love's  listening  ear  sooths  with  delight. 
If  such  the  joys  Elysium  yields, 
O  waft  me,  Death,  to  those  blest  fields! 

*  YariaticHi. 
And  the  melodious  bird  of  night 
Addf  sweetness  to  each  sweet  delight. 


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Unfit  for  thy  condition.     Beauty,  youth,  ... 

And  health,  are  worth  enjoying.     Wouldst  thou  ihen 

Fly  from  this  living  object  of  thy  Ipve, 

This  blooming  youth,  with  hopea  to  meet  again 

Thou  know'st  not  what,  nor  where,  nor  when  ?  Come  quit 

These  vain  and  idle  fancies.     BeadvisM 

A  sudden  thought  comes  o^er  me. 

AMENfTHE. 

Speak  it  out. 

METHURA. 

To-morrow  is  the  Feast  of  Lights.     This  night 
Thy  husband  goes  to  Sais. 

AMSNTH^ 

True,  he  does; 
But  what  of  that ,? 

METHURA. 

All  then  will  be  secure 
From  him-^and  for  die  rest 

AMENTHE. 

What  dost  thoa  mean 

METHURA. 

I  mean  to  make  thee  happy. 

AMEITTRS. 

Thy  dailc  words 
Do  make  me  tremble— ~-HariCr!  methinks  I  faeaF 
The  tread  of  feet  thb  way. 


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These  tfaoughts,  till'thy  exhausted  spirits  get 

Fresh  vigour.  [Exeunt. 


SCENE    in. 
PoT£PHAR»  Joseph,  and  Attendants. 

POTIPHAR. 

Is  all  prepared 
For  my  intended*  journey  ? 

JOSEPH* 

All,  my  Lord, 
As  thou  didst  give  command. 

POTIPHAR. 

With  careful  eye 
Watch  well  the  family  till  my  return. 
I  know  'tis  needless  to  enjoin  thee  this. 
Or  any  other  duty ;  but  a  day 
Of  joy  and  feasting  asks  peculiar  care, 
Lest  they  disturb  thy  mistress.     She  of  late^ 
It  gives  me  pain  to  see  it,  but  of  late 
She  seems  to  loath  the  cheerful  scenes  of  Ufe. 
Yet  this  she  cannot  wholly  shun.    The  hymn 
Demands  her  presence.    See  it  be  performed 
To  best  advantage.    It  may  sooth  her  grief. 


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Sounds  harmonious  can  impart 
Comfort  to  the  bleeding  heart ; 
By  their  magic  power  assuage 
Human  fury,  brutal  rage. 

CHORUS. 

Without  thy  aid. 

Celestial  maid ! 

Whose  tuneful  lyre 

Directs  the  quire, 
A  chaos  still  had  been 
This  fair  and  glorious  scene. 

O  may  it  prove  that  boasted  charm,  and  ease 
Her  sickly  mind ! 

JOSEPH. 

Is  there  aught  else  remains  ? 

POTIPHAR. 

Thou  know*  St  what  custom  and  the  law  prescribe ; 
Let  these  be  thy  directors.     On  thy  faith. 
Thy  diligence,  thy  prudence,  I  rely 
In  every  case. 

JOSEPH. 

Thy  goodness  claiiiis  them  alL 
And  merits  more  than  my  best  powers  can  pay. 
Nought  shall  escape  my  care.    No  bounds  I  set 
Tl'o  duty,  but  those  only,  which  the  fidth 
Taught  in  my  earliest  days  ■ 


yGoogk 


POTIPHAR. 

I  understand— 
Thou  art  excused,  soon  as  the  rites  begin. 


SCENE    IV. 
Enter  AuEiHTnUy  Methura,  amf  Attendants. 

POTIPHAR. 

Amenthe,  thou  didst  now  employ  our  thoughts  ; 
Thy  grief  has  been  our  suhject. 

AME:5nniE. 

It  does  gain 
Fresh  fuel  when  I  see  it  wound  thy  heart ; 
But  all,  I  h&pey  will  soon  go  welL    Perhaps 
'Tis  but  a  sluggish  flowing  of  the  blood, 
From  some  malignant  planet';  for  'tis  said 
Such  causes  oft  produce  these  strange  effects. 

POTIPHAIU 
I  hope  and  wish  it  soon  may  pass.   ^  Farew«U !. 
To-morrow,  with  the  se^ipg  wn,  expect 
To  see  thy  P^phiari^k^.   Meanwhile, 
Joseph  has  ofi&»  ^ow  it^f^;  kmt  6ti|Lj 
With  defejrmcc.^.tby  iyill    Oi^  atoc^/^ewell  I 


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•       SCENE    V. 

•   -  .         * 

i/OSBPH^ 

Before  I  quit  thy  presence,  is  there  aught 
Amenthe  woutd  command  t 

AMEKTHB. 

There  Is  a  thjng— 
But  'tis  no  matter  noir— Y^t  stay  awhile*-^ 
Perhaps  this  time  may  suit— <^y  ii  not  now. 
Some  other  time  ere  long.—'My  husband  oft 
Has  mentionM  slightly,  but  ne*er  told  me  i^Il 
Thy  wondrous  story.    From  thy  mouth  I  wish 
To  learn  the  whole ;  and  let  it  be  some  hour 
This  evening,  when  thy  leisure  best  permili. 

josEl»a. 
Whatever  reluctance  I  may  feel  to  tell 
Of  my  unnatural  brethren,  what  must  shock 
Thy  virtuous  bosom ;  thou  shalt  be  obey'd. 
Wishes  from  our  supeiKors  are  commands. 

AkfiKTitS. 
Nay,  talk  not  thus.    I  would  not  have  thee  con^e 
To  me  as  thy  superior.     I  could  wish 
Thy  mind  were  free  from  all  restraint ;  thy  words 
Would  then  have  more  of  nature,   and  impart 
A  deeper  feeling.    T^Uie  tender  mipd 
Pity  is  a  feast 

Vol.  I.  F 


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,  SONG- 

All  other  pains  our  bliss  destroy^ 
The  pains  of  Pity  we  enjoy ; 
Tp  her  th'  indulgept  Gods  asrign 
The  taste  of  Jiappinew  divine. 

CHORUS. 

For  she  iwa^s^t  us  from  above. 
To  dp  the  w^rk  of  heavenly  love  ; 
To  w?pe  Affljbction's  tear  away, 
An^  make,  e'cii  Misery  look  gay. 


ACT   IL 


SCENE  I. 

Maids  of  Amenthe. 

first  maid.. 
Did  ye  observe  our  mistress  asi^8he  passed. ^^ 
She  seem'd  disordered. 

8ECOJKf]^MAia 

We  did  see  and  i&iAa^. 
Ha9  avght  offended  her  ? 


y  Google 


Nought  that  ime  know. . 
il^r  conduct  seems  quite  changed  of  late»:  Frq^A  is(U4 . . 

And  sweetly  tempered,  she  has  frequent  start9>    .  .^ 

That  make  attendance  heavy.     But  oiurlot  ^    -^ 
And  duty  bid  us  bear.     And  we  should  learn 

From  hence,  that  every  station  tuls  its  <iare«^  -^ 

Its  woes,  however  envied.  ,  f 

SONG.'         '     ''  •■'■'     * 

Not  the  gilded  room  of  state, 
Costly  rotes,  or  livery'd  train,  ' 

Can  from  care  secure  the  great,  J  *    * 

Or  support  the  mind  in  pain.  \  '  "^  * 


The  Gods  arepleasM  oh  men' to  i<htf#er 
Unequal  shares  of  wealth  and  power ;  / 
But  with  impartial  Han*  bttstb^''    ' 

True  happiness  ofn-high  and' k>vir:* 

•■     •  .^^r.^  ;  '/  •_.  '■>     .:,.,:.  .  :  ..-,     .  _. 

.    .    Let,us/ietire,';.    . .   .    ^  •  ,^  :; 

And  wait  her  orders.  ....  r   .  r,.  {Exeunt- 


SCEN?  11.^,/'  ^  ,^,'^ 
'Joseph  dldne/      *  '     • 

Was  I  awa|E6,. and c^nJt beJdmt:one       .    ^ 
Bless'4  iQ  so  kind  a  husbaikdy  .plac'd  so  high 

9  2 


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byGoogk 


Should  &11  to  this !  should  cast  aw»y  all  shame^ 

And  tempt  her  servant  with  unlawful  lore ! 

Now  but  too  well  I  ilnderstand  diose  words 

Of  dubious  imp6rt,  whieh  from  time  to  time 

She  dropp'das  ^twere  by  chance ;  those  looks  that  seemed" 

To  glance  suspicious  meaning.    Fatal  fall 

To  her,  perhaps  to  me !  for  caii  she  bear 

Before  her  ftce  the  witness,  and  the  cause. 

Though  innocent,  of  this  perfidious  act  ? 

No.     She  will  watch  occasions ;  she  will  seize 

Each  trivial  slip,  and  in  the  fonn  of  guilt 

Present  it  to  the  eyes  of  Potiphar 

In  his  kind  moments.    What  must  least  ensue. 

Should  she  prevail,  but  banishment  from  hence, 

This  only  refiige  in  my  time  of  woe  ? 

And  what  is  that  b^t  rain  ?  :  Well,  let  it  come. 

Since  innocence  attrads,  and  draws  it  dpwn. 

If  it  does  come.    O  holy  innocence  f 

Thy  hardest  fate,  to  him  who  feels  aright. 

Is  better  than  the  best  reward  of  guilt. — 

But'doesnotdutjrbid,  and  self-defence. 

That  I  reveal  this  secret  T-^Were  there  proof 

Sufficient,  that  might  be  the  case.    But  here 

My  tale  would  gain  small  credit-— and  peihaps 

She  may  repent    Let  me  not  then  destroy 

The  peace  of  my  kind  lord  with  fruitless  zeal. 

Lei  me  to  Heaven  submit  thecesen V  ind  pr4y 

For  constancy  to  bear  whatever  befidb.         :.       {E^nS. 


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SCENE  in- 

AllBMTHK. 

Yes !  he  did  eyeme  wkh  disdi&iii!  didflM  ' 
As  from  a  ppiao^aus  thing ! 

methura/ 

Yet  be  appeased. 
Sweet  lady,  all  at  length  nay  be  repair'd. 
Thy  charms^  and  patience^  must  subdue. the  heart 
Of  this  obdurate. 

AMENTBB. 

Peace!     O  name  him  not— ^ 
Upon  thy  duty  name  him  not    The  thought 
Strikes  daggers  in  my  aoul ! 

METHUIU. 

I  own  his  guilt. 
I  see  just  cause  for  hate ;:  but  yet  methinks 
Something  may  still  be  urg*d  in  his  defence ; 
A  heart  unpractised  in  the -ways  of  love ; 
A  reverence  toward  thy  station  ;  perhaps  dread 
Lest  thou  should' St  mean  to  try  him,  and  betray. 

AMENTHE. 

Vain  thought!  each  look,  each  trembling  accent  shewed 
Too  well  my  feeling  heart ;  and  must  have  rous'd 
Aught  but  aversion  to  a  sense  of  love.    ■     ■ 


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Shalt  feel  my  vengeanpe.— .-Thy  perfidious  tongue 

Assured  me  of  a  kind  return— thy  eyes, 

Yes,  thou  didst  v^nly  boa«t,«  thy  prying  eyes 

Could  read  the  very  secret  of  his  soul. 

O  more  than  idiot  to  believe  thy  boast ! 

To  trust  my^'ut^lliediiODOurin  the  hands 

Of  one,  who  basely  meant  to  laiake  a  prey 

Of  her  deluded  mistress  !     Thy  false  arts 

IncreasM,  inflam'd,  nay  first  a  being  gave 

To  this  detested  passion.     Thou  didst  paint. 

In  every  colour  fitted  to  seduce 

The  firmest  niind,  "^is'noble  spirit^  hts  Worth, 

His  gentleness,  his  honour.     Cursed  fiend. 

Pluck  out  this  fatal  phantom  from  my  soul, 

Or  dogs  shall  tear  thy  limbs. 

MEtHURA.  ^        ^ 

O  woe  is  mci  . 
Thus  to  offend  whom  I  did  mean  to  serve  ! 

AM£NTHE. 

Yes,  monster,  thou  hast  serv'd  me,  and  shalt  receive 
Such  wages  as  thy  services  require. 

V 

METHURA. 

Thou  know-st  I  long  opposM.  ^ 

AMENTHE. 

Long !     What  hast  tboi| 
To  plead  for  not  opposing  to  the  last  ? 
Thou  hadst  no  passion !     What  ha^t  thou  tb  plead  ? 


yGoogk 


Ne'er  meet" tUcNie  ^s  again i  ■■  '  ^'■ 
Thou,  thou  hast  poisonM  all  delight; 
Go  triumph  in  way  pain. 

M£THURA. 

0 1  on  my  knees  I  do  bl^ieiQDkitliee  strive 
To  recollect,  to  be  again  thyself. 
Consider  well  thy  danger.     On  the  brink 
Of  a  dread  precipice  thou  standest. 

AM£NTfi£E. 

Wretch, 
'Tis  false-^^By  thee  conducted,  once  indeed 
Upon  the  brink  I  stood.     But  thy  vile  hand 
Has  shov'd  me  off,  ba^  hurPd  me  headlong  down 
Into  this  depth  of  woe.     Shaiiie  and  contempt, 
Contempt  from  a  base  slave  4s  now  my  lot. 

METriURA, 

O  were  this  all ! 

ABdHEIKTH^. 

-tf.  .      lyiiat  horrors  hast  tlu)u  more  ? 
Speak  out  the  wors^  I  am  pr^ai'4. 

METHURA, 

Reflect 
That  on  his  honour  now  th]^life  depends ; 
And  from  an  idiot  to  precise,  so  tame^ 
So  void  of  feeling  for  th^  heavenly  charms, 


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I  have  been ^Ucib  deceii^d.    O  ttnist Idniiiol^ 
Believe  me,  but  pfchreiit  bk  fstel  tile. 
Be  tfaou  th*  aoe«9dlr,  -^. 

.AMENmS. 

Horrid  thought ! 

MErrHOliA. 

.    L  -     •  jYethe 

Or  thou  must  fan. 

AMJBNTUE, 
I  am  already  fiiirh — 
I  cannot  lower  be — the  toss  of  life. 
What  were  it  but  a  boon  to  be  desired  ? 

METHURA,  . 

Ah!  but  to  lose  thy  fair  repute ;  to  leave 

A  stain  upon  thy  babes  f  peili^ps.  still  woniC'       ■ 

AMENTHE. 

I  understand  thee.     Rack  not  thus  my  brain  ^ 
Q  drive  me  not  to  madness ! 

SONG. 

Ah  me  !  I  seethem  helpless,  poor^ 
Forsaken,  beg  firom  door  to'^iflbr,^ 
Naked  on  the  cold  ^und  they  lie  ; 
I  bear  them  groan-— they  faint-— they  die. 

M»TB9|tA«^ 
For^ve  my  forward  zeaL    Deepest  coQMm   r 
Fdrces  this  ik>m  tne.    Can  )  see  unmovM 


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if  «7 


Something  mast  be  resolY'&' 


Tesy  soonethingiBiisI— •* 
Tell  him  my  hear!  la.hrokeO'ifMldt  him  all — 
^eU  him  what  thoo  wilt 

MEtHUkA. 

There  is  but  one  resource, 
Andthathasbeenrcgecteisd^.  -  - 

AMEI9THE. 

'  BeittheO'^-t 
Thott  art  become  my  mistres8--*be  it  tfaen^-     - 
O  horrid  fesoltttion ! 

Callitjusi, 
Ifwogeancebeallow'djp  if  self-defence. —   . 


SCENE  IV. 
£niers  a  Messenger, 

MBSSEKCEft.. 
The  minstrelsy  appointed  to  attand. 
And  eelebrae  thii  festivals  is  niow. 
Pfcpar'dy  and  waits  thy  presence. 


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Unnatural  mixture !  Woe  with  sounds  of  joy ! 

Cuilt  with  devotion !     ij^  I  nmftt  submit ; 

And  let  these  minstrels  nu>clL  me  with  their  mirth. 

(Amenthe  and  Methuiui  go  out. 


SCENE  V.      .     :i./. 

Scene  opens,  and  discovers  Amenthe,  Methuka,  Priests, 
Musicians,  Attendants,  &c.  abotU  an  altar ,  on  which 
frankincense  is  btuming.  ,.      : 

SONG.  '       ' 

Sirius,  rise,  wjth  golden  ray 
Bi^e.     Bring  on  th*  expected  day 
Such  as  when  this  glorious  plan. 
Stars  and  planets  first  began. 


scenb;  VI, 

Enters  a  iffissenger. 

messenger. 
Lol  he  appears.    His  ruddy  hue  proclaims 
Fertility  to  iEgypt 


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J 


Our  voices  to  the  God  who  n^iles  the  year. 
And  wheels  the  planets  round  his  central  fire. 

CHORUS. 
Osiris,  by  whose  vigorous  beam* 
The  sacred  soil  of  :£gypt  teems  f 
Whose  plastic  virtue  first  gavc^  birth 
To  every  living  form  on. earth ; 
Disperse  with  thine  setherial  wings 
The  noxious  damps  that  Typhon  brings^ 
With  latent  ills  of  every  kind 
.  That  cloud  with  gloom  the  human  mind ; 
Accept  these  offerings  at  thy  shrine ; 
Faint  shadows  of  thy  light  divine. 


ACT  III. 


SCENE  I. , 
PoTiPHAR^  Methura^  Attendants. 

POTIPHAR. 

WHERE  is  thy  mistress  ?  Wherefore  come^  ;be  pot 
As  she  was  wont,  to  welcome  my  i^etum  ? 
And  meet  these  longing  arms  ? 


yGoogk 


METHVRA. 

Her  present  State 
Must  plead  in  heir.  (Mei^e. 

POTIPHAR. 

Has  aught  befall'n  i 
Does  sicknew  httiAerf 

METHUltA. 

L  Sickness  of  the  mind^ 

That  worst  of  all  (Useas^s. 

.POTIPHAR. 

It  has  long 
Griev'd  roe  to  see  her  with  such  downcast  ibyes 
Pine  without  cau8e>  and  therefore  without  cure. 

METHURA. 

Were  there  indeed  no  cause ! 

POTIPHAR. 

Dost  thou  then  know 
From  whence  this  melancholy  ?    Tell  it  quick^ 
And  she  shall  be  relieved,  if  love  has  power 
To  find  a  cure.     Speak  out  the  cause. 

METHURA. 

Those  words 
Were  but  at  random  spoke.    I  cannot  think 
On^  blessM  with  all  the  goods  which  she  enjoys. 
Should  pine  without  strong  reason. 


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T^U  what  thou  ki)ow*sti  for  thou  dost  sbmetiiuig  kilow* 

METHURA.  , 

I  might  offend  perhaps.   ,  *Twere  better  far 
To  hear  it  from  herself. 

potiphar. 

F«ar  not    Speak  out 

METHURA. 

I  must  obey.    The  man  whom  thou  hast  plac'd 
Nearest  thy  bosom. 

POtiPHAR. 

What  of  him? 

METQVRA. 

I  dread 
To  teU  the  shocking  tale.    That  fayourM  matt*^* 

POTIPHAR. 

Who  i  Joseph  ? 

MET9VRA.  ; 

HeJ|itm8elf>oUUypiresuiEt'd  : 
To  tempt  Amentbe's  virtue* 

POTIPHAR.  ' 

'     Can  it  be,   ' 
Hiat  such  a  harden'd  Taiain  should  exist  f  '       ' 

So  lost  to  sein^e  of  sAiame !  BVom  her  own  mouth '^  ' 
His  guilt  flfitait  be'  cdnfirmM  ere  I  beMevei- '  •    ' 

Amenthe  Aall  have  ani^le  justice  done;       *  '^[lExitl 


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Grant  her,  ye  Gods,  but  finnness. — Should  dibse  qualms^ 
Those  nauseous  quahns  of  conscience  now  teturn, 
I  am  undone  for  ever.    What  a  curse 
To  serve  such  love^sick  babies !  [Exit 


SCENE.' II.  ■     '   .   '     •'- 

POTIPHAR,   AmENTHE. 
POtlPHAR. 

My  fair,  my  injur'd  spottse^  raise  up  those  eyes. 
The  cause  of  grifef  idiall  be  remov'd.     I  Ve  heard 
The  story  from  Metbura.'    Withamas?^ 
I  heard  it,  and  require  thy  attestation. 

AJfENTHE. 

t'orgive  me  when  I  own,-  my  Lord,  that  long 

I*ve  had  susj^ions.    'Diity  bids  me  tell 

What  I  could  wish  for  ever  might  be  hid  ' 

From  all,  but  chiefly  thee..    My.  faltering  tongue 

Scarce  does  its  cdBB^e,  when  I  own  that  long 

I  Ve  had  suspicions  of  tbi9  Ilebrew  slave. 

Tram  hence  that  gloom^ivhit^h  hung  upon  my  mind. 

And  made  thee  often  chide.    What  should  I  dot 

AcQU$«  him,  without  ample  proof,  perhaps 


yGoogk 


For  bolder  practice  ?  Thoughts  like  these  have  oft 
PerplexM  my  wavering  mincl.    But  yester  night-r-^ 
I  tremble  when  t  speak  it-— shew'd  too  well— - 

POTIPflAR- 

lle  did  not  offer  violence  !  . 

AMJBNTH^. 

In  £Act 
I  cannot  say  he  did.     But  his  wild  looks 
O  t  shall  ne'er  forget  them — and  his  words 
AlarmM  me  so  that  in  my  fright  I  scream^c^ 
And  in  Methufa  etiterM. 

l^OTIPHAR. 

Cursed  slave^ 
His  life  shall  pay  llie  offenc?..   Bid  him  come  heie. 

AMENTHE. 

My  Lordj  I  humbly  beg  in  this  affair 

My  presence  be  excus'd.    These  feeble  nerves 

Would  ill  support  his  sight    - 

POTIPHAR.   /  -         . 

Thou  art  eiccus^'d^ 
It  is  but  just 

[£xit  Amenthe, 


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O  it-does  stinff  m6  here 
To  find  the  very  man  in  whom  n^  soul 
Had  placM  its  confidence^  whom  like  a  soa 
I  (oT*d  and  cherifih'd,  80  perfidioiu  prove. 

SONG. 

Ah !  wherefore  do  the  Gods  bestow 
On  minds  so  foul,  so  fair  a  show  ? 
Ah !  wherefore  do  they  not  impart 
Some  note  to  read  the  lurking  heart  ? 

False  villain,  for  thy  sake  I  shall  suspect 
Henceforth  each  form  of  goodness.    Thou  hast  kiUM 
The  seeds  of  faith  and  kindness  in  my  souL    . 


.^    SCBNB  IV- 
J  osM^TW  inters. 
Why  hast  ibou  not  appeaHdrbefore  ? 

JOSEPH. 

MyLordy 
I  did  not  know  of  thy  return. 


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Thdti  didst  not  wish  it; 

JOSEPH, 

Can  I  have  a  thought 
*rhat  suitd  so  ill  my  duty  ? 

POTIPflARi 

Once. indeed 
i  did  not  think  thou  couldst; 

^ttSEPri. 

Thy  dubious  ytofii 
Startle  and  confound  me; 

POTIPHAfe. 

It  should  seem  from  thence 
YhoU  wert  not  quite  abaiiddn*^.     Yet  thy  deeds 
^oo  fully  prove  it.     Know  then  I  have  seen 
Amenthei     She  has  told  me  all. 

JOitePH;  .      * 

'  My  Lord !— * 

POTIPHAR. 

Ves,  villain,  she  hks  told  me  that  thou  d^redst 
Solicit  her  with  love.     Ungi^teful  slave, 
t  raisM  thee  from  the  dust     I  gave  thee  rank 
Above  thy  fellows,  trusted  to  thy  faith 
My  house,  my  foitunes  all.    What  a  return 
For  these  kind  favours  !     Could  no  robbery  ^ 

Vol.  I.  G 


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To  plunder  me  at  will^  to  feast  on.spqijs 
Gain'd  by  my  weakness,  aji^  ^dst  a  gang 
Of  men  }i^  ibf  e  l#\igti  a|t  »gr  easy  faith. 
This  thou  hadst  power  to  do.     1^  Hm  it  9^m^9i 
Was  not  enough.--»-What  punishment  must  then 
Be  due  to  sxich  a  wretch  ? 

josEya. 

Could  I  indeed 
Have  dealt  so  basely,  none  il^  laws  ordain 
Had  beg^sfl^fient;. 

^OTIPHAR. 

Darest  thou  then  deny 
A  fact  attested  by  Amenthe^s  self  ? 

JOSSPA. 
My  Lord,  I, must  denjf  a  charge  so  &Ise, 
Whoe'er  attests  it. — Gracious  God,  who  seest 
The  secrets  of  all  hearts,  and  soon  or  late 
Dost  never  fail  to  punish  guilty  from  thee 
I  dare  to  call  for  vengeance,  if  my  lips 
Pronounce  a  falsehood.    Neveir  from  this  tongue 
Did  word  proceed ;  neveai;  wkh^a  tl^ys^h^^i^ 
Was  thought  conceived,  that  tended  to  ^l^ . 
The  bed  o£  Fcitjphare 

POTIPHAR. 

.  Ifoaths^av^^rdy 
l^uilt  would  bf^  ^ai^^  to/esc9|»<^ 


Digitized  by 


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JOSEPH; 

\  •         •    • 

lYet  innocence 
Must  use  them,  or  betray  itsetf.    *Twerejust— 

Nay,  plea^  no  more.    Tis  but  in  vain,  thy  doom 
Is  fix'd  upon  convictipn.— TTiQU  shalt  leam  .  •    ^ 
In  prison,  if  a  wretch  like  ^e  can  learn,       . 
To  grow  more  wise  and  humble,  since  this  hfijfse 
Has  made  thee  thus  forget  thyself  and  me,  {Exit. 


SCENE  V. 

JosEfi  alone: 

This  eveti  eitceeds  my  fears.     O  dreadful  strok^  I 
ImprisonM,  deemed  a  villaih,  of  defence 
Cut  off  by  honbur— wherefotfe  was  I  cfragg^d 
Forth  from  that  pit  ?  wherefore  not  left  to  die 
As  my  deluded  brethren  once  decreed  ?^  . 
Yes,  ye  had  sav'd  me  from  this  worst  distress, 
Had  not  your  hearts  releDtted.-^C^  that  God 
Who  drew  me  thence,  wbfcx  v^th  a-piiying'eye- 


What  does  thi^  vision  tiaean  ?.    MediidU  <Ke  gates 
Of  heaven  are  openM.     Bri'gbb  at^dttfi:  £(>^s 
Seem  io  descend,  like  What  mf  reverefiS  Sire 
Beheld  at  Bethel     From  their  golden  mtilgs 
The  fragrant  breeze  shook  off  around  me:  plays. 
And  cheers  my  spirits.     Hail,  propitious  guests, 
That  deign  to  visit  thus  a  wretch  so  low. 

o  2 


yGoogk 


SCENE  VI. 

_  Voide  of  Angels. 

Joseph^  we  come  to  raise,  thee  up.     Fear  not 

*      "  •    '  SONO:       •       ■ 

Prolddence,  by  secret  "ways^ 
Ways  'Which  seem  to  th\^ft  the  end, 
Guides  man  through  a  wondrous  maze^ 
Brings  him  where  his  wishes  tend. 
Wisdom  then  should  boldly  tread 
Paths  where  faith  and  virtue  lead. 

Tnie>  thou  hast  lost  a  powerful  friend ;  but  he 
And  all  the  nobles  of  the  land  shall  bow 
In  reverence  towards  thee.   Thoii  henceforth,  shalt  serve 
Their  Lord  supreme.     Shalt  under  him  preside 
0*er  ^gypt  and  its  provinces.    With  tears 
Thy  brethren  shall  confess  their  guilt     Thy  Sire 
Shall  bless  those  eyes  once  more,  and  thou  shalt  save 
The  chosen  seed  of  Israel  in  distress. 

CHORUS. 
Lol  Israel's  God, 
Whose  powerful  nod, 
Directs  the  raging  seas^ 
Makes  the  blind  will 
Of  man  fulfil 
"His  just  and  wise  dedreetf^ 


yGoogk 


L\  i'M^  7:^:v/'^\  na 


(  ,iu:i.i:j>. 


MOSES  AND  ZIPPORAH. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


DRAMATIS  PERSONM. 

Moses. 

Jethro,  Priest  of  Midian. 

ZiPPORAH,       jDaughtersofJethro. 

MiLCAH,  y 

Sisters  of  Zipporah. 
Attendants  ^  . 


ARGUMENT. 

Nffw  tbeJ^mstj^  Midjtm  tmd  seven  daugbiersi;  axd  ti^ 

came,  and  drew  waiter ^  and  Jilted  the  troughs,  to  water 

*  their  father'*  sjlock-^^and  the  shepherds  came  and  drove 

them  away :  hut  Moses  stood  up  and  helped  them,  and 

watered  their  fiock.-^^-'-'^And  when  thej^  came  to  Jteuel, 

^  their  father,  he  said.  Hem  is  it  that  ye  came  so  soon  this 

day  f And  they  said.  An  Egyptian  delioered  us  out 

qf  the  hand  of  the  shepherds,   and  also  drew  water 

enough  for  us,  and  watered  the  flock, And  he  said 

unto  his  daughters.  And  where  is  hef  Why  is  it  that  ye 
have  left  the  man?  Call  him,  that  he  may  eat  bread. 
And  Moses  was  content  to  dwell  with  the  man :  and  he 
gave  Moses  Zipporah  his  daughter.   Exod.  ii.  16 — 21. 


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MOSES  AND  ZIPPORilH. 


iisiS^ 


:    ACT.i.      .../..:. 
SdENE  I. 

I 

ZiPPQRAtf,  MtlcAh,  Md  other  Sistfer*. 

ZIPPORAH. 

WHERE  is  the  youth? 

He  tends  tlie  flOgt  IHxi  tjr. 

ZIPPORAH. 

Come  then,  fair  sisters,  let  us  to  yon  mead 
Retire,  and  under  shade  enjoy  the  breeze. 
Lo  !  there  the  stately  lily,  richly  clad, 
Vies  with  the  robes  of  kings  ;  the  fragrant  rose 
Glows  with  a  virgin  blushJ     Th^re  let  us  cull 
The  choicest  jhroatrct  of  tbe'  blboi^kg  yeaV 
To  deck  our  treosesF. 


y  Google       — 


Let  us  bind  you  round  our  heads, 
'  f adiogi  wawi  us  of  out  (ipota  ;     '  ' .  {\i 
Shew  the  date  ojf  youthful  bloom. 

But  ah  I  with  the  returning  year 
Ye  with  fresh  glow  again  appear  ; 
While  beauty,  when  Itince  decays. 
Ne'er  knows,  alas,  a  second  blaze. 

MILC4H, 

If  dreams  advise  aright,  and  dreams  do  oft 
Advise  aright^  the  garlands  wove  this  4ay 
3ha4  form  thy  bridal  crown. 

ZIPPORAH, 

Fie,  simple  maid, 
Talk  not  thus  wildly.     Thpu  thyself  dost  know 
It  cannot  be.     No  ^uitpr  yet  has  gained 
My  reverend  sire's  consent. 

MI^CAIf. 

Yet  he,  thouknow'st. 
He  too  has  been  forewarned ;  and  all  accords 
With  what  my  dream  suggests. 

SONG. 

I  saw  tl^e  swaip  ;  thy  chee£  did  glow     . 
While  he  thy  hand  with  ardour  prest ;      *    ♦ 


Digitized 


byGoogk 


A  meaning  glance,  the  flame  confest 
Trust  me»  sweet  maid,  these  ears  ere  Long 
With  joy  shajyi  hear  thy  bridal  song. , 

ZIPPORAH.  . 

Kay,  prithee  cease ;  I  do  beseech  thee,  cease 

These  idle  fancies.     See,  the  towering  pine 

Extends  its  waving  brandies,  ^nd  presents 

A  refuge  from  the  suu*s  too  powerfiil  ray  : 

Beneath  its  hospitable  shade  let's  sit. 

And  view  those  streams  that  from  the  mountain's  btow 

In  foaming  eddies  rush ;  through  .beds  of  stone 

Work  with  tumultuous  roar,  and  dash  their  spray  ' 

Upon  the  bronzing  goat,  that  overhead 

Hangs  fearless  on  the  nodding  shrub  ;  while  near 

Hovers  around  the  towering  bird  of  prey, 

And  seems  to  float  on  waves  of  air.     Methinks 

I  long  to  sit  upon  that  mossy  bank. 

And  for  a  while  forget  the  worid, 

MILCAH. 

Thy  mind 
Seems  bent  on  mUsing  more  than  it  was  wont : 
The  sprightly  dance  was  once  thy  only  care. 
And  every  level  green,  like  this,  would  tempt 
Thy  nimble  foot  to  tread  th'  harmonious  maze  ; 
Then  why  not  now,  while  the  gay  season  smiles ; 


yGoogk 


Wt&  the  SG»ig9teni  of  4b^  ^t>^n^ ; 
Listen  to  the  s{^igMy  quii^/ 
They  will  mirth  with  joy  inspire  : 
Age  may  teach  to  sit  atid  muse  ; 

YcmOt  sbdi  pLfent  thoughts  inf^6. 

*       '  .  * 

There  is  a  time  for  all  dtifig&    Nat«re  tlmm^ 
A  share  of  our  regaiA.    Whdft  th«is  site  4eck» 
Eardx'tf  feti«tft^  mB0m&%\wi^  wi&  kMd  p#«pfo#e. 
She  did  not  Aieaii  tba€  ima^  should  ^ht  her  chattts. 
As  if  beneath  Ids  notioe. 

SONG. 

Silent  Natare  oft  ccqrreyar 
Wisdom  to  the  nMisaag  mind  y 
While  her  bettnties  riie  dUfoiayB^ 
Every  passion  g^air»ireinx*«i^ 

CHORUS. 

She  the  wings  of  Fancy  prunes. 
And  the  jarrBig  world  attunes. 

MILCAH. 

tiark !  whence  that  tumult !  did>  not  a  strange  noise 
Strike  on  my  ear ! 

ZIPPORAH. 

There  did !  I  heard  the  flock 


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In  wild  coufusion ! 

Of  murderous  outcry.  U^-jT^^^pk  t^i^  ii»4^ilMiisi^Jtap 
Some  robbers  are  descended  !— Gracious  Heaven, 
Where  shall  we  fly ! — W}]yij^  refuge  can  be  found 
In  this4pn9  d^^^t! 

.4)l.feep^.i3(ri9i  «gmu 
'Twas  but^  p9rhftp%  a  fa^e  j^larf^. 

MILCAH. 

Ah! 
The  youth  is  sla^iv--^  y»^  i»  fwely ^in  t-^^ 
I  heard  his  yojce  distinctly  cry  for  belp.<—    . 
The  savages  are  masters  ofl3a^  fi^k> 
And  will  ere  long  be  oun^-n^-H^ste-^'rlel  u&%—.- 
By  flight  alone  we  can  w^^  tbeir  hufida 


SONG. 

Trembling  limbs,  do  not  betray-— 
Bear,  oh !  beai?  me  safe  awvy:*— 
Lo !  he  comes-~hift/sa;¥i^  ak 
Confounds  my  f^ighl,  and  biwathes. 

JBnter  Mofim 


MOSES. 

Stop,  fairest  maidens.    Fly  not  thus ;  but  tuiji, 
And  view  in  me  no  foe. 


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We  do  submit      -  -  - 
To  thy  superior  force.     We  yi^ld  the  flock, 
As  thiue  by  right 'of  coibquiest ;  ^nt  implore 
Thy  meitey  towards  bur -fe^^ble  sex.  /  ^ 

•  Your  fleck 
Is  safe  ;  and  for  yourselves,  those  charms  divine 
Must  prove  a  sure  defence;     Kind  Heaven  bestowM, 
When  it  bestow'd  them,  the  securest  shield.  < ' 
'Gainst  all  but  brutal  violence, 

SONG. 
Rufiians  have  been  known  to  feel ; 
Known  to  drop  the  murdering  steel, 
While  with  wonder  and  amaze 
They  rever'd  bright  beauty's  rays. 
Beauty's  empire 'was  designed 
To  subdue  th^  savage  mind. 

•    '  '    '     -•  Ye  mistake, 

I  am  not  what  ye  think.     If  'tis  allow'd 
To  boast,  and  ease  at  onc6  your  anxious  minds, 
I  am  content  to  boast,^  that  this  right  hand 
Deliver'd  you  and  yours.     Ye  heard  no  doubt 
The  cry,  and  this  alarm'd  yoil.     From  yon  hills 
A  gang  of  robbers,  by  their  savage  looks 
And  dress  such  they  appeared,  rush'd  on  the  flock. 
The  youHi  who  tended  fled,  and  cried  aloud 


.Digitized  by 


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Happy  in  protecting  innocence  from  force ;. 
From  lawless  savage  force ;   yet  happier  still, .       . 
In  guarding  beauty  join'd  with  innocence. 
Such  is  my  boast 

MILCAH.  ,        ., 

Behold  the  very  man 
My  dream  portrayed.  ..    {Aside. 

ZIPPORAH.  .         ^ 

O  !  how  shall  gratitude 
Find  words  to  pay  such  service  ? 

SONG. 

For  deeds  like  this  the  laurel  wreath 
Was  form'd  to  grace  the  conqueror's  brow ; 
Heroes  do  ne'er  the  sword  unsheath^ 
When  Justice  does  not  urge  the  blow. 

CHORUS. 

These  are^the  triumphs  of  the  truly  great ; 
On  these  immortal  praise  and  glory  wait« 

lilOSES. 

It  is  too  much,  fair  maidens,  ye  overpay 
\yhen  ye  acknowledge  thus. 

/4     •       ' 

ZIPPORAH* 

Nay  something  more 
Is  due  for  such  a  deed.    We  have  a  sire ; 


yGoogk 


Where  thou  wilt  be  receiv'd,  as  does  become 
A  guest  of  tb J  desert,  and  sudi  a  host 

UOS£S. 

Sweet  maid,  so  fair  an  oiler  leares  no  choice 
To  one  in  my  conditi<;in.     In  his  race 
J  reftd  thy  noble  sire,  and  cannot  doubt. 
To  find  in  him,  what  I  most  need,  a  friend. 
And  kind  protector.     Gracious  God,  thou  oft 
Hast  led  me  by  the  hand  through  various  scenes 
Of  danger,  from  my  childhood  to  this  day, 
And  now  perchance  has  pointed  put  a  place 
Of  refuge,  and  wilt  turn  my  woes  to  joy. 

SONG. 
Let  not  innocence  repine, 
By  affiction^s  waves  opprest ; 
Storms  shall  at  the  nod  divine 
fflnk  again  at  once  to  rest. 

CHORUS.    ' 

For  lo  !  all  povffet  ii  his 
In  h«Br*n,  eawth,  and  abyss; 
All  things  do  but  fulfil 
His  just  and  mighty  wiE 


yGoogk 


ACT   II. 

*  SCENE  L 

Moses,  Jethro,  Zipporah,  Milcah^  &c« 

JETHRO. 

KIND  stranger,  them  art  welcome.    Of  thy  worth 
InformM  by  these,  whom  thy  heroic  hand 
Preserved  in  peril,  with  a  feeling  heart 
I  greet  thy  coming.    Thou  may'st  justly  claim 
Whatever  a  fbnd  and  tender  parent  owes 
For  such  a  benefit.     Nor  this  alone 
Inclines  me,  but  thy  noble  presence  adds 
A  fresh  and  powerful  motive  to  confer 
Each  token  of  esteem  and  deep  regard. 

MOSES. 

The  praise  of  dmug  what  iiiy  duiy  bade 
Is  all  that  I  c^  claun,  aU  I  caawisk 

SONG. 

Those  garlands  which  the  good  bestow 
Shine  with  the  brightest  glow  ; 

Excite  the  heart  to  worthy  deeds, 
Excel  aU  o&er  meeds* 


yGoogk 


The  hour  of  sacrifice  doe§  now  draw  on, 
Which  daily  we  perform.     'Tis  in  thy  choice 
Or  to  partake,  or  not,  as  suits  thy  will. 
Know  then,  that  in  the  righteous  steps  of  NoaH 
We  tread,  as  by  our  holy  fathers  taught 
From  age  ta  age. 

SONG. 
Man,  by  fraud  or  folly  driven. 
Dares  to  quit  the  laws  of  Heaven  ^ 
We,  instructed  from  his  throne. 
Those  obey,  and  those  alone  ; 
On  Jehovah  fix  our  eyes. 
And  all  other  Gods  despise^ 

MOSES. 

No  other  law  t  knove 
But  whait  thou  foUowest^  and  with  joy  shall  join 
In  thy  religious  rites, 

JETHRO. 

'    £nough|  Bid  then 
Th^  attendants  enten     Zipporah,  do  thou 
In  chorus  with  thy  sisters  join,  and  hymn 
Thanksgiving  for  deliverance. 

CHORUS- 
Thy  works,  Jehovah,  day  by  day, 
Call  for  our  praises  without  end ; 


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i^ooK  aown  xsien,  ana  my  Diessiitg  send. 

SONG.     DUET.  ^        i^ 

Accept  these  breathings  of  the  heart. 
That  warm  with  sense  of  mercy  flow ; 
When  thy  right  hand  did  aid  impart, 
And  sav'd  us  from  ^e  dr^idfol  foe; 

CHORUS. 

Accept,  great  Source  of  Power^ 
These  breathings  of  the  heart ; 
And  in  the  dangerous  hour 
For  ever  aid  impart. 

JETHRO. 

Stranger,  permit  me  to  indulge  a  wish, 
And  deem  me  not  too  curious,  when  I  ask 
Thy  country's  name,  thy  story,  what  kind  chance 
(For  so  it  proves  to  oie)  has  led  thee  here  ? 

MOSES^ 
Thy  wish  shall  be  obeyM,  as  is  most  just, 
Though  it  does  sting ^my  heart  with  sharpest  pangs' 
To  own  I  have  no  country.     That  dear  name 
Slaves  have  no  right  to.     O  !  the  misery. 
To  live  in  bondage  ! 

SONG. 
Happiness  can  only  grow 
Where  fair  Freedom  does  reside ; 
Vol.  I.  H 


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While  such  scenes  before  me  rise, 
T^ears  o'erfiow  these  imimiful  eyes, 

ThoB,  DO  doidbty  hast  heard 
Of  Israel's  bpadage  io  a  fore^pi  la&d, 
fxom  thence  thy  aervaat  spmng. 

JETHRO, 

Fame  has  not  faiPd 
To  bring  us  tidings  of  that  holy  race. 
And  partly  of  their  sufierings.     But  proceed, 

MOSES. 

{^ng  time  they  flourish'd  under  Egypt's  kings, 
And  waxM  exceeding  mighty^  'tike  the  sands 
Vpon  the  Akore  for  number ;  till  at  length 
Staterjeahwisy  prevaiPd,  and'^i^^d  qur  foes 
To  deal  with  us  most  crueHy.    They  placed 
Oppressive  masters  over  us,    They  made 
Our  lives  most  bitter,  and  bow^d  down  our  necks 
With  every  semle  wort     Yet  still  we  grew 
Benealii  oppression.    This  incre^^d  the  fears 
Of  jealous  Fharaoh,     By  one  cruel  stroke. 
Worthy  of  such  a  monster,  he  assayed 
To  cut  off  all  our  future  hopes  and  strength  ;; 
The  midwives  were  enjoin'd  to  stfy  each  ma|e 
Of  Abraham's  race. 


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<u  I  mosc  innuman  wveKb  l 

CHORUS. 
l)etested  dxagtm  of  th«  Mle ! 
Wtom  Wood  of  infttnts  doth  defilb; 
Tlie  euth  thiai ftolti  diy  Utendi  b«  fried; 
Forkaow^  ^re  vaigoMice  is  d«»wd. 

Thou  say^st  the  midwiF^s  were  enjoiil^d  to  fd^r 
Each  male  of  Abrah&m'^  race>  by  Pharaok*«  law^ 
What  was  the  issue  i         . 

r-         MOSES. 

I  myself  here  stand 
A  proof  that  God  defeated  a  design 
So  stain'd  with  blackest  guilt     But  ^twere  too  long 
And  needless^  to  relate  each  circumstance 
Attending  on  my  birth,  and  strange  escape  ' 
In  earliest  infancy. 

ZIPPORAH. 

Nay,  tell  the  whole^ 
And  grudge  us  not  that  pleasure.    Thou  dost  know^ 
If  thou  know'st  aught  of  nvoman,  that  our  sex 
Feels  no  delight  more  strong,  than  frpm  a  tale ; 
But  chiefly  one  of  danger  and  distress. 

SONG. 

Weak  woman's  heart  delights  to  know 
The  pangs  that  from  compassion  flow ; 
The  melting  tear  becomes  her  eye. 
Her  tender  breast  the  heaving  sigh« 


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MOSES. 
It  ill  would  suit  my  duty^  fairest  maid. 
Not  to  comply  ^dth  every  wish,  that  springs 
Within  thy  oaind.  .  Know  then,  .that  full  three  months^ 
My  tender  mother  hid  me  fipm  the  search 
Of  Pharaoh's  ruffians  ;  but  when  all  resource 
Of  safety  now  was  lost,  she  form'd  an  a;rk 
Of  rushes,'  wrought  with  curious  skill  j  therein 
She  placed  her  darling  babe,  and  on  the  brink 
Of  Nile  she  laid  me. 

SONG, 

Weeping,  upon  the  brink  I  lay. 
To  ravenous  birds  and  beasts  a  prey ; 
Kind  Heaven  with  pity  view'd  my  state. 
And  snatchM  me  from  impending  fete, 

Pharaoh's  daughter  chanc'd 
To  pass  that  way  ;  compassion  touched  he^  heart. 
And  to  her  female  train  she  gave  command 
To  draw  me  forth.     Thence  with  a  mother's  care 
She  watch' d  my  childhood,  nor  omitted  aught 
Needful  for  body  or  mind  ;  and  from  my  fate 
She  nam'd  me  Moses.     Providence  thus  sav'd 
Thy  servant  from  destruction ;  for  what  end 
Heaven  only  knows ;  but  something  prompts  me  on, 
Something  within  informs  me  I  was  born 
To  free  the  race  of  Israel. 


yGoogk 


Strong impuke  >   -- 

Implies  strong  powers ;  for  He  who  gives  the  impulse 
Gives  it  for  some  great  purpose. 

MOSES*  .  ^        '    ,  IT 

Let  that  ba 
As  Heav'n  decrees :  but  one  day,  as  I  spy'd  ,_    ,  .  -fi 
An  Israelite  inhumanly  opprest  r 

By  an  ^Egyptian  villain,  in  I  rush'd ;    .  .        •      .;  • 

I  slew  th*  oppressor,  and  for  safety  fled. 

JETHRO. 

Here  thou  hast  found  it ;  and,  if  such  thy  wi}l^    . 
Here  thou  shalt  fix  thy  dwelling. 

SONC, 
Wherefore  has  bounteous  Heaven  bestow*d 
On  me,  its  servant,  all  this  good ; 
Mountains,  that  numerous  flocks  afford, 
Hich  pastures,  that  with  herds  are  stqr'd ; 
But  that  it  meant  by  me  to  bless 
Neglected  virtue  in  distress  ? 

I  have  heard 
Of  thee,  and  of  thy  noble  spirit,  before. 
In  visions  I  have  seen  thee,  have  been  wamUd 
That  thou  wouldst  come,  and  wert  by  Providence 
Ordain'd  to  be  my  son. — Consider  then — 
Behold  the^e  maidens,  whom  thy  valorous  arm 
Protected  from  the  ruffians.     Make  a  choice 


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As  ample  a%  my  qimcis  admit. 

Kind  host, 
Thy  goodness  overwhelms  me,  and  the  choice 
Might  welt  cbnfound^,  amongst  so  many  fair  : 
But  <this  deinaiids  the  preference ;  with  her  first 
I  held  sweet  converse ;  from  her  lovely  eyes 
First  felt  the  soft  impression. 

JETHRO. 

Zipporahy 
Attend  Ay  fitlher^s  words  : — If  in  thy  heart 
Thou  feelest  no  reluctance,  in  this  youth 
Behold  thy  fature  husband- 

ZIPPORAH. 

From  the  time 
That  reason  dawned  within  my  mind,  F  have  known 
No  will  but  thine. 

SONG. 
Duty  bids  me,  choice  does  lead. 
To  fulfil  thy  sage  decrees ; 
Youth,  that  does  with  wisdom  tread. 
Treads  the  path  of  life  with  ease. 

JETHRO. 

Moses,  behold  thy  bridle. 
To-morrow  shall  complete  thy  wish.    Mean  while,t 


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For  such  a  day ;  ahid  let  thy  iisteti  join 
Their  friendly  hands. 

BllLCAH. 

CHORUS;         • 
Ere  the  morning  streaks  the  east. 
We'll  prepare  (he  bridal  feast ; 
Voice,  with  harp  and  dancecombin'd^ 
Shall  to  joy  eitalt  the  mind*  , 


ACT    »L 


MiLCAit,  some  of  the  Sist^s,  and  Attendants. 

MILCAH. 

AWAKE,  arise,  behoM  th^'iiiornipg  star 
Grows  dim.    AiiT*ora,  <>'eJf  yoh  iast^vh  hili;    ' 
Spreads  out  Hfer  sdfibri  tohe.    'tH  btittegfdottr^ate, 
Fair  Zipporah,  and  will  chide  thy  tardy  i^dps; 
Come  forth,  and  with  the'  glbvir  of  beauty  bless 
His  longing  ^es,  Ktray^d  in  gay  attire. 
And  shining  with*  fUU'  lustre.     S^e'  pr^pkf  d' 
The  garland  fornl'd  of  every  choicest  flower 
That  decks  the  gaudy  field. 


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Lest  the  bridegroom  chide  thy  stay ; 
Lo !  the  woodbine^  and  the  rose, 
Long  to  kiss  thy  lovely  brows. 
Gmns,  and  woods  of  odorous  grain, 
Waste  for  thee  their  sweets  in  vain. , 

CHORUS. 

Lo  !  our  hands  have  'rais'd  the  bower, 
Deck'd  it  for  the  nuptial  hour  ; 
Haste  then,  virgin,  haste  away, 
Lest  the  bridegroom  chide  thy  stay. 

SfUer  ZiPPORAH,  with  other  Sisters. 

ZIPPORAH, 

With  trembling  heart,  lo !  I  obey  thy  call. 

MILCAH. 

Does  thy  heart  tremble  at  a  scene  of  joy  ? 

ZIPPORAH. 

It  seems  indeed  a  scene  of  joy  to  those^ 
Who  view  it  at  a  distance  ;  but  when  near 
It  bears  a  solemn  face. 

MILCAH. 

Yet  mi^t  I  judge 
By  every  tenderlook  I  saw  thee  glance 
Upon  the  youth,  thy  hesLXt  was  not  averse 
From  this  conclusion. 


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lliou  didst  not  judge  amisa.     His  noble  air. 
His  gentleness,  his  courage,  stole  my  heart 
At  our  first  interview.     His  moving  tale 
HelpM  to  complete  the  victory.     But  still 
The  serious  mind  will  shudder,  when  it  thinks 
On  such  an  act  as  now  impends.     For  life  ! — -^ 
O  !  what  a  dreadful  thought !  One  act  this  day 
Will  fix  my  fate  for  life !  and  who  can  tell 
What  that  may  prove ! 

SONG. 

Fond  Love  does  in  our  youthful  prime, 

A  veil  o'er  every  blemish  cast. 

But  the  rough  hand  of  searching  Time 

Ne'er  suffers  the  deceit  to  last. 
When  thoughts  like  these  invade  the  breast. 
What  harbour  can  be  found  for  rest  ? 

All  thoughtless  as  thou  seem'st^ 
When  the  dread  hour  approaches,  thou  shalt  feel 
What  I  now  feel. 

MILCAH. 

Nay,  spoil  not  thus  our  mirth 
With  vain  surmises.     Fear  is  now  too  late, 
And  should  have  then  prevailM  when  thy  prompt  tongue 
Pronounced  consent.     But  see !  the  bridegroom  comes 
To  drive  thb  gloom  away. 


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CHOT(tJS. 
Behold  he  comes  witli  eager  pace^ 
like  the  swift  roe,  to  thy  embrace ! 
His  raven  locks  sweet  odours  shed^ 
'  And  play  in  ringlets  round  ^s  head. 

Entet  MdSEs. 
MOdfid. 

Lift  up  those  eyes  that  with  the  ikioifnin^  m^ 
May  vie  for  brightness.     Make  thy  Moses  blest 
With  heart  as  well  as  hand. 

MyLord>  this  Band 
Goes  not  but  with  my  heart     HTwere  saciliegei 
Or  woney  to^ lob  tliee  of*  t^t  chiefest  right. 
Yet,  O  !  excuse  a  virgtn^s  fearsi^*  whidi  f&me 
And  thy  tried  worth  will  dissipate. 

MOses. 

If  love. 

If  gratitude  avails,  thou  art  secure. 

SONO. 

teitdi  itiy  fiif  otffe;  lendiit)  e^r, 
Uifeld  ilot'  tb  sUch  fabfi  aWrtis  ; 
Yet  ittetiinks  Ay  very  ffear 
Adds  fresh  beauty  to  thy  charni^. 


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Is  wanting  to  eomplt^  tin^  ^PP7  <I^- 

JBTAHOi 

That  sanction  them  desircst  shdi Jbe  givca^ 
Is  all  prepared  ? 

All  as  thou  didst  enjoin. 

After  the  Marriage-Ceremony  is  over,  foUaws 

DUET.    BIosES  and  Zipporah. 

By  the  bonds  of  law  diidne, 
By  the  tender  ties  of  love^ 
Hands  and  hearts  we  fireely  join  ; 
Kind  and  faithful  we  will  proTO* 
Love  and  du^  bind  us  fast ; 
iMay  the  sacred  unicHir  kutt !  * 

cHoaus. 
Love  and  duty  bind  you  fast ; 
May  the  sacred  ujoion  last ! 

JETHRO. 

God  of  our  fathers,  whose  all-potent  will 
Did  call  forth  this  fair  scene  of  things ;  whose  breath, 
Pregnant  with  life,  didifinmi  the  shapeless  dust 
Our  two  fij*8t  parents  raise  ;  whose  pure  decree 
Did  bind  them  in.  firm  unbn,  witfa^coimnand 


yGoogk 


Thy  choicest  blessings !  sanctify  their  hearts 
To  pure  affection  !  grant  that  hate  and  strife 
Ne'er  interrupt  their  peace  i  and  O  !  if  such 
Thy  gracious  will  to  bless  them  with  increase^ 
May  all  their  thoughts  be  bent  to  form  a  race 
Devoted  to  thy  wise  and  holy  laws ! 

AU. 
Be  it  as  thou  hast  said !     May  Heaven  confirm 
Thy  pious  wishes  ! 

CHORUS. 
Let  thy  will  the  fiat  give, 
Gracious  God,  to  this  our  prayer ! 
May  they  long  and  happy  live. 
Patterns  for  each  human  pair  ! 
« 

MOSES. 

Jethro,  may  Heaven  return  to  thee  tenfold 
The  favour  thou  hast  now  conferrM  on  me ! 
Fair  Zipporah,  possessing  thee,  I  gain 
More  than  I  lost ;  yea,  more  than  I  could  lose 
In  quitting  iEgypt.    Thou  hast  brought  in  dower 
With  beatlty,  freedom.     Thou  hast  made  me  know 
What  *tis  to  havfe  a  home,  a  place  of  rest, 
Not  subject  to  a  master^s  will. 

ZIPPORAH. 

MyLord| 
Duty,  regard^  imd  interest,  idl  combine 


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Thy  rural  labours. 

SONG. 
Whilst  the  flocks  at  noou<-tide  reat^ 
I  '11  prepare  the  savoury  feast ; 
Choicest  berries  shall  afford 
Grateful  draughts  to  cheer  thy  board ; 
When  thy  locks  with  evening  dew, 
Dropping  lose  their  glossy  hue, 
Gums  shall  shed  their  sweet  perfume  *, 
And  thy  locks  their  grace  resume. 

JETHRO. 

Daughter,  thou  bast  spoke 
As  well  becomes  thy  sex  ;  but  know  that  he 
For  higher  scenes  was  born  than  thou  dost  dream. 
For  lo  !  the  Angel  of  the  Lord  appears  : 
I  see  his  form  distinct.    Lo  !  he  appears 
In  flames  of  fire  on  Horeb's  neighbouring  top. 
And  beckons  Moses ;  .who,  with  feet  unshod, 
Draws  near  with  reverence  towards  the  holy  place. 

*  Myrrha  defluen^  capillos  cum  ladtoi  vino  et  myrtid^  oleo 
corroborst*  vid.  Rai.  H.  1842, 

Laduium  capiilum   deflueptem  cohibet,  nigritiamque  custodit. 
Plin.  N.  H.  897.  SI. 

'  The  Antients  used  several  species  x>f  gums  to  preserve  and  beau* 
tify  the  bur  i  among  others  Pliny  mentions  the  gum  of  the  poppy, 
which  prevents  the  hair  from  failivg  ofl^  and  preserves  its  colour. 
Nat.  Hist.  B.  26.  Ch.  8. 


yGoogk 


80Na 
Haik !  h«ifc !  a  voice  I  hear ; 
It  sooths  and  fills  the  ear. 
Its  sounds  are  fall  of  grace 
To  Israelis  mournful  race. 

Of  grace  to  Israel ;  but  <rf  woe  to  thee, 
Deluded  ^gypt     Rivers  flow  with  blood; 
The  fields  are  strew'd  with  carcases ;  the  sea 
Swallows  up  horses,  men^  and  warlike  cars. 

SONG. 

Jehovah  nods,  and  lo ! 
The  waters  cease  to  flow  ^ 
Upright  in  heaps  they  stand ; 
They  hear  his  high  command. 

Upon  the  neighbouring  plain  in  march  appears 
A  numerous  multitude  :  Before  them  goes 
A  pillar  of  a  cloud.     My  eyes,  my  ears, 
Enough  have  feasted.     Lo !  the  vision  ends 
Mysterious,  yet  with  hope  and  faith  full  fraught^ 
And  trust  in  thee,  Jehovah. 

*  CHORUS. 

All  things  depend  ou  thy  decrees. 
Which  fiir  surpass  the  views  of  man ; 
Thy  piercing  eye  through  ages  sees. 
Add  focms  one  great  and  wondrous  plan. 
^       .  Hallelujab! 


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MEDEA. 


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DRAMATIS  PERSONS. 


Creon,  King  of  Corinth. 

Jason. 

Medea. 

Philetas,  Governor  of  Jason's  Children,  by  Medea. 

i^GLE,  Chief  Maid  to  Medea. 

Colchian  Men  and  Women  who  accompanied  Medea 

into  Greefce. 
Corinthian  Men  and  Women. 
Priests,  Priestesses,  and  Attendants. 


Scene,  Corinthj  in  the  Palace. 


yGoogk 


MEDEA. 


BHstensa 


ACT    L 


SCENE     I. 
MqLE,  with  Colchian  Men  and  \^omen. 

^  WAIT  here  awhile,  ray  friends — she's  just  retir'J 
Far  from  this  busy  scene,  and  seeks  repose. 
O  may  she  find  it ! — But  I  fear,  alas ! 
She  ne'er  will  tkste  that  balm  of  life  again. 
O  had  that  fatal  vessel  never  plough'd 
The  briny  wave  !     O  that  it  ne'er  had  passed 
Those  rocks,  which  seem  by  nature's  self  designed 
To  bar  all  passage  ! 

Vol.!.  I 


yGoogk 


.A^^    ocaivv     «<&j«*v 


MXrfVw.^VA  tAa.     AAA«»afa 


Tljat  cruel' Jason  !     Every  tie  broke  through 
Of  nature,  and  of  duty ;  every  oath 
Vow'd  at  the  altar  j  Creon's  daughter  now 
Possesses  all  his  senses  ;  and  this  day 
Consents  to  make  him  happy  ;  while  forlorn, 
Despis'd,  bow'd  down  with  grief,  overwhelmed  wi 
Medea  sits,  rejects  all  proffer'd  aid ; 
All  nourishment ;  all  comfort ;  silent  sits. 
And  motionless,  unless  perchance  a  sigh 
Bursts  from  her  troubled  breast,  and  shakes  her 
Or  sudden  fury  urges  her  to  rave 
At  human  perfidy. 

SONG. 

♦  Dismal  fete  of  woman-kind ! 
Destin'd  from  their  birth  to  ill  5 
Slave  in  body  and  in  mind,     ' 
Subject  to  sQme  tyrant's  will. 
Young,  to  artful  man  a  prey ;. 
Old,  despisM  and  cast  away. 

.  But  harder  still  her  fate,  beauteous  and  young, 

*  Yariatioii. 
O  what  a  change!  How  quick  are  fled 
The  fleeting  hours,  since  round  her  bed 
We  danc'd,  and  join'd  the  bridal  quire. 
While  Orpheus  touched  th*  eBchauted  l>re* 
Long  we  presag'd  those  joys  would  last^ 
But  like  a  dream  they  now  are  past. 


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X  uicau 


How  this  may  end  I     Her  fierce  undaunted  mind 
May  tempt  her  to  unsheath  the  sword,  and  plunge 
Its  point  in  her  own  heart ;  or  in  the  heart 
Of  him  she  now  detests.-^- A  vert,  great  Jove, 
The  horrid  thought !  but  e'en  her  children's  lives 
Seem  scarcely  to  be  safe. 


SCENE     II. 
PhileTas,  and  foregoing. 

PHILETAS. 

Bow  fares  Medea  ? 

«GLE. 

As  she  wont ;  but  whence 
This  sadness  in  your  looks,  that  mark  despair? 
Has  aught  befallen  ? 

PHILETAS. 

Can  there  want  cause  for  woe 
In  this  sad  state  ?     Is  not  Medea  lost  ? 
Cast  off  ?  abandon'd  in  a  foreign  land 
Amidst  her  foes  ? 

JEGLE. 

Too  true,  alas  !  but  this 
Has  long  been  known.     There  must  be  other  cause. 


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I  almost  dread  to  tell.     Alas!  she  knows 
As  yet  perhaps  but  half  her  misery. 

SONG. 

It  is  at  length  decreed 

Medea^s  heart  must  bleed 

At  every  wounded  pore  ; 

In  every  nerve,  in  every  vein,'' 

She  feels  already  torturing  pain ; 

But  still  must  suffer  more. 


What  can  be  more  ? 


To  banish  her  this  day. 


iEOLE. 
PHILETAS. 

Hear  then.     It  is  resolv' 

JEQLE. 

Ah !  whither,  whither  n 


For  refuge  shall  we  fly 

CHORUS. 

Must  we  then  tempt  the  boisterous  wave 
Once  more,  and  find  perhaps  a  grave  ? 
Or  on  some  savage  cpast, 
After  long  wandering  tost, 
Be  doom'd  to  suffer  all  the  pains 
Of  tyranny,  of  scorn,  of  chains. 

But  sure  it  cannot  be 
That  Jason  should  desert  her  thus ! 


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Who  knows 
Whttt  iMrlesft  passion  may  pfodace !    * 

I  hear  her  groan — She  seems  to  come  this  way. 

PHILETA8. 

Let  us  retire.    Thou,  iEgjie,  try  to  sooth 
Her  restless  mind — Prepare  it  for  the  blow 
Impending  o'er  her  head. 

£QLS. 

I  dread  to  see  her. 
I  dare  not  hint  at  this  severe  decree ; 
The  lioness,  when  robb'd  of  all  her  youngs 
Would  be  less  terrible  to  meet — She  comes— 
I  '11  wait|  and  watch  my  time>  but  out  of  ttght 


SCENE  III.  ^ 
Medea. 

MEDEA. 

Owoe!  woe!  woe!   Is  this  then  human  life  ?- 
Is  this  the  gift,  ye  Gods,  for  which  we  stand 
Indebted !— This  tiie  scene  we  dread  to  quit. 


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I 


(I  - 


uniy  tQ  maKe^nr.woe  more  ueepiy  icit : 

Ah  !  wherefore,  doating  mother,  <U4^t  thou  rear  ? 

Was  there  no  dagger  ? — ^Weak,  unhappy  sex  ! 

No  poison  to  secure  me  from  thosq  ills 

That  &vev  wait  on  woman  ! 

SONG. 

How  friendly  is  the  lenient  hand  of  deatby 
That  stops  at  once  our  miseries  and  breath ; 
But  still  more  friendly,  when  on  our  first  cri( 
It  closes  up  our  infant  eyes  *. 

Yet  this  firm  hand  can  do  the  deed — It  must — 
But  other  work  calls  for  it  first — ^That  wretch 
Must  not  be  left  to  triumph. 
O  Jason  !     O  accursed  wretch  !     O  bride, 
/With  all  your  kindred,  sink,  sink  down  to  hell— r 
Let  lightning  strie  you — Let  it  in  one  blaze 
Seize  us  together — O  it  seizes  now— 


*  A  weak  imitation  of  Prior^S  beautiful  lines  in  his  SoIoin< 
**  Happy  the  mortal  man  who  now  at  last 
"  Has  through  this  dQleful  Tale  pf  misery  past ; 
"  Who  to  his  destin'd  stage  hias  carried  on 
«  The  tedious  load,  and  lai4  bis  burden  down; 
*'  Whom  the  cut  brass  or  wounded  marble  shows 
**  Victor  o'er  life,  and  all  her  train  of  woes. 
"  He  happier  yet,  who,  priyileg'd  by  fate, 
**  To  shorter  labour,  and  a  lighter  weight ; 
"  Receiy'd  but  yesterday  the  gift  •f  breath,, 
^  ]  "  On^r'd  to-43i9rrow  ta  rdf,vi^  ta  death*'\ 


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SONG. 

Fond  woman  ! — Let  me  stab  this  heart-— 
Oh  shame  to  act  so  weak  a  part  !— 

Ungrateful  sex  ! — But  not  alone 

Yes,  'tis  decreed — thou  too  shalt  moan* 
He  soon  shall  prove 
Th'  effects  of  slighted  love, 

O  Colchos  !  O  my  fether  ! — Why,  ah  !  why, 

Did  I  forsake,  betray  you,  for  a  wretch 

The  most  abandon'd  ! [Goes  of. 


SCENE  IV. 

iEOLE. 

Mighty  Jove,  look  dowp, 
Lend  thy  assistance ;  ease  her  troubled  brain. 
And  give  her  comfort. 


SCENE  V. 
Jason  with  Attendant,  and  JEqle.  , 

JASON. 

Where  is  this  frantic  woman  ?    Call  her  forth. 


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To  spare  her  weakness* — Wasted  out  with  grief 
She  needs  repose. 

JASON. 

Why  I  too  need  repose. 
And  so  do  others. — Therefore  am  I  come. 
I  must  hold  converse  with  her.     Had  she  learned 
To  be  more  humble,  and  forbear  her  threats^ 
This  trouble  had  been  sparM  to  her  and  me. 
Go,  tell  her  to  prepare. 

SONG. 
Bid  her  learn  the  gender  arts. 
Such  as  sooth  and  conquer  hearts ; 
Softness  is  fair  woman^s  dower; 
That  alone  can  give  her  power. 
She  who  lays  that  charm  aside, 
Falls  a  victim  to  her  pride. 

I  shall  soon  return. 
And  hope  to  meet  her  in  a  gentler  mood 
Than  she  has  shewn  of  late. 


My  Lord,  I  go. 


[Gi 


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SCENE  VL 

JASON.       . 

Is  all  prepared  to  celebrate  the  feast. 
And  holy  rites  of  marriage  ? 

Attendant. 

All,  my  Lord, 
As  you  directed.     Look  propiticmr  down. 
Ye  Gods,  who  fietvour  love,  and  bless  tjiis  day. 

SONG. 

The  fiend  that  late  has  broke  our  peace. 
Shall  like  the  victim's  gall  be  cast  aside ;. 

No  longer  shall  her  savage  pride 
Cause  mirth  and  joy  throughont  the  land  to  cease. 

Yes,  she  shall  be  removM,  and  Corinth  then 
Shall  ring  with  harmony. 

CHOEUS. 
Hymen^s  voice  shall  strike  each  shore. 
Mix  his  sounds  with  murmuring  seas ; 
He  shall  halcyon  days  restore. 
Every  tumult  shall  appease. 
The  flute  and  lyre. 
Shall  mirth  inspire ; 
Full  waves  of  harmony  shall  float  around. 
And  Glauca*s  name  enliven  every  sound. 


yGoogk 


I 


ACT   11. 

SCENE  r. 
Medea  alone. 

ME]>EA* 

^  BE  calm^  tumultuous  heart,  or  lie  concealed 
Beneath  the  veil  of  soothing  looks  and  words. 
While  I  for  once — But  hark !  I  hear  his  step. 

Jason  enters. 


SCENE  11. 

MEDEA. 

Obedient  to  thy  call^  lo !  I  am  come, 

JASON. 

I  hope 
With  mind  prep^^d. 

♦  yariatioo. 

Hypocrisy,  aiiist  me,  teach  my  words 
Thy  gentleit  accents^  soften  eyery  look 
For  this  great  trial.    Hark !  I  hear  his  step. 


yGoogk 


rrepara  tp  near  jay  aooxa. 

JASON. 

That  doom  had  been 
But  for  thy  frenzy  milder.    The  dire  threats 
By  thee  so  rashly  utterM,  have  alarmM, 
Creon  and  all  his  court ;  and  thou  henceforth  , 
Must  banish'd  be  from  Corinth. 

MEPEA. 

Dismal  doom ! 
Is  there  no  hope  of  mercy  ?    .Think^  O  think 
What  I  have  borne  for  thee !     O  speak  one  word 
In  favour  of  her,  whom  once  you  loVd.     Scorn  not 
The  cry  of  misery. 

DUET.    Medea. 
Think,  O  Jason,  think  that  sfae^ 
Who  now  sues  on  bended  knee. 
Pity  once  to  thee  did  show, 
Friendless  then  like  me  and  low. 
I  Think  of  this  and  grateful  prove^ 

Pity  her  you  cannot  love. 

DUET.    Jason. 
Hope  not  thus  thy  ends  to  gain, 
Kise,  Medea — ^'tis  in  vain. 
Vain  are  all  thy  prayers  and  cries. 
Rise,  unhappy  woman,  rise. 
Think  what  drew  on  thee  this  fate  ; 
Own 't;^as  envy,  pride,  andhiite. 


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:< 


That  frenzy  which  excess  of  passion  wrought ; 
Passion  for  thee — thou  know'st  it — Did  I  not 

For  thee  betray  my  father  ? — Did  I  not 

O  horror  but  to  think  of ! — for  thy  sake 
Destroy  my  brother  *  ?  and  for  thee  did  stain 
The  hands  of  Pelias'  daughters  with  the  blood 
Of  their  own  father  ? — Every  crime,  which  now 
Pollutes  my  soul,  most  strongly  ought  to  plead 
For  thy  indulgence. 

JASON. 

I  indeed  must  grant 
'Twas  passion  that  seducM  thy'  unruly  mind ; 
Wild  passion,  which  thou  now  miscallest  love. 
Love  is  of  gentler  nature^  and  excites 
To  honour,  faith,  and  virtue.     It  abhors 
Such  deeds  as  thine. 

SONG. 
When  all  was  gloom,  when  all  was  strife, 
And  man  scarce  felt  the  joys  of  life, 
Love  came,  and  breathing  heavenly  flame^ 
Gave  order  to  this  beauteous  frame. 
Henc6  sacred  virtue  rose.     The  savage  mind 
Grew  softer,  and  the  passions  more  refin'd. 

MEDEA. 

Jason  should  then  have  preachM 
This  doctrine,  when  on  Colchos'  shore  he  stood 

«  Vid.  ApoH.  Rhod.  Qb,  br.  451. 


^y.Goo^Ie 


For  thee  was  out  of  seagon.  .  Thou  didst  prompt. 
Didst  urge  me  pn  to  crimes — O  give  me  back 
My  innocence  ;  jor  since  that  catiaot  be. 
Let  me  at  least,  ah;are  the  rewards  of  guilt 

JASON. 

Thy  haughty  spirit  has  ruin'd  all  my  aims ; 
Else  thou  hadst  still  been  happy.     For  my  sake 
The  king  had  fia,vour'd  thee.    But  that 's  now  past. 
And  thou  must  instantly  depart  from  hence. 
Yet,  such  his  goodness,  he  consents  to  indulge 
A  father's  jwayers,  and  lets  thy  children  stay. 

MEDEA. 

RobbM  of  my  children  too !     What  robb'd  of  all ! 
Friends,  parents,  countryi  husband  ! — children  too 

SONG. 

Jason  looks  with  scorn  and  hate  !-— 
Creon  drives  me  from  his  state  ! — 
Pelias,  butcher' d  by  this  hand. 
Frights  me  from  Thessalia's  land ! — 
Can  I  bear  to  cast  mine  eye. 
On  those  rocks  defil'd  with  gore  !— 
O  my  brother— -shall  I  fly  ? — 
Dare  I,  to  the  Colchian  shore  ! — 
Dare  I  brave  a  father's  rage  !— 
Hope  a  mother  to  assuage  !—- 


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Drive  me  not  unpreparM  away  to  roam 
A  beggar  and  an  exile— Give  me  time-— 

0  give  me  time  to  take  my  last  farewell  '- 

Of  my  dear  children-— Thihk  what  'tis  to  part 
For  ever  fr«m<  the  sight  of  those  we  love  ! 

JASON. '^  .■  . 

1  '11  use  my  power  with  Creon. 

MBBjSA. 

Forget  not  toa 
To  urge  my  i&uit  with  Glauca.     She  pertiaps  . 
May  feel  compassion.     Tell  her,  as  a  mark 
Of  my  regard,    I  mean  to  send  that  robe 
Of  richest  texture,  which  in  happier  day^, 
Alas  !  with  pride  I  wore ;  the  bridal  gift 
Of  Phoebus,  my  great  sire.     Bid  her  be  kind 
To  those  I  leave. 

JASO]^. 

Thy  will  shall  he  obey'd. 
All  wants  sba.ll  be  supplied  ere  you  depart 
Farewell---be  happy — learn  to  be  discreet ; 
And  let  me  never  see  thee  more.  [Goe^ 

AfEDEA. 

Yes,  once. 
Once  more,  I  hope  to  take  my  last  farewell, 
And  thank  thee  fox  thy  kindness.     Be  discreet — 


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M.XAVC  X  tiuv  uxtixcty  uum  uiy  ji»uit?iicc;  r 

Go  thou  thyself  and  learn  discxetioni  wretch. 
Nor  trust  an  injur'd  woman. 

SONG.  ' 

Go,  wretch  supine,  and  with  thy  bride> 

Sail  down  secure  on  fortune's  tide ; 

But  soon  fierce  blasts  shall  rise, 

And  stun  theie  with  surprise. 

Great  Hecate  shall  send  from  hell, 

A  storm  above  thy  power  to  quell.         [Goes  o 


SCENE    III. 
JEoLE,*  Philetas,  Children,  and  Attendants. 

£GLE. 

O  wretched  children !  my  heart  bleeds  with  grief, 
When  I' behold  your  helpless  state,.  deprivM 
Of  her  who  ought  to  prove  your  chief  support ; 
Left:  to  a  rival's  mercy,  sacrificM 
Perhaps  to  jealousy— at  least  given  up 
To  cold  neglect  and  a  precarious  state. 

SONG. 

Ah  me !  the  tender  bloom  of  infant  years, 
Like  the  fair  flower  that  in  the  spring  appears. 


yGoogk 


?HILETAS. 

0  Jason,  Jason,  can  the  Gods  look  down. 
And  view  with  patience  such  enormous  guilt ! 
Forbid  it,  Jove  !  O  hurl  thy  thunderbolt 
Against  his  impious  head. 

MGLE. 

Phil^tasy  watch; 
Guard  well  the  children.     Give  her  time  to  cool 
Ere  she  behold  them.     'Tis  a  dangerous  hour. 
So  we  have  ever  found  it,  when  the  rites 
Of  Hecate  employ  her,  and  no  foot  * 
Profane  is  suffered  to  approach  the  scene. . 

PHILETAS. 

1  dread  those  rites — something  works  in  her  mine 
That  must  have  vent. 

SONG. 
Revenge  once  rooted  in  the  breast. 
But  from  destruction  finds  no  rest ; 
Nor  friend,  nor  foe>  spares  in  its  rage. 
Nor  pity  shews  to  sex  or  age. 

CHORUS. 

So  when  the  rushing  torrent  pours. 
And  overflows  its  wonted  shores  ; 
It  wastes  the  champain  far  and  wide. 
And  levels  all  things  with  its  tide. 

»  Tid.  ipcJl.  Rfaod.  m,  IT.  S95. 


Digitized  by  Vj  OOQ I C 


Priest,  Priestesses,  a  Cauldron*  Stage  dark. 

PRIEST. 

Flash  lightning,  thunder  roll,  black  clouds  descend ; 
Involve  us  deep  in  gloom,  and  form  a  scene 
Fit  for  tkese  solemn  rit^si,  fit  for  the  soul       ' 
Of  great  Medea. 


SCENE  VI. 
MsDEA  enters. 

MEDEA. 

Goddess  Hecate,, 
Thee  I  invoke  :  Thee,  by  whose  aid  I  lulPd 
The  dragon's  watchful  eyes,  and  tam'd  those  bulk 
From  whose  throats  issued  a  consuming  fire. 
Come,  Groddess,  come. 

PRIEST* 

See,  on  thine  idtar  smokes 
The  grateful  sacrifice :  e^h  powerful  berb 
From  Thessaly  and  Pontus,  duly  pluckM 
Wlien  planets  were  most  baneful.    See,  they  float 
In  dews  collected  from  mephitic  poQls» 
Vol  I.  K 


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Swelling  within  my  bosom.    Teach  my  soul 
To  know  no  tenderness.     Quench  every  spark 
Of  pity  lurking  here. 

PRIEST. 

She  comes,  she  comes ! 
*  Hark,  haik,  the  dogs  in  choral  l^owls  proclaim 
Her  mighty  presence. 

SEMICHORUS. 
Hark  !  Ihe  solemn  sounds  I  hear ! 
Lo !  the  flitting  forms  appear ! 
Eveiy  sign  proclaims  her  near ! 

SEMICHORUS. 
She  comes,  she  comes,  in  all  her  powVj 
Fierce  vengeance  on  thy  foes>to  shower, 
And  aid  thee  in  the  dreadful  hour. 

SONG. 

PRIEST. 

Dews  from  Stygian  caves  distillM 
Lurid  herbs  with  poison  filPd, 
Round  the  brain  your  steams  dispense 
Deaden  every  softer  sense. 

•  Yid.  Apoll.  Rfaod.  lib.  iii.  ver.  1161^1289. 


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SONG. 

Another  Priest 
.  Suck  but  in  the  powerful  fume^' 
Wounds  and  death  shall  charms  assume) 
Pity's  self  shall  not  beguile ; 
Agonies  shall  make  thee  smile* 

SONG. 

MEDEA. 

I  feel  myself  possest ; 

She  triumphs  in  my  breast ;        : 

All  tenderness  is  gone ; 

My  heart  is  tumM  to  stone. 

SEMICHORUS. 

0*er  this  robe  your  influence  shed. 
Twine  with  mischief  every  thread ; 
Let  all  poisons  in  it  meet, 
Let  it  prove  her  winding-sheet 

*  CHORUS. 

So  shall  all  Greece  thee  Hecate  ad^re. 
And  in  Medea  own  thy  inighty  power. 


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ii 


i 


ACTIIJ- 

SCENE  1. 
JasoNi  CreoNji  Clueen,  Attendants. 

CREON. 

HAIL,  happy  day,  hail,  happy  hour,  that  m 
The  flower  of  Greece  my  son.     Let  trumpets  so 
Let  flutes  and  Jyres  proclaim  the  solemn  joy  ; 
Be  joy  on  every  tongue  ;  in  every  heart 
Where  himian  feelings  enter.    Thuie,  I  see, 
Thine,  Jason,  is  most  joyful ;  on  thy  face 
I  read  the  impression  of  my  Glauca^s  charms  ; 
It  brightens  up  thy  countenance. 

JASON.  ^ 

'Twere  str 
Most  strange,'  were  I  not  happy.    Llnk'd  with  < 
Who  gives  at  once,  a  refuge,  and  Bestows  ' 
The  fairest  tnaid  that  e'^er  adomM  her  sex. 
But  wherefore  comes  she  not  ? 

SONG. 

Come,  and  round  thy  lovely  brows, 
Place  the  jessamine^nd  rose  ; 


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.  •\-CIfOJLUS..-  ,  :^_...  ,  ,  ^ 
Haste^  fair  GWca,  iasjt^  ^^^7«  ;  ! 
Jason  pipi^si  too  with  del^y.  ,      • 

Attendant. 

She  but  preparei 

Her  bridal  dress.     In  that  rich  garment  clad 
Presented  by  Medea,  she  '11  s6on  come. 

CREON* 

Meanwhile  let  music  so^ind;  {Instrumental  Music. 


SCENE  II. 
.     '    Philetas  and  Children. 

PHILETAS. 

O  how  I  dread  th*  event !     Medea's  mind 
Most  surely  meditates  some  blow  !     This  calm 
Mix^d  with  a  settled  gloom,  that  clouds  her  brow. 
Portends  a  dreadful  storm.     She  raves  no  more. 
As  she  was  wont 

SONG. 
Unmov'-dand  silent  now  she  stands. 
With  drooping  head,  and  clasped  hands ; 


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From  her  stem  eye  tears  gushing  break 
By  fits,  and  stain  her  livid  cheek ; 
Like  drops  upon  the  polish^  stone. 
They  seem  unfelt  to  trickle  down* 


SCENE  III. 
M^DEA  an4  /omier^ 

MEDEA. 

The  garment,  was  H  presented  i 

PHILETAS. 

As  you  bad, 
This  child  presented  it 

MEDEA. 

That's  well.     Suchgil 
Shall  ne'er  be  wanting  for  a  friend  like  her. 
Yes,  it  is  well.     Eyil  is  now  my  good. 
Come  hither,  let  me^embrace  thee— -and  thee  tG 
Hqw  did  she  take  it  ? 

PHILETAS. 

With  a  gracious  smile4 


yGoogk 


Ail  ocean  will  not  quench  it — Wliat  a  blaze  !— 

SO^TG.       '  '    V       *'  '" 
Methinks  I  hear  h^r  groans — 
It  seizes  on  her  bones-— 
Hecat^,  look  down,  and  blow  , 

The  subtle  ilame---0  spread  the  woe. 

He  may  be  caught  himself— *who  koowa  ?  and  then 

PHILETAS, 

Madam* 

MEDEA. 

Nay;  mind  me  not — Only  some  thoughts 
Came  'crossj  and  made  me  wander—* 


SCENE  IV. 

Enter  Mgle. 

Hark,  I  heai 
The  sound  of  trumpets.       [  Trumpets  heard  at  a  disi 

'Tis  the  marriage  rite — 
Quick,  bring  the  children  to  my  room — She  bums 
She  fidls  in  ashes— Bring  the  children  up — 


yGoogk 


Madam,  tl^e  litejs  are  not:  begun :  the  bride^ 
So  I  was  told,  by  some  bad  omen  wam'd. 
Deferred  awhile  the  tiiarriage. 

S0N<3. 

What  wonder  if  the  Qo^s  should  sei^d 
The  worst  of  omens  to  attend 

A  marriage  so  unchaste  ! 
For  when  they  join  their  impipus  hanfls^ 
They  boldly  break  those  holy  bands. 

That  ever  ought  to  last 

But  at  le 
They  Ve  satisf^d  her  doubts,  and  she  prepaires* 

MEDEA. 

Thanks  to  great  Hecat^ !     May  blindness  thus  ] 
Seize  ever  on  mine  enemies  l*-— Dear  babes, 
How  do  I  love  you !     Let  me  taste  again' 
Of  your  sweet  lips,  and  suck  your  balmy  breath- 
O  how  delightful ! — 

SONG. 

Not  Flora's  breath,  that  from  the  rose 
On  Zephyr^s  wings  rich  odour  throvfSj  . 
Is  half  so  fragrant  as  your  breath, 
$weet  babes — and  shall  ^  blast  of  de^tJh 
O  cruel  doom  !  ^ 

How  short  your  bloom ! 


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SCENE  v. "    .       -      •     • 
Medea,  ^gle.  ' 

MGhE.  ^ 

Forgive  me,  madam,  if  I  dare  t'  express 
My  gloomy  thoughts. 

MEDEA. 

%e^k  o^t  I  thou  hast  my  leav< 

^  . . ..  ^gle/  .  ■ 

O,  I  beseech  thee,  be  not  hurried  on  > 

To  deeds  unnatural. 

MEDEA.  ' 

What  dost  thou  mean  ? 

f  'iEGLB* 

Consider,  they're  thy  child»en. 

7iB]>lA« 

Dost  thou  thiiik 
I  do  rtot  low  them  ?    Not  the  blood  that  flow* 
,  tn  my  owp  body  is  more  dear  than  theirs* 


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I 


But  passion-— — 

Passion !  thou  dost  see  I  ^m  ca 
He  has  granted  all  I  asVd-i— it  is  enough — 
The  respite  of  this  day — it  is  enough — 
I  'm  fully  satisfy' d. — Go,  and  prepare 
For  our  departure. — Bid  Philetas  wait — 
A  message  to  the  king  requires  his  aid — 
I  '11  quickly  come.  [JEqle  goi 


SCENE  VI. 

Medea  alone. 

Fiend  that  I  am ! — — Why  h 
Jason,  decrees,  not  I. — Yet  can  it  be  ? 
O,  'tis  impossible — they  must  prevail — — 
Yet  can  I  spare  them  ? — Will  not  evcjry  look. 
Each  lender  accent,  tell  me  with  reproach. 
That  I  once  lov'd  a  villain — ^who  now  robs— 
Engrosses  every  comfort  to  himself  ? 

It  must  be  done — it  must Fond  Nature,  yes, 

I  feel  thee— thou  abhorrest — Conscience  too, 
I  hear  thy  cries  *. — But  crimes  must  have  their  c 
They  mu^t  have  fellow  crimes.;  standing  alone 
They  brand  the  front  with  folly, — It  must  be  don( 
Be  steady,  hand*— ^strike  home — the  mother  now 
Must  be  forgotten. 

•  Vid.  Apoli.  Rhod.  lib.  it.  ver.  391-420. 


yGoogk 


The  steel  that  passes  through  their  reiixs^ 

•  Through  his  passes  too  ; 
Think  of  this^  and  strikb  the  blow. 


SCENE  VIL 
Jason,  Attendants.    Messenger  en/^5. 

J4S0N. 

Whence  this  confusion  in  thy  looks  ? 


Messenger. 
I  dread  to  tell  the  tale. 


My  Lord, 


JASOK. 

Speak  out 


Messenger. 

The  bride 
Not  long  had  put  on  that  accursed  robe,  • 
Presented  by  Medea,  ere  a  flame. 
Subtle,  and  fierce,  T>egan  to  spread  around 
Her  miserable  body. — Down  she  fell. 
In  anguish  inexpressible,  and  death 
Soon  clos'd  her  eyes, — Others  beside  were  caught, 
Creon  amongst  the  rest. 


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SONG. 
Round  her  in  vain  his  arms  he  threyr. 
In  vain  he  .strove  to  quench  the  fire ; 
Raging  from  limb  to  Umb  it  flew  ;j   ;  ^^ 
Ah,  wrejtched  daughter !  ah,  unhappy  si 

'jason; 
Alas,  his  pangs  are  light  to  what  I  feel ! 
Why  did  I  quit  my  Q}ai|ca  ? 

SONG.  ^         . 

Why  was  I  not  in  Creon*s  place  ? 
Why  dy'd  I  not  in  her  embrace  ? 

Why  am  I  left  alone, 

Eternally  to  moan, 

Of  every  joy  bereft  ? 
Oh  \  no,  my  children  still  are  left. 

Where 's  this  abandoned  mtirderess  ? — O  wretch ! 
Deluded  wretch !  to  trust  my  happiness 

To  one  so  tryM  in  crimes  !— Fool  that  I  was  ! 

Where  is  sjie?  ,  Bring  her  forth. 

Attendant,  ,  • 

'  My  Lorcl,  reti 

To  her  apartment — every  passage  barr'd— 
The  children  with  her,  and  we  've  beard  strange 
From  time  to  time. 


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JASON.  -^ 

She  cannot  be  so  &11 1  — - 

M^dea!    hark!    Medea t  .-    '  . 

MEBEA. 

Who  calls  there  ? 
I  'm  busy  now — I  have  no  time  to  talk. 

.lASOK 

O  more  than  tigress !     Canst  thou  then  destroy 
The  babes  that  suck'd  thy  breastl — those  harmles 
babes !-—      . 

0  look  with  pity  on  them—- they  'rie  thy  own- 
Let  nature  plead  their  cause-^-Jet  innocence — ^-^ 
Ah  me  !  it  is  too  much — Hold^-  heart — Ve  Gods, 
Quell,  quell  this  monster.    -Ha !  again  I  hear 

The  dismal  shriek.-— Sweet>babes,  fall  down—- embrace- 
ClingJfco  her  knees,  her  skirts. — But  ah  1  in  vain, 
In  vain  they  plead. — This  dreadful  silence  tells 
Too  well  what 's  done.     St  I  not  a  groan  is  heard— 

1  tremble  at  this  silence. 

MEDEA. 

Thou  dost  well; 
Thou  understand*st  it  right — the  work  is  done. 
There,  take  the  daggei^-use  it  like  a  man. 

soii&. 

:,  Give  me  one  comfort  ere  I  go, 
Strike  boldly — end  ftt  ^ee  thy  wofi* 


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Live  on,  and  wretched  be. 
And,  when  thou  view'st  that  dagger,  think  oi 

JASON. 

Infernal  £uiy !— but  in  deeds,  not  words 

O  give  her  to  my  vengeance  ! 

MEDEA. 

Boating  wret 
Dost  thou  not  yet  know  who  Medea  is  ? 
Hast  thou  forgot  her  power  ?  Her  spirit  too 
Thou  shouldst  have  better  known.  Couldstthou 
That  she,  who,  to  preserve  a  vagabond, 
Betray'd  her  sire,  and  in  a  brother*s  blood 
Embrued  her  hands,  would  tamely  yield  thee  up 
To  a  detested  rival  ? — Go,  embrace 
That  rival  now — thou  hast  my  leave.---Farewell ! 
The  winged  car  attends,,  which  soon  shall  bear 
Medea  to  a  safer  place. 

JASON. 

The  Gods, 
Th'  avengers  of  such  Crimes,  shall  find  thee  out. 

SONG. 

In  vain  thy  dragons  spread  their  sail ; 
The  winged  car  sh$.ll  not  avail  : 
Great  Jove  shall  mark  thee  in  thy  flight  j 
Shall  never  lose  thee  out  of  ^ght 


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And  flash  their  torches  in  thine  eyes ; 
Bid  Vengeance,  with  her  Gorgon  head, 
Pursue,  overtake, '  and  strike  thee  dead; 
Then  drag  thee  to  unheard-of  woe. 
New  tortures  in  the  reahx^  below. 


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SELECT  SONGS 

tHOM 

THE  ORATORIO  OF  PARADISE  LOST 
AND  OTHER  PIECES. 


Vol.  I.  L 

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SONGS 


FROM 


THE  ORATORIO  OF  PARADISE  LOST- 


SONG. 

THOU  liencefbrdpi  art  dcKHmfd  to  toil. 
Thou  and  idiy  unhappy  lucf, 
DoomM  to  till  the  stubborn  soil. 
Driven  from  this  delightful  place. 
Justice  issues  this  command  ; 
Sin  and  care  go  hand  in  hand. 


CHORUS, 

God  these  bounds  cannot  restrain, 
Nor  the  Heaven  of  Heavens  contain  \ 
He  throughout  all  space  exists  5 
Every  life  by  him  subsists. 
L  2 


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SONG. 

Cease^  vain  mimic^  fancy  cease ; 
Rob,  O  rob  me  not  of  peace : 
Wherefore  shouldst  thou  thus  torment 
Her  whose  heart  is  innocent  ? 


SON(J. 

He  who  rules  in  Heaven  so  high ; 
He  who  did  this  world  create ; 
He  perhaps  may  hear  our  cry ; 
May  commiserate  our  state. 
On  bended  knee  then  let  us  fall. 
And  for  his  aid  devoutly  call. 


SONG. 

Roses,  shed  yoiir  rich  perfume. 
Cover  o'er  the  lovely  pair ; 
Nightingales,  your  songs  resume. 
Lull  their  sleep  with  softest  air. 
Happy,  happy  is  their  fate. 
If  they  seek  no  happier  state. 


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CHORUS. 

Arise,  O  Lord !  exert  thy  mighty  power,  ^ 
Strengthen  our  arms  against  our  foes  and  Thine  ! 
Let  the  proud  enemy  exult  no  more, 
Or  let  them  feel  the  weight  of  wrath  divine! 


SONG. 

Awake,  my  fair,  unclose  those  eyes. 
See,  the  Morning  gilds  the  skies  ; 
See,-  she  peeps  from  yonder  hills  ; 
Zephyrs  breathe  from  fuming  rills  : 
Hark,  on  high  the  shrill  lark  chaunti. 
All  forsake  their  nightly  haunts. 


SONG. 

Sweet  p^rtaket  of  my  toil. 
Partaker  of  each  pleasing  care. 
We  have  duly  tilPd  the  soil. 
Sleep  shall  now  our  strength  repair. 


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SONG. 

Yes,  Adam,  yes ;  the  sun,  I  see. 
Is  set ;  but  what  is  time  to  me  ? 
When  my  lord,  my  spouse,  is  nigbi 
Seasons  pass  unheeded  by. 


SONG. 

He  who  once  in  Heaven  upright, 
Midst  the  brightest  shone  so  bright. 
All  deforpa'd,  obscurM  with  gloom. 
Seems  now  like  his  place  of  doom. 
Glory,  beauty,  fade  away. 
When  we  from  our  duty  stray. 


SONG. 

Bounteous  Providence  divine, 
O  how  gracious  is  thy  sway ! 
Duty  and  delight  combhie ;  .  . 
Truest  bliss  is  to  obey. 
Thy  commands,  well  understood. 
Lead  us  to  our  greatest  good* 


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S  O  N  <J  S 
PROM  oth:er  pieces. 


epa««BpBp 


SONG. 


YEA,  *t bisfoptetpol ev^ry king 
On  earth  9hsiU  }>mi9  sipd  offerings  bring 
The  Lord^upreme.sh^U  be  confest ; 
In  Hun  all  iis^tions  shs^l  be  blest 
Gloty,  O  Lord  my  God,  is  thine,  s 
And  boundless  reigns  thy  power  divine. 


:duet. 

Sourte  of  Grace,  to  thee  yre  fly ; 
From  thy  mercy-ses^t  look  down  ; 
If  thou  triest  with  rigid  eye, 
Who  can  stand  before  thy  throng  ? 


Lose  all  lustre  in  thy  sight : 
Thou  for  eyer  dost  endure, 
Thou  alone  art  just  and  pure. 


SONG. 

Self-deceiving  man  in  vain 
Hides  his  crimes  in  deepest  night ; 
He  whose  eyes  no  bars  restrain, 
Sees,  and  on  them  darts  his  light 

CHORUS, 

Startled  !  rousM  at  once  from  sleep. 
Sin  beholds  the  dreadful  brink ; 
Looks  with  horror  o'er  the  steep ; 
From  destruction  strives  to  shrink* 


SONG. 

As  a  fair  tree,  by  skilful  hand, 
Cherish'd  and  rais'd  on  fertile  land, 
Lifts  high  its  lofty  head, 
And  as  its  branches  spread^ 
Gives  shade  and  rest 
To  bird  and  beast : 
So  shall  the  rod  of  Jesse  rise, 
And  mix  its  branches  with  the  skies. 


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Where  tl^e  solemn  bird  retreats. 
Where  the  ruler  of  the  day 
Never  darts  his.  cheerful  ray. 
Where  the  feet  of  man  ne'er  tread, 
Sin  should  hide  its  hateful  head. 

Where  all  around. 

No  pleasing  sound. 

Throughout  the  tedious  year, 

'  DeUghts  the  listening  ear. 


SON& 

Glory,  empire,  pomp,  giv^  way ; 
What  is  all  your  einpty  show  ? 
Truest  bliss  from  Beauty's  ray. 
Raptures  from  her  kindness  flow. 
By  those  social  joys  alone 
Monarchs  can  their  cares  remove ; 
Friendship  comes  not  near  the  throne 
But  in  company  with  Love. 

SONG. 

Short  is  the  date,  alas,  of  human  breath! 
And  various  are  the  ways  that  lead  to  death  : 
How  happy  he  who  those  of  glory  treads. 
And  bravely  for  the  public  welfare  bleeds  J 


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Moulted  now  in  sable  shroud; 
Clos'd  for  ever  are  thos,e  ey^s. 
Which  with  youthful  ardour  glow'd. 
Death,  O  \  leave  me  not  alone  ; 
Strike,  and  for  this  blow  atone ! 


SONG. 

How  I  long  toinndher  brow 
With  each  costly  pearl  land  gem ; 
Humbly  at  her  feet  to  throw 
This  much-envied  diadem ! 
This  a  lustre  will  receive, 
From  lier  eyes,  it  cannot  give. 


SONG. 
Hark,  I  hear  her  spirit  cry. 
Guilty  wretch,  by  tbiee  I  die ; 
From  thy  hand  the  &ial  dart 
Pierc'd  my  sad,  my  broken  heart ! 
Hide  me,  darkness,  fromhi^  sight, 
Wrap  me  in  eternal  night. 


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SONG. 

For-wliat,  alas,  is  human  power. 
Which  God  vouchsafes  not  to  maintain ! 
Unless  the  Lord  defend  the  tower 
The  watchman  waketh  but  in  vain. 

CHORUS. 

God  ak>ne  the  battle  guides, 
He  o'er  victory  presides ; 
'  Mightiest  armies  turn  and  fly 
When  he  looks  with  wrathful  eye. 


SONG. 

The  racking  state  of  hopes  and  fears 

No  consolation  can  appease ; 

But  the  worst  known,  one  flood  of  tears' 

Clears  all,  and  leaves  the  mind  at  ease. 
The  tempest  thiis,  when  at  its  height, 
Unloads  the  sky,  and  makes  it  bright 


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SONG. 

Love,  mighty  Love,  attempts  in  vain^ 
To  hold  th*  ambitious  in  his  chain ; 
At  once  with  rough  unfeeling  hand. 
They  break  through  every  tender  band. 
Ambition  can  thy  power  disarm, 
And  render  feeble  every  charm. 


CHORUS. 

When  to  the  Lord  we  cry  in  woe, 
When  humbly  at  his  feet  we  bow. 

The  very  vale  of  death  '^ 

Grows  cheerful  at  his  breath, 
And  streams  of  comfort  never  fail  to  flow. 


SONG. 

Thus  the  female  mind  is  made. 
Nor  long  stormy  nor  serene. 
Not  unlike  the  chequer'd  shade. 
Spots  of  light  with  gloom  between. 
Quick  succeeding  hopes  and  fears. 
Shine  in  smiles,  or  low*r  in  tears. 


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SONG. 

Arty  alas!  may  sooth  the  ear, 
For  a  time  may  lull  the  pain ; 
But  the  wounds  that  conscience  tear 
Soon,  though  clos'd,  will  burst  again. 
Heaven  decrees,  that  health  of  mind 
Never  shall  lyith  guilt  be  joinM. 


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,S ON  NETS 

ADDRESSED  TO  HIS  FRIENDS 

MEMBEJRS 

OF  THE 

COMMON  ROOM  AT  GEKEVA. 


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SONNETS. 


^  1.  TO  PRICE  * 

GRANDSON  to  that  good  man  -f,  who  bravely 
Withstand  a  Monarch's  will,  when  crowds  ai 
Ofhoble  serving  men  stoopM  to  the  ground 
Whene'er  Corruption's  guilty  face  appear'd 

Thou  nobly  firm,  like  him,  hast  ever  rear'd ' 

Thy  froat  sublitne ;  thou,  with  the  giddy  fou; 
Steady  and  wise,  hast  kept  thyself  unbound 
By  glittering  chains  that  others  have  ensnar'd 

So  shall  thy  virtue  due  reward  obtain, 

While  they,  like  Greeks  and  Trojans  heretofo 
Fright  holy  Virtue  from  her  peaceful  seat ; 

Destroying  each  his  rival,  but  to  gain 

A  phantom  Helen  J  ;  thou  shalt  her  adore. 
Her  real,  and  enjoy  in  thy  retreat. 

*  Robert  Price,  Esq.  of  Foxley  ia  Herefordshire*     See  bis  ch: 
racterbjStiilingfieet,  p.  169. 

f  Alluding  to  R.  Price,  one  of  the  Barons  of  the  Excbequer,  wh( 
opposed  king  William's  grant  qf  lands  to  the  Duke  of  Portland*  am 
whose  manJy  speech  on  this  subject  is  given  in  the  Parliamentary 
Debates. 

X  A  phantom  Helen.  **  In  the  tragedy  of  Helena,  by  Euripides,  a 
cloud,  resembling  Helen,  was  carried  off  by  Paris,  and  gave  occa- 
iion  to  the  Trojan  w«r«  The  real  Helen  was  conveyed  by  Mercury 
into  Egypt." 

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2.  TO  WILLIAMSON* 

When  I  behold  thee,  bktneles^  Williamsony 
Wrecht  lik^  an  infant  oh  a  savage  shore. 
While  others  round  on  borrowM  pinions  s 
My  busy  fancy  calls  thy  thread  mispun  ; 

Till  Faith  instructs  me  the  deceit  to  shun ; 
While  thus  she  spe£bk» :  ^VThose  wings  tl 

the  stock 
Of  Virtue  were  not  lent,  hoi?<re'er  they  b< 
In  this  gross  air,  will  melt  when  ii€;ar  the 

The  truly-ambitious  wait  for  Nature^s  time ; 
Content,  by  certain,  but  by  slow  degrees 
To  mount  above  the  reach  of  vulgar  fligh 

Nor  is  that  man  coniinM  to  this  low  clime, 
Who  but  the  extremest  skirts  f  of  glory  g 
And  hears  celestial  tidings  with  delight.'*^ 

*  The  Rev.  Mr.  WilUlniMii^  frietid  and  titiyellin^  ^6m 
Lord  Haddington^  and  his  brother  Mr.  Baiilie.  Some  a< 
this  eccentric  but  amiable  man  is  given  in  the  Memoirs* 

t  Extremett  skirts  of  glor^r  &c.  celestial  tidings^  &c. 
send  messengers  to  the  isles  thai,  have  noi  heard  my  fame, 
my  ^lory,"  Isa.  Jxvi,  19. 

**  And  Moses  said,  I  beseech  thee  shew  me  tl^y  glohy.  T 
see  my  back  parts,  but  my  face  shall  not  be  seen/*  Exo 
1S-.23. 


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3.  TO  DAMPIER  ♦. 

^llij&Cfi  worthy  giiardian  of  that  aacred  spring. 
That  ^mwitb  copious  str^m  eprich'4  this 
When  CsBsar  taught  our  nobles  to  command 
Tiilly  to  speak|  Maeonides  to  sin^ ; 

Till  Fashiori,  stealing  with  unheeded  wing 

Into  this  realm,  with  touch  of  foreign  hand. 
Our  girls  emboldened,  and  pur  boys  iinmann 
And  drew  »U  ages  to  h^r  jnagic  ring.  / 

Yet  shalt  not  thou  be  backward  in  thy  sphere 
Tq  thwart  a  sickly  world  ;  the  sceptre  giv'n 
Thpu  know'st  to  wield,  and  force  the  nobje  yoi 

To  merit  titles  they  were  born  to  bear . 

Thou  know'st  that  every  sceptre  is  from  Heav< 
That  guides  mankind  to  virtue  and  tQ  truth. 

*  Rev*  Dr.  Dftnpter,  then  one  of  the  upper  masterg  of  £ti 
School,  and  afterwnrdi  Dean  of  Dttrham,  an  tntiniate  and  mu< 
raspected  friimd  of  Mr.  StilliB^fleet. 


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4.  TO  WINDHAM  * 

O  born  for  actire  life !  when  ahall  I  see 

Thee,  Windham,  governing  the  grave  de 
'Midst  the  fpw  pillars  of  the  falling  sitate^ 
With  sense  acute  and  elocution  free  ? 

How  long  wilt  thou,  as  once  Pelides  t,  be 
Depriv'd  of  glorious  deeds  by  envious  faU 
And  forcM  to  bear  the  mock  of  jealous  ha 
As  if  by  choice  thou  didst  the  burthen  fiet 

Go  on,  like  him,  to  wake  thy  idle  hours 

With  the  sage  Muse  ;  give  to  thy  soul  he 
Nor  let  her  handmaid  our  best  hopes  begi 

For  she  too  may  benumb  her  finest  powers 

With  din  too  coarse  ;  as  those,  if  fame  say 
Grow  deaf,  who  dwell  too  near  the  falling 

*  William  Wiudhain»  E§q.  the  pupil  and  friend  of  Mr. 
fleet. 

f  J»  once  Ptlide9y  &c. 

'*  Amus'd  at  ease  the  god-like  man  they  found, 
'*  Pleased  with  the  solemn  harp's  melodious  sound. 
"With  this  he  sooths  his  angry  soul,  and  sings 
**  Th*  immortal  deeds  of  Heroes  and  of  Kings." 

Pope's  Homer,  i 
'*  To  this  1  will  add  another  passage,  out  of  the  same  autho 
the  lyre  of  Paris  was  offered  to  Alexander)  he  refused  it,  st 
would  be  of  no  use  to  him,  that  he  possessed  the  lyre  of  Ad 
which  Achilles  sung  the  praises  of  heroes.  As  to  the  lyre  i 
added  he)  it  was  only  fit  to  be  employed  in  eflfeminate  loTe 

Flut  de  Alex.  Fortuna, 


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JL  v^    AJUJLf  YV  \yXVl  XX. 


Dear  friend,  of  soul  that  answereth  to  Uiy  birth, 
Generous  and  noble,  and  of  open  bro^, 
FormM  to  be  cheerful,  and  make  others  so ; 
Come,  let  *s  enjoy  the  hours  desigiiM  for  mirth. 

Let  low  ambition  tempt  the  sons  of  earth 

To  tread  her  gloomy  paths  ;  thou  ne^er  shalt  bow 
Tp  that  false  mistress ;  Nature's  glass  shall  show 
In  thee  whatever  in  life  b^s  real  worth. 

Since  she,  kind  mother^  and  true  prophetess. 
Points  out  the  blessings  of  a  cheerful  mind 
To  all  her  sons,  on  easy  terms,  and  plain  ; 

]uet  us  not  think  that  blessing  therefore  less, 

And,  like  the  lep'rous  Naaman  t)  proudly  blind, 
To  cleanse  ourselves  in  her  pure  stream  disdain. 


t  Richard  Aldwopthi  E«q.  who  afterwards  took  the  name  pf 
NeTiile,  and  of  whom  the  reader  will  find  a  brief  account  in  the 
Memoirs. 

f  Naaman.  **  If  the  prophet  had  bid  thc^e  do  some  great  thing, 
wouldst  thou  not  have  done  it  ?  How  much  rather  then,  when  hQ 
paith,  to  thee,  wash  and  be  dean.^'  2  Kings  t.  9. 


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STTO  BAILLIE  * 


Bailliej  descended  from  that  generous  t&ce, 
Who  ev^ry  art  of  tjnrantiy  defied  t ; 
When  o'er  this  tremhling  land  with  gi^tit 
She  tritimphM  and  abash'd  each  virtuous  i 

Disdain  not  thou  the  Miise,  v^a  marks  die  tra 
Of  rising  virtues,  though  a^  yet  untried  ; 
She  knows  th^t  Wisdom  ever  loves  t'  atid 
With  sweet  aiisterityj  man^s  truest  grace. 

Nor  shall  thy  tqrtltes  long  lie  hid,  so  fit 

Thia  age  to  shew  thee,  when  botli  high  ^ 
The  worst  of  Hydras  threaten  to  devour  5 

for  tiiou  shalt  others  teach  not  to  submit, 

Perhaps  subdue  ;  but  may  the  w^orld  tie\ 
By  fatal  proofs,  what  thou  canst  still  do  1 


*  The  Hun.<3eorg«  Hamilton,  -brotber  of  the  Ear!  cf  li« 
Pe  changed  his  name  to  EaiOie,  for  an  estate  which  Ac 
^itn  from  his  grandfather  George  fiadlic,  £iq* 

+  He  alludes  to  Thomas  second  Earl  of  Haddington,  m 
the  CovenaDters  iu  the  beginning  of  tbe  great  rebellion, 
gOYeruor  of  the  caitlc  of  Dnngfs?,  and  blown  U|}  by  the 
of  the  powder-magaxiue,  which  was  set  on  fire  by  the  tre 
the  store-keeper^  who  had  been  his  servant.  This  dreac 
trophe  happened  in  1&40;  and  besides  the  said  Earl,  the 
JJaddington,  with  nine  other  perspOA  of  quality,  were  h 
p^y  wounded. 


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£lweet-nata«ed  Lord,  ei,  mUmi^  bifth  4M  the  ^liex^ 
TM'd  ^kdr  best  h«rmMy,  Md  en  whose  head 
Kind  Heaven  its  d^o&eest  dews  in  jpfenty  shed ; 
Tesush  me  wlmt  aeei«t  4b  this  vale  ef  tears 

Supports  thy  ea^  ttikid  f     V«dffi  liopes  ^aad  fears, 
That  o^ejr  &e  rest  a  chequered  shadefr  spread,  . 
Lea^m  thee  «f)el<nhded ;  tbon  dost  gaily  tread 
As  ifi  a  paid)  diQ>t  ami^shme  j^ver  cheers. 

Whence  is  this  learnt  i    Ab  no '.  the  solemn  look. 
The  grave  deportment^  .that  with  careful  scan 
Measures  each  step  on  level  ground  and  even. 

But  trips  <m  rough  ;  these  may  te  learnt,  we  know. 
These  liave  *,  by  that  vile  heastTeseflaMlng  man ; 
But  thy  phaosophy  is  afl  from  Heaven. 


*  These  have^  &c.  ^<  It  i«  related  that  a  King  of  Egypt  ooce  bad 
iome  inQokies  taught  to  dance  the  pyrrhic  dance,  which  was  mili- 
tary, and  not  thought  unworthy  the  grayest  characters.  Being 
richly  dressed  and  masked,  they  performed  their  parts  with  great 
entertainment  to  the  spectators,  in  many  representations;  till  a  wag . 
one  day  took  it  into  his  head  tp  throw  a  handful  of  nuts  among 
them ;  mstantly  the  pyrrhic  dance  is  at  an  end ;  they  seize  upon 
the  nuts,  a  battle  ensues,  masks  fly  off,  tattered  rubes  flutter,  and 
tbe  theatre  is  in  a  loud  laugh."    Luc.  EeTiv.  1. 1.  p.  413. 


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Lover  and  judge  of  harmony,  dear  Tate, 

Now  that  scarce  any  notes  are  heard  arou 
In  a  mad  world,  but  those  of  jarring  soum 
From  avarice  or  ambition,  pride  or  hate. 

Awake  the  tuneful  string,  that  ns'd  till  late 

To  lend  its  aid,  and  teach  it  to  compound 
Once  more  sweet  music,  till  each  noise  bedr 
And  pleasure  smooth  the  rugged  brow  of  f« 

Or  if  thou  chusest  wisely  to  pursue 

The  Syren^s  progress,  who  but  charms  the 

To  gain  an  easier  passage  to  the  heart. 
And  there  create  pure  harmony  and  true ; 

In  that  celestial  concert,  wilt  thou  ne'er. 

Be  deem'd  unw^orthy  to  perform  a  part. 


♦  Benjamin  Ta!cj  Esq,  descended  from  ta  ajitieut  familj 
colnshire. 


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Turffany  ptnai^. 


JROBEMT    PMICE.ES(Q)» 

t 


Jidlurhed  l^  J.Jficholf  t  Sffn.  JLifj.'^saio . 


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CHARAUliilR 


OP 


ROBERT  PRICE,  ESQ. 


MR.  Price,  the  person  to  whom  the  first  of  .these  Son-* 
nets  is  addressed,  ivas  the  most  beloved  and  intimate 
friend  of  Mr.  StiUihgfleet.  Qf  their  friendship,  he  always 
retained  the  liveliest  recollection  ;  and  after  his  death, 
which  happened  ixi  the  prime  of  manhood,  scarcely  ever 
mentioned  his  name  without  tears.  In  one  of  his  notes  to 
hisObservations  onGrasses,he  acknowledges  his  obligations 
to  his  friend,  then  recently  deceased,  for  the  drawings  with 
which  that  treatise  is  illustrated ;  and  adds,  ^'  His  extraordi-^ 
nary  character  I  shall  always  revere,  and  intend  to  sketch 
it  on  some  future  occasion.'^  He  fulfilled  this  promise, 
but  never  gave  it  to  the  public.  This  sketch  is  preserved 
among  the  papers  of  tl^e  family,  and  was  communicated 
to  me  by  Uvedale  Price,  Esq.  the  son  and  successor  of 
Mr.  Stiliingfleet's  friend.  It  is  too  loosely  written,  and  too 
incorrectly  copied,  to  be  printed  entire  ;  but  in  justice 
to  the  feelings  of  Mr.  Stillingfleet,  and  to  the  memory 
of  so  worthy  a  man,  we  have  given  the  substance,  making 
as  few  alterations  ^s  possible. 


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!  the  public,  by  giving  a  brief  sketch  of  Mr-  Pric 

]  racter.     If  it  should  be  deemed  tmworthy  of  pu 

!  tice  it  must  be  my  own  fault,  or  some  of  the  bes 

i-  who  knew  him  intimately  are  mistaken  as  well  as 

As  the  following  sketch  w%»  drawn  up  ^oon  a 

death,  and  not  long  before  I  published  the  p 

grasses  which  he  drew  for  me,  my  design  was  t( 

^  at  fiidl  length,  instead  of  the  slight  mention  the 

of  him.    I  should  have  ventured  to  speak  my  ser 

''  inore  fully  of  his  talents  and  character  before 

cease,  had  I  not  known  his  dislika  to  every  tfainj 

\  bone  tke  appearance  of  flattery*   But,  lio  my  nuisp 

iomwr,  ail  restraint  is  removed  by  his  untimely  c 

!  ^  I  dudl  therefore  further  observe,  dMt  wiia 

said  of  fais  skiil  in  drawiug  is  far  from  bekig  a  me 
i  pliment,  £ost  I  am  convinced  that  there  are  few  pi 

{;  of  this  art  who  would  be  ashamed  to  baive  hi|i  Ian 

\  aCtrilMited  to  them.     I  do  not  say  this  mdy  on  i 

f  jiadgnent,  hist  on  the  opinioa  of  some  of  the  best 

I  ioL  Ibe  kingdom.  Nor,  indeed,  is  his  innguiar  pnn 

»  improbable.     Besid€)s  die  advaatage  of  a  strong 

I  iflpcliiuciosi,  lie  atadied  ^  Rome,  under  (^iovan 

I  tasti  Bttsiii,  ooe  of  the  first  masters  in  dnawic 

i.  aoapes  iwitk  the  pen*    JMr.  Price  x:opied  natujie  f 

I  areiiied  diligence ;  he  Deflected  tnucfa,  j^duce< 

paitof  drafiviag  to  clear  and  stable  principkea ;  4 
nwed  his  iDDOwledge  by  tlie  converaaiion  d  mgAjn 
artists  of  the  first  order.    I  had  many  opportun 


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the  subject,  and  as  often  been  his  companion  in 
3ournies,  for  the  purpose  of  taking  vieWs.  On  these 
casions  hii^  manner  was  bold,  he  gave  a  true  repre 
tation  of  every  object  by  a  few  characteristic  outli 
irhich  he  traced  on  ithe  upot,  tlaarki^d  any  extraordi 
ifeflect  of  light  oir  shade,  and  left  tjie  sketch  to  be  1 
up  at  leisure.  He  was  continually  making  observi^l 
on  light  a^id  ish^e,  suffered  no  aocidental  effect  of 
fascinating  branch  of  the  art  to  escape  hrm ;  and,  at 
^tght  of  a  picture  or  dimwing  could  point  out  at  i 
what  was  wanting  to  produce  the  best  eflfect.  He 
i&essed  this  talent  in  so  remaAable  a  degree,  thatsor 
^he  best  prints^  from  Poussin,  Claude,  and  other 
pent  masters,  underwent  his  correctioa,  after  they 
piissed  through  the  liamls  of  the  engray^or  and  dm 
who  was  a  painter  of  note ;  but  who  was  scnsibte  xri 
friend^s  superiority. 

The  same  iaacliiiatiosi  to  Music^  assisted  by  ihe  i 
^sever-am^e,  sagacky  wd  yodgment,  made  hi« 
less  eminent  in  that  isister  art.  When  at  Home 
studied  composition  under  Andrew  Basili,  one  oi 
most  able  masters  of  Italy.  Some  of  his  works,  v 
Jstave  beem  comtftOtiicatedto  tite  ptfblic^  wfctt  mndl 
prwed  iby  the  be«;  judg^  ^  but  many  mtkre,  «nd  i 
of  a  hi^er  kind,  stffl  remtiiti  unknown  kmong  his  pa 
His  songs  were  remarkably  delicate  and^jqpressive, 
as  well  as  l^is  solos  and  trio%  wpcp  .  coo^osed  u 


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ui    Lilt:;   ruie»   ui    iiiij   «tiiu    uiM    Lo&u^    uuu    uiscn 
judgment  will  appejir  from  his  comparison  of  tl 

and  German  music,  which  was  published  in  t! 
Handel  *,  and  drawn  up  at  the  request  of  the  i 
author.  Being  much  pleased  with  the  work  of 
and  equally  disgusted  with  the  perplei^ities  of 
and  mctbod,  he  drew  up  a  concise  treatise,  tc 
tlie  system  of  an  author  who  first  deduced  tlie 
Music  from  a  few  simple  principlesj  and  he  p 
his  task  with  no  less  perspicuity  than  correctnes 

*  The  Life  of  Haudcl,  published  anonjmouslyt  but  wril 
Rev.  Mr.  Main  wan  og,  from  materials  principally  com 
by  Mr.  Sraiihj  p,  165.  See  Biographical  Memoirs  of  I 
Smitb, 

+  1  have  often  heard  Mr.  Smith  obterTc  that  Mr.  Price 
eel  lent  composer.  By  the  favour  of  his  son  William  Fr 
am  en  ah  led  to  give  a  list  of  hi&  compositions,  the  origins 
are  preserved  :it  the  family  mansion  of  Foxley*  He  se 
the  oratorio  of  Guiseppe  Hecouosciut o I  hy  MetastaBiOi  i 
or  three  songs,  which  he  left  ynJtBished. 

*'  La  dcstra  ti  Chiede,^^  an  ode  in  the  oper^  ^f  Demofo< 
mai  turbo,"  in  the  opera  of  Ale^saodro  nel  India,  whi 
tioned  by  Burney  as  a  pasticio  performed  in  1756^  (vol, 
^^  Aspri  Himorsi,''  a  scene  In  Temistocle,  which  was  writtc 
tolo  Zenoy  set  by  Porpora^  and  first  acted  at  the  Opera 
lUS. 

Mr,  Price  also  possesses  two  treatises  composed  by  hi 
the  theory  of  diiiiJC.  The  first  contains  a  brief  but  scici 
tigalion  of  the  principles  of  harmony  ;  the  second  an  apj 
those  principles  to  the  practice  of  composition.  The  w 
dently  imperfect ;  but  proves  his  profound  kno?i  ledge  of  I 
ftzid  is  probably  the  treatise  which  Mr.  Stillingflcet  iafo 
drew  up  to  simplify  the  precepts  of  Rameau. 


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in  his  own  compositions,  and  enabled  him  at  one  ^ 
to  judge  of  the  compositions  of  others,  and  to  rei 
the  defects,  even  of  the  most  complicated  harmony, 
this  I  have  seen  many  instances,  as  well  as  of  his  at 
tion  to  admit  no  unmeaning  notes  into  the  princips 
under  parts ;  a  fault  of  which  the  greatest  composei's 
often  guilty.  Hence  many  of  his  songs,  for  harm< 
modulation,  and  expression,  may  be  justly  compi 
with  those  of  the  best  Italian  master's.  The  violih 
his  favourite  instruinent ;  and  he  excelled  in  express 
the  soul  of  music,  though  he  wanted  that  brilliane 
execution  which  attracts  superficial  observers* 

Were  I  inclined,  this  subject  would  afford  me  an 
matter  for  many  pages  ;  but  I  know  how  little  strei 
laid  on   such   qualifications  by   many,'whOj  from 
Gothic  prejudices  of  our  ancestors,  consider  mus 
beneath  the  study  of  a  gentleman  ;  very  different  in 
respect  from  the  polite  and  manly  Greeks,  who  rega  ' 
it  as  a  necessary  part  of  education.     Legislators,  st 
men,  soldiers,  and   philosophers,  agreed  iu  this, 
ever  differing  in  other  points.     It,  must  be  owned 
deed,  that  not  only  this^  but  every  other  pursuit  i  [ 
tends  to  mere  amusement,  becomes  contemptible    ' 
it  breaks  in  upon  the  duties  of  life ;  at  the  same  tii   i 
cannot  be  denied,  that  music  is  superior  to  many    i 
amusements  which  are  deemed  not  unfit  employ    i 
for  gentlemen.     But  however  the  case  may  be  in     i 
ml,  which  I  shall  leave  to  the  decision  of  others,  ]    i 


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^  v\^M.   I     *vrA   u^  ft«v/TVA   Duu.v4^vt  ««»p  AW«^    Vi>   V44C   Mill*  lU 

^  terfere  with  manly  avocaUQQs  or  serious  duties. 

1  He  excelled  in  all  bodily  exercises^  aad^  ac 

1  to  his  custom,  rendered  theise  amusements  a  su 

i  reflection  and  investigation* 

After  his   marriage  he  retired    into  the  co 

it  Here,  besides  his  application  to  Music  and  Drav 

,[  paid  particular  attention  to  Agriculture^  and  r 

his  knowledge  of  art  subservient  to  the  improve 

the  natural  beauties  of  his  demesne,  by  exec 

plan  which  united  novelty,  beauty,  and  profit  f* 

*  To  Foxky,  the  family  leflt,  which  is  within  eight 
•'  ^  He9efoi4« 

t  Among  Mn  Stillingteet'i  coUectioat  is  tti  aecoimt  c 

•  dicious  mode  adopted   by  Mn  Price  in  tracing  the  wal 

grounds  about  Foxley. 

**  Mr.  iPrice,  who  was  surrounded  by  hills^  had  a  way  i 

1  walks  which  I  nerer  saw  practised  any  where  else.     He  fit 

4>Ter  the  whole  ground*  following,  as  wdt  as  lie  could»  th 

r     *  and  most  gradaal  ascent  all  the  way,  and  pacing  it  to  tl 

'I  the  hill  t  when  this  was  done,  he  took  the  whole  height 

an  easy  operation  in  ari^thmetic,  found  how  much  it  roi 

f  number  of  feet  or  yards  by  the  way  he  had  marked.    1 

the  help  of  a  triangle  and  plammet,  he  made  the  path  rise  j 

and)  IB  fome  places,  where  the  height  did  not  bear  a  grea 

lion  to  the  length  of  the  walk,  insensibly  i  so  that  you  | 

top  of  a  high  and  steep  hill  without  any  labour,  and  withe 

ing  that  you  were  not  upon  plain  ground.    Besides  ttie 

I!  qoired  by  this  method,  there  were  two  other  adTaatagt 

'.]  On  was,  the  walk  was  lengthened,  wUch  is  oonsidevaW 


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termined  till  be  had  attained  a  complete  idea  of 
whole.      This  whole,  far  from  being  an  incon»ider 
object,  comprehended  several  miles,    consisting  oi 
great  a  variety  of  ground  as  perhaps  is  any  where  to 
found  in   the  same  compass.     Yet  all  his  alterati 
tended  to  the  real  improvement  of  his  estate.  He  thi 
into  pasture  the  hilly  grounds,  which  never  paid  the  i 
pence  and  labour  of  manuring.     He  lessened  also  1 
number  of  fences^  by  throwing  open  the  smaller  incl 
sures,  which  waste  a  coi^siderable  extent  of  groun 
and  injure  a  crop  by  their  shade,  without  compensatii 
for  the    detriment  they  occasion    by  an  increase 
timber. 

He  rendered  essential  services  to  his  native  countr) 
As  a  Magistrate,  he  was  the  emblem  of  Justice^  actinj 
without  favour  or  affection,  without  prejudice  from  part] 
or  friendship,  without  f6ar  of  offending  or  view  of  oblig- 
ing^ and  free  from  any  bias  to  bis  own  interest.  He  was 
patient  in  hearing  both  sides,  and  gentle  in  his  admo- 
nitions ;  yet,  when  necessary,  he  could  reprove  with 
such  force,  tempered  with  such  moderation,  that  the 
most  hardy  seldom  withstood  him  or  were  offended  witti 

space  is  wanted  i  anothtr  was,  that  ¥y,  the  wjoding  of  the  ^h  yoit 
were  constantly  enjoyinf^  a  new  prospect  i  and  both  these  advantages 
were  fitted  without  affectation,  which  appears  in  all  winding  walks 
Upon  a  iat,  however  well  maaagticl,  imlesi  wheve  the  pluBtBtion  it- 
self WikIs.*' 


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rection,  from  the  conviction  that  such  places  ^ 
often  the  schools  of  vice.  He  seldom  failed  to 
modate  personal  quarrels  to  the  satisfaction  of 
ties ;  and  I,  when  present  on  these  occasionsj 
less  admired  his  sagacity  in  eitamining  witnes 
the  justice  of  his  decisions.  Naturally  an  enem 
pression,  during  the  late  years  of  scarcity,  he 
himself  the  friend  of  the  poor,  hy  exerting  all  tl 
of  the  law  in  their  favour  ;  and  his  hehaviour  w! 
termined,  cool,  and  judicious,  that  he  restrain^ 
harpies  who  were  prowling  ahout  to  entich  th 
by  the  public  calamity,  and  who  were  well  ii 
how  far  they  could  legally  oppress  their  fellow-c 
As  a  friend  to  the  established  government^  he  si 
the  militia-act,  and,  by  his  zeal,  influence,  and 
greatly  contributed  to  its  execution  in  hi 
county. 

Taking  up  his  residence  in  the  country  a 
when  the  roads  were  scarcely  passable,  he  tu 
peculiar  attention  to  a  subject  so  necessary  fcj 
tercourse  of  society  and  the  advantages  of  tr 
acted  with  his  usual  good  sense  and  zeah  H 
scended  to  fill  the  place  of  surveyor  of  the  hig 
two  parishes  each  year :  he  fultilled  the  dutie 
inferior  office  with  the  strictest  regularity  an 
verance,  acting  with  such  disinterestedness,  th 
finished  those  roads  which  %vere  the  most  dist 


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little  benefit. 

On  the  private  character  of  Mr.  Price  I  shall  < 
fleet  with  veneration  and  love  ;  and  I  think  it  on 
to  be  concealed  from  the  public,  because  it  ma 
as  a  model  for  others  to  imitate.  I  lived  in  a  ii 
intimate  familiarity  with  him,  perhaps  longer  tl 
other  of  his  friends,  or  e\en  delations,  and  there 
at  least  as  well  qualified  as  any  other  person  to 
testimony  to  his  great  and  unconmion  worth,  1 
incapable  I  maybe  to  do  it  justice. 

As  a  son,  nothing  could  surpass  his  attention 
performance  of  all  the  filial  duties  ;  and  I  couh 
it  necessary,  point  out  singular  instances  of  his  r 
ful  and  affectionate  attachment  to  his  father  loi 
he  had  received  an  independemt  establishment 
death  was  accelerated  by  undertaking  a  journey  tc 
his  father^  who  was.  dangerously  ill,  at  a  time  w 
himself  had  scarcely  recovered  from  a  fit  of  the  g< 

As  a  husband,  he  was  irreproachable,  not  c 
those  great  and  essential  duties  which  nonebut  b 
violate,  but  in  the  minuter  circumstances  of  socia 
course,  which  so  largely  contribute  to  the  happi 
misery  of  the  marriage  state.  Nor  can  I  omit  ob 
that  he  was  blessed  with  a  partner  who  was  ful 
sible  of  his  worth,  was  qualified  to  partake  in  t 

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on  account  of  her  excellent  qualities  both  of  he 
heart  *. 

As  a  father,  he  was  fond  and  indulgent,  with 
taxing  his  paternal  authority ;  and  so  careful  to  si 
those  partiaUties  which  perhaps  no  parent  can  he 
ing,  .that,  although  his  family  was  numerous,  ] 
discerned  tlie  least  difference  in  his  behaviour  tc 
them,  unless  it  was  necessary  for  correction. 

As  a  companion,  he  was  always  cheerful^  pi 
well  bred,  easy  and  simple  in  his  manners,  witli 
fectation  or  ostentation.  He  was  rather  reserved, 
on  the  particular  subjects  which  he  had  studie 
always  ready  to  Usten  when  any  information  cc 
acquired.  His  elocution  was  but  indifferent ;  he 
deed  more  solicitous  about  things  than  words,  vi 
not  the  way  to  shine  in  conversation.  Hence  s 
his  most  intimate  acquaintance  did  not  duly  app 
his  talents ;  and  I  have  known  superficial  ob 
surprised  at  his  readiness  in  clearing  up  a  par 
pointy  which  had  puzzled  thos#  of  apparently  b 
parts.  The  truth  is,  he  thought  much,  and  stud 
instructioD,  not  ostentation  ;  but  so  far  was  he  fr 
fected  wisdom  or  gravity,  that,  as  no  man  had 

*  Sarah  daughter  of  John  Lord  Yitcount  Barriaj^on.  T 
able  and  accomplished  woman  died  a  short  time  before  her  t 
March  IT,  1759. 


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taste  and  relish  for  wit  and  pleasantry,  so  no  one  was 
mqre  desirous  of  promoting  lively  conversation,  though 
he  himself  rarely  took  a  principal  part  in  it.  Whatever 
was  satirical  and  ill  natured  he  always  seemed  to  detest, 
and,  as  I  have  frequently  observed,  presently  forgot  any 
malicious  story. 

No  man  was  more  attached  to  his  friends,  more  ready 
to  serve  them,  more  solicitous  to  entertain  them  when 
under  his  roof,  yet  without  thpse  officious  forqialities 
which  are  apt  to  turn  civility  into  a  nuisance.  Of 
each  of  these  particulars  I  was  not  only  a  witness,  but 
an  instance  ;  having  passed  several  years  in  his  house, 
or  so  near,  that  I  was  every  day  an  inmate,  and  was 
always  considered  as  one  of  the  family;  he  likewise, 
without  my  solicitation,  warmly  recommended  me  to  a 
noble  Lord  his  relation  *,  who,  with  his  usual  kindness, 
4Domplied  with  the  request.  Such,  in  a  word,  was  th6 
excellence  of  his  heart,  and  the  conciliation  of  his  de- 
portment, that^  when  he  offered  himself  as  a  candidate 
to  represent  the  county  of  Hereford,  even  the  spirit  of 
party  respected  his  character ;  such  veneration  and  love 
had  he  gained,  without  aiming  at  popularity. 

It  is  scarcely  necessary  to  enlarge  on  his  behaviour  as 
the  master  of  a  family.  For  the  same  mixture  of  gen- 
tleness and  firmness  which  no  man  better  unddtstood, 

*  Mr.  Stilling^fl«et  alludes  to  the  post  of  Master  of  the  Barracks 
at  Kensington,  the  gift  of  Lord  Barrington,  brother-in-law  of  Mr. 
Price,  when  Secretary  at  War. 

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not  fail  of  rendering  him  kind  to  his  servar 
pendants,  yet  still  so  as  to  maintain  his  autl 
his  house  elegance  and  plenty  were  const 
without  ostentation  or  profusion  ;  indeed  ther 
thing  he  more  detested  than  joining  pomp  \ 
ness,  and  making  a  pitiful  niggardliness  sub 
the  purposes  of  luxury.  That  love  of  consij 
uniformity,  which  were  conspicuous  in  all  1 
guided  him  also  in  this  point,  and  concurred 
other  particular  to  render  his  house  highly  a^ 
all  his  visitors.  He  was  constantly  surrounc 
family  and  friends  ;  for  he  pursued  his  studies 
open  to  all,  not  finding  the  smallest  interru 
the  conversation  of  those  who  were  present,  c 
noise  of  children,  who  were  allowed  to  divert  1 
without  undue  restraint.  He  seemed  to  have 
perfect  command  over  his  affection  as  over  evi 
of  his  mind ;  and,  in  a  course  of  twenty-five 
quaintance,  during  which  I  had  the  happine 
intimately  with  him,  I  never  heard  or  saw  hiix 
any  thing  of  which  he  had  reason  to  be  asham 
was  the  more  praise-worthy  as  it  was  easy 
that  he  was  quick  in  his  feelings  wlien  he  saw 
to  suppress  them  *. 

*  Hfft  friend  Mr.  Smithy  who  knew  him  scarcely  les 
than  Mr.  StiUingfleet,  informed  nie  that  he  was  bj  nati 
and  extremely  irritahle ;  but  completely  subdued  this  c 
temper.  He  not  unaptly  compared  this  part  of  lii*^  char; 
of  the  great  Lord  Somers,  of  whom  s^wift  observed,  * 


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will  of  all  who  approached  him ;  y^t  to  1 
which  seemed  deeply  rooted  in  his  mind,  h 
unconquerable  courage  and  resolution.    • 

He  was  so  perfect  a  pattern  of  disinterested 
I  am  persuaded  any  one  might  have  left  to  hin 
cision  of  a  cause  in  which  he  was  personally  cc 
He  guided  himself  in  every  instance  by  the  rare 
simple  axioms  of  common  i^ense ;  and  hence  he  ^ 
fornjly  mild,  just,    regular,    steady,  benevolent 
rous,  free  from  caprice   and  prejudice,  and  ami 
every  situation. 

I  cannot  finish  this  character  without  crownin 
whole  by  observing  that  he 'firmly  believed  the  grea 
essential  articles   of  the   Christian  Religion,  and 
that  persuasion  drew  a  perfect  resignation  to  the  Di 
will.     This  resignation   appeared   on   occasions  wl 
called  for  the  full  exertion  of  all  his  powers,  and 
which   he   acquitted  himself  to  the  admiration   of 
friends.     His  example  ought  to  be  a  lesson   to    us 
teach  us  to  reflect,  as  he  would  have  done,  on  a  simil 
occasion.     However  extraordinary  it  may  seem  that  t 

more  apt  to  take  fire  on  the   least  appearance  of  provocation 
which  temper  he  strives  to  subdue,  with  the  utmost  violence  upoi 
himself;  so  that  his  breast  has  been  se^n  to  heave,  and  his  ejes  to 
sparkle  with  rage,  in  those  very  moments  when  his  words,  and  the 
cadence  of  his  yoice,  were  in  the  hulfhblest  and  softest  manner." 


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snatched  away  in  the  prime  of^life,  while 
suffered  to  draw  on  a  worthless  existence 

debauchery  ;  yet  this  phBenomenon  has  its 
the  great  plan  of  this  world,  aud'therefore  < 
regarded  with  proper  submission  to  Divine 
His  last  illness  was  a  sipial  proof  of  his  resig 
by  the  account  of  an  eye-witness,  he  bore  h 
a  calmness  and  patience  almost  incredible, 
sicians  say  they  never  saw  his  equal. 

This  is  a  very  imperfect  sketch  of  the  o 
character  I  ever  knew.  It  has  nothing  to  re 
but  the  truth  of  the  resemblance,  which 
will  be  acknowledged  by  all  who  knew  him. 
it  because  I  am  determined  to  erect  a  monu 
memory  of  one  whom  T  sincerely  loved,  au( 
think  it  concerns  mankind  to  see  so  spotles 
not  taken  from  imagination,  but  from  real 
a  portrait  drawn  for  amusement,  but  for  an 
to  virtue. 


y  Google' 


Digitized  by  VjOOQIC 


Digitized  by  CjOOQIC 


Digitized 


by  Google